Northern winds sharp penetrating cold burneth c. 28. Other things also which I omit for brevity This we use to call the Table of Essence and presence The second Aphorism SEcondly there is manifestation to be made to the understanding of instances which are deprived of their nature which was first given them For the Forme as we said before ought as well to be absent where the primary Nature is absent as be present where it is present But this would be infinite in all things Wherefore Negatives are to be added to the Affirmatives and Privations are onely to be looked upon in those subjects which are nearly allyed to those others in which the Primary Nature is and appears And this we use to call the Table of Declination or Absence in proximo or the next degree The nearest Instances which are deprived of the Nature of Heat A Negative or Subjunctive Instance to the first Affirmative Instance The Moon and the stars and the Comets Beams are not found hot by the sence of feeling yea one may observe extreame cold seasons at full Moons But the greater fixed Stars when the Sun comes under them or nigh unto them are thought to increase and exasperate the heat of the Sun as it is when the Sun is in Leo and in the Dog-days Six Negatives to the second Instance 1. The Sun-beams give not any heat in that which they call the middle Region of the air for which is commonly given a tolerable reason For that Region or part of the air is neither near unto the body of the Sun from which issue the beams nor yet unto the earth by which the said beams are reflected And this appears by the tops of those Hills which are of a great height where the Snow lyeth continually But on the contrary it hath been noted by some that on the top of the Peak of Tenariff and also of some Hills of Peru the tops of the hils have no snow upon them the snow lying lower upon the ascent of the Hill and besides the air is not cold upon the tops of those Hils but very piercing and sharp so that upon those hils of Peru it pricks and hurts the eyes with its too much acrimony and pricks the Orifice of the Ventricle and causeth vomiting And it was noted by the Ancients that on the top of Olympus there was such a tenuity of air that they who ascended thither were fain to carry with them spunges steeped in Water and Vinegar and hold them to their mouths and nostrils lest the tenuity or subtilness of the Air should hinder their breathing Upon the top of which montain it was also said the air was so clear and free from Winds and Rain that if the Priests had written upon the Ashes which remained upon Jupiters Altar after the Sacrifices had been there offered unto him the Letters would remain there and not be blown away or blotted out until the next year And to this hour those which ascend to the top of Tenariff which they do by night and not by day are called upon and hastned to descend presently after Sun-rising For fear as it should seem lest the tenuity of the air should dissolve their spirits and suffocate them 2. The reflexion of the Sun-beams in those Countries which are nigh unto the Polar Circles is very weak and ineffectual in its heat so that the Dutch who wintred in Nova Zembla when they expected their ship should be freed from the great heaps and mountains of Ice which were grown about it in the beginning of the Month of July were frustrated of their hopes and forced to come away in their ship boat So that the Beams of the Sun seem to be of small strength when they are direct even upon plain ground nor yet when they are reflected unless they be multiplyed and united which happeneth when the Sun grows to be more perpendicular for the incidence of the beams makes more acute Angles so that the lines of the beams are more near whereas contrariwise in great obliquities of the Sun the Angles are very obtuse and consequently the lines of the beams more distant But in the mean time we must note that there may be many operations of the Sun-beams and in the nature of heat which are not proportioned to our touch or feeling so that in respect of us they do not operate so far as calefaction or heating but in respect of some other bodies they may execute the Operations and Functions of heat 3. Let us try such an experiment as this Let there be a Glass made and framed of a contrary quality to a burning-Glass and let this glass be held between the Sun and our hand and let us observe whether that will diminish the heat of the Sun as a burning-Glass doth increase it For it is manifest in the Optick beams that as the Glass is of an unequal thickness in the middle and on the sides so the things which are seen thorow them are either more diffused or more contracted So the same should be in the matter of heat 4. Let it be carefully tryed whether the strongest and best made Burning-Glasses can gather up the beams of the Moon in such sort as the least degree of warmness or tepidity may proceed from them And if that degree of tepidity should be too weak and subtile to be perceived by the sense of feeling let recourse be had to those kinds of Weather-Glasses that shew the Constitution of the air whether it be hot or cold and let the Moon-beams fall thorow a burning-Glass into the Orifice of this Weather-Glass and observe whether the tepidity do cause any fall or abatement of the water that is in the said Weather-Glass 5. Let the Burning-Glass be used over some hot thing that is not radious or luminous as a hot Iron or stone which is not red or fire hot or boyling water or the like and let it be observed whether there be any increase or augmentation of heat as there is in the Sun-beams 6. Let a Burning-Glass also be tried with a common flame One Negative to the third Affirmative Instance There is no manifest or constant effect found in Comets if so be they also may be reckoned amongst Meteors for the increasing the heat of the Weather according to the season of the year though drought have commonly been observed to follow Also bright beams and columns openings of the Element and the like are more commonly seen in Winter than in Summer especially in extream cold weather so it be joyned with Drought But Thunders and flashes of Lightning do seldome happen in Winter but onely in time of great heat But those which we call falling or shooting stars are commonly thought to consist rather of some bright visions or slimie matter set on fire than of any stronger fiery Nature But of this we will enquire further To the fourth one There are some Coruscations which yield light but do not burn And those are always
we also hold all manner of scum or froth by reason that it contains air to be less cold than the liquor it self To the fourteenth one To this there is no Negative added For there is not any thing either Tangible or Spirital but will heat if it be set to the fire Yet there is this difference that some things will heat sooner as Air Oil and Water and some will be longer a heating as Stone and Metals But this belongs to the table of Degrees To the fifteenth one To this Instance there is no other Negative added but that it is carefully to be observed that no sparkles can be drawn out of a Flint or out of Steel or any other hard substance but there are some parcels of the substance it self beaten off either of the stone or Mettall and that the attrition of the aire it self can never produce or engender any sparkles as it is commonly believed And those very sparkles by reason of the weight of the fired body do tend downward rather than upward and at their going out do turn to a kind of bodily soot To the sixteenth one We hold there can be no Negative added to this instance For there is not any Tangible body to be found that will not manifestly heat with attrition or violent rubbing So that the Ancients did dream that there was no other heating power or vertue in heavenly things but by reason of the attrition or chasing of the air through a violent wheeling about But concerning this or in this kind we must enquire further whether such bodies or substances as are shot out of Engines as Bullets out of Guns do not receive some degree of heat from the percussion or blow it self so that we find them somewhat hot after they fall But the air being mov'd rather cools than heats as we find in winds and in a pair of Bellows and the breath of a mans mouth drawn up together But this motion is not so violent as to excite heat and it must be done without intermission and not by parcels so that it is no marvail if it does not cause any heat To the seventeenth one There must be a more diligent Inquiry made about this Instance for green and moist Herbs and Vegetables seem to have some occult or hidden heat within them But that heat is so small and weak that it cannot be felt in each several one but being laid and shut up together so that their spirit cannot breath out into air but feedeth and nourisheth each others then there ariseth a manifest heat and sometimes a flame when the matter is fitting for it To the eighteenth one Also concerning this Instance there must be a more diligent Enquiry made For quick or unslackt Lime seems to take heat by having water thrown upon it either by the union of the heat which before was distracted as we said before of Herbs laid up close together or by the irritation and exasperation of the fiery spirit by the Water there being some conflict and antiperistasis between them Now which of those two things may be the cause will more easily appear if there be Oil thrown on instead of water For the Oil will serve as well for the uniting of the inclosed spirit though not for the irritation or provoking of it Also there must be a larger experiment or trial made as well in ashes and lines of divers bodies as by the putting in of divers sorts of liquors To the nineteenth one To this Instance is added the Negative of other Metals which are more soft and fluid For thin leaves of gold dissolved into liquor with the Royal water yield no palpable heat in their dissolving nor Lead in Aqua-fortis nor yet Quick-silver as far as I can remember but silver doth excite a little heat and Copper as I remember but Pewter doth it more manifestly and most Iron and Steel which in their dissolution cause not only a strong heat but also a violent kind of boyling So that the heat seems to be caused by the conflict when the strong waters do pierce and rent in sunder the parts of the body But where there is less resistance in the bodies and that they easilier yield there is hardly any heat excited To the twentieth one There is no Negative to be added to the heat of creatures unless it be of Insects by reason of the smalness of their bodies For in Fishes compared with earthly Creatures there is rather to be noted a degree of heat than a privation In Vegitables and Plants there is no degree of heat to be perceived in the feeling of them nor in their gums nor in their very Marrows being opened But in Animal Creatures there is a great diversity of heat to be found as well in their parts for one is the heat about the heart another in the brain another about the external parts as in their accidents as in their vehement exercitation and Feavers To the one and twentieth one To this Instance there is scarce any Negative to be added For the Excrements of Beasts even after they are old and long ejected manifestly have some potential heat in them as may be perceived by their fattening of the ground To the two and twentieth one All manner of liquors which have a great and strong acrimony in them be they either Waters or Oils do execute the operations of heat in the rending in sunder or divulsion of bodies and the adustion or burning of them after some continuance yet at the first touching of them there can be no heat perceived And they operate according to the analogie and pores of the body to which they are applyed Aqua Regis dissolves Gold but not Silver And contrariwise Aqua fortis dissolves Silver but not Gold and neither of both these waters will dissolve Glass and so of others To the four and twentieth one Let there be a trial of the spirit of Wine made in wood or Butter Wax or Pitch and see if it will any way melt any of them with its heat For the four and twentieth Instance sheweth an imitative power of heat in it in incrustations or hardnings So let there trial be made also in Liquefactions or Meltings Let there also be a trial made or Experience tried by a Glass of Degrees or a Weather-glass and let it have an outward hollow place at the top and put spirit of Wine well rectified into that outward hollow place and let the hollow place be covered that it may the better contain the heat and let it be observed whether by its heat it will cause the water to descend To the five and twentieth one Drugs and Herbs which are sharp and biting upon the Palate much more being taken inward are perceived to be hot Let us therefore see upon what other Materials they do execute the works and operations of heat Sea-men do report that when heaps and great masses of Drugs or Spices which have been long shut and heaped up together
some Concavity in which the flame may move and play unless it be in flatuous and windy flames of Gun-powder and the like where the compression and imprisoning of the flame increaseth the fury of it 31. An Anvil is much heated by the hammer so that if the Anvil were of a thin plate we believe it might be heated by strong and continual blows of the Hammer so far as to be red hot as if it had been put in the fire But this may be made trial of 32. But in such fired things which are porous and give space and way for the exercising of the Motion of the fire if that Motion be hindered by a strong compression the fire is presently put out as when tinder or a burning snuff of a Candle or Lamp is pressed or trodden out presently the operations of the fire do cease 33. The approaching or setting near of a thing to a hot body increaseth the heat according to the degree of approaching and the same effect is in light For the nearer the object is set to the light the more visible it is 34. The union of divers heats increaseth the heat For a great fire and a little fire in the same place do somewhat one with the other increase the heat But lukewarm water put into boyling water cools it 35. The remaining or long staying in a place of a hot body increaseth the heat For the heat continually proceeding and issuing out is mixed with the heat which was there before so that it multiplyeth the heat For a fire will not heat a Chamber so much in half an hour as it will do in a whole hour But it is not so in light for a Lamp or a Candle set in a place will give no more light after a long stay than it did at the very first 36. An irritation or exasperation by the coldness which is round about increaseth the heat as we find by fire in frosty weather which we believe to be done not only by the keeping in and contracting of the heat which is a kind of uniting it but also by exasperation as when Air or a stick is violently drawn together it doth not flie out again punctually into its proper place but goes further the contrary way So let there be a diligent trial made by a stick or some such thing thrust into the flame whether it doth not burn sooner thrust on the one side of the flame than if it be thrust into the middle of it 37. The degrees of taking in or receiving of heat are many And first of all you must note how small and little a heat will alter and in some measure heat even such things as are least sit to take heat For a Bullet of Lead or any other metal will be somewhat heated by holding it for some time in a mans hand so easily is heat excited and transmitted into any thing the body being no way apparently changed 38. Of all bodies air doth most easily take and send back heat which may be easiliest perceived in the Weatherglasses They are made in this kind Take a glass with a hollow belly and a long and small neck let this glass be turned topsie turvie the mouth downward and the belly upward and so let it be put into another glasse where there is water touching the bottome of the receiving-glasse with the mouth of the glass which is put in And let the neck of the glass which is put lean a little upon the mouth of the receiving-glass which that it may the better do let a little wax be laid about the mouth of the lower glass but the Mouth must not be quite stopped for fear lest for want of succeeding Air the Motion which we shall presently speak be hindred which is very delicate and easie But the glass which is put in must first have the top of it which is the belly warmed Then after the glass is placed as we have said the Air will retreat and draw it self up together which before was dilated and spread abroad by heating after a sufficient pause to quench that acquired heat to such an extent and dimension as the air at that time shall be when the glass is put in and the water shall be drawn up to such a measure And there must be a long and narrow paper hanged about it and marked out with as many degrees as you shall think fitting And you shall see as the time of the day grows hot or cold that the Air will contract it self into the lesse compass by reason of cold and extend and dilate it self by reason of heat which shall be perceived by the water ascending when the Air closes up together and descending when the air dilates or spreads it self abroad And the sence of the air concerning heat and cold is so subtile and exquisite that it goes far beyond the faculty of mans feeling so that a Sun beam or the heat of ones breath and much more the heat of ones hand it being laid a top of the glass will manifestly cause the water to descend But we believe that the spirit of Beasts hath yet a more exquisite feeling of heat and cold if it were not hindred and dulled by the mass of the body 39. Next to the Air we believe those bodies to be most sensible of heat which are most immediately changed and altered from cold as snow and Ice for they begin to melt and be dissolved with the least heat and luke-warmness Next to them peradventure is Quick silver Next unto it are your fat bodies or substances as Oil Butter and the like then Wood then Water and last of all Stons and Metals which do not easily grow hot especially inwardly But these being once hot do retain their heat for a long time so that a Brick or a stone or a hot Iron being put into a tub of water for a quarter of an hours space more or less will hold and keep their heat so that you shall hardly be able to touch them 40. The lesser the mass of the body is the sooner it heats a hot body being laid near to it which shewetht that all manner of heat with us is in some manner adverse and contrary to any tangible body 41. Heat as concerning the humane sense of feeling is a various and respective thing so that if we put our hand when it is cold into luke-warm water the water will seem hot if our hand be hot the same water will seem cold The fourth Aphorism HOw poor we are in History every one may easily perceive by that in the precedent Tables We have been forced not onely to insert Traditions and relations instead of History making some question and doubt of the Truth and Authority of them but we have also oftentimes been constrained to make use of these or the like words Let trial be made or let it be further enquired The fifth Aphorism ANd we use to call the work and office of these three Tables
4 Undulation of the air differing from that of the water 30 W. WAter and air are very homogeneal 23 Water in Baths heats accidentally 62. taken out it cools 58 Water-fouls when they presage wind 41. and when land-fouls 41 Water sometimes break out in dry places 17 Weather glasses 61. how they are made Wels in Dalmatia and Cyrena with winds inclosed in them 18. 47 West wind a continual companion of the spring 12. in Europ it is a moist wind 7. attendant on Pomeridian hours 11 West North-west wind set down by the ancients for a cause of Nilus his over-flowing 9 Whirlwinds play sometimes before men as they ride 21 White tempests 40 Winds blow every where 7 Windy winters presage wet springs 40 Wind is nothing but air moved 44. how it comes out of a cloud 19 Winds made by mixture of vapours 44 Winds sometimes dry up rivers 16 Winds of all kinds purg the air 16. how they are engendred in the lower air 20. they are engendred a thousand ways 16. they are marchants of vapours 17. they gain their natures five ways 15. winds composed of Niter 43. brought forth of the resolutions of snow 24. hurt corn at three seasons 14. they are allayed five ways 25. 44. they blow from their nurseries 4. in their beginning they blow softly 17. then gain strength ibid. those which are composed of Sea vapours easiliest turn to rain 24. Y. Yards of Ships 31 FINIS A BRIEF DISCOURSE TOUCHING THE OFFICE OF Lord Chancellor OF ENGLAND WRITTEN BY The Learned John Selden of the Inner Temple Esq and Dedicated by him to Sir Francis Bacon Knight then Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of ENGLAND Transcribed from a true Copy thereof found amongst the Collections of that Judicious Antiquary St. Lo Kniveton late of Grayes Inne Esq TOGETHER WITH A True Catalogue of Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England from the Norman Conquest untill this present Year 1671. BY WILLIAM DVGDALE Esquire NORROY King of Arms. LONDON Printed for William Lee at the Turks Head in Fleetstreet over against Fetter-lane end 1671. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE Sir FRANCIS BACON Knight Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England MY LORD THE Times obvious discourse whereby that All which truly loves Nobless or Learning congratulates your highly deserved Honor caused me collect these taken out of no obvious Monuments touching the auncientest mention conjunction and division of those two Great Offices of State which your Lordship really bears though stiled but by the name of one they are short yet give large testimony of the former times They conclude with an Act made about 320. years since of like tenor in substance with that later under Queen Eliz. which was as proper to your name whence these also were the fitter to offer you Enough other particulars touching both these Great Offices might have been added but these were chosen for the usual Question of the present and thus are given not yet seen by any other eye as a taste of my humble Observance My Lord they are only yours as their Author would be J. Selden A BRIEF DISCOURSE TOUCHING THE OFFICE OF Lord Chancellor of England c. The Name and Office of Lord Chancellor of England under the Saxons THE eldest mention in good authority of the name of Chancellor of this Kingdom is in Edward the elders time about the year DCCCCXX he made Turketill Abbot of Croyland his Chancellor Cancellarium suum eum constituit ut quaecunque negotia temporalia vel spiritualia Regis Judicium expectabant illius consilio decreto nam tantae fidei et tam profundi ingenij tenebatur omnia tractarentur tractata irrefragabilem sententiam sortirentur This Abbot held the Office under Athelstan Edmund and Edred succeeding Kings King Ethelred afterwards divided the Chancellorship between the Abbots of Ely and St. Augustine in Canterbury and of Glastenbury who were to exercise it by turn The words of an Old Monk of Ely are Statuit atque concessit quatenus Ecclesia de Ely extunc semper in Regis Curiâ Cancellarii ageret dignitatem quod aliis Sancti viz. Augustini Glasconiae Ecclesiis constituit ut Abbates istorum Coenobiorum vicissim assignatis succedendo temporibus annum trifariè dividerint cum Sanctuarii caeteris ornatibus Altaris ministrando So as the Abbot of Ely or some Monk by him appointed exercised the Office from Candlemas four moneths yearly and the other two of Glastenbury and S. Augustines made up the twelve But there occurres not any subscription in Charters by that name till the Confessor in his Patent to the Church of Westminister after the King Bishops Abbots and others comes Ego Rembaldus Cancellarius subscripsi Yet in the ancientest Monument of a Grant by any King extant here I doubt not but the Chancellor subscribed though under another name The first Christian King of the Saxons founded and endowed Canterbury Church and in his Charter amongst the Earls occurrs Ego Augemandus Referendarius subscripsi where Referendarius may well stand for Cancellarius the Office of both as the words applyed to the Court are used in the Code Novells and Story of the declining Empire signifying an Officer that received Petitions and Supplications to the King and made out his Writs and Mandates as a Custos Legis And though there were divers Referendarii as 14. then 8. then more again and so divers Chancellors in the Empire Yet one especially here exercising an Office of the nature of these many might well be stiled by either of the names These are testimonies of that time without exception though Polydore begin the Name and Office at the Norman Conquest II. Whether the Keeping of a Seal were in the Chancellorship under the Saxons FOR that Principal part of the Office or that other Office joyned with the Chancellorship the Keeping of the Seal If the common Opinion were cleer that under the Saxon State no Seals were here used then were it vain to think of it as of that time But there is yet remaining an Old Saxon Charter of King Edgar beginning A Orthodoxorum vigoris Ecclesiastici monitu creberrime instruimur c. to the Abbey of Persore wherein divers Lands are given and there remains in the Parchment plain signes of three Labells by the places cut for their being hanged on and of the self-same Charter a testimony also as ancient that the Seals were one of King Edgar the second of St. Dunstan and the third of Alfer Ducis Merciorum That testimony is in a Letter from Godfrie Archdeacon of Worcester to Pope Alexander III. writing of that Charter and the Authority of it Noverit saith he Sanctitas vestra verum esse quod conscripti hujus scriptum originale in virtute Sanctae Trinitatis sigilla tria trium personarum autenticarum ad veritatem triplici confirmatione commendat Est autem Sigillum primum illustris Regis Edgari secundum Sancti
so that winds may pass as it were through Channels which seems to be done in some whirlwinds 18. Enquire for how long time very much ordinary or little time winds use to continue and then slack and as it were expire and die Likewise how the rising and beginning of winds useth to be what their languishing or cessation is whether suddenly or by degrees or how From the bounds of the winds let your Inquisition pass over to the successions of winds either amongst themselves or in respect of rain and showrs for when they lead their rings it were pretty to know the order of their dancing Successions of Winds 19. Whether there be any more certain rule or observation concerning the successions of winds one to another or whether it have any relation to the motion of the Sun or otherwise if it have any what manner of one it is 20. Enquire concerning the succession and the alteration or taking turns of the winds and rain seeing it is ordinarily and often seen that rain lays the wind and the wind doth disperse the rain 21. Whether after a certain term and period of years the succession of winds begin anew and if it be so what that period is and how long From the succession of the winds let the Inquisition pass to their motions and the motions of winds are comprehended in seven Inquisitions whereof three are contained in the former Articles four remain as yet untouched For we have enquired of the motion of winds divided into the several Regions of the Heaven also of the Motion upon three lines upward downward and laterally Likewise of the accidental motion of compressions or Restraints There remain the fourth of Progressions or going forward the fifth of Undulation or waving the sixth of conflict or skirmish the seventh in humane Instruments and Engines Divers Motions of the Winds 22. Seeing Progression is always from some certain place or bound enquire diligently or as well as thou canst concerning the place of the first beginning and as it were the spring of any wind For winds seem to be like unto Fame for though they make a noise and run up and down yet they hide their heads amongst the Clouds so is their Progress as for example if the vehement Northern wind which blew at York such a day do blow at London two days after 23. Omit not the Inquisition of Undulation of winds We call Undulation of winds that motion by which the wind in or for a little space of time rises and abates as the waves of the water which Turns may easily be apprehended by the hearing of them in houses and you must so much the rather mark the differences of Undulation or of Furrowing between the water and the air because in the air and winds there wants the Motion of gravity or weight which is a great part of the cause of the waves rising in the water 24. Enquire carefully concerning the Conflict and meeting of winds which blow at one and the same time First whether at the same time there blow several Original winds for we do not speak of reverberated winds which if it comes to pass what Windings they engender and bring forth in their motion and also what Condensations and Alterations they produce in the body of the Air 25. Whether one wind blow above at the same time as another blows here below with us For it hath been observed by some that sometimes the Clouds are carried one way when the Weather-cock upon a Steeple stands another Also that the Clouds have been driven by a strong gale when we here below have had a great calm 26. Make an exact particular description of the motion of the winds in driving on Ships with their Sails 27. Let there be a Description made of the motion of the winds in the sails of Ships and the sails of Wind-mills in the flight of Hawks and Birds also in things that are ordinary and for sport as of displayed Colours flying Dragons Duels with winds c. From the motions of winds let the Inquisition pass to the force and power of them Of the power of Winds 28. What winds do or can do concerning Currents or Tides of waters in their keepings back puttings forth or inlets and overflowings 29. What they do concerning Plants and Insects bringing in of Locusts Blastings and Mill-dews 30. What they effect concerning Purging or Clearing and infecting of the air in Plagues Sicknesses and Diseases of Beasts 31. What they effect concerning the conveying to us things which we call spiritual as sounds rayes and the like From the powers of winds let the Inquisition pass to the Prognosticks of winds not only for the use of Predictions but because they lead us on to the causes For Prognosticks do either shew us the preparations of things before they be brought into action or the beginnings before they appear to the sense Prognosticks of Winds 32. Let all manner of good Prognosticks of winds be carefully gathered together besides Astrological ones of which we set down formerly how far they are to be enquired after and let them either be taken out of Meteors or Waters or instincts of Beasts or any other way Lastly close up the Inquisition with enquiring after the imitations of winds either in Natural or Artificial things Imitations of Winds 33. Enquire of the Imitations of winds in Natural things such as breaths inclosed within the bodies of living Creatures and breaths within the receptacles of distilling Vessels Enquire concerning made Gales and Artificial winds as Bellows Refrigeratories or coolers in Parlours or Dining rooms c. Let the Heads or Articles be such Neither is it unknown to me that it will be impossible to answer to some of these according to the small quantity of experience that we have But as in civil causes a good Lawyer knows what Interrogatories the Cause requires to have witnesses examined upon but what the witnesses can answer he knows not The same thing is incident to us in Natural History Let those who come after us endeavour for the rest THE HISTORY The Names of Winds To the first Article WE give Names to Winds rather as they are numbred in their order and degrees than by their own Antiquity this we do for memories and perspicuities sake But we adde the old words also because of the assenting voices or opinions of old Authors of which having taken though with somewhat a doubtful judgment many things they will hardly be known but under such names as themselves have used Let the general division be this Let Cardinal winds be those which blow from Corners or Angles of the World Semicardinal those which blow in the half-wards of those and Median Winds those which blow between these half-wards Likewise of those which blow betwixt these half-wards let those be called Major Medians which blow in a Quadrant or fourth part of these divisions the lesser Medians are all the rest Now the particular division is that which
follows Cardinal North. North and by East Med. Maj. North North-East or Aquilo North East and by North or Meses Semi-Card North East North East and by East Med. Maj. East North East or Caecias East and by North. Cardinal East or Subsolanus East by South Med. Maj. East South East or Vulturnus South East by East Semi-Card South East South East and by South Med. Maj. South South East or Phaenicias South and by East Cardinal South South by West Med. Maj. South South West or Libonotus South West and by South Semi Card. South West or Libs South West and by West Med. Maj. West South West or Africus West and by South Cardinal West or Favonius West and by North. Med. Maj. West North West or Corus North West and by West Semi Card. North West North West and by North or Thrascias Med. Maj. North North West or Circius North and by West There are also other Names of winds Apeliotes the East wind Argestes the South West Olympias the North West Scyron the South East Hellespontius the East North East for these we care not Let it suffice that we have given constant and fixed names of winds according to the order and disposition of the regions of the Heavens we do not set much by the Comments of Authors since the Authors themselves have little in them Free Winds To the sixth Article 1 THere is not a Region of the Heaven from whence the wind doth not blow Yea if you divide the Heaven into as many Regions as there be degrees in the Horizon you shall find winds sometimes blowing from every one of them 2. There are some whole Countries where it never rains or at least very seldom but there is no Country where the wind doth not blow and that frequently General Winds To the second Article 1. Concerning general winds Experiments are plain and it is no marvel seeing that especially within the Tropicks we may find places condemned among the Ancients It is certain that to those who sail between the Tropicks in a free and open sea there blows a constant and setled wind which the seamen call a Breeze from East to West This wind is not of so little force but that partly by its own blowing and partly by its guiding the current of the Sea it hindreth Sea-men from coming back again the same way they went to Peru. 2. In our Seas in Europe when it is fair dry weather and no particular winds stirring there blows a soft kind of gale from the East which followeth the Sun 3. Our common Observations do admit that the higher Clouds are for the most part carried from East to West and that it 's so likewise when here below upon the earth either there is a great calm or a contrary wind and if they do not so always it is because sometimes particular winds blow aloft which overwhelm this general wind A Caution If there be any such general wind in order to the motion of the Heaven it is not so firm nor strong but that it gives way to particular winds But it appears most plainly amongst the Tropicks by reason of the larger circles which it makes And likewise it is so when it blows on high for the same cause and by reason of its free course Wherefore if you will take it without the Tropicks and near the earth where it blows most gently and slowly make trial of it in an open and free air in an extream calm and in high places and in a body which is very moveable and in the after-noon for at that time the particular Eastern wind blows more sparingly Injunction Observe diligently the Vains and Weather-cocks upon the tops and Towers of Churches whether in extream calms they stand continually towards the West or not An Indirect Experiment 4. It is certain that here with us in Europe the Eastern wind is drying and sharp the West wind contrariwise moist and nourishing May not this be by reason that it being granted that the Air moves from East to West it must of necessity be that the East wind whose blast goeth the same way must needs disperse and attenuate the Air whereby the Air is made biting and dry but the western wind which blows the contrary way turns the Airs back upon it self and thickens it whereby it becomes more dull and at length moist An Indirect Experiment 5. Consider the Inquisition of the motion and flowing of waters whether they move from East to West for if the two extreams Heaven and Waters delight in this Motion the Air which is in the midst will go near to participate of the same Caution We call the two last Experiments indirect because they do directly shew the thing which we aim at but by consequence which we also gladly admit of when we want direct Experiments Injunction That the Breeze blows plentifully between the Tropicks is most certain the cause is very ambiguous The cause may be because the Air moves according to the Heaven But without the Tropicks almost unperceiveably by reason of the smaller Circles which it makes within the Tropicks manifestly because it makes bigger Circles Another cause may be because all kind of heat dilates and extends the Air and doth not suffer it to be contained in its former place and by the dilation of the Air there must needs be an impulsion of the contiguous Air which produceth this Breeze as the Sun goes forward and that is more evident within the Tropicks where the Sun is more scorching without it is hardly perceived And this seems to be an instance of the Cross or a decisory instance To clear this doubt you may enquire whether the Breeze blow in the night or no for the wheeling of the Air continues also in the night but the heat of the Sun does not 6. But it is most certain that the Breeze doth not blow in the night but in the morning and when the morning is pretty well spent yet that instance doth not determine the Question whether the nightly condensation of the Air especially in those Countrys where the days and nights are not more equal in their length than they are differing in their heat and cold may dull and confound that Natural Motion of the Air which is but weak If the air participates of the motion of the Heaven it does not only follow that the East wind concurs with the motion of the Air and the West wind strives against it but also that the North wind blows as it were from above and the South wind as from below here in our Hemisphere where the Antartick Pole is under ground and the Artick Pole is elevated which hath likewise been observed by the Ancients though staggeringly and obscurely But it agrees very well with our modern Experience because the Breeze which may be a motion of the air is not a full East but a North-East wind Stayed or certain Winds To the third Article Connexion AS in the Inquisition of General winds men
rise before Tempests 8. The weak subterraneal spirit which is breathed out scatteringly is not perceived upon the earth until it be gathered into wind by reason the earth is full of pores but when it issues from under the water it is presently perceived by reason of the waters continuity by some manner swelling 9. We resolved before that in Cavernous and Denny places there were attendant winds insomuch that those winds seem to have their local beginnings out of the earth 10. In great and rocky Hills winds are found to breath sooner namely before they be perceived in the Valleys and more frequently namely when it is calm weather in the valleys But all mountains and rocks are cavernous and hollow 11. In Wales in the County of Denbigh a mountainous and rocky Country out of certain Caves as Gilbertus relateth are such vehement eruptions of wind that cloaths or linnen laid out there upon any occasion are blown up and carried a great way up into the air 12. In Aber Barry near Severn in Wales in a rocky cliff are certain holes to which if you lay your ear you shall hear divers sounds and murmurs of winds under ground An Indirect Experiment Acosta hath observed that the Towns of Plata and Potosa in Peru are not far distant one from the other and both situated upon a high and hilly ground so that they differ not in that And yet Potosa hath a cold and winter-like air and Plata hath a mild and spring-like témperature which difference it seems may be attributed to the silver Mines which are near Potosa Which sheweth that there are breathing places of the earth as in relation to hot and cold 13. If the earth be the first cold thing according to Parmenides whose opinion is not contemptible seeing cold and density are knit together by a strict knot it is no less probable that there are hotter breaths sent out from the Central cold of the earth than are cast down from the cold of the higher air 14. There are certain Wells in Dalmatia and the Country of Cyrene as some of the Ancients record into which if you cast a stone there will presently arise tempests as if the stone had broken some covering of a place in which the force of the winds was inclosed An Indirect Experiment Aetna and divers other Mountains cast out fire therefore it is likely that air may likewise break forth especially being dilatated and set into motion by heat in subterraneal places 15. It hath been noted that both before and after Earth-quakes there hath blown certain noxious and forraign winds as there are certain little smothers usually before and after great firings and burnings Monition The Air shut up in the earth is forced to break out for several causes sometimes a mass of earth ill joined together falls into a hollow place of the earth sometimes waters do ingulf themselves sometimes the Air is extended by subterraneal heats and seeks for more room sometimes the earth which before was solid and vaulted being by fires turned into ashes no longer able to bear it self up falls And many such like causes And so these Inquisitions have been made concerning the first local beginning of winds Now followeth the second origine or beginning from above namely from that which they call the middle Region of the air Monition But let no man understand what hath been spoken so far amiss as if we should deny the rest of the winds also are brought forth of the earth by vapours But this first kind was of winds which come forth of the earth being already perfectly framed winds 16. It hath been observed that there is a murmuring of woods before we do plainly perceive the winds whereby it is conjectured that the wind descends from a higher place which is likewise observed in Hills as we said before but the cause is more ambiguous by reason of the concavity and hollowness of the hills 17. Wind follows darted or as we call them shooting stars and it come that way as the star hath shot whereby it appears that the air hath been moved above before the motion comes to us 18. The opening of the Firmament and dispersion of Clouds are Prognosticks of winds before they blow here on earth which also shews that the winds begin above 19. Small stars are not seen before the rising of winds though the night be clear and fair Because it should seem the Air grows thick and is less transparent by reason of that matter which afterward is turned into wind 20. There appears Circles about the body of the Moon the Sun looks sometimes blood red at its setting the Moon rises red at her fourth rising and there are many more Prognosticks of winds on high whereof we will speak in its proper place which shews that the matter of the winds is there begun and prepared 21. In these Experiments you must note that difference we spake of namely of the two-fold generation of winds on high that is to say before the gathering together of vapours into a Cloud and after For the Prognosticks of Circles about and colours of the Sun and Moon have something of the Cloud but that darting and occultation of the lesser stars is in fair and clear weather 22. When the wind comes out of a Cloud ready formed either the Cloud is totally dispersed and turned into wind or it is torn and rent in sunder and the wind breaks out as in a storm 23. There are many Indirect Experiments in the world concerning the repercussion by cold So that it being certain that there are most extream colds in the middle region of the Air it is likewise plain that vapours for the most part cannot break through that place without being joined and gathered together or darted according to the opinion of the Ancients which in this particular is true and sound The third local beginning of winds is of those which are ingendred here in the lower part of the air which we also call swellings or overburthenings of the Air. A thing very familiar and frequent yet passed over with silence A Commentation The generation of those winds which are made up in this lower part of the Air is a thing no more obscure than this namely that the Air newly composed and made up of water and attenuated and resolved vapours joined with the first Air cannot be contained within the same bounds as it was before but groweth out and is turned and takes up further room Yet there are in this two things to be granted First that one drop of water turned into air whatsoever they fabulously speak of the tenth proportion of the Elements requires at least a hundred times more room than it had before Secondly that a little new air and moved added to the old air shaketh the whole and sets it into motion as we may perceive by a little wind that comes forth of a pair of Bellows or in at a little crevise of a window or wall
that will set all the air which is in a room in motion as appears by the blazing of the lights which are in the same room 24. As Dews and Mists are ingendred here in the lower air never coming to be Clouds nor penetrating to the middle region of the Air in the like manner are also many winds 25. A continual gale blows about the sea and other waters which is nothing but a small wind newly made up 26. The Rain-bow which is as it were the lowest of Meteors and nearest to us when it doth not appear whole but curtailed and as it were only some pieces of the horns of it is dissolved into winds as often or rather oftner than into rain 27. It hath been observed that there are some winds in Countrys which are divided and separated by hills which ordinarily blow on the one side of the hills and do not reach to the other Whereby it manifestly appears that they are engendred below the height of the said hills 28. There are an infinite sort of winds that blow in fair and clear days and also in Countrys where it never rains which are ingendred where they blow and never were Clouds nor did ever ascend into the middle region of the air Indirect Experiments Whosoever shall know how easily a Vapour is dissolved into air and how great a quantity of vapours there are and how much room a drop of water turned into air takes up more than it did before as we said already and how little the air will endure to be thrust up together will questionless affirm that of necessity winds must be every where ingendred from the very superficies of the earth even to the highest parts of the air For it cannot be that a great abundance of vapours when they begin to be dilatated and expanded can be lifted up to the middle region of the air without an over-burthening of the air and making a noise by the way Accidental generations of Winds To the Ninth Article Connexion WE call those Accidental generations of winds which do not make or beget the impulsive motion of winds but with compression do sharpen it by repercussion turn it by sinuation or winding do agitate and tumble it which is done by extrinsecal causes and the posture of the adjoining bodies 1. In places where there are hills which are not very high bordering upon Valleys and beyond them again higher hills there is a greater agitation of the air and sense of winds than there is in mountainous or plain places 2. In Cities if there be any place somewhat broader than ordinary and narrow goings out as Portals or Porches and Cross streets winds and fresh Gales are there to be perceived 3. In houses cool rooms are made by winds or happen to be so where the Air bloweth thorow and comes in on the one side and goeth out at the other But much more if the Air comes in several ways and meets in the corners and hath one common passage from thence the vaulting likewise and roundness doth contribute much to coolness because the air being moved is beaten back in every line Also the winding of Porches is better than if they were built straight out For a direct blast though it be not shut up but hath a free egress doth not make the air so unequal and voluminous and waving as the meeting at Angles and hollow places and windings round and the like 4. After great tempests at Sea an Accidental wind continues for a time after the original is laid which wind is made by the collision and percussion of the air through the curling of the waves 5. In gardens commonly there is a repercussion of wind from the walls and banks so that one would imagine the wind to come the contrary way from that whence it really comes 6. If Hills enclose a Country on the one side and the wind blows for some space of time from the plain against the Hill by the very repercussion of the Hill either the wind is turned into rain if it be a moist wind or into a contrary wind which will last but a little while 7. In the turnings of Promontory Mariners do often find changes and alterations of winds Extraordinary Winds and sudden Blasts To the tenth Article Connexion SOme men discourse of extraordinary winds and derive the causes of them of Clouds breaking or storms Vortice Typhone Prestere Or in English Whirl-winds But they do not relate the thing it self which must be taken out of Chronicles and several Histories 1. Sudden blasts never come in clear weather but always when the sky is cloudy and the weather rainy That it may justly be thought that there is a certain eruption made The blast driven out and the waters shaken 2. Storms which come with a Mist and a Fog and are called Belluae and bear up themselves like a Column are very vehement and dreadful to those who are at sea 3. The greater Typhones who will take up at some large distance and sup them as it were upward do happen but seldom but small whirl-winds come often 4. All storms and Typhones and great Whirlwinds have a manifest precipitous motion or darting downwards more than other winds so as they seem to fall like Torrents and run as it were in Channels and be afterward reverberated by the earth 5. In Meadows Haycocks are sometimes carryed on high and spread abroad there like Canopies Likewise in Fields Cocks of Pease reaped Wheat and cloaths laid out to drying are carried up by Whirl-winds as high as tops of Trees and Houses and these things are done without any extraordinary force or great vehemency of wind 6. Also sometimes there are very small whirl-winds and within a narrow compass which happen also in fair clear weather so that one that rides may see the dust or straws taken up and turned close by him yet he himself not feel the wind much which things are done questionless near unto us by contrary blasts driving one another back and causing a circulation of the air by concussion 7. It is certain that some winds do leave manifest signs of burning and scortching in Plants But Presterem which is a kind of dark Lightning and hot air without any flame we will put off to the Inquisition of Lightning Helps to Winds namely to Original Winds for of accidental ones we have enquired before To the 11 12 13 14 15 Articles Connexion THose things which have been spoken by the Ancients concerning Winds and their causes are meerly confused and uncertain and for the most part untrue and it is no marvel if they see not clear that look not near They speak as if wind were somewhat else or a thing several from moved air and as if exhalations did generate and make up the whole body of the winds and as if the matter of winds were only a dry and hot exhalation and as if the beginning of the motion of winds were but only a casting down and percussion
by the cold of the middle Region all fantastical and arbitrary opinions yet out of such threds they weave long pieces namely Cobwebs But all impulsion of the Air is wind and Exhalations mixed with the air contribute more to the motion than to the matter and moist vapours by a proportionate heat are easilier dissolved into wind than dry Exhalations and many winds are engendred in the lowest Region of the Air and breath out of the earth besides those which are thrown down and beaten back 1. The Natural wheeling of the air as we said in the Article of General Winds without any other external cause bringeth forth winds preceptible within the Tropicks where the Conversion is ingreater Circles 2. Next to the Natural Motion of the Air before we enquire of the Sun who is the chief begetter of winds let us see whether any thing ought to be attributed to the Moon and other Asters by clear experience 3. There arise many great and strong winds some hours before the Eclipse of the Moon so that if the Moon be Eclipsed in the middle of the night the winds blow the precedent evening if the Moon be Eclipsed towards the morning then the winds blow in the middle of the precedent night 4. In Peru which is a very windy Country Acosta observes that winds blow most when the Moon is at the full Injunction It were certainly a thing worthy to be observed what power the Ages and Motions of the Moon have upon the winds seeing they have some power over the waters As for example whether the winds be not in a greater commotion in full and new Moons than in her first and last Quarters as we find it to be in the flowings of waters For though some do conveniently feign the command of the Moon to be over the waters as the Sun and Planets over the air yet it is certain that the water and the air are very Homogeneal bodies and that the Moon next to the Sun hath most power over all things here below 5. It hath been observed by men that about the Conjunctions of Planets greater winds do blow 6. At the rising of Orion there rise commonly divers winds and storms But we must advise whether this be not because Orion rises in such a season of the year as is most effectual for the generation of winds so that it is rather a concomitant than causing thing Which may also very well be questioned concerning rain at the rising of the Hyades and the Pleiades and concerning storms at the rising of Arcturus And so much concerning the Moon and Stars 7. The Sun is questionless the primary efficient of many winds working by its heat on a twofold matter namely the body of the air and likewise vapours and exhalations 8. When the Sun is most powerful dilatates and extends the air though it be pure and without any commixion one third part which is no small matter so that by meer dilatation there must needs arise some small wind in the Suns ways and that rather two or three hours after its rising than at his first rise 9. In Europe the nights are hotter in Peru three hours in the morning and all for one cause namely by reason of winds and gales ceasing and lying still at those hours 10. In a Vitro Calendari dilatated or extended air beats down the water as it were with a breath but in a Vitro Pileato which is filled only with air the dilatated air swells the Bladder as a manifest and apparent wind 11. We have made trial of such a kind of wind in a round Tower every way closed up For we have placed a hearth or fire-place in the middest of it laying a fire of Charcoal throughly kindled upon it that there might be the less smoak and on the side of the hearth at a small distance hath been a thread hung up with a cross of Feathers to the end that it might easily be moved So after a little stay the heat increasing and the Air dilatating the thread and the Feather cross which hung upon it waved up and down in a various motion and having made a hole in the window of the Tower there came out a hot breath which was not continual but with intermission and waving 12. Also the reception of Air by cold after dilatation begets such a wind but weaker by reason of the lesser force of cold So that in Peru under every little shadow we find not only more coolness than here with us by Antiperistasis but a manifest kind of gale through the reception of air when it comes into the shade And so much concerning wind occasioned by meer dilatation or reception of Air. 13. Winds proceeding from the meer motion of the air without any commixion of vapours are but gentle and soft Let us see what may be said concerning Vaporary winds we mean such as are engendred by vapours which may be so much more vehement than the other as a dilatation of a drop of water turned into air exceeds any dilatation of Air already made which it doth by many degrees as we shewed before 14. The efficient cause of vapourary winds which are they that commonly blow is the Sun and its proportionate heat the matter is Vapors and Exhalations which are turned and resolved into Air. I say Air and not any thing but Air yet at the first not very pure 15. A small heat of the Sun doth not raise Vapours and consequently causes no wind 16. A mean or middle heat of the Sun raiseth and excites vapours but doth not presently dissipate them Therefore if there be any great store of them they gather together into rain either simply of it self or joined with wind if there be but small store of them they turn only to wind 17. The Suns heat in its increase inclines more to the generation of winds in its decrease of rains 18. The great and continued heat of the Sun attenuates and disperses vapours and sublimes them and withal equally mixes and incorporates them with the Air wherby the Air becomes calm and serene 19. The more equal and continuate heat of the Sun is less apt for the generation of winds that which is more unequal and intermitted is more apt Wherefore in sailing into Russia they are less troubled with winds than in the Brittish Sea because of the length of the days but in Peru under the Equinoctial are frequent winds by reason of the great inequality of heat taking turns night and day 20. In Vapours is to be considered both the quantity and quality A small quantity engenders weak winds a mean or middle store stronger great store engenders rain either calm or accompanied with wind 21. Vapours out of the Sea and Rivers and over-flown Marishes engender far greater quantity of winds than the exhalations of the earth But those winds which are engendred on the land and dry places are more obstinate and last longer and are for the most part such as are
certain that winds do rise and increase by degrees unless they be meer storms but they allay sooner sometimes as it were in an instant Successions of Winds To the 19 20 21 Articles 1. IF the Wind doth change according to the motion of the Sun that is from East to South from South to West from West to North from the North to the East it doth not return often or if it doth it doth it but for a short time But if it go contrary to the motion of the Sun that is from the East to the North from the North to the West from the West to the South and from the South to the East for the most part it is restored to its first quarter at least before it hath gone round its whole compass and circuit 2. If rain begin first and the wind begins to blow afterwards that wind will outlast the rain but if the wind blow first and then is allayed by the rain the wind for the most part will not rise again and if it does there ensues a new rain 3. If winds do blow variously for a few hours and as it were to make a trial and afterward begin to blow constantly that wind shall continue for many days 4. If the South wind begin to blow two or three days sometimes the North wind will blow presently after it But if the North wind blows as many days the south wind will not blow until the wind have blown a little from the East 5. When the year is declining and Winter begins after Autumn is past if the Southwind blows in the beginning of winter and after it comes the North-wind it will be a frosty winter But if the North-wind blow in the beginning of winter and the South-wind come after it will be a mild and warm winter 6. Pliny quotes Eudoxus to shew that the order of winds returns after every four years which seems not to be true for revolutions are not so quick This indeed hath been by some mens diligence observed that greatest and most notable seasons for heat snow frost warm winters and old summers for the most part return after the revolution of five and thirty years The Motion of the Winds To the 22 23 24 25 26 27 Articles Connexion MEn talk as if the wind were some body of it self and by its own force did drive and agitate the air Also when the wind changes its place they talk as if it did transport it self into another place This is the vulgars opinion yet the Philosophers themselves apply no remedy thereunto but they likewise stammer at it and do not any way contradict and oppose these errors 1. We must therefore enquire concerning the raising of the motion of the winds and of the Direction of it having already enquired of the local beginnings And of those winds which have their beginning of motion in their first impulsion as in those which are cast down from above or blow out of the earth the raising of their motion is manifest others descend below their own beginnings others ascend and being resisted by the Air become voluminous especially near the Angles of their violence But of those which are engendred every where in this inferiour Air which are the frequentest of all the winds the Inquisition seems to be somewhat obscure although it be a vulgar thing as we have set down in the Commentation under the eighth Article 2. We found likewise an image or representation of this in that close Tower which we spake of before For we varied that trial three ways The first was that which we spake of before namely a fire of clear burning coals The second was a Kettle of seething water the fire being set away and then the motion of the cross of Feathers was more slow and dull The third was with both fire and Kettle and then the agitation of the Cross of Feathers was very vehement so that sometimes it would whirle up and down as if it had been in a petty whirlwind the water yielding store of vapours and the fire which stood by it dissipating and dispersing them 3. So that the chief cause of exciting motion in the winds is the overcharging of the air by a new addition of air engendred by vapours Now we must see concerning the direction of the motion and of the whirling which is a chang of the direction 4. The Nurseries and food of the winds doth govern their progressive motion which nurseries and feedings are like unto the springs of rivers namely the places where there are great store of vapours for there is the native Country of the winds Then when they have found a Current where the air makes no resistance as water when it finds a falling way then whatsoever semblable matter they find by the way they take into their fellowship and mix it with their Currents even as Rivers do So that the winds blow always from that side where their Nurseries are which feed them 5. Where there are no notable Nurseries in any certain place the winds stray very much and do easily change their Current as in the middle of the sea and large spacious fields 6. Where there are great nurseries of the winds in one place but in the way of its progress it hath but small additions there the winds blow strongly in their beginnings and by little and little they allay And contrariwise where they find good store of matter to feed on by the way they are weak in the beginning but gather strength by the way 7. There are moveable nurseries for the winds namely in the Clouds which many times are carried far away from the Nurseries of vapours of which those Clouds were made by winds blowing high then the Nursery of the wind begins to be in that place where the Clouds do begin to be dissolved into wind 8. But the whirling of winds does not happen because the wind which blows at first transports it self but because either that is allayed and spent or brought into order by another wind And all this business depends on the various placings of the Nurseries of winds and variety of times when vapours issuing out of these Nurseries are dissolved 9. If there be Nurseries of winds on contrary parts as one Nursery on the South another on the North-side the strongest wind will prevail neither will there be contrary winds but the stronger wind will blow continually though it be somewhat dulled and tamed by the weaker wind as it is in Rivers when the flowing of the sea comes in for the Sea's motion prevails and is the only one but it is somewhat curbed by the motion of the river And if it so happen that one of those contrary winds namely that which was the strongest be allayed then presently the contrary will blow from that side where it blew before but lay hidden under the force and power of the greater 10. As for example if the Nursery be at the North-East the North-East wind will blow
But if there be two Nurseries of winds namely another in the North those winds for some tract of way will blow severally but after the angle of confluence where they come together they will blow to the North-East or with some inclination according as the other Nursery shall prove stronger 11. If there be a Nursery of wind on the North-side which may be distant from some Country twenty miles and is the stronger another on the East-side which is distant some ten miles and is weaker Yet the East-wind shall blow for some hours and a while after namely when its journy is ended the North wind 12. If the Northern wind blow and some Hill stands in the way of it on the West side a little while after the North-East wind will blow compounded by the original and that which is beaten back again 13. If there be a Nursery of winds in the earth on the Northern side and the breath thereof be carried directly upward and it find a cold Cloud on the West side which turns it off the contrary way there will blow a North-East wind 14. Monition Nurseries of winds in Sea and Land are constant so that the spring and beginning of them may be the better perceived But the Nurseries of winds in the Clouds are moveable so that in one place there is matter furnished for the winds and they are formed in another which makes the direction of motion in winds to be more confused and uncertain Those things we have produced for examples sake the like are after the like manner And hitherto of the direction of the motion of winds Now we must see concerning the Longitude and as it were the Itinerary or journy of the winds though it may seem we have already enquired of this under the notion of the Latitude of winds For Latitude may by unlearned men also be taken for Longitude if winds take up more space Laterally than they go forward in Longitude 14. If it be true that Columbus could upon the Coasts of Portugal judge of the Continent of America by the constant winds from the West truly the winds can travel a long journy 15. If it be true that the dissolution of Snows about the frozen seas and Scandia do excite and raise Northerly winds in Italy and Greece c. in the Dog days surely these are long journeys 16. It hath not yet been observed how much sooner a storm does arrive according to the way it comes as for example if it be an Eastern wind how much sooner it comes from the East and how much later from the West And so much concerning the motion of winds in their progression or going forward now we must see concerning the Undulation or swelling of winds 17. The Undulation or swelling of winds is done in a few moments So that a wind will though it be strong rise and fall by turns at the least a hundred times in an hour Whereby it appears that the violence of winds is unequal for neither Rivers though swift nor Currents in the Sea though strong do rise in waves unless the blowing of wind be joined thereunto Neither hath the swelling of winds any equality in it self For like unto the pulse of ones hand sometimes it beats and sometimes it intermits The Undulation or swelling of the air differs from the swelling of waters into waves in this that in waters after the waves are risen on high they of themselves and their own accord do again fall to the place of them whence it comes that whatsoever Poets say when they aggravate tempests namely that the waves are raised up to heaven and again sink down to hell the descent of the waves do not precipitate much below the plane and superficies of the water But in the swelling of the air where the motion of gravity or weight is wanting the air is thrust down and raised almost in an equal manner And thus much of Undulation Now we must enquire of the motion of Conflict or Striving 19. The Conflicts of winds and compounded Conflicts we have partly enquired already It is plain that winds are Ubiquitary especially the mildest of them Which is likewise manifest by this that there are few days and hours wherein some gales do not blow in free places and that inconstantly and variously enough For winds which do not proceed from greater Nurseries are vagabond and voluble as it were playing one with the other sometimes driving forward and sometimes flying back 20. It hath been seen sometimes at Sea that winds have come from contrary parts together which was plainly to be perceived by the perturbation of the water on both sides and the calmness in the middle between them but after those contrary winds have met either there hath followed a general calm of the water every where namely when the winds have broken and quelled one another equally or the perturbation of the water hath continued namely when the stronger Wind hath prevailed 21. It is certain that in the mountains of Peru it hath often chanced that the winds at one time have blown on the tops of the Hills one way and in the Valleys the clean contrary way 22. It is likewise certain here with us that the Clouds are carried one way when the wind near us hath blown the contrary way 23. That is likewise certain that sometimes the higher Clouds will out-flie the lower Clouds so that they will go diverse yea and contrary ways as it were in contrary Currents 24. It is likewise certain that sometimes in the higher part of the air winds have been neither distracted nor moved forward when here below they have been driven forward with a mad kind of violence for the space of half a mile 25. And it is likewise certain that contrariwise that here below the air hath been very still when above the Clouds have been carried with a fresh and merry gale But that happens more seldom An Indirect Experiment Likewise in waves sometimes the upper water is swifter sometimes the lower and sometimes there are but that is seldom several Currents of water of that which is uppermost and that which lyeth beneath 26. Nor are Virgils testimonies altogether to be rejected he being not utterly unskilful in Natural Philosophy Together rush the East and South-East wind Nor doth wave calling South-West stay behind And again I all the winds have seen their battels join We have considered of the Motions of winds in the nature of things we must now consider their Motions in humane Engines and first of all in the Sails of Ships The Motion of Winds in the Sails of Ships 1. IN our greatest Brittain Ships for we have chosen those for our pattern there are four Masts and sometimes five set up one behind the other in a direct line drawn through the middle of the ship Which Masts we will name thus 2. The main Mast which stands in the middle of the ship the fore-Mast the Mizon-Mast which is sometimes double and the
free noise for the most part signifies fair weather especial in winter 72. Birds pearching in trees if they flie to their nests and give over feeding betimes it presages tempest But the Hearn standing as it were sad and melancholy upon the sand or a Crow walking up and down do presage wind onely 73. Dolphins playing in a calm sea are thought to presage wind from that way they come and if they play and throw up water when the Sea is rough they presage fair weather And most kinds of fishes swimming on the top of the water and sometimes leaping do prognosticate wind 74. Upon the approach of wind Swine will be so terrified and disturbed and use such strange actions that Country people say that Creature onely can see the wind and perceive the horridness of it 75. A little before the wind spiders work and spin carefully as if they prudently forestall'd the time knowing that in windy weather they cannot work 76. Before rain the sound of Bels is heard further off but before wind it is heard more unequally drawing near and going further off as it doth when the wind blows really 77. Pliny affirms for a certain that three leaved grass creeps together and raises its leaves against a storm 78. He sayes likewise that vessels which food is put into will leave a kind of sweat in Cupboards which presage cruel storms Monition Seeing rain and wind have almost a common matter and seeing alwayes before rain there is a certain condensation of the air caused by the new air received into the old as it appears by the sounding of the shoars and the high flight of Hearns and other things and seeing the wind likewise thickens but afterward in rain the air is more drawn together and in winds contrariwise it is enlarged of necessity winds must have many Prognosticks common with the rain Whereof advise with the Prognosticks of rain under their own title Imitations of Winds To the three and thirtieth Article Connexion IF men could be perswaded not to fix their contemplations over-much upon a propounded subject and reject others as it it were by the bye and that they would not subtilize about that subject in infinitum and for the most part unprofitably they would not be seized with such a stupor as they are but transferring their thoughts and discoursing would find many things at a distance which near at hand are hidden So that as in the Civil Law so we must likewise in the Law of Nature we must carefully proceed to semblable things and such as have a conformity between them 1. Bellows with men are Aeolus his Bags out of which one may take as much as he needeth And likewise spaces between and openings of Hills and crooks of buildings are but as it were large bellows Bellows are most useful either to kindle fire or for Musical Organs The manner of the working of Bellows is by sucking in of the air to shun vacuity as they say and to send it out by compression 2. We also use Hand Fans to make a wind and to cool only by driving forward of the air softly 3. The cooling of Summer rooms we spake of in Answer to the ninth Article There may other more curious means be found especially if the air be drawn in somewhere after the manner of bellows and let out at another place But those which are now in use have relation only to meer compression 4. The breath in mans Microcosmos and in other Animals do very well agree with the winds in the greater world For they are engendred by humours and alter with moisture as wind and rain doth and are dispersed and blow freer by a greater heat And from them that observation is to be transferred to the winds namely that breaths are engendred of matter that yields a tenacious vapour not easie to be dissolved as Beans Pulse and Fruits which is so likewise in greater winds 5. In the distilling of Vitriol and other Minerals which are most windy they must have great and large receptacles otherwise they will break 6. Wind composed of Niter and Gun-powder breaking out and swelling the flame doth not only imitate but also exceed winds which blow abroad in the world unless they be such as are made by thunder 7. But the forces of it are pressed in as in humane Engines as Guns Mines and Powder-houses set on fire But it hath not yet been tried whether in open air a great heap of Gun-powder set on fire would raise a wind for certain hours by the commotion of the air 8. There lies hidden a flatuous and expansive spirit in Quick-silver so that it doth in some mens opinions imitate Gun-powder and a little of it mixed with Gun-powder will make the Powder stronger Likewise the Chymists speak the same of gold that being prepared some way it will break out dangerously like to Thunder but these things I never tried A greater Observation THe Motion of winds is for most things seen as it were in a Looking-glass in the motion of waters Great winds are Inundations of the air as we see Inundations of waters both through the augmentation of the quantity As waters either descend from above or spring out of the earth so some winds are cast down and some rise up As sometimes in Rivers there are contrary motions one of the flowing of the Sea the other of the Current of the River yet both become one motion by the prevailing of the flood so when contrary winds blow the greater subdues the lesser As in the Currents of the sea and of some rivers it sometimes falls out that the waves above go contrary to the waves below So in the air when contrary winds blow together one flyes over the other As there are Cataracts of Rain within a narrow space so there are Whirlwinds As waters however they go forward yet if they be troubled swell up into waves sometimes ascending grow up into heaps sometimes descending are as it were furrowed so the winds do the same but only want the Motion of Gravity There are also other similitudes which may be observed and gathered out of those things which have already been enquired about Moveable Rules concerning Winds Connexion RUles are either particular or general both with us are moveable for as yet we have not affirmed any thing positively Particular Rules may be taken and gathered almost out of every Article We will cull out some general ones and those but a few and adde thereunto 1. Wind is no other thing but moved air but the air it self moved either by a simple impulsion or by commixion of vapors 2. Winds by a simple Impulsion are caused four ways either by the natural Motion of the air or by expansion of the air in the Suns ways or by reception of air thorow a sudden cold or by the compression of the air by external bodies There may be also a fifth way by the agitation and concussion of the air by stars But let these
things be a while silent or be given ear unto with a sparing belief 3. Of winds which are made by immixion of vapours the chief cause is the over-burthening of the air by air newly made out of vapours whereby the mass of the air grows bigger and seeks new room 4. A small quantity of air added causeth a great tumor of the air round about it so that new air out of the resolution of vapours doth confer more to motion than to matter But the great body of wind consists in the former air neither doth the new air drive the old air before it as if they were several bodies but being both commixt they desire larger room 5. When any other beginning of Motion concurs besides the over-burthening of the air it is an accessory which strengthneth and encreaseth that Principal which is the reason that great and violent winds do seldom rise by the simple over-burthening of the air 6. Four things are accessory to the over-burthening of the air The breathing out of subterraneal places the casting down out of as it is called the middle region of the air Dissipation made out of a Cloud and the Mobility and Acrimony of the Exhalation it self 7. The Motion of the wind is for the most part lateral But that which is made by meer over-burthening is so from the beginning that which is made by the expiration of the earth or repercussion from above a little while after unless the Eruption or Precipitation or Reverberation be exceeding violent 8. Air will endure some compression before it be over-burthened and begins to thrust away the adjoyning air by reason whereof all winds are a little thicker than quiet and calm air 9. Winds are allayed five ways either by the conjunction of vapours or by their sublimation or by transporting them or by their being spent 10. Vapors are conjoyned and so the Air it self becomes water four ways either by abundance aggravating or by colds condensing or by contrary winds compelling or by obstacles reverberating 11. Both Vapours and Exhalations but wind very frequently from vapours But there is this difference that winds which are made of Vapours do more easily incorporate them selves into pure air are sooner allayed and are not so obstinate as those winds which are engendred of Exhalations 12. The manner and several conditions of heat have no less power in the generation of winds than the abundance or conditions of the matter 13. The heat of the Sun ought to be so proportioned in the generation of winds that it may raise them but not in such abundance as that they gather into rain nor in so small a quantity that they may be quite shaken off and dispersed 14. Winds blow from their Nurseries and the Nurseries being disposed several ways divers winds for the most part blow together but the strongest either quite overthrows or turns into its current the weakest 15. Winds are engendred every where from the very Superficies of the earth up into the middle Region of the air the more frequent below but the stronger above 16. The Countries which have retaining or trade-winds if they be warm have them warmer that according to the measure of their Climate if they be cold they have them colder A Humane Map or Optatives with such things as are next to them concerning Winds Optatives 1. TO frame and dispose sails of ships in such a manner that with less wind they might go a greater journey a thing very useful to shorten journeys by sea and save charges Next The next invention precisely in practice I have not as yet found yet concerning that look upon our greater observations upon the six and twentieth Article 2. Optative That we could make Wind-mills and their sails in such manner that they may grind more with less wind A thing very useful for gain Next Look concerning this upon our Experiments in the answer to the seven and twentieth Article where the thing seems to be as it were done Optative To foreknow when winds will rise and allay A thing useful for Navigation and for Husbandy especially for the chusing of times for Sea-fights Next To this belong many of those things which are observed in the Inquisition and especially in the Answer to the two and thirtieth Article But a more careful observation hereafter if any shall apply their mind to it will give far more exact Prognosticks the cause of the winds being already laid open 4. Optative To give judgment and make Prognosticks by winds of other things as first whether they be Continents or Islands in the Sea in any place or rather a free open sea a thing very useful for new and unknown voyages Next The next is the observation concerning constant and trade-winds that which Columbus seemed to make use of 5. Optative Likewise of the plenty or scarcity of corn every year A thing useful for gain and buying before-hand and fore-stalling as it is reported of Thales concerning a Monopoly of Olives Next To this belong some things specified in the Inquisition of winds gither hurtful or shaking winds and the times when they do hurt to the nine and twentieth Article 6. Optative Likewise concerning Diseases and Plagues every year A thing useful for the credit of Physicians if they can fore-tel them also for the causes and cures of Diseases and some other civil considerations Next To this likewise belong some things set down in the Inquisition to the thirtieth Article Monition Of Predictions by wind concerning corn fruits and diseases look upon Histories of Husbandry and Physick Optative 7. How to raise winds and to allay them Next Concerning these things there are some superstitious opinions which do not seem worthy to be inserted into a serious and severe Natural History Nor can I think of any thing that is near in this kind The design may be this to look throughly into and enquire about the Nature of the air whether any thing may be found whereof a small quantity put into air may raise and multiply the motion to dilatation or contraction in the body of the air For out of this if it might be done would follow the raisings and allayings of winds Such as that Experiment of Pliny is concerning Vinegar thrown against the Whirlwinds if it were true Another design might be by letting forth of winds out of subterraneal places if so be they should gather together any where in great abundance as it is a common and approved opinion of the Well in Dalmatia but to know such places of prisons is very hard and difficult 8. Optative To work many fine pleasant and wonderful conceits by the motion of winds Next We have not leisure to enter into consideration touching these things Next to it is that common report of the Duels of winds Questionless many such pleasant things might very well be found out both for Motions and Sounds of Winds An Entrance to the Titles appointed for the next five Months The History of Density and
Rarity The Entrance IT is no marvail if nature be indebted to Philosophy and the Sciences seeing it was never yet called upon to give an account for there never was any diligent and dispensatory Inquisition made of the quantity of the matter and how that had been distributed into bodies in some copiously in others sparingly according to the true or at least truest accounts that hath been truely received and approved of that nothing is taken away and lost or added unto the universal summe Likewise that place hath been treated upon by some namely how it can be loosened or contracted without intermixion or vacuity according to more or less But the Natures of Density and Rarity some have referred to the abundance or scarcity of the matter another hath laughed at the same the greatest part following their Author do discuss and compose the whole matter by that cold and weak distinction of act and power Those also who attribute them to the reasons of matter which is the true opinion do neither quite deprive the Materia prima or primary matter of its Quantum or quantity though for other forms they will have it equal but here do terminate and end the matter and seek no further nor do not perceive what followeth thereby and either do not touch at all or at least do not urge home that which hath a regard to infinites and is as it were the Basis and ground of Natural Philosophy First therefore that which is rightly set down must not be moved nor altered namely that there is no transaction made in any transmutation of bodies either from nothing or to nothing but that they are works of the same omnipotence to create out of nothing and to reduce unto nothing and that by course of Nature this can never be done Therefore the summe of the total matter stands still whole nothing is added nothing is diminished yet that this sum is divided by portions amongst the bodies is unquestionable for there can no man be so much beside himself through any subtile abstractions as to think that there is as much matter in one vessel of water as in ten vessels of water nor likewise in one vessel of air as much as in ten vessels of air But in the same body there is no question but that the abundance of matter is multiplied according to the measure of the body in divers bodies it is questionable And if it be demonstrated that one vessel of water turned into air will yield ten vessels of air for we take this computation for a received opinion though that of a hundred fold be the truer it is well for now they are no more divers bodies water and air but the same body of air in ten vessels But one vessel of air as it was but now granted is but onely the tenth part often vessels Therefore it cannot be contradicted but that in one vessel of Water there is ten times more matter than in one vessel of air Therefore if one should affirm that one whole vessel of water could be converted into one vessel of air it were as much as if one should assirme that something could be reduced to nothing for as much as one tenth part of water would suffice to do it and the other nine parts must of necessity be reduced to nothing And contrariwise if one should affirm that one vessel of air could be turned into a vessel of water it would be as much as if he should say that something could be created our of nothing for one vessel of air can attain and reach but unto the tenth part of a Vessel of water and the other nine parts must needs proceed from nothing In the mean time we will plainly acknowledg and confess that to understand the true means of the reasons and calculations of the how much part of the Quantum or how much of the matter which is in divers bodies and by what industry and sagacity one may be truly informed thereof is a high matter to be enquired but such as the great and largely extended profit which will accrue thereby will largely recompence For to know the Densities and Rarities of the body and much more how to procure and effect the Condensations and Rarefactions is of great importance and moment both to contemplative and to the Practick Seeing then it is a thing if any there be at all meerly fundamental and universal we must go carefully and prepared about it seeing that all Philosophy without it is loose and disjointed The History of Heavy and Light The Entrance THe Motion of Gravity and Lightness the Ancients did illustrate with the name of Natural Motion For they saw no external efficient nor no apparent resistance yea the motion seemed swifter in its progress This contemplation or rather speech they seasoned with that Mathematical Phantasie of the staying or stopping of heavy things at the center of the earth although the earth should be bored quite thorow and that Scholastical Invention of the motion of bodies to their several places Having laid or set down these things supposing they had done their parts they looked no further but onely that which some of them more carefully enquired after namely of the Center of Gravity in divers figures and of such things as are carried by water Neither did any of the Modern Authors do any thing worth speaking of concerning this onely by adding some few Mechanical things which they had also wrested with their Demonstrations But laying many words aside it is most certain that a body cannot suffer but by a body Neither can there be any Local Motion made unless it be solicited or set forward either by the parts of the body it self which is moved or by the adjacent bodies which either touch it or are near unto it or are at least within the Orb of its Activity So that Gilbertus did not unknowingly introduce Magnecick powers he also becomming a Loadstone namely drawing more things by those powers than he should have done and building a Ship as it were of a round piece of wood The History of the Sympathy and Antipathy of things The Entrance STrife and amity in Nature are the eggers on of motions and the Keys of works Hence proceeds the union and dissention of bodies hence the mixion and separation of bodies hence the high and intimate impressions of vertues and that which they call joyning of actives with passives finally they are the great and wonderful works of nature But this part of Philosophy namely of the Sympathy and Antipathy of things is most impure which also they call Natural Magick and which always likely comes to pass where diligence and care hath wanted there hath hope remained But the operation thereof in men is meerly like unto certain Soporiferous Medicines which cast one asleep and do moreover send and infuse into him merry and pleasant Dreams For first it casts mans understanding into a sleep representing unto him specifical Properties and hidden
Vertues whereby men awake no more nor look after the finding and searching out of true causes but acquiesce and lie still in these idle ways Then it insinuates an innumerable company of fictions like unto Dreams And vain men hope to know the Nature by the outward shape and shew and by extrinsecal similitudes to discover inward Properties Their Practise also is very like unto their Enquiry For the Precepts of Natural Magick are such as if men should be confident that they could subdue the earth and eat their bread without the sweat of their Brow and to have power over things by idle and easie applications of bodies and still they have in their mouths and like undertakers or Sureties they call upon the Loadstone and the consent which is between Gold and Quicksilver and some few things of this kind they alledge for to prove other things which are not bound by any such like contract But God hath appointed the best of things to be enquired out and be wrought by labours and endeavours We will be a little more carefull in searching out the law of Nature and the mutual Contracts of things neither favouring Miracles nor making too lowly and straightned an Inquisition The History of Sulphur Mercury and Salt The Entrance THis triple of Principles hath been introduced by the Chymists and as concerning Speculatives is of them which they bring the best Invention The most subtile and acute of these and those who are most Philosophical will have the Elements to be Earth Water Air and the skie And those they will not have to be the Matter of things but the Matrixes in which the Specifical seeds of things do engender in the nature of a Matrix But for the Materia prima or primary matter which Scholars do lay down as it were naked and indifferent they substitute those three Sulphur Mercury and Salt out of whith all bodies are gathered together and mixed We do accept of their words but their opinions are not very sound Yet that doth not ill agree with their opinion namely that we hold two of them to wit Sulphur and Mercury taken according to our sence to be very first and prime natures and most inward figurations of matter and almost chief amongst the forms of the first Classis But we may vary the words of Sulphur and Mercury and name them otherwise Oyly Waterish Fat Crude Inflamable not Inflamable or the like For these seem to be two very great things of the three and which possess and penetrate the Universe for amongst subterraneal things they are Sulphur and Mercury as they are called in the Vegetable and Animal kind they are Oyl and Water in the inferior spiritual things they are Air and Flame in the heavenly the body of a Star and the pure skie but of this last Duality we yet say nothing though it seem to be a probable decyphering For if they mean by Salt the fixed part of the body which is not resolved either into flame or smoak this belongeth to the Inquisition of fluid and determinate things But if we take Salt according to the Letter without any Parabolical meaning Salt is no third thing from Sulphur and Mercury but mixed of both connexed into one by an acrimonious and sharp spirit For all manner of Salt hath inflamable parts and other parts also which not only will not take fire but do also abhor it and flie from it Yet the Inquisition of Salt being somewhat allyed to the Inquisition of the other two and exceeding useful as being a tye and band of both Natures Sulphurous and Salt and the very Rudiment of life it self we have thought fitting to comprehend it also within this History and Inquisition But in the mean time we give you notice that those spiritual things Air Water Stars and Skie we do as they very well deserve it reserve them for proper and peculiar Inquisitions and here in this place to set down the History only of tangible that is to say Mineral or Vegetable Sulphur and Mercury The History of Life and Death The Entrance THere is an old complaint of the shortness of life and tediousness of Art Therefore it seems very fitting to us who strive to the uttermost of our powers to make Arts perfect to take care also of prolonging the Life of man the Author of Life and Truth assisting us therein For although mens lives be nothing else but an increase and accumulation of sins and miseries and that life is but of small advantage to those who aspire to Eternity Yet we who are Christians should not contemn or despise a continuation of works of Charity And the beloved Disciple lived longer than any of the rest and many of the Fathers especially the holy Monks and Hermites were long lived And there was less taken away from this blessing so often made mention of in the old Law than from any other earthly blessing after the coming of our Savior But it is plain manifest enough that this is held for a great good but how to attain thereunto is a high and mysterious question and so much the more because it hath been abused both by false opinions and false Praeconiums For those things which are commonly spoken of by the Rabble of Physicians concerning the Radical Humour and Natural Heat are deceitful And the immoderate praises of Chymical Medicines first swell men up with hopes and then forsake them and leave them in the mire Neither is our Inquisition now of that death which proceeds from suffocation putrifaction and divers other Diseases for that belongs to a Physical or Medicinal Historie but of that Death only which comes by the Resolution and consumption of old age Yet to enquire of the last passage or step to death and the very extinction or putting out of life which may be done by many both internal and external ways which notwithstanding have as it were one and the self same place of habitation before we come unto the very pangs of death I believe hath some affinity with our present Inquisition but we will set that in the last place That which may be repaired by degrees and without destruction the primary entire thing that in potentia is eternal as the Vestal fire Wherefore when the Philosophers and Physicians saw that creatures were nourished and that their bodies were repaired and made up again yet that it could not last long but that a while after they grew old and dyed they sought for death in some thing which properly could not be repaired thinking that some Radical and first engendred Humor is not totally repaired but that there is even from the infancy some degenerate addition and not a precise solid and just reparation which by degrees is depraved with age and at last brings that which is depraved to nothing These unskilful and erroneous opinions they hold For all things in youth and young age are fully and wholly repaired and for a time increase in quantity and are bettered
define things rather by effects and discommodities than by Internal causes either points at by that Axiome That two bodies cannot be in one place or calls it a Motion that there may be no penetration of dimensions Neither is it fitting to propose any examples of this Motion for it is in every manner of body Let the second Motion be the Motion which we call of Connexion by which bodies will not suffer themselves in any part to be severed from the touching of another body as rejoycing in that mutual connexion and touching Which Motion the Schools call the Motion of their being no vacuity as when water is drawn up by sucking or by Pipes the flesh by Ventoses or Cupping-glasses or when water stands still and remains in Pitchers with holes in them unless the Pitcher be opened and the Air let in and many things of this kind Let the third Motion be that Motion which we call of Liberty by which bodies seek to free themselves from a preternatural pressure or stretching and restore themselves into a dimension fitting for their bodies Of which Motion there are likewise innumerable examples as concerning the freeing from Pressure of water in swimming of air in flying of the Water in rowing of the Air in the waving of winds Neither doth the Motion of the Air thrust up together shew it self very absurdly in Guns which Children play with and are commonly called Pot-guns which are made of a piece of Elder made hollow into which they thrust a piece of some juycie root or the like at both the ends then with a Scowrer they thrust this root up at one end towards the other root which is at the other end which flyeth out with a sound before the lowermost root or the scourer toucheth it As for the freeing from tensure or stretching this Motion shews it self in an Egg-shel after the Egge is sucked up in Strings and Leather and Cloth which will shrink up again after they are stretched unless they have quite altered their dimensions by standing too long a time stretched c. And this Motion the Schools call the Motion out of the Form of the Element and that ignorantly enough seeing that this Motion belongs not only to air water and flame but to every diversity of consistencie as of Wood Iron Lead Cloth Parchment c. In which each several bodies have a model or prefixed extent of their dimensions and from thence are hardly drawn to any notable space But this Motion of Liberty being most obvious and belonging to infinites it will be advisedly done to distinguish it plainly and well for many do most carelesly confound this Motion with the other two of Antitype and connexion Namely the Motion from Pressure with the Motion of antitypie and that of extension with the Motion of connexion Therefore if the compressed bodies did yield or extend themselves that there might not follow a Penetration of dimensions the bodies extended would grow back and contract themselves that Vacuity might not follow But if compressed air would recover and turn it self into the thickness or density of Water or Wood into the density of a stone penetration of dimensions would be needless and yet there might be a far greater Compression than they can any way admit of And in the same manner if Water could dilatate it self into the rarity of air or a Stone into the rarity of Wood there would be no need of vacuity and yet there might be a far greater extension of them than they can any way suffer Therefore the thing is not reduced to Penetration of dimensions and vacuity but only in latter ends of Condensation and Rarefaction when notwithstanding these Motions stay and stop a long way on this side of them and nothing else but desires of the bodies to preserve themselves in their own Consistencies or if they had rather in their own Forms and not to recede from them suddenly unless they be altered by mild means and by consent But it is far more necessary because it draws many things after it to have it intimated unto men that a Violent Motion which we call Mechanical and Democritus who in expediting of his first Motions may be accounted less than the meanest of Philosophers calls the Motion of the Coast is nothing else but the Motion of Liberty namely from compression to Relaxation For in every simple Protrusion and thrusting forward or flying in the air there is no summotion or local carriage before the parts of the body do preternaturally or beyond nature suffer and be compressed by the driver and then the Parts successively thrusting one another the whole is carried not only going forward but withall wheeling that by this means the Parts may free themselves or suffer more than is just And so much for this Motion Let the fourth Motion be that which we have termed Motion of Hyles which Motion is in a manner contrary to that Motion which we have spoken of namely the Motion of Liberty For in the Motion of Liberty the bodies do utterly abhor reject and shun a new Dimension or new Sphere or new Dilatation or Contraction for this variety of words express all one thing and strive with all their might to recover and return to their old Consistency But contrariwise in this motion of Hyles the bodies do desire a new Sphere or Dimension and do willingly and withall their might as in Gun-powder hasten towards it But the most powerful and most frequent if not the onely instruments of this motion are Heat and Cold. As for example if air be dilatated by Tensure or stretching out as by sucking of Glass-Eggs it hath a longing desire to be restored But if you apply Heat to it it will contrariwise desire to be dilatated and to be in a new Sphere and passes into it willingly as into a new Forme as they call it Neither after it is dilatated doth it care for returning unless it be invited to it by application of some cold thing which is not properly a return but a repeated Transmutation And in the like manner water if it be restrained within narrower bounds by compression it spurns against it and desires to be again what it was namely larger But if there comes a strong and continued cold it changeth willingly and of its own accord and is condensed into Ice and if the cold continue and is not interrupted by warm weather as it is oftentimes in deep Caves and Grots it turns to Chrystal or some such like matter and is never restored to its primitive being Let the fifth motion be the motion of Continuation we do not mean the simple and primary continuation with some other body or substance for that is the motion of Connexion but of Continuation of it self in a certain body For it is most certain that all bodies do abhor the dissolution of Continuity some more some less but all in some measure For as in hard bodies as steel or glass the reluctancy against
Discontinuation is very strong so in Liquors where this kind of motion seems to cease or at the least languish yet there is not an absolute pivation of it but it plainly remains in them as in the lowest degree and shews it self in and by many experiences as in Bubbles and the roundness of drops in the smallest threads of running Gutters and in the holding together and drawing out as it were in threads of glutinous bodies and the like But this desire is most plainly apparant if we attempt a discontinuation by lesser fractions For in Morters after Contusion is made to a certain degree the Pestel operates no more Water will not get in at the smallest chinks or crevises and Air it self notwithstanding the subtileness of its body cannot suddenly pass thorow the pores of solid Vessels but by a long insinuation Let the sixt Motion be the motion which we call a Motion to Lucre or Gain Or the motion of Indigency or Want Which is that by which bodies when they converse amongst others which are meerly Heterogeneal and as it were enemies if they can but get a conveniency or means to avoid those Heterogeneals and apply themselves to such as have more affinity with them though even they do not thorowly agree with them they presently embrace them and make choice of them and seem to make some gain thereby from whence we have taken the word as being in want and Indigency of such bodies As for example Gold or any other metal beaten out to leaf delights not in having Air about it therefore if it can come at some thick and tangible body as a finger paper or the like it sticks presently and can hardly be gotten off Likewise Paper and Cloth and the like do not well agree with the air which is inserted and commixed in their Pores wherefore they willingly drink in water and drive out the Air. Likewise Sugar or a Spung put into Water or Wine though part of them stand up and be far above the Water or Wine yet by little and little and by degrees they draw the Water or Wine upwards From whence is taken an excellent rule for the opening and solution of bodies for laying aside Corrosives and strong waters which open a way for themselves if there might be found a proportionate and more agreeing and consenting solid body than that wherewith it is as it were through necessity mixed presently the body slacks and opens it self and receives the other within it excluding and putting away the first Neither doth this Motion to Lucre onely operate or hath power upon the feeling For the Operation of Amber of which Gilbertus and others since him have raised such Fables is no other but the Appetite of the body raised and excited by some light frication or rubbing which doth not very well tolerate the Air but had rather have some other tangible thing if so be there be any near unto it Let the seventh Motion be the Motion which we call of greater Congregation by which bodies are carried to the masses of the Connaturals as ponderous things to the Globe of the earth light things towards the circumference of the heavens This the Schools upon slight contemplation have specified by the name of Natural Motion Because there was nothing of ab extra or externally to be seen which should cause that Motion therefore they thought in-bred and placed firmly in it Or peradventure because it doth not cease Which is no marvail for the heaven and the earth are always ready and at hand whereas contrariwise the causes and beginnings of most of the other Motions are sometimes absent sometimes present Therefore because this doth intermit but always meets the other when they intermit they made this perpetual and proper and the rest as it were but acquired But this Motion is indeed weak and dull enough as succumbing and yielding unless there be a greater mass of body to other Motions as long as they are in operation And though this Motion hath so filled mens thoughts that it hath almost hidden all other Motions yet it is but little that men know of it but are plunged in many errors about it Let the eight Motion be the Motion of the lesser Congregation by which the Homogeneal parts in any body separate themselves from the Heterogeneal and come together amongst themselves by which also whole bodies through similitude of substance embrace and nourish one another and sometimes are congregated and drawn together from some distance as when the cream after some pause of time swims upon the top of the Milk the Lees and Tartar settle at the bottom of the Wine For these things are not done by the motion of Gravity and Levity that some parts swim at the top and others go to the bottom but through the desire of the Homogeneals of comming together and uniting themselves And this motion differs from the motion of Indigency in two things The first that in the Motion of Indigency there is a greater provocation of the Malignant and contrary nature but in this motion if there be no obstacles or tyes the parts are united by friendship though the Alien Nature be absent which moveth strife The second thing wherein they differ is that the union is more strict and as it were with more delight For in the other so that the adverse body be shunned those bodies which have no great affinity one with the other do notwithstanding concur But in this substances come together which are knit one to another as it were by a twin-like substance and are in a manner made up into one And this motion is in all compounded bodies and would easily be seen in each one of them if it were not tyed up and restrained by other appetites and necessities of bodies which disturb this Coition and going together And this motion is most commonly tyed and bound up three ways By the numness of bodies The curb of the predominant body And the external motion As for the numness of Bodies it is most certain that there is in all Tangible bodies a kind of sloth either more or less and a kind of aversion from local Motion so that unless they be excited and stirred up thereunto they had rather remain in that state wherein they are than seek after a better And this Numness or Dulness or Sloth is to be shaken off by a threefold help Either by heat or by an eminent Vertue of some allyed body or by a lively and powerful motion And first as concerning the assistance of heat from thence it proceeds that heat is defined to be that separates Heterogeneals and brings Homogeneals together Which definition of the Peripateticks Gilbertus did most deservingly deride saying that it is as if a man should define a man to be it which soweth Corn and planteth Vineyards which is but only a Definition by effects and those also particular ones And this Definition is yet further to be blamed For those effects whatsoever
they be proceed not from the propriety of heat but only by meer accident for cold will do the same as we shall shew hereafter namely by the desire which Homogeneal parts have to come together Heat onely helping to shake off the dulness which before had bound up the desire Secondly as concerning the Assistance of the vertue of the allyed body that doth wonderfully appear in an armed Load-stone For the Nature of an armed Load-stone is such that it a certain distance it will not draw nor attract Iron stronger than a Load-stone which is not armed but if the Iron be brought so near to it that the armed Loadstone touch it it will take up a greater quantity of Iron than a plain and unarmed Loadstone by reason of the similitude of the substance of Iron to Iron Thirdly as concerning the assistance of Motion it may be perceived in Arrows which are made all of wood and are not headed with Iron of which it is reported that being shot out of a Peece of Ordnance will penetrate further into any wooden substance as the sides of ships or the like than those which are headed with Iron by reason of the substances similitude wood to wood though this vertue lay hidden in the wood the numness of the wood being shaken off by the celerity of the Motion But the binding of the Motion of the minor Congregation which is by the curb of the Dominating or commanding body it appears in the dissolving of bloud and urine by means of cold For as long as those bodies are replenished with an active spirit which as Master of the whole orders and keeps in each singular part so long the Heterogeneal cannot come together by reason of the curb But when that spirit is once evaporated or suffocated by cold then the parts freed from the courb come together according to their own natural desire And thence it proceeds that all substances which contain a sharp spirit as Salt and the like last and do not dissolve by reason of the lasting and permanent curb of the commanding and imperious spirit The binding of the motion of the Minor Congregation which is done by an external motion is especially perceived in the Agitations of Bodies by which Putrefaction is hindred For all manner of Putrefaction is grounded upon the Congregation or gathering together of Homogeneals whereby by little and little is caused the Corruption as they call it of the first form and the generation of another new one For the dissolution of the old form goes before Putrefaction which prepares the way to the Generation of the new form which is the Coition it self to Homogenia and that if it be not hindred becomes a simple solution but if there come divers things in the way to hinder it then Putrefactions follow which are rudiments or beginnings of a new Generation And if which is the thing we have now in hand there be a frequent agitation by an external motion then this motion of Coition which is delicate and tender and desires rest outwardly is disturbed and ceaseth as we see in an innumerable company of things As when a daily agitation or running water expels Putrefaction Winds drive a way the Pestilence of the Air Corn in Garners of the Air or Store-houses turned and tossed up and down continue pure and finally all things that are agitated outwardly do not easily putrifie inwardly We must not at last omit that Coition or going together of Parts of the body which chiefly causeth Induration or Desiccation For after the spirit or some humidity turned into spirit is fled out of some porous body as in Wood a Bone a Parchment and the like then the thickest parts are contracted and grow up together with greater vehemence whereupon grows Exsiccetion or Induration which we believe to be done not so much by the motion of Connexion that there may be no vacuity as by this motion of Amity and Union As concerning the Coition at distance that is very unfrequent and rare and yet it is in more things than is observed The representations of these are one bubble dissolving another Medicaments draw humours out of the similitude of substance one string moves another string in a several instrument to an Unison and the like I conceive this kind of motion likewise to be in the spirits of living or animal things but this is as yet unknown But certainly it is eminent in the Load-stone and Iron raised up Now when we speak of the motions of the Load-stone they must be plainly distinguished for there are four vertues or operations in the Load-stone which ought not to be confounded but separated though the admiration and stupidity of men hath mixed them the one is the Coition or coming together of the Load-stone with the Load-stone or of Iron with the Load-stone or of Iron with Iron touched therewith The second is of its turning North and South and also of its Declination the third is of its penetrating through Gold Glass Stone or any thing The fourth is of the Communication of its vertue from the stone into Iron and from Iron into Iron without any communication of the substance but in this place we speak only of its first vertue namely of its Coition or coming together That is also a notable Coition of Quicksilver and Gold so that Gold will attract Quicksilver though it be made up in Unguents and those who work amongst the vapours of Quick-silver use to hold a piece of Gold in their mouths to gather together the emissions of the Quick-silver which would otherwise invade and penetrate their craniums and bones and causeth the gold so held in their mouths to turn white And thus much shall suffice to be spoken of the motion of the lesser Congregation Let the ninth Motion be the Magnetick Motion which though it be of the same kind as the Motion of the Lesser Congregation yet if it operate at great distances and upon great masses of things it deserves a several Inquisition especially if it do not begin with touching nor doth not bring the action to the touch as all Congregating Motions do but only elevates the bodies or causes them to swell and no more For if the Moon raiseth the waters or causeth moist things to swell up or the starry sky draws their Planets towards their Apogea or the Sun binds together the stars of Venus and Mercury that they can go no further from his body then to such a certain distance These Motions seem cannot be well placed neither under the Major nor Minor Congregation but are as it were middle or imperfect Congregatives and must have a proper species or kind to themselves Let the tenth Motion be the Motion of Flight or Shunning Namely a Motion contrary to that of the Minor Congregation by which bodies through Antipathy flie from such bodies as are enemies to them separate themselves from them and refuse to mix with them For though in some things this Motion seem to
be only an accidental Motion or by consequence in respect of the motion of the lesser Congregation because Homogeneals cannot come together but the Heterogeneals must be excluded and removed Yet this motion must be placed by it self and be made one several kind or species because in many things the desire of Flight is less principal than the appetite or desire of Coition or coming together And this Motion is most eminent in the Excrements of living Creatures and likewise in the hateful objects of some senses especially those of smelling and tasting For a stinking smell is so hateful to the sence of smelling that it brings the motion of expulsion into the Orifice of the stomack by consent a bitter and horrid savour is so rejected by the Palate or the throat that it causeth a shaking and horror of the head by consent But this Motion doth likewise take place in other things for it may be perceived in some Antiperistases as in the middle Region of the Air whose coldness seems to be the rejection of Natural coldness from the heavenly confines as likewise those great heats and Inflammations which are found in subterraneal places are rejections of the hot Nature from the Bowels of the Earth for heat and cold if they be in a Minor or lesser quantity do destroy each other but if they be in greater Masses and as it were in equal Armies they thrust one another out of place It is reported also that Cinamon and other fragrant and odoriferous Plants being set by Privies and stinking places will retain their own fragrancy the longer as refusing to come forth and mix themselves with the stinking smels And truly Quick-silver which would otherwise reunite it self into an entire body is hindred from it by mans spittle or Barrows-grease or Turpentine and the like and cannot gather its parts together by reason of their dissent with such bodies from which being circumfused round about them they withdraw themselves So that their flight from these interjacent things is of more force than the desire of reuniting themselves with those parts which are of the same kind and this is called mortifying or killing of Quick-silver Also that Oyl will not mix with water is not onely by reason of the difference of levity or lightness but by reason of their evill agreement for the spirit of Wine which is lighter than Oyl will mix with water But this motion of Flight is most notable in Niter and such like crude bodies which do abhor fire as Gunne-powder Quick-silver Gold and the like But the Flight of Iron from the other Magnetick Pole is by Gilbertus very well observed to be not properly a Flight but a Conformity and Coition to a more convenient situation Let the eleventh Motion be the Motion of Assembling or Multiplying of its self or of simple Generation And we call simple Generation not of whole or Integral bodies as in Plants and living things but of simular or like bodies That is to say that by this Motion bodies which are alike do turn other bodies which have some affinity with them or at least are well disposed or prepared into their own substance or Nature As flame which multiplies it self upon breaths and oylie things and ingenders a new Flame Air which upon water and watery things multiplyes it self and ingenders a new Air The Vegitable spirit which multiplies it self in its nourishments upon the most subtile and thin parts as well of watery as oylie things and ingenders a new spirit the solid parts of Plants and living Creatures as Leaves Flowers Flesh Bone and the like each of which out of the juyces of nourishments do assimilate and ingender a successive substance and excretion For we would not have any man dote with Paracelsus who blinded with his Distillations would have Nutrition made by separation only and that in bread or food there lyeth hidden the Eye Nose Brain Liver c. in the moisture of the earth the Root the Leaf the Flower For as a Carver or Sculpter out of a rude Mass of wood or stone will bring forth a Leaf a Flower an Eye a Nose a Hand a Foot or the like by separating and putting away what is superfluous so that chief internal workman saith he will by separation and rejection out of food bring forth several members and parts But laying such trifles and toys aside it is most certain that each several parts as well Similar as Organical in Vegitables and Animals do first with some delight attract then assimilate and turn into their own Nature the juyces of their several foods almost common or at least not much unlike Neither is this assimilation or simple Generation in animate bodies only but the Inanimate also participate thereof as we have said of Flame and Air. And also the dead spirit which is contained in every tangible animate thing doth always work to digest and turn the thicker parts into spirit which may afterwards go forth whence comes the diminution of weight and the drying up as we said elsewhere Neither is that accretion or growing together which they commonly reject in alimentation be rejected in assimilation as when Mud grows together amongst small stones and is turned into a stony substance Scales about the Teeth turn into a substance as hard as the Teeth themselves c. For we are of that opinion that there is in all bodies a desire of assimilation or making alike as great as that of Homogeneals to come together but this vertue is bound up as well as the other but not by the same means But we must with our greatest care inquire out those means and the way of getting loose from them because they belong to the comforting of old age Lastly it is worthy to be noted that in nine of those motions whereof we have spoken bodies do only desire their own preservation but in this eleventh they desire to have it propagated Let the twelfth Motion be the motion of Excitation which motion seems to be of the same kind as assimilation and sometimes it is so by us promiscuously called For it is a Diffusive Communicative Transitive and multiplicative motion as well as the other and they agree for the most part in their effects though they differ in the manner and subject of effecting For the motion of assimilation proceeds as it were with command and power for it commands and constrains the assimilated thing to turn and chang it self into the assimilant But the motion of Excitation proceeds as it were with Art and Insituation and by stealth for it doth only invite and dispose the thing excited to the nature of the exciting thing also the motion of assimilation doth multiply and transform bodies and substances as for example there is more flame more air more spirit more flesh made But in the Motion of Excitation the vertues only are multiplyed and transported and there is made more heat more Magnetick power more rottenness And this Motion is most
living things which Motion doth temper together all the Motions of the rest of the parts as long as it self is in vigor and force It is likewise to be found in other bodies in a certain inferiour degree as hath been said of blood and urines which are not dissolved till the spirit which restrained and mixed their parts was let forth or suffocated Neither is this Motion altogether proper to Spirits though Spirits are predominant in most bodies by reason of their quick and penetrating Motion But in bodies which are more condensed and are not filled with a lively and vigorous spirit such as is in Quick-silver and Vitriol the thicker parts are predominant so that unless this curb and yoke be some way shaken off we must not hope for any new transformation of such bodies Let the seventeenth Motion be the Spontaneal or Willing Motion of Rotation or wheeling by which bodies that delight in Motion and are well placed do enjoy themselves and follow one another and not any thing else seeking as it were their own embraces For bodies seem either to move without any term or to stand quite still or to be carried to that term where through their own Nature they must either wheel or stand still And those things that are well placed if they enjoy Motion do move circularly namely with an Eternal an Infinite motion Those things which are well placed and are averse from motion do stand quite still Those which are not well placed do move in a direct line as by the shortest path to the company of their connaturals And this motion of Rotation or wheeling admits of seven differences The first of its Center about which the bodies move The second of their Poles upon which they move The third of its circumference or compass according as they are distant from the Center The fourth of their Incitation according as they move either more slowly or more swiftly The fifth of the consecution of their Motion as from East to West or from West to East The sixt of the Declination from the perfect Circle by threads or lines nearer to or further from the Center The seventh of its declination from the perfect circle by the Lines nearer to or further from their Poles The eighth of the further or nearer distance of their Lines one from the other The ninth and last of the variations of the Poles themselves if they be moveable the which doth not belong to Rotation or wheeling unless it be done circularly And this Motion by the common and inveterate opinion is held to be the proper Motion of the Heavens Yet there is a great Question amongst some as well ancient as modern concerning that Motion who have attributed this Rotation or wheeling to the earth But it would be a far more just question or controversie if the thing be not without question namely whether this Motion granted that the Earth doth stand still be contained within the bounds of the heaven or rather descends and communicates it self to the Air and to the Waters But the motion of Rotation in darted things as in Arrows Darts Bullets for Guns and the like we remit altogether to the motion of Liberty Let the eighteenth motion be the motion of Trepidation to which as it is understood by Astronomers we give no great credit But to us who seriously seek out every where the Appetites and Desires of Natural bodies this motion comes in our way and seems it ought to be placed in specie as of a several kind And this motion is as it were of a certain perpetual captivity or bondage namely in which bodies being not altogether well placed according to their Nature nor yet finding themselves altogether ill do trepidate or agitate continually taking no rest as not contented with the state they are in nor yet daring to proceed any further And such a motion is found in the heart and pulses of living Creatures and must of necessity be in all bodies which are in an anxious and doubtful case between commodities and discommodities that being distracted do trie to free themselves and still receive a repulse yet still go on trying Let the nineteenth and last motion be that to which the name of motion scarce belongeth and yet is a meer motion Which motion we may call the motion of lying down or the motion of abhorring of motion By this motion the earth stands in its own frame the extreams of it moving themselves into the middle not to the imaginative Center but to Union By this appetite also all things which are condensed or grown thick in a high degree do abhor motion and all their appetite is not to move and though they be provoked infinitely to move yet as far as they can they preserve their own Nature And if they be forced to motion yet they seem always to endeavour to recover their own estate and rest to move no more And indeed about this they are active enough and do strive swiftly and speedily enough as being impatient of any delay But the Image of this appetite can but partly be discerned because with us by the subagitation and concoction of the Celestials every tangible thing is not only not condensed to the height but is also mixed with some spirit We have therefore now proposed the species or simple Elements of Motions Appetites and Active Vertues which are most universal in Nature neither is there a small part of Natural Knowledg shadowed under these Yet we do not deny but that other species may peradventure be added and that these very Divisions may be transported according to the truer veins of things and be reduced into a smaller number Yet we do not mean this of any abstracted Divisions As who should say that bodies desire either the Preservation or Exaltation or Propagation or Fruition of their own Nature or as if one should say that the motions of things do tend to the Preservation and good either of the Universal as Antitypie or Connexion or of great Universalities as the motion of the greater Congregation or of Rotation and wheeling or of the abhorring of motion or of special Forms as the rest of motions For though these things be true yet unless they be terminated in Matter and Fabrick according to the true lines they are speculative and less profitable In the mean time they will be sufficient and of good use to weigh the Predominances of Virtues and enquire out the Instances of strife For of these motions whereof we have spoken some are altogether invincible some are stronger and bind curb and dispose them Some do shoot out and dart further some do prevent others in time and swiftness some do nourish strengthen enlarge and hasten the other The Motion of Antitypie is altogether Adamantive and Invincible But whether the Motion of Connexion be so or no we yet doubt of For we will not for a certainty affirm whether there be a Vacuity or Coacervation and heaping up or a Permixion
their sails 32 Motions of the Winds diverse 4. 28. in engines of mans invention 35 Motion of winds and direction to be enquired of 28. the first is motion of the antitypie of the matter 77. the second of Connexion 77. the third of liberty 77. the fourth of Hyles 78. the fifth of continuation 79. the sixth is the motion to gain or of indigency 79. the seventh of the greater congregation 80. the eight of the lesser 80. the ninth the Magnetick 82. the tenth of flight 83. the eleventh of assembling 83. the twelfth of excitation 84. the thirteenth of impression 84. the fourteenth of configuration or scituation 85. the fifteenth of pertransition 86. the sixteenth the regal motion 86. the seventeenth the spontaneal motion of rotation 87. the eighteenth of trepidation 87. the nineteenth of Exhorrency on abhorring 88 Murmure in the hils and Element belongs to winds and is prodigious 41. murmure in wood before winds 19 N. NAmes of winds 1 6 Natural Magick 49 Natural motion according to the ancients 41 New Moons foreshew the disposition of the air 5 Nights hotter in Europe 23 North Wind high and blows from above 13. is the days attendant 11. suspicious blowing from the Sea but from the Land healthfull 13. noxious to Physical people 14. it rises oftentimes while a North-East or North-West Winds are blowing 14. it alters not the Weather 13. if it rise in the night it lasts not above three days 14 Nova Zembla 55 Nurseries of Winds are where vapours abound 28 O. OYl of Origanum Sulphur and Vitriol execute the operations of heat 54 61 Olimpus the Mountain 26 55. what strang things hap on the top of it ib. Orions rising is accompanied with Winds 23 39 Overburthening of the Air. 19 Owls presage change of weather 41. with us when they chatter in Winter it is a sign of fair Weather 41 42 P. PAracelsus confuted 83. his school found no place for the East wind 16 Particular Winds matrixes 16 Peake of Penariffe 26. 55 Permission of the understanding what it is 71 In Peru Winds blow most at a full Moon 22 Physitians dreams touching radical humours 21 Pliny reprehended 57 Poets feign that in the deluge Boreas was kept in prison and the South Wind let out 12 13 Power of Winds 5 Praestar a dark lightning 22 Prognosticks of Winds 16. 36. 39 Promontories turnings an windings cause alterations of Winds 21 Proportions of masts and sails vary 63 Putrefaction hath heat in it 28 Q. QUicksilver killed 83 84. hath a flatuous and expansive spirit 12 Qualities and powers of winds 43 R. RAdical differences of Winds 13. their accidental generations 2. and imitations 5 Rainy springs presage clear summers 40 Rains engendring 14 Rainbows when they are not entire do commonly dissolve into Wind. 20 Repercussions of Winds in Gardens 21 Returns of Winds 10 Rocky hils are full of Wind 17. Icy hills engender cold gales rather then Winds 24 Rotten wood gives a lustre in the night 57 S. SAils how to be spread 34. with a side wind they must be stretched out stiff 33. ten belong to a ship 31. in a forewind how they must be trimmed 33. length of sails in Wind-mills conduces much to motion 34. the lower Sails swell more then the rest 32 A Scripture place expounded 17 Seawater violently stirred gives alight 57 Sea looks blewish in a South wind 14. in a Northern Wind it looks darker 14. when it presages Winds 41. some places of it swell without Winds 17. European Seas have sometime soft gales and no Wind. 7 Sea Winds moister then Land Winds 11. and more vehement 12. and either lukewarm or cold 11 Sea lungs 57 Sea compass divided into two and thirty points 33 Semicardinal Winds 6. are not so stormie as the median 15 Silver dissolved excites a little heat 60 Shepherds should feed their flocks against the South 14 Shores how they presage Winds 40 Small whirlewinds happen oft 21. and sometimes in clear weather 22. great ones come but seldom ib. Snowy Winds come from the North. 15 Snow blown down whole from tops of hills hath choaked up the valleys 16 Sounds do last longer then resoundings 85 Suddain blasts are always in cloudy weather 21 South nor West Winds engender no vapours 13. South Wind for the most part blows alone 14. rises oftner and blows stronger in the night 14. when it begins or ceases there is change of weather 13. when it blows softly it is clear weather ib. from the sea it is most healthful 13. from the continent not so ib. in England it is unhealthful 13. in Africk clear and healthful ib. wandring and free low and lateral ib. Sowre things laid on a place where there is no upper skin cause smarting 54 Spices and hot herbs chewed burn and bite the tongue 54. 61 Spiders work hard before winds 42 Spirit of wine hot in operation 54. 61. what kind of flame it makes 64 Stars some hotter then other 64. shooting stars of a slimy substance 56. they presage Winds 19. small Stars are not perceiveable before rising of Winds 19 Stayed Winds what 1. 8. in Europe 10. they do not blow in the night 9. they blow where high and snowie Mountains are 9. they are itinerary 26. and weak in winter they are scarce noted 10 Stormy Winds go not far 26 Storms with what winds they come 15 Storms with fogs ominous to sea-men 21 Subterraneal places full of air 17 Successions of Winds 4. 26 Sugar broken or scraped in the dark shineth 57 Sun begetter of Winds 22. setting red presages Winds 19. is like a prince 16. its heat varies 64. in the generation of Winds its heat must be proportionable 45. its small heat doth not excite vapors 24. prognosticates winds 37 seq Suns beams of small force in the middle region of the air 55. and their reflection weak about the Polar circles 55 Swellings of water frequent 17 Swine terrified at the approach of winds 41 T. TEpidity in wool skins and feathers whence it comes 59. and in all woolly things 54 Thales his monopoly of Olives 45 Three leaved grasses prognostick of Winds 42 Thunders and lightnings in what winds most frequent 15. what they presage touching Winds 39 Trees growing in cold countries are most apt to fire 57 Tropaei Winds 12 True wayes of a natural death 51 U. VAcuity why introduced by Leucippus and Democritus 89 Vanes of Steeples and Weather-Cocks in calm weather likely stand continually West 7 Vaporary winds 24. their efficient cause ibid. their height 26 Vapours quantity and quality to be considered 24 Vaulting of rooms adds much coolness to them 21 Ubiquitary winds 30 Vegetables feel not hot 61 62 63 Vehement winds are inundations of the air 16 Vessels we eat in may presage wind 42 Vinegar thrown against a whirlwind by Pliny 46 Vine stalks sprout most towards the South 14. they will ripen sooner within doors then without 75 Virgil skilful in Philosophy 30 31 Undulation and furrowing of winds