call cogitativam and aestimativam For Madness Phrensie and Melancholy are Diseases that cannot hurt corporeal affections by themselves to wit simply alone but corporeal faculties also for they disturb the minde by accident because it is contained in that very house or situation where this distemper raigns and where the senses are used But Bruits suffer madness by reason of imagination or their estimative faculty not for their reason or understanding C It is common to all perfect animals to have blood and therefore without it they neither can be accounted perfect or produce any vital action for blood is after a manner another soul. D It is a thing common almost to the Universal Genus of fourfooted Beasts that their generation proceeds from the commixtion of the Masculine with the Feminine and they copulate either at certain times or seasons or promiscuously at any time And whereas they are void of reason especially when they have a sensual appetite thereunto at which time the Male is so furiously inflamed with such an irresistable light that it will furiously assail the Female and prosecute her even till his appetite be satisfied as we see often verified in Stags E All Serpents are referred to fourfooted Beasts because they have Blood Flesh Nerves and other internal Bowels of that Nature with them although not so perfect and also dissimilar from the members of those animals This animal is crafty and wise in the preservation of its life in seeking out a Den to lurk in and Food to live on F Volatiles do consist of all the elements but chiefly of water which we may read and prove by sacred writ where it is said That the waters brought forth both creeping things on the earth and flying things in the air where a question will arise why God produced flying things out of the water rather then the earth Because the greatest part of them do reside upon the earth For upon the earth they feed sleep pull off their feathers and altogether haunt the earth and not the water because according to Aristotle we are nourished by those things of which we consist Birds consist of earth rather then water therefore c. This argues that their substance is hard and dense which must needs differ much from the nature of water but little from earth But for the further solution we must know that there is no animal gotten or procreated in the fire or air but in the water and on the earth all Bodies are procreated and that of the commixtion of siccity with humidity but of the two other Elements they receive light temperaments and vertues therefore because Birds are wandring animals they ought to be framed of an Aery temperament that it may be consentaneous to their nature Now Birds are procreated from the water which comes nearest to the nature of air for it is made air extenuated by heat as we see the density of air to pass into water and therefore Birds are produced out of the water into the air as it were a proper Element for their nature G When in the definition we say Birds to be two-footed and winged this ought to be understood of perfect Birds for there are certain Birds found without feet called Apodes and also without feathers of which see Scaliger and it is called a Bird from Avia because it cuts an uncertain flight in the air For there are three things uncertain and past finding out the way of a Ship in the sea the way of a Bird in the air and the way of a Yongman on earth H Other divisions there are of Birds of which see Scaliger Exer. 227. and of the species of Birds see Freigeus his Physicks I By Fish I generally understand all water-animals that swim in water and all these are produced of the water which their natures doth demonstrate for if they be taken out of the waters they die and perish because they are robbed of their proper Nature or Womb but in water they grow and are nourished by reason of the similitude and cogination of their nature with the place which is cold and moist But how can Fish which seem to be constituted of a 〈◊〉 Matter and a mixed body be produced from water alone one simple Element and fluid I answer first the concretion of water in the producing of 〈◊〉 to be done forthwith by the voice and command of God insomuch that it is so constricted and firmly coagulated that the body of fish is solid and well compacted Again we do not deny but that other Elements concur to this aquatical constitution but water hath the dominion whose nature fish emulates because they are cold and moist where notwithstanding we must observe that this same watry constitution doth participate of heat and moisture in which the vital faculty or life doth consist K It is an old tossed question whether fishes that want a lung breathe Aristotle denies it but Plato and all the ancient Philosophers affirm it and these are their Reasons First what animals soever have not the organs of respiration so called cannot breath but fishes have neither lungs nor arteries which are the organs of respiration in all other animals therefore fish breath not Secondly if fish do breath it must either be by the mouth or fins and then they both receive and let out the spirit together but this cannot be because these motions are contrary in themselves and contraries cannot act together in the same therefore fishes do not breath Thirdly if Fishes that are destitute of attractive arteries and lungs breath then they must breath by the benefit of the belly but this is absurd therefore the consequence false The reason of the Minor is that if the belly of fish doth attract air then it would do so in other animals but it is not so therefore c. Fourthly In all those animals that inspire and exspire some part of their body may be discerned to move as in man when he breaths the brest is lifted up if he exspires it is pressed down but in fish there is no such motion to be seen therefore they breath not Fifthly when any breathing Creatures are suffocated in the water certain bubbles will arise if they be there detained till suffocation but if fish be never so long detained they cause no bubbles therefore they breath not neither do they receive any extrinsecal air Sixthly if fish did breath under the water it would follow then that men and other animals might breath also but the consequence is false therefore the antecedent Seventhly if fishes do breath in the water then it is so that they may attract air which they must do also without the water but they do not breath out of the water nor attract air Ergo c. if all animals do breath then insects also should breath which are animals but they breath not Ergo c. the assumption is confirmed for those animals that breath do breath whilst they live and when
compelling them into one of the ligaments serving the arteries to a voluntary motion the fibres of the tendons growing of the junctures are joyned amongst themselves E They are called spermatick parts because they are generated of seed and not of blood which argues that their colour must be white and cold in substance All nerves do arise from the brain and not from the heart as Aristotle imagined their use is to carry that animal spirit gotten in the brain and the motive and sensitive faculty and to communicate it to the body F The veins and arteries are joyned with a friendly intercourse that the veins may supply them with matter of spirit for the spirit doth cherish the blood with its heat in the arteries and there are mutual orifices that the spirit may take nutriment out of the veins and the veins spirit and heat out of the arteries But the arteries and veins do differ First in their original because they come out of the sinister ventricle of the heart Secondly in their function because they subminister vital spirits to the whole body Thirdâ—…y in their substance for the arâ—…eries so likewise the veins do â—…onsist of a membranous body â—…et more solid harder and conâ—…rmed by more crasser tunicles Now a tunicle is twofold exterior interior that fibre which is knit with many strait and crooked windings hath the like crassitude and firmness with the tunicle of the veins but this hath five times a more harder and grosser substance lest the subtil spirit should exhale and the artery it self be broken with the perpetual motion of the heart Fourthly in motion for the arteries are moved without intermission by dilatation and contraction when dilated they draw the cold air and when contracted cast out hot fumes G This question is moved by Physitians and Philosophers about the veins Whether they have a force or faculty to generate blood Some maintain it that the blood which the veins contain within themselves to elaborate more exquisitely and to be made by an insited force and faculty and therefore in that blood that the chiefest degree of perfection is gotten But the falsity of this opinion is easily known by those who diligently mark the thin tunicle of the veins and its white substance Now it is provided by nature that every part of the body should be converted to the other and transmuted into its colour then how can the veins with their thinness and whiteness change white chyle and gross into red and pure blood Therefore more truer is that opinion that the generation of blood is onely the work of the liver which doth make blood by a certain force and faculty within it self seated all the sanguifick force is given to the veins yet they receive it from the liver as Avicen demonstrates H Aristotle and Hippocrates do prove that fibres do concrete the blood by their frigidity because that blood out of which fibres are taken can never be concreted by any cold for when blood is let out of the veins if it doth not concrete it is a sign of death I Fat is the matter of blood and although it be made of the cream of blood yet notwithstanding it is cold and without blood degenerating into fat by the want of heat and frigidity of the membrane it consists of coldness and dryness because by heat it is melted and by the humidity of other parts coagulated by cold The efficient cause is the want of heat which is thus proved because you shall finde no fat as to any quantity about the liver or the heart or any other hot part by reason of the heat of those parts K Take this as another definition of the cutis the skin is a thin part membranous porous endowed with blood the tegument or cover of all the parts of the body which as it is easily taken away by accident so it doth easily grow again which denotes thus much that the skin is not altogether endowed with a sensitive faculty but onely so far as it hath the nerves and of the faculty of blood in it and whereas it is defined to be membranous that is smooth simple thin and white and that it hath a middle nature between flesh and nerves for neither is it altogether without blood as the nerves are so neither doth it abound with blood as the flesh doth whence it is adjudged to be the rule of temperaments and indeed the skin about the hands in it there is the most exquisite and perfect faculty of sense but not so in other parts of the body and the skin is porous that it may thereby attract the coldness of the air and expulse the excrementitious vapours of the body Now the excrement which comes out of the pores is sweat sweat is an excrementitious humidity of the third coction breaking out by the skin in the species or form of water the matter of sweat is the whole humidity which is gotten in meat and drink which thing is necessary to all animals because it might make way for other aliment and not longer lie in the vessels it is of the same genus with urine onely differing in this that the urine is carried to the bladder this with blood a longer passage through the body its efficient cause is heat but not so vehement as to have a drying faculty but moist so calefying the nature of sweat by the habit of the body that it becomes thin and so softens the skin by relaxation that it may the better pass through those whose skins are hard and thick are very unapt to sweat L Flesh may be taken either properly or improperly when properly taken then absolutely that which is described by us and it is the chiefest part of the muscles for the substance of them doth truly and properly deserve the name of flesh that which is taken improperly is the flesh of the bowels generated of blood poured out as the liver heart and lungs CHAP. 10. Of External dissimilar Parts 1. HItherto we have spoken of similar parts Now of dissimilar or organical which are diversly compounded of the similar 2. And they are either external or internal 3. The external parts are first the head secondly the trunk of the body thirdly the artus under which we comprehend the arms and feet 4. The head is the highest part of the body globular set upon the neck the seat of the animal faculty 5. Its parts that are external are chiefly the skull and the face 6. The skull is a crafs bone of the head round distinguished into twenty bones and certain futures covering the brain environing it on every side 7. Its bones are thus distinguished there are two in the crown one in the front two in the temples one in the form of a wedge another in the form of a sieve twelve in the superior jaw and one in the hinder part of the head 8. There are three sutures The first is transverse the crown going from towards one ear to the
in air by inspiration and they continue out of the water upon the earth or at least receive their nutriment most part from thence 11. And they are either such as go or creep or fly Arist. 1 de Hist. An. c. 1. 12. They that go or creep are such as move on the face of the earth 13. And they are either four-footed beasts or creeping vermine 14. Fourfooted beasts are those that go upon four feet or at least consist of four such parts as man hath two arms for two former feet 15. There is a diverse constitution of these as also of the temperament of man for in Dogs choler doth abound in Hogs phlegme and in others other humours whence their temperament doth chiefly depend 16. Fourfooted beasts are distinguished by the manner of their generation in oviparas and viviparas 17. Those are oviparae which bring forth eggs or breed after that manner out of which afterwards the animal is produced as Frogs Crocodiles Lizards Salamanders Chameleons and Serpents all which are endowed with four feet 18. Although these in many faculties of the soul and parts of the body have no little similitude to man yet they differ much nay more then such as are born alive called viviparae for neither do we see the same ingenuity in them which is in these nor altogether the same parts and strength of body 19. Viviparae are such as bring forth perfect animals 20. And those have a large lung dense and carnous filled with blood and therefore they breath 21. The yong also D is nourished and brought almost after the same manner in the bellies of their damms as the childe in the womb of a woman 22. Therefore erroneous is that opinion of Avicenna Albertus and Cardan himself who think that all animals that are gotten in the matrix may arise without it meerly of putrefaction if so be it be true that animals do proceed from a mutual copulation onely but never any man or dog did ever proceed from putretude but seed Scal. Exer. 193. 23. Viviparae are wont to bring forth either those which have solid feet as an Horse or Ass and many others which want horns so likewise many cornuted beasts as the Ox Hart Goat and the like or such as have their feet divided into divers parts as Dogs Apes c. 24. And their yong are multifarious for the many cells in the womb where the seed is contained 25. Creeping beasts E are those which crawl upon the ground and they are either Serpents which by convolving themselves do move or all other kind of worms upon the earth 26. Furthermore F there are volatile beasts which do use to fly much in the air and they are otherwise called birds 27. Aereal birds G have by nature two feet and they do move themselves above the earth by their feathers by flying 28. Their bodies do consist like to other bodies of the four elements of a legitimate commixtion and they have both similar and dissimilar parts 29. Yet they want reins and bladder whereby it happens that they never urine because they drink little and by reason of the heat and dryness of their nature which converts their water into aliment 30. Their generation is of an egg and chiefly of the white for it is nourished by the yolk till it is excluded these eggs engender and do receive life from the heat of the damm sitting upon them 31. And they are sooner hatched in summer then in winter Hens in summer usually sit but eighteen days but in winter twenty five 32. And unless they bring forth they labor under a disease and perish Arist. 33. Birds H are distinguished by their meat for some are very carnous because as they feed upon flesh as those which have crooked claws as the Crow and Hawk and some are fed by worms others by herbs and some by fruits 34. So much concerning Terrestrials Now concerning such as live in the water and they are called fish 35. Fish I is a sanguineous animal of cold and watrish substance of a long body and squamous skin diving in the water 36. Their propagation is much by seed onely this difference some lay eggs which are committed to the water and thereby cherished others bring forth their yong alive as the Whale Dolphine and the sea-Calf 37. In the time of copulation male and female are conversant and the female by a gentle touch conceives eggs in the matrix but they are not perfected till they be sprinkled with the seed of the male for these eggs into which the seed is ejected do become 〈◊〉 the rest remains barren 38. Of the particular parts of Fish these things are to be observed There is a heart in most of them but inverse or much turned in contrary to other animals whereby a certain passage is made to their gills by which they return the humor which they receive into their mouths 39. All their teeth are serrated yet some have teeth upon their tongues 40. Their tongue is hard and almost thorny and so 〈◊〉 to the roof that they seem â—…o be without a tongue 41. They have the parts of hearing and smelling but none of sensuality but the eyes for the passage is broad and open where they should have that sense their 's eyes are without lids 42. They want lungs K and asper arteries therefore they neither have a voice nor breath 43. Aristotle proves it First because in breathing water must be drawn in as well as air which two bodies do mutually hinder themselves Secondly because they do not move any particle of the belly as other breathing creatures do Thirdly because when they dye in the water we cannot perceive any bubbles to be made which happens when there is any animal that breathes suffocated in the water Fourthly because if it were so other animals also might breath in the water which experience denies 44. But some ancient writers and Neoterick Philosophers defend the contrary opinion who conclude that all manner of fish do breath 45. It is not for the former Arguments onely that we part from the doctrine of the Peripateticks but also Julius Scaliger defends it 46. But some fish do onely live in the waters some partly on the water and some partly on the earth 47. Those that dive in the water are either those that have blood or are without blood 48. Those which have blood are properly called Pisces 49. And those are great small middle or little according to their adjunct quantity 50. Those are called great the Whale the Salmon Dolphine and sea-Calf 51. Those that are of the middle rank the Eel Pike Carp Pearch Stockfish Tench c. 52. The least are these a Horsleech Turdus Sprats c. 53. Those that are called Exsangues are such as are without blood and do consiâ—… in its stead of a certain vital humidity and these are either soft or hard 54. Those that are soft Albertus calls them Malachias and they are those that
they cannot breath longer they cease to live But insects do live though they cannot breath for when they are cut in two parts they will live in each part whereas it is not possible that all the parts of an animal should breath Observe this last Argument to impugne all the Ancients opinion Fishes do therefore breath because the life of animals consists not without breath These are the reasons of Arist. denying fish to breath But because there is a heart in them therefore they have need to have their heat temperated and that it may be so temperated they draw in by their gills water for air and let it out by the same For as in man the lungs and the thorax are lifted up and down in breathing so the gills of fish are dilated and contracted in drawing in of water to temper the heat of the heart for when the gills are dilated they draw in some small portion of water which is conveyed by certain passages to the heart which cools the heat thereof and when their gills are contracted the water again is expelled Some do stifly oppugne these opinions whose reasons we shall now consider of First a Fish is an animal therefore breathing is necessary because it hath need of air I answer If by breathing or respiration they understand refrigeration then the consequence is to be received but if they mean the attraction of air I deny it for the spiration of air is onely competent to those animals endowed with lungs but Fish may be refrigerated by that water which both they draw in by the mouth and gills Secondly Air is contained under the earth therefore under the water and by consequence fish do attract it and so breath Ans. I deny the consequence though air may easily pierce into the earth which is porous cavernous and dry yet into the water it cannot pierce because of the fluidness of its body being so easily reduced to unity and so closely gathering it self together that there can be no vacuity for air for if a Staff be thrust into the water and drawn out again there will be no holâ—… left or resemblance where it was but will forthwith rise up and swim at top But if it be fixed into the earth the hole whereinto it was put will remain which is immediately filled with air and therefore it is that the breathing faculty of Moles under the earth is not taken away because they always make a hole whereby they receive breath But now in water no pores or passages can be apprehended whereby air may be attracted therefore it is impossible that fish should breath therein Thirdly Fishes do breathe by their gills therefore breath is drawn by them though not in the usuall manner I answer that some spiration iâ—… manifest or perfect some obscure and imperfect 'T is manifest in those animals that are endowed with the organs of spiration and then it is properly called respiration but that â—…tion of the fishes gills is more rightly tearmed transpiration and onely answers by Analogy to the true spiration for as their parts viz. lungs and gills differ in species so also their functions differ for as the wings oâ—… birds and fins of fishes do agree analogically in themselves as to the efficient cause viz. of motion yet they are not of the same Genus because fish by their fins do not fly as birds by their wings but swim so those gills that are given to fish in stead of lungs are not of the same species with the lungs of animals The fourth is taken from Experience if fish be put into a vessel with a narrow orifice filled half full of water and so the mouth of the vessel stopped there is so great a desire in them of the injoying of the air that they strive who shall be uppermost swimming one upon another for no other cause then a desire to be next the air Scaliger answers the reason of their so much strugling is not for the injoyment of air but the avoiding of their close imprisonment endeavouring to finde a way out of the vessel to free themselves from that scarcity of water into a place of more plenty and liberty Fifthly if a vessel full of water and with a row orifice be closely covered the fish that are encloistered within are suddenly suffocated because no air can come unto them therefore 't is absolute necessary for fish to breathe under the water for the preservation of their lives This if it be true I thus answer If so then it may be judged to happen rather from the defect of the celestial light then air for thereby force and heat is added by the influence of light for all animate things stand in need of this celestial spirit for the preservation of their lives Again if it be so that fish included in a vessel are suffocated it must happen that the water being deprived of air loses it nature Scaliger Exer. 275 for it is preserved from corruption by the air as from a superiour form therefore it kills the fish But to conclude If fish should die for want of air how come they to live where the waters are frozen all over many thousands of paces together or can they receive air through the ice therefore the Objections of our Antagonists are frothy and vain L Insects are called by the Greeks Entoma because they have Bodies distinguished some into two three and some more incisures and they have in stead of blood a certain vital juiâ—…e or humour which is Analogous to blood which assoon as it is exhausted they perish And because those Insects want blood their natures are cold and therefore it is that they breathe not for breath is given to animals by nature to â—…ool the blood and because those insects saith Aristotle want bowels therefore they leave no respiration because they have no convenient organs for that use But against this received opinion of Aristotle Pliny objects that Insects do breathe which he maintains by two Arguments First That many kinds of Insects do put forth a certain noise as Bees and those that want wings others to sing as Grashoppers so also Gnats Flies make a certain buzzing noise which cannot be except they received air I answer When Bees and Flies make a noise it happens by the agitation of the interior spirit and not the exterior for those Insects that seem to sing as Grashoppers do make a noiâ—…e from the agitation of the included spirits fretting as it were against that membrane with which their bodies are wrapped for they do not make a noise by the attracting of spirit at the mouth for they alone in the Universal Genus of animals by the observation of Aristotle want mouths Secondly Insects are endowed with smelling but smelling cannot be effected but with the attraction of air by respiration therefore they breathe I answer The Sense of smelling is far different in these Insects from that in other sanguineous animals for they have this
and sometimes upon the tops of high mountains where there is perpetual snow therefore it must needs be congealed into a hard substance for much of it is brought from the Alpes Helvetia and Italy L Coral is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it were a shrubby stone for it is called frutex marinus because being extracted from the sea by the air it is hardned into a stone under the water the Coral is green and soft but assoon as it is taken out and reposed to the air it grows hard and red because of the tenuity and subtilty of the air which compels and hardens its parts M The Loadstone is called Magnes as is supposed from its first finder out by some it is called the Herculean stone it hath a wonderful vertue in attraction it doth not onely strongly draw iron to it self but also infuse an attractive vertue into the iron drawn insomuch that it will attract other iron to it which thing can hardly be demonstrated with reason If any say that iron is drawn by the similitude of substance he errs not for similitude and the flight of the vacuum are the two causes of attraction heat draws by the flight of the vacuum every part doth draw its proper aliment according to the similitude of the substance whence iron is as it were the aliment of the Loadstone and therefore it is drawn by it for in the flakes of iron the Loadstone is preserved although Scaliger by no means will assent to this But we say that iron is the proper aliment of the Loadstone not so as to say that it lives as Scaliger well infers but as it were nourished by it But as the Elements move spontaneously to their places as to their end and perfection so the Loadstone because it is kept in the filings of iron and as it were nourished by them moves to the iron therefore we may well rest in the opinion of the antient that iron is drawn by the Loadstone by the similitude of substance and therefore it is that this stone is of the colour of iron Yet some say that the Loadstone doth not always draw iron I answer That happens by accident for when the Adamant is near it hinders and impedes its attraction Cardan yet denies that the Adamant can hinder the attraction of iron or can be hindred by Leeks and Onyons but maintains that it will always attract iron as he hath proved by experience N The manner of the generation of Pearl is this Shell-fishes in the spring time being incited to the desire of copulation or conception whereupon they come out to the shore and dilate themselves attracting the heavenly dew return as it were burdened and so bring forth Margaries Hence it is that there is so much difference in the goodness of the Pearl which happens according to their age or magnitude and also the quality of the dew received of round shell-fishes the best Pearls are gotten Those are the best Pearls which are found in the bottom of the sea and sometimes found floating upon the shore CHAP. 3. Of Juices or precious Earths 1. VVE having explained the Nature of hard metallick Bodies we shall now treat of such as are soâ—…t which precious Earthâ—… are of a milde Nature between Metals and Stones 2. And many of these Bodies are fricable that is to say rubbed small or brought into fine powder 3 Some of these may be melted others not those that are soft may that may be hardned into the body of a stone 4. Of the first kinde of these are those that are dry and concreted as Salt Alom Bitumen Vitriol 5. Salt is A a metallick Body friable begotten of a humid and watry Juice and gross earth mixed and boyled together 6. It hath force to absterge expurge astringe dissipate and attenuate 7. And it is either Natural or Artificial that which is Natural is called Fossile that which is Artificial Factitious 8. The Fossile is found either in the Earth or out of the Earth 9. That which is found in the Earth is either digged out of mountains or effoded out of the fields or sandy places 10. Of these there are various differences according to the diversity of places where they are found but four especially are most known to us Sal Ammoniack Sal gemm Sal Nitre Indian salt 11. Ammoniack is a bitter salt found in or about the sand of Cyrene whence it is called Cyrenaicus 12. Salt Gem is a Fossile salt found in Mines or Pits shining and resembling the form of Chrystal 13. Salt Nitre or salt-Peter consists of a coagulated humor in moistsubterraneous places shining like to congealed snow upon walls to this day by art it is made 14. The Indian is a salt blackish cut out of the mountain Oromontus in the Indies 15. Those Salts that are found out of the Earth are such as are digged or effoded out of waters and they are called either fontal when fountains or rivers by the heart of the sun are dryed and converted to salt or fluvial when the arm of some river is condensated into salt or stagnal when ponds in the summer are dryed and a salt remains or marine when in the shore a certain tender salt is gotten which Dioscorides calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pliny interprets it the spume of the sea we call it the dry spume of the sea or more rightly a salt made by heat of the sea-spume 16. Factitious 〈◊〉 cocted salt is made of water and that either Marine Fluvial Fenny Fountain or of the water of Ponds 17. Alome by the definition of Pliny is a certain salsugo or the salt sweat of the Earth concreted of a muddy and slimy water 18. And it is either clear or black 19. That which is clear is judged the best and it is either thick or liquid 20. The liquid is soft fat and clear 21. The thick is either round or scissile and it hath the form of of Sugar 22. The black is found in Cyprus which purges Gold 23. Bitumen is the juice of the Earth gentle and tender like to Pitch easily taking fire 24. And it is either hard 〈◊〉 soft 25. The hard is strongly concreted not unlike to the clods of the earth 29. Of this sort are Asphaltus Pissaphaltus and Amber 27. Asphaltus is a blackish Bitumen like to Pitch but harder and more inspissated splended and less olcous and this sort is gotten all over Babylon 28. Pissaphaltus is a certain Bitumen in a manner black but of a more Terrene concretion 29. Amber also is a Bitumen and fat of the Earth proceeding from the heat of the sea and the colour is sometimes white yellow or obscure 30. The liquid Bitumen is that which flows like an oleous liquor of whose species are Naptha and the Arabian Amber 31. Naptha is liquid Bitumen of an oleous crassitude the fire hath such force over it that it will leap into it where-ever it is neither can it be quenched by
with the earth where seed is to be sowen the seed will sooner erupt not onely excited thereunto by the innate heat of the seed as the extream calidity of the earth so the seeds of Palmes if infused and macerated in water before its sation it sooner sprouts E Theophrastus saith that experience teaches that certain Plants do grow without seed and that some have been seen to grow in the earth where none was sowen or planted before he instances in Laserpitium which sometimes hath been seen in Affrica and never found before in the same place Some of the Philosophers do inquire out the seminal cause of these Plants Anaxagoras judges the air to convey the seed from some other place and there to fix according to the course of nature others judge it to happen by the inundation and conflux of waters whereby seeds are conveyed from some places to other parts of the earth more remote And although these things are not spoken altogether foolishly as without reason yet the truth thereof is to be questioned but it is certain that many Plants however have been found to grow of their own accord without any seed As Polypody of the Oak as we see certain little Animals to have their original by accidents as lice worms and other insects that are generated by accidents F It is a question deserves solution whence it is that the insected parts of Plants do live longer then if they had remained whole nay and are thereby propogated whereas it is not so with Animals for if their parts be cut they perish For we see that boughs plucked from their stock and plants plucked up by the roots to grow and are thereby propagated but with Animals after the division of a foot ear arm leg or ther parts forthwith they die I answer that Plants do longer survive after their section if again planted or engrafted because they have the force of the soul insited and that diffused through all and every part And besides they have scattered abroad their native heat the individual companion of the soul and their humidity which is lent and crass and therefore less dissipable through all the parts by which two principles they live and undergo all the functions of nature and hence it is that part of a Plant sejoyned from its stock is said to live in the earth the matrix as it were of Plants by the benefit of the soul which is correllative in the whole and every part and to beget a root or take rooting which is a new principle from the humidity resident and attracted out of the earth or sprout and grow out of another trunk planted therein by insition and so coalesce after the same manner even now declared For as long as Plants preserve that humidity of theirs stedfast and dense so long are they capable of life and soul but such as are perfect Animals and are consequently of a stronger and better nature do not onely stand in need of an insited but an influent faculty which is drawn from the heart and hence it is that their humidity is not so stedfast viz. substantial but more thin and tenderer and therefore doth the sooner expire Hence it is that if a hand be separared from the body all the life therein is extinguished because it is destitute of an influent faculty from the heart for that thing cannot have a soul unless it have a continued derivation from the heart which if it once be destitute of it loses to be an animated being CHAP. 5. Of certain affections of Plants 1. HItherto we have Treated of the rise of Plants both Natural and Artificial Now we shall proceed to their Affections or Corruptions wherewith they are infested their Affections may proceed either from their native soyl or rather the ground where planted from the variety of their germination fecundity and propriety of substance or from their qualities 2. The soyl or rather matter of the rise of Plants is either Terrestrial or Aquatical 3. Terrestrial viz. their native place in the earth and that either in gardens or fields sative or wilde 4. The Sative are Domestick Plants such as grow in Gardens 5. The Wilde are such as grow in the Woods Mountains Valleys and the like 6. Aquatical such as grow in waters and that either in the ocean or lesser waters as in Fountains Rivers Ponds c. Arist. 7. Again some Plants are delighted in a hot place some in a cold place some in the open field some in the shade some upon rocks and some upon sandy-ground 8. But why A Plants should delight to grow in such variety of soyls is not easily determined yet notwithstanding the place where the thing is sited is the conservation of that thing and indeed of all things sublunar therefore divers Plants are of divers natures and accordingly do attract convenient Aliment out of that soyl for the preservation of life and do therefore rejoyce as it were in a fit and convenient soyl 9. Furthermore notice must be taken in the germination of Plants the time when they germinate their Celerity and Tardity 10. The time of germination is the Spring when there is plenty of humour abounding which was gathered in the winter-season and then their innate heat is excited by the extremity of external heat insomuch that the cutis of Plants and the meatus of the universal Body begins to be opened which causes the juice to be educed abroad and a budding or germination to be made 11. Others put forth their summer-fruit sooner or later according to their naure which happens according to the greater or lesser force of the innate heat and humour and also the rarity or density of the Plants body 12. Sometimes notwithstanding tilled or pruned Plants do bud later then the untilled First by reason of the less revocation of the inward heat to the outward parts and by reason of the wounds made by pruning Secondly either from the debilitation or weakness of the same heat or the denudation of the root or from the incrassitude of the humour Thirdly from the density and thickness of the Plant induced or brought into the root by the force of nocturnal frigidity and by the root into the whole Plant. 17. And they do not generate forthwith in their first age neither do Animals whilst young and tender bear young because all their aliment at that time is diverted into their increment Secondly their force is more weak whereby it cannot concoct it nor condensate it into fruit 14 Neither do all Plants generate for so some are fruitful others not fruitful 15. The cause of fruitfulness is referred by some onely to heat but when there is heat without matter that is copious aliment it can effect or frame nothing Hot and succulent Plants are onely fruitful 16. Of fruitful or fecundine Plants some do bear fruit once in all their life others oftner 17. Those that bear fruit oftner are such as fructicate annally once a year some twice
brain is not onely the seat of sense but the artifex of motion and the house of wisedom memory judgement cogitation in which things man is like to God 5. Therefore nature hath exceedingly fenced it not onely by enrolling it within the skull but also by covering it with other parts therein contained which are two membranes whereof the one is called dura mater the other pia mater 6. Menynx or dura mater is an exterior membrane hard and cuticular covering the brain and fencing it on every side 7. After that is taken away the pia matâ—…r is visible which is a tender membrane the immediate and next cover of the brain not covering the exterior superficies onely but going deep into part of the substance 8. But its substance is thin that it may insinuate it self about all the sides and parts of the brain and thin also because it need not be troublesome to the brain neither in gravity nor weight and that it may deduce the vessel through the whole body of the brain 9. But the whole body of the brain is divided into two parts the anterior and posterior 10. The anterior by reason of the magnitude of it obtains the name of the whole and is properly called Encephalon the brain 11. The posterior is called Pacencephalis that is cerebellum which seems to be 〈◊〉 by nature for the succor of the former that it may keep the animal spirit transmitted from the ends of the brain and that it may be adapted to the marrow of the back 12 The brain above the anterior hath two cavities distinguished clearly by internals called ventricles 13. And these are the receptacles of the spirits which are daily brought out of the heart by the artery and in them they are made more lucid like to celestial flames of fire and that for the better perfecting of the animal actions 14. And they are three in number the right left and middle the two formost are called by some anteriors but more properly superiors 15. The dexter therefore consists in the right part of the brain reaching over the whole length of it from the anterior to the posterior resembling the figure of a half circle its use is the preparation and generation of the animal spirits 16. The left consists in the left part of the brain and it hath the same form seat and use with the former 17. Whence experience doth testifie and the observation of Physitians doth confirm that if the brain be violently compressed or the ventricles bruised that then the animal must needs be deprived of sense and motion 18. For they place in these superior ventricles common sense which doth discern the objects of divers senses 19. The middle or third ventricle is nothing else then the concourse or common cavity of the two former ventricles 20. This doth produce of it self two passages the first whereof receives phlegme the latter is extended to the fourth corner or bosome 21. They place also in it the faculty of imagination and cogitation 22. These are the three ventricles of the anterior part of the brain the fourth is common to the cerebellum and the marrow of the back the last yet the most solid of all the rest because it receives the animal spirits from the former and so transmits it to the marrow of the back 23. This is the place where they say the memory is contained The Commentary A THe substance of the brain is soft and medullous and they say it is so called because it carries the substance of marrow but it differs much from that marrow which is found in the cavity of the bones because it is neither to be melted nor absumed as the other is its use is famous and noble for in this consists fear or courage as also a voluntary motion of the senses without which man stands as an image or pillar And it is not onely the place of sense and motion but the house of wisdom and the shop of the cogitations judgement and memory whereby man comes to resemble God And lastly it is the treasure of the animal spirits therefore by right the brain is the noblest of all members whose excellency if Aristotle had known he would never have written of the nobility and dignity of the heart B Whereas in the opinion os Plato the brain is the first and common sensery The question will be and it is full of intricacy and obscureness whether the brain be endowed with the sense of feeling It is the general answer of modest Physitians and Philosophers that the substance of the brain doth want sense though it be stirred with a daily motion but the membranes which encompass the body of the brain are endowed with a most exquisite sense But some will say how can the brain be void of sense and yet be adjudged the principle of sense this is a nonsequitur If the heart according to Aristotle be the principle of the motion voluntary shall we therefore say that it is moved by the arbitrement of the will when it is rather moved naturally so the brain communicates sense to other members therefore it is endowed with sense this is a nonsequitur Again I answer that Theoreme to be true in logick onely in Homogeneous causes and those also that are conjoyned and not remote for the senses do not remain in the brain immediarely but mediately by the benefit of the nerves which arise out of the brain Yet Scaliger answers the brain to have the force or faculty of sense dunamei but not the act CHAP. 14. Of the Species of Animals viz. of Beasts and they both perfect and imperfect 1. HItherto of the parts of an Animate body the species and differences of animals do follow 2. Therefore an animal is either A Alogon or Logicon 3. Alogon is called a Beast and it is an animal wanting Reason and onely endowed with Sense 4. But here B some go about to make a noise in opposing this both ancient and later writers in declaring that certain beasts by a singular sagacity and art may be obstupefied by artificial operations that they will act those things which cannot proceed from them but they must be endowed with some prudence and reason and besides their particular sense something that deserves to be ascribed to reason 5. It s true they are endowed with some remarkable actions but we must not conclude them to proceed from any reason in them but from a natural instinct 6. And how can Brutes be said to have common reason when reason is a faculty of the soul which doth move and bufie it self to finde out causes from the effects and again from the causes to those effects which are the causes of them 7. Furthermore beasts are either perfect or imperfect 8. They are perfect C which have a perfect body in substance and not in shadow and endowed with blood procreated in them 9. And they are such as either go or flie 10. They are terrestrial which draw