New and Rare Inventions of WATER-WORKS Shewing the Easiest waies to RAISE WATER higher then the SPRING By which Invention The PERPETUAL Motion is proposed Many hard Labours performd And Varieties of Motions and Sounds Produced A Work both Vsefull Profitable and Delightfull for all Sorts of People First Written in French by ISAAK de CAVS a late Famous Engenier And now Translated into English by John Leak LONDON Printed by Joseph Moxon and Sold at his Shop in Corn-hill at the Signe of Atlas 1659. THE PREFACE BEcause The Raising of Water heigher then the Spring after the way principally intended in this work seems to be opposite to the common received Opinion of all times I have thought it not only sufficient to teach the Construction of the Engin proper thereto but also for more ample satisfaction to premise certain Propositions to precede in place of Principles onely to make you understand the Effect of that Motion by the Cause thereof that so the way may be more accessible to the other Phneumatike Inventions viz. Engins moving by the force of Air To come to which it must first be considered that all the Elements whether simple or mixt have two principal motions viz. Natural and Accidental The Natural motion is that whereby each Element searcheth and draweth it self towards the place assigned thereto by the Divine Providence in the Creation The Accidental motion is that which is moved by any outward Force different from the First Now although divers things seem to move contrary to their order without any external agitation yet the reason is that their contrary motion is caused to hinder some other greater Accident As for example It shall be shewn that the Water to shun Vacuity mounteth contarry to the ordinary Course thereof because Vacuity is more repugnant to Nature then the contrary motion of that Element as shallbe seen by the principle Propositions which serve as a foundation of this Invention which are founded upon this Principle of Nature That there can be no Vacuity in the Elementary Sphear whereof the Earth and Water do supply the inferiour part and the Fire and Air which incompass them the superiour part and each of them are said To be heavy or light according as naturally they are near or further from the Center But in these four it will be necessary to have a regard as well to certain things whereof the Air and Water are capable as to those wherein they cannot suffer Accident as the Water which although it may be extended by the intermixture of Air or atenuated and converted into Air by the means of Heat which resolves it yet nevertheless it cannot be prest that is to say that a certain quantity of Water cannot be forced by compression to be contained in less space then its Natural extension and the Air on the contrary may be restrained and put up being prest or rarified and extended being moved beyond the other accidents whereof it is capable These things shall hereafter be Demonstrated by Propositions founded upon Experience which I have thought to be more convenient for this purpose then to involve the Reader in a Labirinth of Geometrical Propositions which although most exact yet are not altogether pertinent for Instructions in this Subject As for example If we should build upon this Rule of Archimedes That the Superficies of the Water is Spherical when it is not moved which Superficies hath for its Center that of the whole Earth there will follow a Subjection that we must hold in the Demonstrations viz. That the Superficies of the Water is Circular which in the like case as is that whereof we speak is esteemed plain of every one and that First Because the difference is undescernable and Secondly Because it cannot make a defect in any Opperation whatsoever a liberty therefore which is not permitted in the Mathematicks That therefore with other reasons have moved me to omit those demonstrations which seem to me to be too punctual for this purpose Note also that when I speak of Water I mean Water equally heavy without making any difference although in case of necessity there must be had a regard thereto cheifly if the difference be such as in the Waters of certain Rivers whereof Plinie speaketh wherein nothing will sink to the bottom as in the Water of the Lake Alphaltite and in the Water of Arethuse which runs towards Siracuse and that because of their extream weight which returns heavy things to the top as Quick Silver doth the Mettal which sink not in it although it be liquid because it is more weighty And in this we must make a distinction that Mettals and heavy Solids sink in Water according to the figure they have For Copper Silver and Gold sinks not in ordinary Water if it be beaten out in plates or thin leaves but if it be contracted into a more sollid form it sinks forthwith to the bottom But these and the like things I shall treat of in a Commentary upon the books of Archimedes concerning Weights and Things sinking in Water The Theorie of the Conduct of WATER PROPOSITION 1. The Aire may be prest but not the VVater To give an example whereof let there be two vessels A and B of one form matter and bignesse the which let be full of Water it is most certain that in either of those vessells the Water cannot be prest so as the one of those vessells may containe the least part that may be more then the other but when they are only full of Aire I say that the said Aire may be prest and one of those vessells may containe more then the other which shal be thus Demonstrated Let the said vessells A and B be made very close on all parts and at the bottom of the vessell B let there be a small hole E to which the pipe ED is fastened the other end thereof D is fastened to the upper part of the vessell C the which is also made very close one every side and containing about a third part of the vessell B and to make the Water enter therein with force it will be necessary to fasten the pipe F neer to the bottom of the vessell C the which shall be made as high as may be that it may give so much the more violence to the Water the which entring the small vessell C shall make the Aire that is therein to ascend into the vessell B the which shall containe more Aire then A by the quantity which was in C and so the Aire shall be prest in the said vessell B the which may be seen if you make a small hole in the said vessell by the which the said Aire shall come forth with violence But if you pierce the vessell A there will not bee the same effect because in it the Aire is not prest But it is here to be Observed that although the Aire may be prest it is but only to a certain degree which is about a third part
and for proof thereof If the vessell C were as great as B it were imposible that the said vessell should be filled with water but that the Aire shall often break forth and that because B is not capable to contain so much Aire therefore let it be held that the Aire may be prest in a close vessell to a certain degree There is another way to force the water with violence into the small vessell by the means of a Seringe as in the second Figure PROP. 2 The water cannot enter into a vessell but there must come forth as much Aire except the water be sent in by force TO Demonstrate this let there be a vessell as A and let the pipe X be fastned in the cover thereof so that it may neer touch the bottom of the said vessell and let the small vessell D be fastened to that end of the pipe which is without the vessell Then if you poure water into the said vessell A untill it comes to be of the height V which is the end of the pipe and then the Aire being shut in in the vessell A hinders the water which is in D from entring into the vessell A. But it is to be noted in this Rule that if the water be forced into the vessell A with violence it may be filled to a third part or thereabouts and the said violence is caused if the pipe X be made very long or if you force the water in with a Seringe as hath been said and as may be seen in the second figure A Corollarie PROP. 3. It followes by the contrary reason that if a vessell be full of water it cannot be emptied so that the Aire shall not enter therein AS let the vessell or Vial D be proposed which let be full of water and let it be reversed so as the mouth or neck may touch the water which shall be set under it in a vessell it is certain that although the mouth of the said Viall be downwards no water shall run out because the Aire cannot enter to supply the place of the water that should run out PROP. 4. There can be no vacuity THis is that which hath been said in the Preface the proof wherof may be gathered from the foregoing Corollarie and divers other examples whereof here is one If you have a Copper pipe B whereof the end C is in the water and let the other end D be open to the end that the Pestle A may be put therein which shall be like to those which are used for Pumps and Forcors of water and that the said end A well invironed with leather to the end that putting water in E it may not run through to B then if A be raised to the point F the water X which is levell with the point C shall ascend to B to supply so much place as is between A and F so the water ascends higher then the levell that there should be no void place left in B. PROP. 5 If the Aire be prest in a vessell wherein there is water and that you give it passage by some pipe the said water shall come forth with violence If the Aire be prest in the vessell X let it be by means of a Seringe or by a pipe as hath been said before it is certain that then when the water hath passage it comes with a great deale more force then if it came forth from an open vessell as B. PROP. 6. If the water Descends with violence into two equall vessels there shall enter more water into that vessell where the water Descends from the highest place and the Aire shall be more prest therein and there shall be the same rate or proportion between the quantity of water contained in those vessells as there is between the heights from whence the Water hath descended LEt there be two vessells B and C to which the water descends with violence by the pipes M and N the longest of which is N From whence it follows that there enters more Water in the vessell C then in B and there is the same rate of the Water D to the Water O as there is of the length of the pipe N to the length of the pipe M. And it also followes from hence that in the vessell C where there is more Water the Air shall be more prest then in B and the effects thereof may be seen by the small pipes P and X of the which two P casts the water highest because the Air is more prest in the vessell C then in the vessell B in the same manner as before wee may proportion the Aire of the two vessells to the heights of the Water springing forth by the small pipes P and X the which ought to be equall PROP. 7. All heavie things whatsoever weigh more in the Air then in the VVater ALthough that every heavie body hath alwaies in its self its proper weight yet neverthelesse they are also considered diversly according to the place where they are placed as it is certain that wood weighs nothing in the water because it doth not des end towards the center of the Earth which is proper to all heavie things But if it be in the Aire it falls towards its center with weight wherefore wee may say that it weighs more in the Air then in the Water and so wee may say of all Bodies although they are heavier then the Water for although they fall towards their center of gravity in the Water yet it is not with such swiftness It is not necessary to shew here by what quantity the said heaviness is more weighty in the Aire then in the Water sending the Curious to the Books of Archimedes concerning things falling in the Water where it is demonstrated that heavy things weigh more in the Aire then in the Water by the quantity of Water which is equall to them A Corollarie It is here to be Observed that Waters are of diverse weights and they say that on the Territories of Cara in Spain there be two fountaines in the one of which divers things being put sink to the bottom the which being put in the other float at top They report the same thing of the Lake of Sodome and of the fountaine of Arethus The which effect comes to passe by reason of the weight of the Water and from hence wee may infer that one and the same thing weighs more in lighter Water then in heavier VVater PROP. 8. Water weighs upon that which sustaineth it according to its height I Have given this example because that divers deceive themselves upon this subject which have thought to raise Water not considering the weight when it comes to be raised very high That which is then to be understood by this Proposition is that the sucker C being at the end of the pipe M to sustain the Water which is within the said pipe that the Water weighs upon it according as the height thereof shall be in the
pipe As let us suppose that the Water be in the pipe as high as D and that it weighs 20 pounds if we fill the said pipe to E which is as much again it shall weigh 40 pound and if we double it againe it shall weigh 80 pound And according to the greater or lesser height of the Water within the pipe M the sucker C shall be harder or easier to lift up which is that which ought to be considered when the water is to be raised very high to the intent to proportion the thickness of the pipes to their height so as the Water that is in them may not be too heavie for the moving force It is also to be Observed that in Cisterns the force of the Water ought not to be taken from the bottoms where the pipe is souldered but from the superficies of the VVater which is in them as may be seen in the Cisterns A and B wherein the VVater that is in B hath more force because it is higher then A although the pipes are of equall thicknesses and lengths PROP. 9. The VVater naturally ascends to the levell of the place from whence it did descend THis proportion is very intellegible and is as much as to say that if there be a Spring as B the VVater whereof enters into the Receiver C and if there be a pipe as D descending right down or obliquely the VVater shall ascend therein to E which is the levell or height above of the vessell C and if the said vessell be not full but to the point F the Water shall not ascend through the pipe D but to the point G the levell of the said point F and although the pipe comeing from the vessell C be not drawn so high if the end of the pipe through which the Water passeth be small and the pipe great it shall ascend to its levell but according as the ends of the pipes through which the said Water passeth are greater so the Water is deficient in its height This may be seen in the figure by the small pipes XZP. PROP. 10. Of the crooked Pipe by which the VVater is darwn forth THis pipe is in use in divers places and hath been treated of by Hero of Alexandria But it must not be here omitted because it falleth severall times in use for our subject and also to understand the reason thereof this pipe then is called by divers a Syphon and hath that end which is without the vessell longer then the other And if the Air be drawn forth which is within the said pipe when it begins to run it shall not cease untill it have emptied the vessell as high as the other end And that which in effect may seem strange of the said Syphon is that the Water riseth higher then the top of the vessell by the said pipe the reason whereof shall be given thus Let the vessell be B and the Syphon CVX. And let the top thereof be V and the end VX longer then VC then when the Air which is in it is drawn forth by the end M the Water of the vessell B enters therein to fill the place Now it being full the Water contained from V to X being more heavie then that from V to C makes it run towards M. And as that Water cannot run forth of the pipe unless there enters something therein to fill the place and the Air cannot enter the water by any place of the vessell B the Water shall ascend untill it comes to empty it self to the height of C and then the Air entring therein the course of the water shall cease PROP. 11. Of another kind of Syphon and how the Air may be drawn forth by the means of another vessell THere may be made divers kinds of Syphons but behold here one which seemes to be most different which nevertheless depends upon the same reason with the former Let the vessell be B and let the pipe DC be souldered to the bottom passing through it Then let one end of the pipe AXZ be put about it so as the end X may be closed and souldered so as the water may not enter but by AZ but AZ must not touch the bottom therefore the pipe AXZ shall be fastened to the pipe D by two small tennons M and N and it must be observed that the said pipe AXZ ought to be made of such a thickness that the Water contained between it and the pipe D may be equall to the water which is in D the which being done the Water may be drawn forth by D and performe the same effect as the former But if either the one or the other of those Syphons containes so much Air that it cannot be drawn forth by aspiration there shall be made a vessell as P very close and souldered on all parts and it shall have one end F to joyn with D the which vessell fill with Water and joyn F and D together without taking Air then if you turne the cock R the Water that runs forth from the vessell P shall draw the Air of the Syphon And make it run PROP. 12. The VVater runs equally by the means of a Syphon if the end by which the Water of the said Syphon ascends doth only touch the Superficies of the water of the vessell BEcause that in the foregoing pipes the Water runs not equally being slower at the end then at the beginning It shall be shown in this example how it may run equally that is if to the end A of the pipe AC a small vessell of any matter be put let it be what it will so it may float upon the Water and the end A of the pipe AC be put through the same so as the end may touch the superficies of the Water it is certain that the end C shall run equally which is not so in other Syphons the which run alwaies swifter at the beginning then at the end PROP. 13. The farther that the moving force is distant from the center of motion the more force it hath The force moved with the wheel XO is understood by a Tree or Axis marked with DAM From hence doth result the force of the Leaver the which hath more force when it is handled at the farthest distance from the burthen And on this likewise depends the reason of the tree of the Screw press which is an Engin of great force PROP. 14. If a Wheel be turned by divers Pinions to whose Axis any weight be fastened the lesser Pinion shall be capable to move the greater weight but it shall not turn the Wheele so fast and there shall be such rate or proportion of the quantitie of one weight to the other as is the difference of numbers of the Teeth of the said Pinions and the times of raising the weights shall have also the same proportion the one to the other LEt the toothed Wheele be A the number of Teeth whereof let be 100. if this Wheel be led with
another manner of Vessel for the same use as you may see in the Figure SZX PROP. 18. Of the Value or Suspiral IT will be also necessarie for the understanding of the following Engin to demonstrate the manner of the value of Copper which openeth it self by intervals to the intent that if the Air may enter into the Vessels from beneath and shut it self when the said Vessels are full to the end that the Water pass not out by it The which value shall be figured thus Let HIKL be a smal box of Lead about one inch and a half in diameter and 3 inches long very wel Soldered within the said box is the value GDCE made after this manner GD is a smal Pipe of Copper about ¼ of an inch and towards the end D there are two smal props which hang the tongue or value of Copper C which falls upon the hole D to shut it when there is need there is also to the box HIKL a smal Pipe XM the lower part of which is soldered to the Pipe OC Then to see the effect of the said value Let us suppose that there is two Pipes to the Pipe CO the one to emptie it and the other to fill it and let the Pipe X be stopped which is that which fils the said Vessel and let B be opened then the Water that comes from the Vessel draws in the Air by the smal Pipe DG and lifts up the Copper tongue C and B Being stopt it shuts it self and when the Water hath filled the Vessels CO and HIL the said Water pressing the value against the end C there shall no Water come forth PROP. 19. Of the Cock with four Vents THis Figure following is set down to shew more distinctly the manner of the Cock D whose barrel is pierced in 4 places to the end that the key C turning either one way or the other in the required time the Water may sometimes run out by E and sometimes by F and that F or E may run when the hole of the key C shall agree with the one or the other of them It shall also emptie by means of the Vessel M as the Cock H shuts when one of the Pipes is opened and then when the said Pipe shuts to make the other Run then the Cock shall open again by means of the counter-pois GL and the Pullies K. As you see it in the figure A Description of the Engin by which part of the Water is raised higher then the Spring TO come to the Construction of this Engin First let there be made 4. Pipes of Copper or of thick Lead sufficient to bear the strength of the Water and Air and let them be 6. inches in Diameter and 6. or 7. foot long marked in the Figure with the letter A and let the little Pipes E be Soldered to the ends of them at the bottom so as the Water may be communicated from one to the other furthermore let there be Soldered four smal Pipes F above the Pipes A to the intent that the Air be communicated from the one to the other also let four little Pipes marked with the figure 3 be Soldered which are those by which the Water ascends and they must be Soldered a travers above the great Pipes and the end entring within almost to the bottom Moreover there must be four other great Pipes made like to the first the which shall be put asmuch lower as you would raise the Water higher then the Spring and let the smal Pipes D be Soldered in them to the end that the Air may enter there when the Water enters by the Pipes C and therefore let them be Soldered above and let there be four Pipes at I communicating all the Water to the Pipe GH and let the Cock L be Soldered to the bottom of that Pipe and above at the top let the value K be Soldered made as is before described in the 18th Proposition and let the Pipes D and F be made common by one Pipe moreover let the smal Vessel S be made which may have the sides about the height of one foot and upon the bottom of it by the base of the Emboiteure let there be Soldered the Cock N to which Cock let there be the Pipes O and P the which Pipe P shall go almost to the bottom of one of the Pipes marked with A and O shall be conducted almost to the bottom of the Pipes C also at the top of the Vessel S let there be the smal Pipe V to give Water to the Vessel Y when it is required which Vessel Y shall be of Copper having a smal hole at the bottom Concerning the motion whereof it hath been declared in the foregoing Examples There must be also a Counterpoise M to the intent that when the Vessel Y shall be empty it may draw back by its weight as well the Vessel as the Cocks in their place Behold here somuch as concerns the Fabrick and disposition of the Pipes We come now to the effect Let T be the height of the Spring and let the Water run into the Vessel S and let the Pipe P be open then the Vessels A shall be filled and when they are full the Water shall begin to run by the smal Pipe V into the Vessel Y the which being full and then being heavier then the weight M shall descend towards R and shut both the Cock L and the Pipe P and then the Water falling into S shall run by the Pipe O into the Pipes C the Air of which Pipes passing through the Pipe D into the Pipes F presseth the Water which is in A and constraines it to ascend by 3. Now when A is empty and C full the Vessel Y shall be also made light by means of the smal Pipe Z which empties the said Vessel about the same time as C is filled then the same Vessell Y ascends again in its place and P opens as it was before to fill the Pipes A. And so this Engin moves continually by which the Water is raised higher then the Spring of the height as is between the Pipes A and the Pipes C. Behold here that which was to be demonstrated touching this Engin which among all the Phneumatique Engins is that which with less force raiseth greatest quantity of Water And as concerning other inventions to Conduct the Water of Springs or Falling Waters or to make them Navigable or to raise Water out of Rivers by divers waies in great aboundance for the use of Towns Royall Houses or Pallaces shall be demonstrated in that which follows It is here to be noted that the Frame of Timber upon which the Pipes are put and the Pullies fastened in the foregoing Figures are not there described Because they would have hindred the full Sight of all the parts of this Engin The Explanation of the PLATES and FIGURES Following The first Plate Eigure I. To raise Water by the currant of a River and the
force of a Pump THIS Engin commonly called a Pump is called by Vitruvius and Hero the Stesibique Engin retaining the name of the Inventor thereof which was Stesibius of Alexandria I will shew three waies to raise Water by this Engin The first shall be by the currant of a River as the Figure Shews where there is a water Wheel and at each end of the Axeltree of the said Wheel is a handle of strong Brass and forged to sustain the force and weight of the said Wheel and if the said Wheel be ten feet broad and twelve feet in Diameter the said handle shall be at least four inches square and shal be rounded in the middle at the places marked with A and there shal be also two peeces of wood called Levers marked with the letters B and C fitted to the arm of the said handles the one of which riseth and the other goeth down when the Wheel turns and the said Levers shal be also fitted to two arms or branches marked with D and E the which raiseth the Buckets and Suckers of the Pumps Alternately and so the Water shall be raised to the Vessel F And from thence you may conduct it whither you please As concerning the height which it ought to rise I am of opinion that it must not be constrained to rise more then thirty feet in height with one Pump as shall be taught in the following Probleme the great Pipe G is the place where the Sucker lyes which sustains the Water when the Buckets or Suckers of the Pumps are not lifted up The Figure with the ordinary practice which is had of Pumps will make you easily understand this Engin And if the currant of the River be strong and it is required to have store of Water you may make the Diameter within the Barrells ten or twelve inches and the height eight or nine Foot And to make it well the Buckets ought to rise and fall four foot and when they are at their greatest height that they may have four foot of Water above them to the intent that the Air may not escape for if the Water be not high enough between the top of the Barrel and the Bucket the Air will pass thorough the Water by bubbles and make the Engin useless and especially when the Water is forced to rise above fifteen or twenty foot Therefore you must take heed that that accident do not happen The proportion also of the Pipes MNO shall be about four inches in Diameter if the aBrrels be twelve if the said Barrels be less the said Pipes shall be less in proportion The Explanation of the Second Figure Plate II. Another way to raise Water by means of a falling Water THis other manner of raising of Water is done by a falling Water raised so as it may fall upon the Wheel A to turn it and in turning it to raise the Water of the Pump B to 24. or 30. feet high and the other side C takes the said Water in the first elevation in the Trough D and may raise it from thence 24. or 30. feet high The aforegoing Figure will give the manner and way of the raising of the Water in the first height and the second height is done after the same manner as may easily be comprehended by the Figure the which Figure is not made high enough according to the proportion of the measures because the Paper would not permit but you may easily imagine the said height as it ought to be Explanation of Plate III. To raise the Water of a Spring or River by the force of Horses BUt if there is not a River strong enough nor a falling currant the Water may be raised by the means and force of one Horse or more according to the quantity and the heigth which is desired This present designe is made to raise the Water 60. foot high and four Horses will raise about 60. in an hours time which is about 30000. pound weight Therefore first let there be a straight Axeltree of wood a foot square and 60. foot high marked with A the which turns between two Pins and above near the end there is a Wheel of 24 Teeth marked with B the which turns a Lanthorn or Pinion of 12. Staves marked with C and a Wheel of eighteen Teeth marked D. But there are but nine Teeth in the half of the Circumference the other half is void and there are also two other Wheels marked with E and F of equal bigness and also nine Teeth on each Wheel and let the toothed part of all the three Wheels be put above then there must be a Pully put above marked with G over which a Cord must pass the which must be fastned by the two ends to the Axeltrees of the Wheels C and F so as turning about one of the Wheels it may unturn the other as you may see and better consider in the Figure of the Orthographie following Then you must put the said Wheels E and F against D so as D turning alwaies the same way may make E turn half a turn and then when it shall be in the last Tooth the first of the Wheel F shall represent it self against the Wheel D because the Wheel E shall make it turn back again by means of the common Cord and Pully G and after the said Wheel D hath catcht the first Tooth of F it shall continue to the ninth and afterwards the first of the Wheel E shall represent it self again And so the two Wheels E and F shall turn forward and backward half a turn alternately and to the Axeltree H and L there shall be fastned two strong Cords which shall draw up the two Buckets which go into the Barrels M and N and have about three feet play rising and falling and they shall be made of Brass well fitted within the Barrels and that they may descend of themselves without being constrained And so there is no Leather put about the Buckets as is ordinarily done in common Pumps And it is to be noted that the swifter the Buckets come up so much the more Water they raise which may be observed in all sorts of Pumps It is also to be noted that the two Transverse peeces OP ought to be but one peece to the which the other Transvers peece Q ought to be joyned in the which the four ends of the Axeltrees of the Wheels BCEF do turn The Explanation of Plate IIII. This Plate gives a larger demonstration of the former by means of the Orthographie FOr the better understanding of the foregoing Figure I have represented here the plain of the Orthographie to the end that by it you may understand the motion and meetings of the three Wheels EDF Let then each of those Wheels have nine Teeth in the half Circumference and let that part of the Wheels that hath the Teeth in them be turned upwards so as the first Tooth of the one meet with the Teeth of the Wheel
D when the last of the other hath passed beyond it and there must be a Cord marked RS to go in a Pully marked T the which shall be firmely fastned to the two Axtrees as may be seen in the Figure So as if the Teeth of the Wheel E be entred it shall make the Wheel F to turn half a turn by the Cord which is fastned to the Axeltree of the said Wheel and shall present the first Tooth V when the last of the Wheel E marked with X shall be passed and so the Wheel F making its half turn shall make E to return as it was before so as by means of these half turns turning and returning the Buckets of the Pumps shall be raised and depressed as if it were with a turning handle And the difference which is between the said handle and this present Invention is that the said handle doth not raise the Bucket Perpendicularly as this present Invention doth the which is much better Likewise to raise the Water very high and in such aboundance it is necessary that the said handles be very strong as hath been said before And if you will not use the said handles to the foregoing Engins to raise the Water by the means of Water Wheels you may use this present Invention As concerning the Barrels if you would spare the quantity of Brass or Lead which they ought to have in making of them 30 or 40 foot long you may make them onely of 4 foot long of the Diameter of the Bucket and over them viz. at ZY fit smaler Pipes into them as you may see in the Figure The Explanation of Plate V. To make a Dyal with the course of a natural Fountain the which shall move very true without being subject to be wond up Dayly LEt the course of the Fountain be from the Pipe marked with A the which shall be hollow within about the Diameter of a writing Quil the Water whereof shall fall into the Vessel B to which there shall be two Pipes that is one marked with C Soldered to the bottom of the said Vessel which hath a smal Cock marked D then there is a smal emptying Vessel marked with E and the said Vessel shall be fastned to a smal Lever marked with FG made as the Figure demonstrates with a hinge to bend only one way and the end of the said Lever shall be entred in one of the Teeth of a great Wheel marked with HI so as the Vessel E descending the end of the Lever G shall raise the Tooth in which it is entred somewhat more then one Tooth to the intent that the greater Leaver L may fall into the next Tooth and stop the Wheel HI there shall be also a counter-pois marked O fastned to the Lever FG to draw down the end G when the Vessel E is empty and so the Water falling in the said Vessel shall make it heavier then the conuter-pois O and then it shall descend and raise the end G and move the said Wheel H one Tooth and the Water falling alwaies shall fill the said Vessel and make it to overturn and then the counter pois O being heavier then the empty Vessel shall again draw down the end G and the other above marked with L shall stay the wheel that it shall not return The said Wheel must have 60 Teeth and so the Water which falls in the Vessel E being so justned by the Cock D that every minute of an hour the said Vessel may overturn and by that means the Wheel HI shall make one Turn in an hour and then you may make a Pignon to the Arbor of the said Wheel having six Teeth the which may move a Wheel of 72 Teeth and by that means the hand above M shall shew the course of the 12 hours and that beneath shall shew the course of one hour and when the said Dyal shall be well justned it shall continue a long time without alteration You must also note that it is necessary that the water of the Vessel B be as high as the Pipe P to the intent that the said Water fall alwaies equally in the emptying Vessel and that it may so do it is necessary that there fall somewhat more Water into the said Vessel B then there runs forth by the Pipe C and the overplus shall run out by the Pipe P. The Explanation of Plate VI To counterfeit the Voice of smal Birds by means of Water and Air LEt there be two Vessels marked with A and B that marked with A shall be filled with Water and that marked with B very close and Soldered on every side then the Pipe CD must be Soldered one end to the bottom of the Vessel A and the other passing to the upper part of B and that the end D may be so far distant from the bottom of B as is necessary to let the Water pass there must be a Cock marked with P to the said Pipe to open and shut it when it shall be required There must be also made the Pipe GH by which the Air may pass through the said Vessel A or else it shall be conducted to the place where you would make the Birds to Sing to the end of which shall be fitted a smal Whistle like to those which the Organ makers do make to represent the Song of a Nightingale and the said Whistel shall be put into the Water and so when you open the Cock F the Water shall descend to the lower Vessel and the Air which is in the said Vessel shall issue forth by the Pipe GH the which shall make the Whistel to sound which is at the end of the said Pipe and then you may put to it an Artificial Tree upon which you may put some Birds of Wood or Mettal painted like as the natural As concerning the Figure of the Globe DB it may serve for pleasure to cast the Water very high by the Pipe A after that you have forced it in with violence with the Seringe C. And for the manner of the Whistle put into the Water you may see it Figured in the following Figure at the place marked with K. The Explanation of Plate VII To add a Swan or other figure to the singing of the Birds spoken of before which shall Drink or Sip up as much water as you shall present to her Beack THis is onely the difference between this and the foregoing Figure that the Vessel above marked with A is close and Soldered on every side it shall have a smal receptacle or Funnel N to fill it the which being full and N stopped when you open the Cock F the Water entring into the lower Vessel shall make the Air pass forth and so make the Birds Sing and the Water passing out of the upper Vessel A shall sip up by the Beack of the Swan all the Water or liquor which you shall put under her Beack It hath been said before that K is the Figure
be also a Pipe marked with E put upon the said Vessels to which Pipe there shall be Soldered four branches each branch being marked with the letter F the said branches shall be Soldered to the top of the Vessels passing almost to the bottom of each Vessel Then there must be Soldered a Sucker marked with G to the middle of the Pipe made and placed so that when the Water Springs out of the Vessels it may open and being gone forth it may shut again You must also have another Pipe at the bottom of the said Vessels marked with P to which there is also four branches the which shall be all Soldered against the bottoms of the said Vessels and also a Sucker marked H to the end of which there is a Pipe which descends to the bottom of the Water the which shall be in a Cestern or Vessel marked with I there shall be also to one of the Vessels a hole or vent marked with M. So placing the Engin in a place where the Sun may shine upon it powr Water into the Vessels by the hole or vent M the which Water shall be communicated to all the Vessels by means of the Pipe P and the said Vessels must have about a third part of their content in Water and the Air which was in the place of the said Vessels shall pass out by the passages 3 4 5 6 afterwards you must stop all those passages very close so as the Air may not come out of the said Vessels and then the Sun shining upon the said Engin shall make an expression because of the heat as hath been shewn in the foregoing Probleme which causeth the Water to rise from all the Vessels to the Pipe E and pass forth by the Sucker G and the Pipe N and then fall into the Basin O and from thence into the Cestern I and whenÌ„ there shall be a great quantity of Water run forth by the violence of the heat of the Sun then the sucker G shall return and after the heat of the day is passed and the Night shall come the Vessels to shun vacuity shall draw the Water of the Cestern by the Pipe and Sucker HP and shall fill the Vessels as they were before so as the motion shall continue so long as there is Water in the Cestern and that the Sun shines upon the Vessels And you must observe that the two Suckers G and H must be made very light and likewise very just so as the Water may not descend by them when it is raised The Explanation of Plate X. An Engin by which the force of the foregoing Fountain is increased IF you desire to raise the Water five or six foot high the foregoing Engin cannot raise it if the Sun do not shine upon it with great violence and to increase the force of the Sun it is necessary that the Vessels of Copper be made in manner as this present Figure doth declare and upon the side AB there are put Burning Glasses the which shall be well fitted to the Copper so as no Air may come forth the said Glasses are marked the two great ones of every Vessel by the letters CD and the smal ones EFGH and the side of the Vessel L must be put towards the South to the end that the Sun shining upon the said Burning Glasses may assemble the raies of the Sun within the said Vessels the which will cause a great heat to the Water and by that means make it spring forth in great abundance and also higher if it be required and as to the other sides of the Vessels where the Glasses are they shall be put towards the West for the Sun shins very hot After-noon and you must observe that if the great heat makes all the Water to run out which is within the said Vessels that is to say the third part of their contents then you may put in more then the third viz. a half of the content by the vent as hath been said before I have also made this present Figure greater then that which went before and as concerning the upper Sucker it may be in the Vessel which sustains the Basin of the Fountain And the Burning Glasses may be as large as they are drawn in the Figure AB and they must be thick in the middle as the said Figures do declare The manner to make a Cement to Cement the Glasses to the Vessels so as the Air may not come forth TO make a Cement to indure the heat of the Sun and to bind well to the Glass take five or six peeces of quick Lime the which being covered with Brick-dust powr a little Water upon the said Brick-dust the which shall slake the Lime and reduce it into powder and you must be carefull that you wett not the Lime too much being so brought into powder then temper it with old Cheese mixing also about one third part of the said Brick-dust then Cement well the joynings of the said Glasses with the Vessels of Copper There is also another Sort of Cement to be made the which is also very good for this effect that is to say of Glass ground with Lin-seed Oyl and mixt also with a little Slaked Lime This last is also very good against the Water and will not be moistned in any manner as the first which serves onely for things that are out of the Water The Explanation of Plate XI An Engin to Saw Wood very readily by the force of a water Wheel THis Engin is very common among the Mountains of the Country of Switzer Land with which they Saw great quantity of Firr Boards the said Engin is necessary to be in a great Citty or in a Forest where there is great store of Wood to Saw either in Boards or other form This here is not altogether like those used by the Switzers for they make the peeces of Timber to come to the Saws by means of certain Toothed Wheels with a rochet but because of the oft reparations of the said Toothed Wheels I think alwaies to avoid their use as much as I can So I have put the two Counter-pois each about two or three hundred pound weight the one whereof is marked with A and the other with B the Cords on which the Counter-poises hang are fastned to two moveable peeces of wood which slide upon two other fixed peeces of wood by means of certain smal Pullies that may be within a hindge and so the said Counter pâ—is alwaies drawing the said moveable peeces of wood and the peece which is to be Sawed being fastned between the said movable peeces which shall come alwaies forward and the Saws rising and falling shall Saw the said peece with great speed you may put two three or four Saws at the least upon the same fram so far asunder as the thickness of the Boards which are to be Sawn shall require And when the peece of Timber is Sawn then one or two Men with a Lever shall
the Wheel below B turns the said Wheel EF may also turn because they are fastned in one common Axtree then on the top of the great Pipe there shall be another smal Pipe marked with GH which shall be Soldered against R so as the Water Descending by the said Pipe may spring forth by the end H and so when the water Wheel turns the said Figures may be upon the said turning Wheel and you may place Neptune upon the end H so as the water may come to his Trident which he holds in his Hand and to the Noses of the Horses which draws him and the two Tritons upon M and the Cupid which leads the Dolphins upon N And you may likewise put certain other Figures upon Z and to the intent to cover the Pipe which descends from S to the Base of the Reserve you may make a Rock as you may see in the foregoing designe which may descend from the top of the Grote where the said motion shall be almost to the bottom of the Reserve without touching it nor also any of the Pipes to the end that all may turn freely and the Reserve must be alwaies full of Water a foot high to the intent that you may not see the motion of the Wheel EF in turning The Explanation of Plate XIX An Engin by which you may make a paire of Organs to Sound by the means of Water THis Engin is very like to that demonstrated in the 16 Plate the difference is that this here is seen fore-right and that other upon one side the Musical Wheel marked with A may be of five or six foot in Diameter which shall be turned by a Pinion of eight Teeth to the Axtree whereof shall be fitted a Wheel of twenty four Teeth Which shall be turned by a Pinion on whose Axtree the water Wheel C is fastned the Keys are marked with D and the Summer with F the construction whereof shall be caught afterwards the three Registers marked GHI are different the one from the other And to the intent that the noise of the motion may not be heard when the Organs play it is good that there be a wall of a foot thick between the Registers and the said motion the conveighances of the wind are of Copper which coming from the Summer to the Registers pass through the said Wall As concerning the Bellows to give wind to the Pipes the motion of them shall be shewn in the next Probleme and also how to put the Musick upon the Musical Wheel The Explanation of Plate XX An Engin by which the Bellows of the foregoing Engin may be lifted up to give Wind to the Pipes of the Organs THere are two manners to give Wind to the Pipes of the Organs in Hydrautique Instruments the one is with Bellows made with thin Boards joyned together with Leather the other is with the Air which comes from Cisterns by want of Vacuity as shall be taught hereafter At the present I will shew how to raise the said Bellows by means of a water Wheel as you may see by this present designe where the long branch of Iron or Copper divided into four turning handles make the said Bellows to rise the one after the other by means of the said water Wheel The Explanation of Plate XXI The representation of the Musical Wheel to serve for Plate 19. TO demonstrate Intirely the Engin of Plate 19. I will put here the representation of one part of the Musical Wheel as big as the natural to the intent that you may perfectly see how the Pins put down the Keys of the Organ the said part doth onely represent six measures the one of which shall be marked with Black or Gray all along the said Wheel and the other shall be marked with White to the intent that the divisions may more easily be discerned which shall be Parallel to the Keys and if you will you may pierce the holes upon each division to change the Pins when you would change the tune Then you shall put the said Pins so as they may touch upon the Keys about the thickness of one of the said Pins and so as the one touch not harder then the other Alwaies when you come to Demi-Crochets or Quavers whereof there are sixteen in one measure it will be good that they do not touch so hard as the others to the end that one Pin do not touch before the other have passed beyond the Key which is to be observed in all the other measures otherwise there will be a confused Musick As concerning the construction of the Musical Wheel it is necessary that it be of Oak very dry and the peeces well Joyned and Glued together to the intent that it do not swel neither on the one side nor on the other As for the Pins they shall be of Brass or of hard Wood Further-more you shall observe that in this present Figure there is but half the Keys designed also many of the notes are wanting to the said Figure because the Paper was not large enough to draw it so large as the Natural but that which is here designed may serve to give understanding to the rest The Explanation of Plate XXII To make Organs or Trumpets of Organs to Sound alwaies when the Sun shall be South without any other principle of motion but the heat of the Sun and the Water LEt there be a Vessel of Copper or Lead marked with A very close and Soldered on every side and let it have a Syphon marked with C which may be so made that the end which is within the Vessel be near to the bottom and that the height of the said Pipe or Syphon be near the height of the said Vessel then the other end shall come forth of the Vessel to run into the Vessel D. And to order it so as the Sun may not heat the Vessel A till Noon Behold how you are to proceede Let there be a Tablet made to the said Vessel of strong Lead or Copper marked with B as if it were the Cover of the said Vessel half lifted up well Soldered to the said Vessel and let the said Vessel be Invironned with a smal Wall of Brick so as there may be onely the side before open to the Sun and that the said side be exactly placed toward the South It is certain that this being well done that the Sun shall not shine against the said Vessel but just at Noon and then the rays shine against the angle which the top of the Vessel makes with the Table B and by that means heats the top of the said Vessel which shall make a compression in the Vessel so as the water shall run forth by the Pipe C. Let there also be made a great Vessel marked with F into which the water of the Spring which is to make the motion runs continually and at the bottom of the said Vessel there is a Valve marked with G at the lower end whereof there