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occasion_n the_o rise_n of_o the_o quicksilver_n a_o ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n be_v half_o so_o much_o though_o the_o like_a degree_n of_o cold_a will_v make_v the_o water_n ascend_v in_o a_o vulgar_a thermometer_n though_o short_a to_o the_o height_n of_o several_a inch_n but_o this_o argument_n i_o also_o on_o another_o occasion_n further_o display_v and_o vindicare_fw-la wherefore_o i_o shall_v add_v one_o more_o take_v from_o the_o consideration_n of_o these_o seal_a weather-glass_n that_o be_v describe_v in_o this_o 〈◊〉_d history_n of_o cold._n for_o in_o these_o the_o air_n do_v not_o shrink_v but_o rather_o seem_v to_o be_v expanded_a when_o the_o weather_n grow_v cold_o if_o it_o be_v say_v that_o water_n be_v contract_v by_o the_o cold_a the_o air_n follow_v it_o to_o prevent_v a_o vacuum_n i_o answer_v that_o those_o that_o say_v this_o shall_v explain_v why_o whereas_o in_o common_a weather-glass_n the_o water_n ascend_v to_o follow_v the_o air_n in_o these_o the_o air_n must_v 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be_v some_o unheeded_a flaw_n or_o crack_v of_o the_o glass_n at_o which_o the_o air_n have_v steal_v out_o we_o draw_v near_o the_o vessel_n and_o attentive_o pry_v all_o about_o it_o to_o try_v if_o we_o can_v discover_v any_o ground_n of_o our_o suspicion_n we_o find_v as_o far_o as_o the_o divide_a list_n and_o other_o circumstance_n can_v inform_v we_o that_o the_o air_n suppose_v none_o of_o it_o to_o have_v get_v away_o be_v reduce_v by_o our_o estimate_n into_o the_o 19_o part_n of_o the_o space_n it_o possess_v before_o and_o this_o our_o curiosity_n prove_v not_o unseasonable_a for_o while_o we_o be_v narrow_o survey_v the_o glass_n to_o spy_v out_o some_o flaw_n in_o it_o we_o be_v quick_o satisfy_v there_o have_v be_v none_o by_o a_o huge_a crack_n make_v upon_o the_o eruption_n of_o the_o include_v air_n who_o spring_n be_v by_o so_o great_a a_o compression_n make_v too_o strong_a for_o the_o glass_n to_o resist_v it_o do_v with_o a_o great_a noise_n break_v the_o ball_n 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xiii_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o cold._n 1._o the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o cold_a or_o to_o speak_v plain_a the_o space_n to_o who_o extremity_n every_o way_n the_o action_n of_o a_o cold_a body_n be_v able_a to_o reach_v be_v a_o thing_n very_o well_o worth_a the_o inquire_n after_o but_o more_o difficult_a to_o find_v then_o at_o first_o one_o will_v imagine_v for_o to_o be_v able_a to_o assign_v the_o determinate_a limit_n within_o which_o and_o not_o beyond_o they_o a_o cold_a body_n can_v operate_v several_a thing_n be_v to_o be_v take_v into_o consideration_n as_o first_o what_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a be_v that_o belong_v to_o the_o assign_a body_n for_o it_o seem_v rational_a to_o conceive_v that_o if_o a_o cold_a body_n as_o such_o have_v a_o diffusive_a virtue_n those_o that_o have_v great_a degree_n of_o cold_a as_o ice_n and_o snow_n will_v be_v able_a to_o diffuse_v it_o to_o a_o great_a distance_n as_o we_o see_v that_o a_o coal_n of_o fire_n will_v cast_v a_o sensible_a heat_n much_o further_a than_o a_o piece_n of_o wood_n that_o be_v heat_v without_o be_v kindle_v second_o the_o medium_fw-la through_o which_o the_o diffusion_n be_v make_v may_v help_v to_o enlarge_v the_o bound_n or_o straiten_v the_o limit_n of_o it_o as_o that_o medium_n be_v more_o or_o less_o dispose_v to_o receive_v or_o to_o transmit_v the_o action_n of_o the_o cold_a agent_n three_o not_o only_o the_o consistence_n and_o texture_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la but_o its_o motion_n or_o rest_v may_v be_v consider_v in_o this_o case_n for_o in_o frosty_a and_o snowy_a weather_n man_n observe_v the_o wind_n that_o come_v from_o freeze_a land_n to_o blow_v more_o cold_a than_o wind_n from_o the_o same_o quarter_n will_v do_v in_o case_n there_o be_v no_o ice_n nor_o snow_n in_o their_o passage_n four_o there_o may_v be_v make_v very_o differ_v estimate_n of_o the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a according_a to_o the_o instrument_n that_o be_v employ_v to_o receive_v and_o acquaint_v we_o with_o the_o action_n of_o cold._n for_o a_o liquor_n or_o other_o body_n may_v not_o appear_v cold_a to_o he_o that_o examine_v it_o with_o a_o weatherglass_n while_o he_o shall_v feel_v it_o cold_a with_o his_o hand_n and_o as_o we_o elsewhere_o also_o note_n to_o that_o sensory_a itself_o as_o it_o be_v various_o dispose_v the_o same_o object_n will_v seem_v more_o or_o less_o cold_a so_o much_o may_v the_o predisposition_n of_o the_o organ_n impose_v upon_o the_o unskilful_a or_o unwary_a five_o the_o very_a bulk_n of_o a_o cold_a body_n may_v very_o much_o enlarge_v or_o lessen_v its_o sphere_n of_o activity_n as_o we_o may_v have_v occasion_n to_o show_v ere_o long_o and_o beside_o there_o may_v be_v divers_a other_o thing_n that_o may_v render_v it_o very_o difficult_a to_o ascertain_v any_o thing_n in_o this_o matter_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v reserve_v they_o for_o other_o opportunity_n and_o observe_v now_o in_o general_n that_o in_o such_o small_a parcel_n of_o ice_n itself_o as_o in_o our_o experiment_n we_o be_v wont_n to_o deal_v with_o we_o have_v find_v the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o cold_a exceed_a narrow_a not_o only_o in_o comparison_n of_o that_o of_o heat_n in_o fire_n but_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v it_o of_o many_o odorous_a body_n as_o musk_n civet_n spice_n rose_n wormwood_n assa_fw-la dulcis_fw-la assa_fw-la foetida_fw-la castoreum_n camphire_n and_o the_o like_a nay_o and_o even_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o the_o more_o vigorous_a lodestone_n insomuch_o that_o we_o have_v doubt_v whether_o the_o sense_n can_v discern_v a_o cold_a body_n 〈◊〉_d then_o by_o immediate_a contact_n 2._o and_o to_o
he_o inform_v i_o that_o it_o be_v their_o usual_a way_n to_o turn_v water_n and_o snow_n into_o ice_n by_o pour_v a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o that_o liquor_n into_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o snow_n and_o have_v also_o inquire_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n have_v not_o the_o like_a operation_n he_o tell_v 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o be_v usual_a and_o he_o have_v see_v it_o practise_v in_o 〈◊〉_d to_o cement_v ice_n to_o building_n and_o other_o thing_n and_o also_o to_o case_n over_o body_n as_o it_o be_v with_o ice_n by_o gradual_o throw_v water_n upon_o they_o but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o that_o effect_v be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v bare_o to_o the_o contiguity_n of_o the_o ice_n because_o i_o learn_v of_o he_o that_o this_o way_n of_o increase_a ice_n be_v practise_v in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n when_o water_n thin_o spread_v upon_o almost_o any_o other_o body_n will_v be_v freeze_v by_o the_o vehement_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air._n 7._o the_o glaciation_n that_o nature_n unguided_a by_o art_n be_v wont_a to_o make_v begin_v at_o those_o part_n of_o body_n at_o which_o they_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n it_o usual_o happen_v that_o they_o freeze_v from_o the_o upper_a towards_o the_o low_a part_n but_o how_o far_o in_o earth_n and_o water_n the_o most_o considerable_a body_n that_o be_v subject_a to_o be_v freeze_v the_o frost_n will_v pierce_v downward_o though_o for_o some_o hint_n it_o will_v afford_v worth_a the_o know_n be_v not_o easy_a to_o be_v define_v because_o the_o deepness_n of_o the_o frost_n may_v be_v much_o vary_v by_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o the_o air_n by_o which_o the_o glaciation_n seem_v to_o be_v produce_v as_o also_o by_o the_o great_a or_o 〈◊〉_d duration_n of_o the_o frost_n by_o the_o loose_a or_o close_a texture_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o juice_n wherewith_o the_o earth_n be_v imbue_v and_o by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o subjacent_a and_o more_o internal_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n some_o of_o which_o send_v up_o either_o actual_o warm_a or_o potential_o hot_a and_o resolve_v steam_n such_o as_o those_o that_o make_v corrosive_a liquor_n in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n so_o that_o the_o frost_n will_v not_o seize_v upon_o or_o at_o lest_o can_v continue_v over_o mine_n and_o i_o have_v see_v good_a large_a scope_n of_o land_n where_o vast_a quantity_n of_o good_a limestone_n lie_v near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n on_o which_o i_o have_v be_v assure_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o the_o snow_n will_v not_o lie_v there_o be_v divers_a other_o thing_n that_o may_v vary_v the_o depth_n to_o which_o the_o frost_n can_v penetrate_v into_o the_o ground_n i_o say_v into_o the_o ground_n because_o in_o most_o case_n it_o will_v pierce_v deep_o into_o the_o water_n but_o yet_o that_o we_o may_v not_o leave_v this_o part_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a altogether_o uncontribute_v to_o we_o will_v add_v some_o of_o our_o note_n whereby_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o in_o our_o climate_n the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d less_o into_o the_o ground_n than_o many_o be_v please_v to_o think_v 8._o the_o note_n i_o find_v about_o this_o matter_n be_v these_o that_o follow_v which_o i_o 〈◊〉_d unaltered_a because_o it_o be_v tedious_a and_o not_o worth_a while_n to_o add_v the_o way_n we_o employ_v and_o the_o caution_n we_o use_v in_o make_v the_o observation_n but_o we_o shall_v rather_o intimate_v that_o the_o follow_a trial_n be_v make_v in_o a_o village_n about_o two_o mile_n from_o a_o great_a city_n i._n jan._n 22._o after_o four_o night_n of_o frost_n that_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o for_o very_o hard_a we_o go_v into_o a_o orchard_n where_o the_o ground_n be_v level_a and_o not_o cover_v with_o grass_n and_o find_v by_o dig_v that_o the_o frost_n have_v scarce_o pierce_v into_o the_o ground_n three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a and_o in_o a_o garden_n near_o the_o house_n we_o find_v not_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v freeze_v more_o than_o two_o inch_n beneath_o its_o surface_n ii_o nine_o or_o ten_o night_n successive_a frost_n freeze_v the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o garden_n about_o six_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_a in_o depth_n and_o the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o orchard_n where_o a_o wall_n 〈◊〉_d it_o from_o the_o south_n sun_n to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o about_o eight_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_o february_n the_o 9_o we_o dig_v in_o a_o orchard_n near_o a_o wall_n that_o respect_v the_o north_n and_o find_v the_o frost_n to_o have_v 〈◊〉_d the_o ground_n 〈◊〉_d a_o foot_n and_o two_o inch_n at_o least_o above_o a_o foot_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o eight_o day_n since_o it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d inch_n and_o a_o half_a a_fw-la slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n about_o 18._o inch_n long_o and_o seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v thrust_v over_o night_n into_o a_o hole_n purposely_o make_v with_o a_o spit_n straight_o down_o into_o the_o ground_n the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o same_o level_n with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o tube_n be_v take_v out_o the_o water_n appear_v freeze_v in_o the_o whole_a capacity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n but_o a_o little_a more_o than_o three_o inch_n but_o from_o this_o stick_n of_o ice_n there_o reach_v downward_o a_o part_n of_o a_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n of_o about_o six_o inch_n in_o length_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v 〈◊〉_d though_o it_o be_v a_o exceed_a sharp_a night_n precede_v by_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o air_n that_o have_v be_v very_o lasting_a and_o very_o bitter_a the_o earth_n in_o the_o garden_n where_o this_o trial_n be_v make_v we_o guess_v to_o be_v freeze_v eight_o or_o ten_o inch_n deep_a as_o it_o be_v in_o another_o place_n about_o the_o same_o house_n but_o be_v this_o tube_n have_v not_o be_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n will_v have_v freeze_v it_o quite_o through_o 9_o another_o note_n much_o of_o the_o same_o import_n we_o find_v in_o another_o place_n of_o our_o collection_n find_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mildness_n of_o our_o climate_n i_o be_v scarce_o to_o hope_v for_o any_o much_o deep_a congelation_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o water_n i_o apply_v myself_o to_o inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a man_n that_o have_v be_v at_o musco_n whether_o he_o have_v observe_v any_o thing_n there_o to_o my_o present_a purpose_n as_o also_o to_o find_v in_o captain_n james_n voyage_n whether_o that_o inquisitive_a navigator_n have_v take_v notice_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o may_v inform_v i_o how_o far_o the_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o freeze_v the_o earth_n or_o water_n in_o the_o island_n of_o charleton_n where_o that_o quality_n may_v probable_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v have_v as_o large_a a_o sphere_n of_o activity_n as_o in_o almost_o any_o part_n of_o the_o habitable_a world_n and_o by_o my_o inquiry_n i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o even_o in_o freeze_a region_n themselves_o a_o congeal_a degree_n of_o cold_a pierce_v nothing_o near_o so_o deep_a into_o the_o earth_n and_o sea_n as_o one_o will_v imagine_v for_o the_o traveller_n i_o speak_v with_o tell_v i_o that_o in_o a_o garden_n in_o musco_n where_o he_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o thing_n i_o inquire_v about_o he_o find_v not_o the_o ground_n to_o be_v freeze_v much_o above_o two_o foot_n deep_a and_o in_o captain_n james_n journal_n the_o most_o that_o i_o find_v and_o that_o too_o where_o he_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o prodigious_o tall_a ice_n they_o have_v in_o january_n concern_v the_o pierce_a of_o the_o frost_n into_o the_o ground_n be_v this_o that_o the_o ground_n at_o 63._o tenfoot_o deep_a be_v freeze_v whence_o by_o the_o way_n we_o may_v gather_v how_o much_o sharp_a cold_n may_v be_v presume_v to_o have_v reign_v in_o that_o island_n than_o even_o in_o russia_n and_o as_o for_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o water_n he_o do_v in_o another_o place_n occasional_o give_v we_o this_o memorable_a account_n of_o it_o where_o he_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o break_n up_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o freeze_a sea_n that_o surround_v the_o island_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o it_o be_v first_o to_o be_v note_v say_v he_o that_o it_o do_v 86._o not_o freeze_v natural_o above_o six_o foot_n the_o rest_n be_v by_o accident_n such_o be_v that_o ice_n that_o you_o may_v see_v here_o six_o fathom_n thick_a this_o we_o have_v manifest_a proof_n of_o by_o our_o dig_v the_o ice_n out_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o by_o dig_v to_o our_o anchor_n before_o the_o ice_n break_v up_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o account_n not_o concern_v our_o present_a purpose_n i_o forbear_v to_o annex_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o notwithstanding_o our_o late_o mention_a experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n in_o
quality_n there_o will_v be_v no_o cause_n to_o bring_v in_o a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la upon_o who_o account_n particular_a body_n must_v be_v cold_a since_o to_o make_v this_o or_o that_o body_n so_o it_o suffice_v that_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fire_n or_o some_o other_o agent_n whatever_o it_o be_v that_o agitate_a more_o vehement_o its_o part_n before_o do_v now_o either_o cease_v to_o agitate_v they_o or_o agitate_v they_o but_o very_o remissly_a so_o that_o till_o it_o be_v determine_v whether_o can_v be_v a_o positive_a quality_n or_o but_o a_o privative_a it_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o contend_v what_o particular_a body_n ought_v to_o be_v esteem_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la in_o the_o sense_n above_o specify_v 4._o second_o though_o it_o be_v take_v for_o grant_v not_o only_o by_o the_o school_n but_o by_o their_o adversary_n the_o chemist_n that_o heat_n and_o moisture_n dryness_n and_o gravity_n and_o i_o know_v not_o how_o many_o other_o quality_n must_v have_v each_o of_o they_o a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o a_o principal_a subject_n to_o reside_v in_o upon_o who_o account_n and_o by_o participation_n of_o which_o that_o quality_n belong_v to_o the_o other_o body_n wherein_o it_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o though_o this_o be_v so_o i_o say_v yet_o we_o have_v chemist_n elsewhere_o full_o enough_o manifest_v that_o this_o fundamental_a notion_n upon_o which_o much_o of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o quality_n be_v both_o by_o aristotelian_o and_o vulgar_a chemist_n superstruct_v be_v but_o a_o unwarrantable_a conceit_n and_o therefore_o not_o sufficient_a for_o a_o wary_a naturalist_n to_o build_v the_o notion_n of_o a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la upon_z there_o be_v indeed_o many_o quality_n as_o gravity_n and_o figure_n and_o motion_n and_o colour_n and_o sound_n etc._n etc._n of_o which_o no_o true_a and_o genuine_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d can_v for_o aught_o i_o can_v ever_o yet_o discover_v be_v assign_v and_o because_o heat_n and_o cold_a be_v look_v upon_o as_o diametrical_o opposite_a quality_n we_o may_v consider_v that_o it_o will_v be_v very_o hard_a to_o show_v that_o there_o be_v a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o heat_n since_o stone_n and_o metal_n and_o plant_n and_o animal_n and_o very_o few_o except_v all_o consistent_a body_n we_o be_v conversant_a with_o may_v by_o motion_n be_v bring_v to_o heat_n which_o to_o attribute_v to_o the_o participation_n of_o some_o portion_n or_o other_o of_o the_o imaginary_a element_n of_o fire_n be_v not_o only_o precarious_a be_v affirm_v by_o many_o and_o flame_n prove_v by_o none_o but_o erroneous_a or_o at_o least_o needless_a as_o we_o have_v more_o at_o large_a declare_v in_o other_o paper_n 5._o a_o three_o thing_n that_o induce_v i_o to_o question_v whether_o there_o be_v a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la be_v that_o among_o those_o body_n that_o the_o chief_a sect_n of_o philosopher_n whether_o ancient_n or_o modern_a have_v pitch_v upon_o there_o be_v not_o any_o that_o seem_v clear_o to_o deserve_v the_o title_n of_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o to_o make_v this_o appear_v we_o must_v distinct_o though_o as_o brief_o as_o our_o design_n will_v permit_v consider_v those_o four_o several_a body_n which_o we_o have_v at_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o section_n take_v notice_n of_o to_o stand_v in_o competition_n in_o the_o opinion_n of_o philosopher_n for_o the_o title_n of_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la 6._o first_o than_o plutarch_n and_o other_o contend_v that_o it_o be_v the_o earth_n but_o to_o omit_v other_o argument_n we_o see_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v freeze_v not_o by_o its_o own_o cold_a but_o by_o its_o vicinity_n to_o the_o air_n as_o may_v be_v argue_v by_o this_o viz._n that_o the_o congeal_a cold_a even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o winter_n affect_v but_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o it_o border_n on_o the_o air_n and_o seldom_o pierce_v above_o a_o few_o foot_n or_o at_o most_o yard_n beneath_o that_o part_n wherein_o the_o earth_n be_v expose_v and_o immediate_o contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o what_o we_o have_v former_o deliver_v concern_v the_o small_a depth_n to_o which_o frost_n reach_v in_o the_o ground_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o earth_n be_v protect_v from_o the_o air_n though_o by_o so_o cold_a a_o body_n as_o water_n it_o may_v be_v keep_v unfrozen_a all_o the_o winter_n long_o as_o may_v be_v gather_v from_o that_o remarkable_a practice_n in_o the_o great_a salt-marsh_n of_o the_o french_a island_n of_o xaintonge_n where_o as_o a_o diligent_a writer_n of_o that_o country_n very_o well_o verse_v in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o french_a salt_n inform_v we_o when_o once_o the_o season_n of_o coagulate_a salt_n by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v quite_o past_a the_o owner_n be_v careful_a by_o open_v certain_a sluice_n to_o overflow_v all_o the_o bank_n and_o dam_n that_o make_v and_o divide_v the_o salt-pond_n and_o serve_v for_o the_o workman_n to_o pass_v to_o commum_fw-la and_o fro_o for_o say_v my_o author_n in_o his_o own_o language_n if_o they_o leave_v those_o marsh_n or_o salt-work_n uncovered_v the_o frost_n will_v make_v such_o havoc_n among_o they_o that_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o make_v they_o up_o again_o every_o year_n but_o by_o mean_n of_o the_o water_n they_o be_v preserve_v or_o keep_v in_o repair_n from_o year_n to_o year_n which_o practise_v i_o the_o rather_o mention_v because_o the_o hint_n it_o afford_v as_o it_o be_v considerable_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n so_o it_o may_v on_o some_o occasion_n be_v applicable_a to_o practice_n useful_a to_o humane_a society_n 7._o beside_o the_o earth_n be_v according_a to_o those_o we_o reason_n with_o the_o cold_a heavy_a and_o solid_a of_o element_n it_o be_v not_o so_o probable_a as_o to_o excuse_v they_o from_o the_o need_n of_o prove_v it_o that_o those_o excessive_o cold_a agent_n that_o freeze_v the_o cloud_n into_o snow_n and_o hail_n shall_v be_v 〈◊〉_d exhalation_n carry_v up_o to_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air_n especial_o since_o it_o must_v be_v do_v by_o agent_n either_o hard_a to_o be_v guess_v at_o or_o considerable_o hot_a and_o it_o be_v not_o easy_a to_o give_v a_o reason_n why_o if_o elementary_a corpuscle_n steam_v from_o the_o earth_n have_v such_o a_o congeal_a cold_a where_o they_o be_v disunite_v and_o but_o intersperse_v among_o the_o particle_n of_o air_n the_o mass_n of_o the_o earth_n itself_o whence_o those_o exhalation_n be_v suppose_v to_o proceed_v shall_v not_o be_v able_a also_o to_o congeal_v water_n since_o the_o terrestrial_a corpuscle_n be_v more_o thick_o set_v and_o unite_v in_o a_o clod_n of_o earth_n then_o in_o a_o equal_a portion_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n it_o seem_v that_o where_o the_o frigorifick_a matter_n be_v more_o dense_a the_o cold_a shall_v be_v more_o vehement_a as_o philosopher_n observe_v that_o heat_n be_v more_o intense_a in_o a_o glow_a bar_n of_o iron_n than_o a_o equal_a portion_n of_o the_o flame_n of_o kindle_a straw_n 8._o but_o not_o to_o repeat_v what_o we_o former_o mention_v about_o cold_n be_v a_o privation_n there_o be_v another_o argument_n against_o the_o earth_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la and_o that_o be_v take_v from_o the_o subterraneal_a fire_n which_o break_v forth_o in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o in_o aetna_n vesuvius_n hecla_n the_o pico_n of_o tenariffe_n etc._n etc._n seem_v to_o argue_v a_o subterraneal_a fire_n upon_o who_o existence_n not_o only_o many_o chemist_n build_v great_a matter_n but_o even_o divers_a philosopher_n have_v adopt_v it_o and_o the_o learned_a gassendus_fw-la himself_n seem_v so_o far_o to_o countenance_v it_o as_o to_o employ_v it_o as_o one_o argument_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v natural_o neither_o hot_a nor_o cold_a the_o mention_n of_o this_o subterraneal_a fire_n bring_v into_o my_o mind_n some_o thing_n that_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o good_a though_o not_o classic_a author_n and_o among_o man_n that_o have_v be_v either_o digger_n of_o or_o conversant_a in_o mine_n not_o improper_a to_o be_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o for_o though_o i_o do_v not_o now_o intend_v to_o declare_v my_o opinion_n about_o the_o central_n fire_n either_o of_o the_o chemist_n or_o cartesian_o and_o though_o the_o example_n new_o mention_v and_o such_o other_o seem_v to_o i_o but_o very_o inconsiderable_a in_o reference_n to_o the_o whole_a earth_n yet_o it_o be_v observable_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n that_o there_o shall_v be_v so_o much_o subterraneal_a heat_n or_o warmth_n at_o least_o general_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o for_o even_o where_o there_o appear_v no_o manifest_a sign_n of_o subterraneal_a fire_n i_o have_v know_v those_o that_o be_v wont_a to_o go_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o deep_a mine_n complain_v that_o a_o very_a
multiplicaret_fw-la as_o our_o author_n be_v descend_v into_o the_o golden_a mine_n at_o cremnitz_n he_o find_v in_o one_o place_n the_o heat_n to_o increase_v as_o he_o descend_v more_o and_o more_o which_o seem_v not_o to_o agree_v with_o a_o passage_n we_o late_o mention_v out_o of_o he_o and_o to_o exceed_v any_o he_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o mine_n and_o afterward_o the_o overseer_n bring_v he_o into_o a_o room_n that_o abound_v with_o smaragdine_n vitriol_n the_o mineral_n whence_o this_o heat_n proceed_v though_o the_o room_n be_v spacious_a he_o find_v there_o beside_o a_o sharp_a spirit_n very_o offensive_a to_o his_o throat_n so_o troublesome_a a_o heat_n that_o he_o be_v ready_a to_o faint_v away_o with_o sweat_v and_o very_o much_o wonder_v how_o the_o digger_n be_v able_a to_o work_v there_o and_o elsewhere_o the_o author_n himself_o note_n that_o such_o hot_a mine_n of_o vitriol_n or_o sulphur_n may_v be_v find_v even_o in_o the_o first_o region_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o he_o call_v that_o which_o be_v somewhat_o near_o the_o surface_n and_o which_o he_o think_v 〈◊〉_d to_o name_v the_o cold_a region_n and_o within_o a_o large_a sphere_n of_o activity_n make_v it_o perpetual_o hot_a but_o this_o as_o i_o be_v intimate_v i_o mention_v but_o as_o a_o suspicion_n or_o a_o conjecture_n and_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o degree_n of_o heat_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v in_o these_o mine_n by_o the_o concurrence_n of_o accidental_a cause_n in_o case_n the_o conjecture_n be_v admit_v yet_o since_o the_o frequency_n of_o a_o sensible_a degree_n of_o heat_n in_o very_o deep_a place_n do_v very_o little_a favour_n their_o opinion_n that_o will_v allow_v the_o earth_n to_o have_v no_o other_o heat_n but_o what_o it_o receive_v from_o the_o sun_n beam_n or_o by_o the_o manifest_a fire_n of_o burn_a hill_n as_o aetna_n and_o vesuvius_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v object_v that_o this_o subterraneal_a heat_n be_v adventitious_a to_o the_o earth_n which_o be_v supreme_o cold_a of_o its_o own_o nature_n gassendus_fw-la might_n reply_n that_o it_o be_v as_o likely_a that_o the_o coldness_n of_o it_o near_o the_o superficies_n may_v be_v adventitious_a too_o and_o that_o it_o appear_v at_o least_o as_o manifest_o that_o the_o one_o proceed_v from_o the_o contiguous_a air_n as_o it_o do_v that_o the_o other_o proceed_v from_o some_o include_v fire_n and_o if_o i_o misremember_v not_o he_o have_v this_o consideration_n that_o it_o be_v somewhat_o strange_a that_o nature_n shall_v have_v intend_v the_o earth_n for_o its_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la and_o yet_o that_o a_o great_a part_n and_o for_o aught_o we_o know_v the_o great_a shall_v be_v constant_o keep_v warm_a either_o by_o the_o sun_n as_o under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n or_o by_o the_o subterraneal_a fire_n but_o the_o objection_n mention_v against_o gassendus_fw-la oppose_v but_o one_o of_o the_o argument_n we_o have_v allege_v against_o the_o earth_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la and_o will_v leave_v the_o other_o in_o their_o force_n though_o it_o do_v more_o convince_o answer_v that_o against_o which_o it_o be_v frame_v than_o it_o seem_v to_o do_v 10._o and_o if_o the_o patron_n of_o the_o earth_n coldness_n to_o evade_v the_o argument_n i_o have_v allege_v shall_v pretend_v that_o when_o they_o affirm_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la they_o mean_v not_o the_o elementary_a earth_n but_o some_o body_n that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o i_o shall_v desire_v to_o know_v which_o it_o be_v they_o mean_v of_o the_o many_o other_o body_n that_o make_v up_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n that_o we_o may_v examine_v what_o right_a it_o have_v to_o that_o title_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o shall_v conclude_v against_o they_o that_o the_o earth_n itself_o have_v none_o since_o they_o grant_v a_o cold_a body_n than_o it_o and_o such_o a_o one_o as_o the_o earth_n must_v be_v behold_v to_o for_o the_o great_a degree_n of_o coldness_n it_o chance_v to_o possess_v 11._o but_o though_o i_o presume_v enough_o have_v be_v say_v to_o make_v it_o appear_v unlikely_a that_o the_o earth_n shall_v be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la yet_o i_o must_v in_o this_o dissent_n from_o the_o learned_a gassendus_fw-la that_o he_o think_v the_o earth_n not_o only_o not_o to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o not_o to_o be_v natural_o cold_a any_o more_o than_o hot_a for_o the_o insensible_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n like_o those_o of_o other_o firm_a body_n be_v heavy_a and_o perhaps_o gross_a and_o either_o have_v no_o constant_a motion_n at_o all_o or_o at_o least_o a_o far_o more_o remiss_a agitation_n then_o that_o of_o our_o sensory_n it_o seem_v to_o follow_v that_o the_o earth_n must_v seem_v cold_a to_o we_o unless_o it_o be_v by_o the_o communicate_v heat_n or_o motion_n of_o some_o extrinsic_a agent_n put_v into_o a_o degree_n of_o agitation_n that_o belong_v not_o to_o its_o nature_n and_o for_o the_o like_a reason_n i_o think_v it_o not_o improbable_a that_o pure_a earth_n shall_v in_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v cold_a than_o either_o pure_a water_n or_o pure_a air_n since_o the_o earth_n be_v a_o consistent_a body_n its_o component_a particle_n be_v at_o rest_n among_o themselves_o or_o at_o least_o move_v with_o a_o almost_o infinite_a slowness_n whereas_o water_n and_o air_n be_v fluid_n their_o component_a particle_n must_v be_v in_o a_o restless_a and_o various_a motion_n and_o consequent_o be_v less_o remote_a from_o heat_n which_o be_v a_o state_n wherein_o the_o various_a agitation_n of_o the_o minute_n particle_n be_v more_o vehement_a 12._o and_o if_o those_o that_o plead_v for_o the_o earth_n have_v declare_v that_o they_o mean_v not_o the_o pure_a or_o elementary_a earth_n but_o that_o part_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n that_o be_v distinct_a from_o the_o sea_n and_o other_o water_n that_o make_v it_o up_o and_o will_v have_v earth_n in_o that_o sense_n not_o to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o only_o the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la perhaps_o they_o may_v have_v a_o better_a plea_n for_o their_o opinion_n than_o they_o can_v urge_v for_o they_o who_o contend_v for_o the_o water_n or_o the_o air_n especial_o if_o to_o countenance_v their_o opinion_n this_o memorable_a observation_n be_v add_v which_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o 474._o among_o those_o navigator_n that_o have_v have_v the_o great_a experience_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n for_o the_o dutch_a that_o sail_v thrice_o to_o nova_n 〈◊〉_d and_o once_o winter_v there_o affirm_v in_o their_o first_o voyage_n that_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a be_v not_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o main_a sea_n where_o yet_o man_n be_v most_o expose_v to_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o air_n and_o of_o the_o water_n but_o either_o upon_o the_o land_n or_o near_o it_o that_o accurate_a geometrician_n and_o hydrographer_n fournier_n tell_v we_o that_o in_o 1595._o the_o hollander_n be_v intercept_v by_o icy_a school_n in_o the_o strait_a of_o weigat_n and_o meet_v with_o certain_a muscovite_n demand_v of_o they_o whether_o those_o sea_n be_v always_o freeze_v and_o be_v answer_v that_o neither_o the_o northern_a sea_n nor_o that_o of_o tartary_n do_v ever_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v only_o that_o strait_a with_o the_o sea_n contiguous_a to_o the_o shore_n of_o some_o bay_n and_o gulf_n that_o be_v freeze_v and_o our_o judicious_a author_n not_o only_o add_v that_o in_o effect_n all_o those_o that_o sail_n into_o those_o part_n relate_v that_o all_o those_o lump_n of_o ice_n be_v such_o as_o have_v be_v loosen_v and_o sever_v from_o the_o island_n and_o the_o river_n of_o the_o samojed_n and_o tartar_n but_o adventure_n to_o affirm_v in_o general_a term_n that_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o main_a sea_n never_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v but_o the_o confine_n and_o shore_n of_o some_o of_o they_o that_o be_v freeze_v 13._o that_o the_o water_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la the_o opinion_n of_o aristotle_n have_v make_v it_o to_o be_v that_o of_o the_o school_n and_o of_o the_o generality_n of_o philosopher_n but_o i_o can_v as_o little_o acquiesce_v in_o this_o opinion_n as_o in_o the_o former_a not_o find_v it_o agreeable_a to_o what_o experience_n teach_v we_o 14._o for_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o it_o will_v be_v very_o difficult_a to_o prove_v that_o divers_a very_o cold_a body_n as_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o crystal_n and_o several_a other_o fusible_a stone_n have_v in_o they_o any_o water_n at_o all_o to_o which_o their_o coldness_n may_v with_o any_o degree_n of_o probability_n be_v ascribe_v nor_o to_o urge_v the_o argument_n that_o some_o modern_a contender_n for_o the_o supreme_a coldness_n of_o the_o air_n be_v wont_a to_o employ_v not_o i_o say_v to_o insist_v on_o such_o thing_n
i_o shall_v content_v myself_o to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o obvious_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o cold_a that_o in_o river_n pond_n and_o other_o receptacle_n of_o water_n the_o congelation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n where_o the_o liquor_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o immediate_a contact_n of_o the_o air_n which_o sufficient_o argue_v that_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a than_o the_o water_n since_o it_o be_v able_a not_o only_o sensible_o to_o refrigerate_v it_o but_o to_o deprive_v it_o of_o its_o fluidity_n and_o congeal_v it_o into_o ice_n whereas_o if_o the_o water_n itself_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la either_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v at_o least_o as_o to_o the_o major_a part_n of_o it_o always_o congeal_v or_o we_o may_v just_o demand_v a_o reason_n why_o when_o it_o do_v freeze_v the_o glaciation_n shall_v not_o begin_v in_o the_o middle_n or_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o soon_o as_o at_o the_o top_n if_o not_o soon_o and_o our_o argument_n against_o the_o precedency_n of_o the_o water_n in_o point_n of_o coldness_n may_v be_v strengthen_v by_o this_o that_o frost_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v hard_a when_o the_o air_n be_v very_o clear_a and_o free_a from_o aqueous_a vapour_n whereas_o in_o rainy_a weather_n wherein_o such_o vapour_n most_o abound_v the_o cold_a be_v wont_a to_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v what_o we_o late_o deliver_v from_o the_o observation_n of_o navigator_n that_o even_o in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o main_a sea_n where_o yet_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o great_a mass_n and_o so_o most_o likely_a as_o well_o as_o advantage_v to_o disclose_v its_o nature_n never_o freeze_v though_o the_o strait_o and_o bay_n and_o gulf_n be_v freeze_v over_o which_o argue_v that_o the_o great_a degree_n of_o cold_a be_v rather_o to_o be_v assign_v to_o the_o air_n or_o to_o the_o earth_n then_o to_o the_o water_n which_o by_o the_o practice_n former_o mention_v of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o french_a salt_n marsh_n 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ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o to_o make_v the_o water_n indifferent_a as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a for_o as_o i_o former_o note_v concern_v the_o earth_n so_o i_o must_v now_o represent_v touch_v the_o water_n that_o set_v aside_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v but_o adventitious_a where_o it_o do_v operate_v and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d many_o vast_a portion_n of_o that_o element_n which_o it_o 〈◊〉_d not_o 〈◊〉_d reach_v the_o insensible_a part_n of_o water_n be_v much_o less_o agitate_a than_o those_o of_o our_o sensory_n temperate_o dispose_v and_o consequent_o may_v in_o regard_n of_o we_o be_v judge_v cold_a for_o though_o water_n be_v a_o liquor_n i_o ready_o allow_v it_o a_o various_a motion_n of_o its_o component_a corpuscle_n that_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v a_o body_n fluid_fw-la yet_o such_o a_o agitation_n which_o be_v sufficient_a for_o fluidity_n may_v be_v and_o often_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a then_o that_o of_o the_o spirit_n blood_n and_o 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with_o he_o supply_v he_o so_o well_o with_o air_n that_o he_o be_v not_o incommodate_v in_o point_n of_o respiration_n and_o though_o he_o feel_v no_o other_o inconvenience_n that_o may_v dissuade_v his_o tarry_n long_a yet_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o great_a and_o troublesome_a that_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v it_o above_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n but_o be_v constrain_v to_o remount_v to_o a_o mild_a as_o well_o as_o a_o high_a region_n i_o wish_v several_a time_n he_o have_v have_v with_o he_o a_o seal_a weatherglass_n for_o ordinary_a thermometer_n will_v on_o that_o occasion_n have_v be_v unserviceable_a to_o prevent_v some_o little_a doubt_n that_o may_v be_v make_v whether_o the_o intense_a cold_a he_o feel_v may_v not_o be_v only_o and_o chief_o in_o reference_n to_o his_o body_n which_o may_v be_v so_o alter_v and_o dispose_v by_o this_o new_a briny_a ambient_fw-la as_o to_o make_v such_o a_o disturbance_n in_o the_o course_n or_o texture_n of_o his_o blood_n as_o that_o which_o make_v aguish_a person_n so_o cold_a at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o fit_a though_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la body_n continue_v the_o same_o but_o this_o be_v not_o the_o only_a person_n that_o find_v the_o sea_n exceed_o cold_a for_o i_o remember_v 1._o beguinus_n relate_v from_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o marseillian_a knight_n that_o be_v overseer_n of_o the_o coral-fishing_a in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o tunis_n that_o have_v upon_o that_o coast_n let_v down_o a_o young_a man_n to_o feel_v whether_o coral_n be_v hard_a or_o soft_a as_o it_o grow_v in_o the_o water_n when_o this_o man_n be_v come_v about_o eight_o fathom_n near_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n he_o feel_v it_o exceed_o cold_a to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v the_o testimony_n of_o a_o sober_a traveller_n josephus_n acosta_n who_o tell_v 11._o we_o that_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n remarkable_a that_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o water_n can_v be_v make_v hot_a by_o the_o violence_n 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often_o do_v at_o the_o top._n 18._o the_o next_o opinion_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v be_v that_o of_o the_o stoic_n of_o old_a and_o adopt_v by_o the_o generality_n of_o modern_a philosopher_n that_o be_v not_o peripatetic_n who_o assert_v the_o air_n to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o be_v ere_o long_o more_o particular_o to_o treat_v of_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n we_o will_v reserve_v till_o then_o to_o examine_v whether_o it_o be_v cold_a of_o its_o own_o nature_n or_o not_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n we_o shall_v here_o take_v leave_n to_o question_n whether_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v esteem_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o aristotle_n and_o the_o school_n with_o many_o other_o learned_a man_n think_v the_o air_n so_o far_o from_o be_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o element_n that_o they_o reckon_v it_o among_o the_o hot_a one_o because_o i_o confel_n their_o opinion_n be_v not_o i_o not_o to_o represent_v the_o heat_n 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that_o captain_n james_n who_o have_v very_o good_a opportunity_n to_o try_v allow_v not_o in_o case_n the_o ice_n be_v not_o make_v by_o accumulation_n that_o the_o frost_n pierce_v above_o two_o yard_n perpendicular_o downward_o from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n even_o in_o the_o cold_a habitable_a region_n and_o this_o will_v seem_v the_o more_o rational_a if_o we_o consider_v that_o in_o case_n the_o coldness_n of_o the_o sea_n proceed_v constant_o from_o the_o air_n as_o such_o the_o cold_a will_v be_v great_a near_o the_o surface_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n then_o in_o the_o part_n remote_a from_o it_o and_o yet_o the_o contrary_n may_v appear_v by_o the_o passage_n late_o recite_v 20._o but_o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o this_o at_o best_a can_v prove_v no_o more_o then_o that_o the_o air_n be_v not_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la notwithstanding_o which_o it_o may_v be_v the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o answer_v i_o must_v proceed_v 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in_o a_o sharp_a frosty_a night_n will_v be_v able_a to_o congeal_v it_o and_o when_o in_o exceed_v cold_a weather_n the_o ambient_fw-la nocturnal_a air_n have_v reduce_v a_o parcel_n of_o air_n purposely_o include_v in_o a_o convenient_a glass_n to_o as_o great_a a_o degree_n of_o condensation_n as_o it_o can_v i_o have_v more_o than_o once_o by_o the_o external_n application_n of_o other_o thing_n be_v able_a to_o condense_a it_o much_o far_o which_o argue_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o air_n as_o such_o but_o some_o adventitious_a frigorifick_a corpuscle_n take_v that_o term_n as_o i_o do_v in_o this_o treatise_n in_o a_o large_a sense_n that_o may_v sometime_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o which_o produce_v the_o notable_a degree_n of_o
cold_a or_o upon_o who_o account_n the_o air_n produce_v they_o and_o if_o these_o be_v due_o apply_v water_n will_v be_v congeal_v whether_o air_n come_v to_o touch_v the_o surface_n of_o it_o or_o no_o nay_o though_o body_n which_o the_o air_n can_v never_o penetrte_v nor_o congeal_v any_o of_o their_o part_n be_v interpose_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o experiment_n former_o mention_v of_o freeze_a water_n include_v in_o glass_n bubble_n and_o suspend_v in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o other_o uncongealed_a liquor_n and_o it_o be_v worth_a take_v notice_n of_o by_o they_o that_o conclude_v the_o air_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la from_o the_o water_n beginning_n to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n that_o it_o be_v there_o also_o where_o the_o ice_n begin_v to_o thaw_v 21._o beside_o the_o three_o opinion_n we_o have_v hitherto_o examine_v there_o be_v a_o four_o that_o just_o deserve_v to_o be_v serious_o consider_v for_o the_o learned_a and_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la be_v suppose_v though_o i_o doubt_v how_o true_o to_o be_v the_o author_n of_o it_o and_o though_o according_a to_o his_o custom_n he_o speak_v wary_o and_o not_o so_o confident_o of_o it_o yet_o in_o his_o last_o write_n he_o much_o countenance_n it_o yet_o some_o eminent_o learned_a man_n as_o well_o of_o our_o own_o as_o of_o other_o nation_n have_v resolute_o enough_o embrace_v it_o according_a then_o to_o these_o the_o congelation_n of_o liquor_n and_o the_o cold_a we_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o air_n water_n and_o other_o body_n proceed_v from_o the_o admixture_n of_o nitrous_a exhalation_n or_o corpuscle_n introduce_v into_o they_o and_o as_o i_o have_v a_o great_a respect_n for_o divers_a of_o these_o man_n person_n so_o i_o like_v very_o well_o in_o their_o opinion_n that_o they_o do_v not_o ascribe_v the_o supreme_a degree_n of_o frigefactive_a virtue_n to_o the_o air_n itself_o but_o to_o some_o adventitious_a thing_n that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o but_o whereas_o they_o pitch_v upon_o nitre_n as_o the_o grand_a universal_a efficient_a of_o cold_a i_o confess_v i_o can_v yet_o full_o acquiesce_v in_o that_o tenent_n for_o though_o i_o be_o not_o averse_a from_o allow_v salt-petre_n to_o be_v one_o of_o those_o body_n that_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o refrigerate_a power_n and_o to_o be_v copious_o enough_o disperse_v through_o several_a portion_n of_o the_o earth_n yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v not_o only_o divers_a other_o cause_n of_o cold_a but_o divers_a other_o body_n qualify_v to_o be_v efficient_n of_o cold_a as_o well_o as_o salt-petre_n 22._o and_o first_o if_o cold_a be_v not_o a_o positive_a quality_n but_o the_o absence_n of_o heat_n the_o remove_n of_o calorifick_a agent_n will_v in_o many_o case_n suffice_v to_o produce_v cold_a without_o the_o introduction_n of_o any_o nitrous_a particle_n into_o the_o body_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a but_o because_o it_o be_v disputable_a 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considerable_o if_o at_o all_o a_o great_a actual_a cold_n then_o that_o of_o divers_a other_o liquor_n but_o seem_v to_o have_v a_o potential_a heat_n for_o whether_o or_o no_o the_o exhalation_n of_o nitre_n be_v able_a to_o congeal_v water_n into_o ice_n i_o have_v former_o observe_v serve_v that_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n or_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la will_v dissolve_v ice_n into_o water_n very_o near_o if_o not_o altogether_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o spirit_n of_o 〈◊〉_d itself_o which_o inflammable_a liquor_n be_v general_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v in_o a_o high_a degree_n potential_o hot_a if_o gassenaus_fw-la do_v not_o mean_v such_o steam_n of_o 〈◊〉_d as_o these_o which_o i_o have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d of_o it_o have_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o have_v signify_v what_o other_o kind_n of_o corpuscle_n of_o resolve_a nitre_n he_o mean_v without_o leave_v his_o reader_n to_o divine_v it_o and_o if_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o other_o experiment_n which_o we_o late_o experimentis_fw-la take_v 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and_o 〈◊〉_d somewhat_o strange_a to_o i_o that_o chemist_n who_o make_v such_o frequent_a solution_n of_o nitre_n and_o ofrentimes_o with_o less_o water_n then_o be_v sufficient_a to_o dissolve_v it_o all_o so_o that_o by_o consequence_n the_o proportion_n of_o the_o nitre_n to_o the_o water_n must_v have_v run_v through_o almost_o all_o the_o possible_a measure_n of_o proportion_n shall_v never_o so_o much_o as_o by_o chance_n as_o i_o can_v hear_v have_v observe_v any_o such_o matter_n and_o that_o which_o make_v i_o thus_o interpret_v gassendus_fw-la his_fw-la meaning_n though_o in_o one_o of_o the_o two_o passage_n wherein_o he_o set_v down_o this_o experiment_n he_o mention_n also_o snow_n or_o ice_n to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o nitre_n be_v that_o in_o the_o first_o of_o those_o two_o passage_n he_o ascribe_v the_o congelation_n to_o
but_o scarce_o credible_a that_o though_o the_o cold_a have_v such_o strange_a and_o tragical_a effect_n at_o musco_n and_o elsewhere_o in_o cold_a country_n as_o we_o have_v former_o mention_v especial_o a_o little_a after_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o 18._o and_o somewhere_o in_o the_o 19_o section_n yet_o this_o happen_v to_o the_o russian_n and_o livonian_o themselves_z who_o not_o only_o by_o live_v in_o such_o a_o country_n must_v be_v accustom_v to_o bitter_a cold_n but_o who_o to_o harden_v themselves_o to_o the_o cold_a have_v use_v themselves_o and_o thereby_o bring_v themselves_o to_o be_v able_a to_o pass_v to_o a_o great_a degree_n of_o cold_a from_o no_o less_o a_o degree_n of_o heat_n without_o any_o visible_a prejudice_n to_o their_o health_n for_o i_o remember_v that_o have_v inquire_v of_o a_o virtuoso_fw-la of_o unquestionable_a credit_n whether_o the_o report_n of_o our_o merchant_n concern_v this_o strange_a custom_n of_o the_o muscovite_n and_o livonian_o be_v certain_o true_a he_o assure_v i_o that_o it_o be_v so_o at_o least_o as_o to_o the_o livonian_o among_o who_o be_v in_o their_o country_n he_o have_v know_v it_o practise_v and_o the_o same_o be_v affirm_v to_o i_o by_o a_o ingenious_a person_n a_o doctor_n of_o divinity_n that_o have_v occasion_n some_o year_n since_o to_o make_v a_o journey_n to_o musco_n and_o the_o tradition_n be_v abundant_o confirm_v by_o olearius_n who_o testimony_n we_o shall_v subjoin_v because_o this_o seem_v one_o of_o the_o eminent_a and_o least_o credible_a instance_n that_o we_o have_v yet_o meet_v with_o of_o the_o strange_a power_n that_o custom_n may_v have_v even_o upon_o the_o body_n of_o man_n '_o it_o be_v a_o wonderful_a thing_n say_v he_o to_o see_v how_o far_o 168._o those_o body_n speak_v of_o the_o russian_n that_o be_v accustom_v and_o harden_v to_o the_o cold_a can_v endure_v heat_n and_o how_o when_o it_o make_v they_o ready_a to_o faint_v they_o go_v out_o of_o their_o stove_n stark_o 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in_o which_o this_o may_v probable_o have_v impose_v upon_o he_o that_o perform_v the_o experiment_n a_o company_n of_o his_o scholar_n while_o they_o stand_v round_o about_o his_o thermoscope_n and_o stoop_v as_o in_o likelihood_n their_o curiosity_n make_v they_o to_o do_v to_o see_v by_o so_o dim_a a_o light_a the_o event_n of_o the_o experiment_n the_o unheeded_a warmth_n of_o their_o breath_n and_o body_n may_v unaware_o to_o sanctorius_n somewhat_o affect_v the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o by_o 〈◊〉_d it_o cause_n that_o depression_n of_o the_o water_n which_o he_o ascribe_v to_o the_o moon_n beam_n but_o because_o this_o be_v a_o conjecture_n i_o intend_v if_o god_n permit_v to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n when_o i_o shall_v have_v opportunity_n to_o do_v with_o a_o more_o tender_a weatherglass_n than_o i_o have_v by_o i_o when_o i_o make_v my_o former_a observation_n to_o the_o xi_o title_n by_o the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o the_o former_a attempt_n make_v with_o a_o iron_n instrument_n i_o be_v invite_v especial_o be_v at_o another_o place_n where_o i_o be_v unfurnish_a with_o such_o hollow_a iron_n ball_n as_o be_v mention_v num._n the_o 10._o to_o substitute_v the_o follow_a experiment_n i_o cause_v a_o skilful_a smith_n to_o take_v a_o pistol_n barrel_n guess_v to_o be_v of_o about_o two_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o of_o a_o proportionable_a bore_n and_o when_o he_o have_v by_o rivet_v in_o a_o piece_n of_o iron_n exact_o stop_v the_o touchhole_n i_o cause_v he_o to_o fit_a to_o the_o nose_n of_o the_o barrel_n a_o screw_n to_o go_v as_o close_o as_o well_o he_o can_v make_v it_o and_o then_o have_v fill_v it_o to_o the_o very_a top_n with_o water_n i_o cause_v the_o screw_n to_o be_v thrust_v in_o which_o can_v not_o be_v do_v without_o the_o effusion_n of_o some_o of_o the_o water_n as_o forcible_o as_o the_o party_n i_o employ_v be_v able_a to_o do_v it_o that_o the_o water_n dilate_v by_o congelation_n may_v not_o either_o 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from_o be_v turn_v by_o the_o water_n and_o have_v in_o other_o point_v proceed_v as_o former_o i_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o the_o screw_v hold_v as_o i_o desire_v and_o the_o precede_a night_n have_v be_v exceed_v bitter_a the_o cold_a have_v so_o forcible_o congeal_v and_o expanded_a the_o water_n that_o it_o burst_v the_o iron_n barrel_n somewhat_o near_o the_o top_n and_o make_v a_o considerable_a and_o oblique_a crack_n in_o it_o about_o which_o a_o pretty_a quantity_n of_o ice_n appear_v to_o stick_v beside_o that_o there_o be_v three_o or_o four_o other_o flaw_n at_o some_o of_o which_o small_a quantity_n of_o water_n appear_v to_o have_v get_v out_o at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o i_o bespeak_v this_o iron_n barrel_n of_o the_o smith_n i_o order_v he_o to_o get_v i_o a_o brass_n
may_v be_v very_o warrantable_o question_v for_o it_o be_v evident_a in_o water_n we_o expose_v to_o freeze_v in_o large_a vessel_n that_o the_o congelation_n begin_v at_o the_o surface_n where_o the_o liquor_n be_v 〈◊〉_d to_o the_o air_n and_o thence_o as_o the_o cold_a continue_v to_o prevail_v the_o ice_n increase_v and_o thicken_v downward_o and_o therefore_o we_o see_v that_o frog_n retire_v themselves_o in_o frosty_a weather_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o ditch_n whence_o i_o have_v have_v many_o of_o they_o take_v out_o very_o brisk_a and_o vigorous_a from_o under_o the_o thick_a ice_n that_o cover_v the_o water_n and_o i_o have_v be_v inform_v by_o a_o observe_a person_n that_o at_o least_o in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v usual_a in_o winter_n for_o shoal_n of_o fish_n to_o retire_v to_o those_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n if_o not_o of_o river_n also_o where_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o summer_n beside_o if_o rivers_n be_v freeze_v at_o the_o 〈◊〉_d we_o must_v very_o frequent_o meet_v in_o the_o emergent_a piece_n of_o ice_n the_o shape_n of_o those_o irregular_a cavity_n and_o protuberance_n that_o be_v often_o to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o uneven_a soil_n over_o which_o river_n take_v their_o course_n whereas_o general_o those_o emergent_a piece_n of_o ice_n be_v flat_a as_o those_o flake_n that_o be_v generate_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n moreover_o if_o even_o deep_a river_n freeze_v first_o at_o the_o bottom_n why_o shall_v not_o very_o many_o spring_n and_o wells_n 〈◊〉_d first_o at_o the_o bottom_n too_o the_o contrary_a of_o which_o nevertheless_o be_v obvious_a to_o be_v observe_v in_o confirmation_n of_o all_o which_o we_o may_v make_v use_n of_o what_o we_o former_o note_v in_o the_o section_n of_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la about_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o french_a salt-work_n who_o by_o overflow_a the_o bank_n and_o causeways_n all_o the_o winter_n keep_v they_o from_o be_v spoil_v by_o the_o srost_n which_o can_v not_o be_v do_v if_o the_o water_n they_o stand_v under_o freeze_v as_o well_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o at_o the_o top._n but_o i_o find_v that_o that_o which_o deceive_v our_o watermen_n be_v that_o they_o often_o observe_v flake_n of_o ice_n to_o ascend_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o rivers_n to_o the_o top_n and_o indeed_o it_o often_o happen_v that_o after_o the_o hard_a frost_n have_v continue_v a_o while_n these_o emergent_a piece_n of_o ice_n do_v very_o much_o contribute_v to_o the_o freeze_a over_o of_o rivers_n for_o come_v in_o some_o of_o the_o narrow_a part_n of_o they_o to_o be_v stop_v by_o the_o superficial_a ice_n that_o reach_v on_o each_o side_n of_o the_o river_n a_o good_a way_n from_o the_o bank_n towards_o the_o middle_n those_o flat_a icy_a body_n be_v easy_o cement_v by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o cold_a and_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o contiguous_a water_n to_o one_o another_o and_o by_o degree_n straighten_n and_o at_o length_n choke_v up_o the_o passage_n they_o give_v a_o stop_n to_o the_o other_o flake_n of_o ice_n that_o either_o emerge_n from_o the_o bottom_n or_o loosen_v from_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n or_o carry_v down_o the_o stream_n towards_o they_o and_o these_o be_v also_o by_o the_o same_o cold_a cement_v to_o the_o rest_n the_o river_n be_v at_o length_n quite_o freeze_v over_o and_o the_o reason_n why_o so_o many_o flake_n of_o ice_n come_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o river_n seem_v to_o be_v that_o after_o the_o water_n have_v be_v freeze_v all_o along_o near_o the_o bank_n either_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o sun_n by_o day_n or_o some_o of_o those_o many_o casualty_n that_o may_v perform_v such_o a_o thing_n do_v by_o thaw_v the_o ground_n or_o otherwise_o loosen_v many_o piece_n of_o that_o ice_n together_o with_o the_o earth_n stone_n etc._n etc._n that_o they_o adhere_v to_o from_o the_o more_o stable_a part_n of_o the_o bank_n and_o these_o heavy_a body_n do_v by_o their_o weight_n carry_v down_o with_o they_o the_o ice_n they_o be_v fasten_v to_o but_o then_o the_o water_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o river_n be_v warm_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n since_o that_o even_o common_a water_n be_v so_o we_o have_v ice_n manifest_v by_o experience_n where_o we_o show_v how_o much_o soon_o ice_o will_v be_v dissolve_v in_o water_n then_o thaw_v in_o air_n the_o disperse_a ice_n be_v by_o degree_n so_o wrought_v upon_o that_o those_o part_n by_o which_o it_o hold_v to_o the_o stone_n earth_n or_o other_o heavy_a body_n be_v resolve_v the_o remain_a ice_n be_v much_o light_a bulk_n for_o bulk_n than_o water_n get_v loose_a and_o straightway_o emerge_n and_o may_v perhaps_o carry_v up_o with_o it_o divers_a stone_n and_o clod_n of_o earth_n that_o may_v yet_o happen_v to_o stick_v to_o it_o or_o be_v enclose_v in_o it_o the_o sight_n of_o which_o persuade_v the_o waterman_n that_o the_o flake_n of_o ice_n be_v generate_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o river_n whereas_o a_o large_a piece_n of_o ice_n may_v carry_v up_o and_o support_v body_n of_o that_o kind_n of_o a_o great_a 〈◊〉_d in_o case_n the_o ice_n itself_o be_v proportionable_o great_a so_o that_o the_o aggregate_v of_o the_o ice_n and_o heavy_a body_n 〈◊〉_d not_o the_o weight_n of_o a_o equal_a bulk_n of_o water_n on_o which_o occasion_n i_o remember_v that_o captain_n james_n hall_n in_o a_o voyage_n extant_a in_o purchas_n relate_v that_o upon_o a_o large_a piece_n of_o ice_n in_o the_o sea_n they_o find_v a_o great_a stone_n which_o they_o judge_v to_o be_v three_o hundred_o pound_n weight_n but_o of_o the_o tradition_n of_o the_o watermen_n we_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o then_o that_o this_o have_v be_v discourse_v but_o upon_o no_o great_a information_n though_o the_o best_a we_o can_v procure_v so_o that_o for_o further_a satisfaction_n it_o be_v to_o be_v desire_v that_o either_o by_o send_v down_o a_o diver_n or_o by_o let_v down_o some_o instrument_n fit_a to_o feel_v if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v the_o bottom_n of_o river_n with_o and_o to_o try_v whether_o ice_n if_o it_o meet_v with_o any_o be_v loose_a from_o or_o uniform_o coherent_a to_o the_o ground_n and_o also_o bring_v up_o parcel_n of_o whatever_o stuff_n it_o meet_v with_o there_o the_o matter_n be_v by_o competent_a experiment_n put_v out_o of_o doubt_n we_o take_v a_o seal_a weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o though_o not_o above_o 10._o inch_n long_o in_o all_o yet_o sensible_a enough_o and_o have_v cause_v a_o hole_n to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o cover_n of_o a_o box_n just_a wide_a enough_o for_o the_o small_a end_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o be_v thrust_v in_o at_o we_o invert_v the_o thermometer_n so_o that_o the_o ball_n of_o it_o rest_v upon_o the_o cover_n of_o a_o box_n and_o the_o pipe_n point_v direct_o downward_o than_o we_o place_v about_o the_o ball_n a_o little_a beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n and_o observe_v whether_o according_a to_o our_o expectation_n the_o tinct_a spirit_n that_o reach_v to_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o pipe_n or_o thereabouts_o will_v be_v retract_v upon_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o liquor_n in_o the_o ball_n and_o according_o the_o spirit_n do_v in_o very_o few_o minute_n ascend_v in_o that_o short_a pipe_n above_o a_o inch_n high_o than_o a_o mark_n whereby_o we_o take_v notice_n of_o its_o former_a station_n and_o will_v perhaps_o have_v ascend_v much_o more_o if_o the_o application_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n have_v be_v continue_v by_o which_o and_o another_o succeed_a experiment_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n it_o seem_v that_o the_o condensation_n of_o liquor_n by_o cold_a be_v not_o always_o effect_v by_o their_o proper_a gravity_n only_o which_o ordinary_o may_v be_v sufficient_a to_o make_v the_o part_n fall_v close_o together_o but_o whether_o in_o our_o case_n the_o contraction_n be_v assist_v by_o some_o little_a tenacity_n in_o the_o liquor_n or_o by_o the_o spring_n of_o some_o little_a aerial_a or_o other_o spirituous_a and_o elastic_a particle_n from_o which_o the_o instrument_n be_v not_o perfect_o free_v when_o it_o be_v seal_v up_o or_o which_o happen_v to_o be_v generate_v within_o it_o afterward_o will_v be_v among_o orhe_a thing_n more_o proper_o inquire_v into_o in_o another_o place_n where_o we_o may_v have_v occasion_n to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o experiment_n there_o be_v a_o famous_a tradition_n that_o in_o muscovy_n and_o some_o other_o cold_a country_n it_o be_v usual_a out_o of_o pond_n and_o river_n to_o take_v up_o good_a number_n of_o swallow_n enclose_v in_o piece_n of_o ice_n and_o that_o the_o benumb_v bird_n upon_o the_o thaw_v of_o the_o ice_n in_o a_o warm_a room_n will_v come_v to_o
access_n to_o the_o air_n be_v that_o which_o destroy_v fish_n in_o freeze_a pond_n i_o think_v upon_o this_o epedient_a i_o procure_v a_o glass_n vessel_n with_o a_o large_a belly_n and_o a_o long_a neck_n but_o so_o slender_a that_o it_o be_v only_o wide_a enough_o for_o the_o body_n of_o the_o fish_n to_o pass_v through_o and_o then_o have_v fill_v the_o vessel_n with_o some_o live_v gudgeon_n and_o a_o good_a quantity_n of_o water_n the_o neck_n of_o it_o be_v make_v to_o pass_v through_o a_o hole_n that_o be_v leave_v or_o make_v for_o it_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o a_o metalline_a plate_n or_o wooden_a trencher_n which_o can_v descend_v no_o low_a than_o the_o neck_n because_o of_o the_o inferior_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o will_v not_o suffer_v it_o and_o which_o serve_v to_o support_v a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o be_v apply_v round_o about_o the_o extant_a neck_n of_o the_o glass_n by_o this_o contrivance_n i_o propose_v to_o myself_o a_o double_a advantage_n the_o first_o that_o whereas_o in_o broad_a vessel_n it_o be_v not_o always_o so_o easy_a as_o one_o will_v think_v to_o be_v sure_a that_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v quite_o freeze_v over_o in_o every_o part_n by_o this_o way_n i_o can_v easy_o satisfy_v myself_o by_o invert_v the_o glass_n and_o observe_v that_o the_o ice_n have_v so_o exact_o choke_v up_o and_o stop_v the_o neck_n that_o no_o drop_n of_o water_n can_v get_v out_o not_o any_o bubble_n of_o air_n get_v in_o and_o yet_o the_o fish_n have_v liberty_n enough_o to_o play_v in_o the_o subjacent_a water_n the_o other_o conveniency_n be_v that_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o neck_n no_o water_n be_v congeal_v or_o extreme_o refrigerated_a but_o that_o which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o neck_n so_o that_o there_o seem_v no_o cause_n to_o suspect_v that_o in_o case_n the_o fish_n thus_o debar_v of_o air_n shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o live_v in_o the_o water_n it_o be_v rather_o cold_a then_o want_v of_o air_n that_o kill_v they_o but_o though_o not_o have_v then_o be_v able_a by_o reason_n of_o a_o remove_n to_o prosecute_v these_o trial_n to_o the_o utmost_a nor_o to_o register_v all_o the_o circumstance_n i_o shall_v not_o lay_v much_o weight_n upon_o it_o yet_o i_o remember_v that_o the_o include_v fish_n continue_v long_o enough_o alive_a to_o make_v i_o shrewd_o suspect_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o vulgar_a tradition_n another_o time_n be_v destitute_a of_o the_o conveniency_n of_o such_o glass_n i_o cause_v some_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n of_o fish_n to_o be_v put_v into_o a_o broad_a and_o flat_a earthen_a vessel_n with_o not_o much_o more_o water_n then_o suffice_v perfect_o to_o cover_v they_o and_o have_v expose_v they_o all_o night_n to_o a_o very_a intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a i_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o some_o hour_n after_o day_n they_o be_v alive_a and_o seem_v not_o to_o have_v be_v much_o prejudice_v by_o the_o cold_a or_o exclusion_n of_o air._n it_o be_v true_a that_o there_o be_v a_o very_a large_a movable_a bubble_n under_o the_o ice_n but_o that_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v generate_v by_o the_o air_n or_o some_o analogous_n substance_n emit_v out_o of_o the_o gills_o or_o body_n of_o the_o fish_n themselves_o for_o that_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v exact_o freeze_v over_o which_o do_v not_o in_o such_o trial_n happen_v so_o often_o as_o one_o will_v think_v i_o find_v by_o be_v able_a to_o hold_v the_o vessel_n quite_o invert_v without_o lose_v one_o drop_n of_o water_n and_o that_o this_o large_a bubble_n may_v possible_o proceed_v from_o the_o fish_n themselves_o i_o be_v induce_v to_o suspect_v because_o have_v at_o different_a season_n of_o the_o year_n for_o divers_a purpose_n keep_v several_a sort_n of_o fish_n and_o particular_o gudgeon_n for_o many_o day_n in_o glass_n vessel_n to_o satisfy_v myself_o about_o some_o phaenomena_n i_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o observe_v i_o have_v often_o by_o watch_v they_o see_v they_o lift_v up_o their_o mouth_n above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n and_o seem_v to_o gape_v and_o take_v in_o air_n and_o afterward_o let_v go_v under_o water_n out_o of_o their_o mouth_n and_o gills_o divers_a bubble_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v portion_n of_o the_o air_n they_o have_v take_v in_o perhaps_o a_o little_a alter_v in_o their_o body_n and_o particular_o in_o lamprey_n of_o which_o odd_a sort_n of_o fish_n i_o elsewhere_o make_v mention_n i_o have_v with_o pleasure_n both_o observe_v and_o show_v to_o ingenious_a man_n that_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o water_n into_o the_o air_n and_o then_o hold_v under_o water_n again_o they_o very_o manifest_o appear_v to_o squeeze_v out_o and_o that_o not_o without_o some_o force_n at_o those_o several_a little_a hole_n which_o be_v common_o mistake_v for_o their_o eye_n numerous_a and_o conspicuous_a bubble_n of_o air_n which_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v take_v in_o at_o their_o mouth_n if_o not_o also_o at_o those_o hole_n but_o of_o these_o matter_n a_o fit_a occasion_n may_v perhaps_o invite_v i_o to_o say_v more_o to_o return_v now_o to_o our_o gudgeon_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o further_o what_o cold_a and_o want_n of_o air_n they_o may_v be_v bring_v to_o support_v i_o expose_v a_o couple_n of_o they_o in_o a_o basin_n to_o a_o exceed_o bitter_a night_n and_o though_o the_o next_o day_n i_o find_v the_o ice_n freeze_v in_o the_o vessel_n to_o a_o great_a thickness_n and_o one_o of_o the_o fish_n freeze_v up_o in_o it_o there_o remain_v a_o little_a water_n unfrozen_a the_o other_o fish_n appear_v through_o the_o ice_n to_o move_v to_o and_o fro_o and_o the_o ice_n be_v afterward_o partly_o thaw_v and_o partly_o break_v not_o only_o that_o fish_n be_v find_v lively_a enough_o but_o the_o other_o which_o i_o alone_o judge_v not_o to_o be_v quite_o dead_a though_o when_o the_o ice_n be_v break_v it_o lay_v moveless_a do_v in_o a_o few_o minute_n so_o far_o recover_v as_o to_o tow_v after_o it_o if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v a_o good_a piece_n into_o which_o his_o tail_n remain_v yet_o insert_v and_o though_o one_o of_o these_o and_o some_o other_o gudgeon_n that_o have_v be_v already_o weaken_v by_o long_a keep_n be_v once_o more_o expose_v in_o the_o basin_n to_o the_o frost_n and_o suffer_v to_o lie_v there_o till_o they_o be_v freeze_v up_o yet_o the_o ice_n be_v break_v in_o which_o they_o be_v enclose_v though_o their_o body_n be_v stiff_a and_o crooked_a and_o seem_v to_o be_v stark_o dead_a lie_v in_o the_o water_n with_o their_o belly_n upward_o yet_o one_o of_o they_o quick_o recover_v and_o the_o other_o not_o very_o long_o after_o begin_v to_o show_v manifest_a sign_n of_o life_n though_o he_o can_v not_o in_o many_o hour_n after_o so_o far_o recover_v as_o to_o swim_v with_o his_o back_n upward_o it_o be_v true_a that_o these_o fish_n do_v not_o long_o survive_v but_o of_o that_o two_o or_o three_o not_o improbable_a reason_n may_v be_v give_v if_o it_o be_v worth_a while_n to_o name_n here_o any_o other_o than_o this_o that_o the_o ice_n they_o have_v be_v freeze_v up_o in_o or_o the_o violence_n that_o be_v offer_v they_o by_o the_o fragment_n of_o it_o when_o it_o be_v break_v have_v wound_v they_o as_o be_v manifest_a enough_o by_o some_o hurt_n that_o appear_v upon_o their_o body_n yet_o some_o other_o gudgeon_n be_v irrecoverable_o freeze_v to_o death_n by_o be_v keep_v enclose_v in_o ice_n during_o if_o i_o misremember_v not_o the_o time_n three_o day_n and_o as_o for_o other_o animal_n i_o cause_v a_o couple_n of_o frog_n to_o be_v artificial_o freeze_v in_o a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n furnish_v with_o a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o water_n but_o though_o they_o seem_v at_o first_o enclose_v in_o ice_n yet_o look_v near_o i_o find_v that_o about_o each_o of_o they_o there_o remain_v a_o little_a turbid_v liquor_n unfrozen_a as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v keep_v so_o by_o some_o expiration_n from_o their_o body_n wherefore_o cause_v either_o the_o same_o or_o two_o other_o for_o i_o do_v not_o punctual_o remember_v that_o circumstance_n to_o be_v careful_o freeze_v and_o for_o a_o considerable_a while_n i_o find_v that_o notwithstanding_o the_o ice_n into_o which_o most_o part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v reduce_v not_o only_o one_o of_o they_o before_o the_o ice_n be_v break_v appear_v to_o be_v perfect_o alive_a but_o the_o other_o that_o be_v moveless_a and_o stiff_a and_o lie_v with_o the_o belly_n upward_o in_o a_o basin_n of_o cold_a water_n whereinto_o it_o be_v cast_v do_v in_o a_o very_a few_o minute_n begin_v to_o swim_v about_o in_o it_o i_o
to_o the_o low_a part_n of_o it_o among_o other_o particle_n of_o the_o liquor_n that_o remain_v uncongeal_v yet_o perhaps_o it_o be_v not_o amiss_o to_o try_v whether_o in_o very_o large_a though_o not_o deep_a vessel_n this_o experiment_n especial_o promote_v by_o some_o expedient_n that_o practice_n may_v suggest_v may_v not_o in_o some_o season_n and_o place_n be_v bring_v to_o be_v of_o some_o advantage_n while_o i_o be_v endeavour_v by_o some_o of_o the_o above_o recite_v experiment_n to_o make_v some_o separation_n in_o liquor_n by_o congelation_n i_o think_v fit_a to_o try_v by_o the_o same_o mean_n what_o separation_n i_o can_v make_v in_o some_o body_n betwixt_o liquor_n and_o those_o more_o stable_a part_n among_o which_o they_o be_v engage_v hope_v upon_o consideration_n which_o it_o be_v too_o long_o to_o enumerate_v that_o if_o such_o attempt_n shall_v succeed_v they_o may_v afford_v hint_n of_o a_o luciferous_a nature_n i_o take_v then_o divers_a vegetable_a substance_n 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free_o communicate_v a_o experiment_n menon_v philosophy_n long_o after_o in_o other_o paper_n of_o freeze_a the_o eye_n of_o ox_n and_o other_o animal_n whereby_o the_o soft_a and_o the_o fluid_a humour_n of_o that_o admirable_a organ_n may_v be_v so_o harden_v as_o to_o become_v tractable_a even_o to_o unskilful_a dissector_n so_o i_o do_v on_o this_o occasion_n apply_v that_o experiment_n to_o the_o brain_n of_o animal_n which_o though_o too_o soft_a to_o be_v easy_o dissect_v especial_o by_o those_o that_o be_v not_o dexterous_a may_v by_o congelation_n be_v make_v very_o manageable_a by_o they_o and_o beside_o that_o in_o dissect_v the_o harden_a brain_n it_o sometime_o seem_v that_o the_o knife_n do_v cut_v through_o multitude_n of_o icy_a corpuscle_n as_o when_o one_o cut_v a_o freeze_a apple_n the_o substance_n of_o the_o brain_n seem_v also_o to_o the_o eye_n to_o be_v stuff_v with_o they_o and_o the_o ventricles_n of_o it_o do_v at_o least_o conspicuous_o harbour_v piece_n 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put_v into_o cold_a water_n be_v observe_v to_o be_v upon_o its_o thaw_v case_v with_o ice_n as_o freeze_a egg_n and_o apple_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v because_o have_v forget_v to_o make_v the_o experiment_n above_o once_o i_o dare_v not_o much_o rely_v on_o it_o but_o whereas_o we_o have_v former_o observe_v that_o congelation_n do_v most_o common_o spoil_v or_o at_o least_o impair_a egg_n and_o apple_n and_o flesh_n and_o many_o other_o body_n i_o think_v it_o may_v not_o be_v unworthy_a to_o be_v consider_v how_o far_o and_o in_o what_o case_n we_o may_v give_v a_o mechanical_a account_n of_o this_o phaenomenon_n for_o though_o the_o immersion_n of_o freeze_a body_n in_o cold_a water_n be_v allow_v to_o thaw_v they_o with_o less_o prejudice_n then_o if_o they_o be_v thaw_v hasty_o by_o the_o sire_n or_o suffer_v to_o thaw_v themselves_o in_o the_o air_n yet_o there_o have_v be_v complaint_n make_v that_o notwithstanding_o this_o expedient_a several_a body_n have_v be_v much_o the_o 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more_o stable_a part_n in_o who_o cavity_n they_o be_v harbour_v and_o thereby_o so_o vitiate_v their_o texture_n as_o to_o impair_v some_o of_o their_o quality_n and_o dispose_v the_o compositum_fw-la to_o corruption_n how_o much_o contusion_n may_v prejudice_v tender_a body_n and_o accelerate_v putrefaction_n be_v evident_a in_o many_o fruit_n especial_o the_o more_o tender_a one_o which_o have_v be_v bruise_v quick_o begin_v to_o rot_v in_o those_o part_n that_o have_v be_v injure_v and_o it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o what_o have_v be_v former_o show_v to_o conceive_v that_o in_o congelation_n there_o seem_v to_o happen_v a_o almost_o innumerable_a multitude_n of_o little_a contusion_n make_v by_o the_o fluid_a part_n harden_v and_o expanded_a by_o frost_n of_o the_o former_o more_o stable_a part_n every_o where_o intercept_v between_o they_o and_o though_o these_o icy_a corpusce_n be_v but_o small_a yet_o the_o side_n of_o that_o stable_a matter_n that_o separate_v they_o and_o which_o they_o endeavour_v to_o stretch_v or_o crush_v be_v oftentimes_o proportionable_o thin_a and_o we_o have_v former_o note_v that_o beside_o that_o egg_n will_v be_v burst_v by_o have_v their_o alimental_a juice_n freeze_v both_o shingles_n and_o stone_n themselves_o may_v have_v their_o texture_n spoil_v by_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o mineral_n sap_n that_o be_v in_o exceed_a minute_n and_o insensible_a particle_n disperse_v through_o those_o body_n and_o the_o violation_n of_o the_o texture_n of_o plant_n herb_n and_o animal_n by_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o aqueous_a and_o juicy_a particle_n which_o though_o they_o be_v not_o congregat_v do_v abound_v in_o they_o will_v be_v the_o less_o wonder_v at_o if_o it_o be_v remember_v that_o our_o former_a trial_n manifest_v that_o a_o few_o ounce_n of_o water_n congeal_v do_v not_o only_o burst_v glass_n and_o pewter_n vessel_n but_o even_o the_o iron_n barrel_n of_o a_o gun_n while_o i_o be_v upon_o these_o trial_n i_o have_v also_o a_o curiosity_n to_o know_v whether_o by_o freeze_a animal_n to_o death_n i_o can_v discover_v any_o such_o change_n in_o the_o quality_n or_o structure_n of_o their_o part_n as_o may_v help_v we_o to_o discover_v by_o what_o mean_v it_o be_v that_o excessive_a cold_n kill_v man_n in_o northern_a country_n since_o such_o a_o discovery_n may_v probable_o be_v of_o good_a use_n to_o the_o people_n that_o live_v in_o those_o gelid_a region_n but_o have_v take_v a_o young_a rabbit_n as_o the_o tender_a and_o fit_a beast_n i_o can_v then_o procure_v for_o such_o a_o trial_n and_o have_v expose_v he_o all_o night_n to_o a_o extraordinary_o bitter_a frost_n without_o find_v he_o otherwise_o mischief_v by_o it_o then_o that_o one_o of_o his_o leg_n be_v swell_v and_o grow_v stiff_o i_o be_v more_o incline_v to_o resign_v over_o to_o other_o then_o to_o repeat_v myself_o what_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o ill_a nature_a experiment_n though_o perhaps_o it_o may_v have_v much_o less_o of_o cruelty_n than_o one_o will_v think_v since_o some_o of_o our_o former_a observation_n have_v make_v it_o probable_a that_o oftentimes_o the_o extinction_n of_o life_n by_o cold_a be_v a_o more_o indolent_a kind_n of_o death_n than_o almost_o any_o other_o but_o in_o a_o rabbit_n purposely_o strangle_v and_o present_o expose_v entire_a to_o a_o bitter_a cold_a we_o find_v ice_n produce_v in_o such_o part_n as_o will_v have_v make_v we_o prosecute_v the_o trial_n have_v the_o want_n of_o such_o animal_n and_o of_o leisure_n not_o hinder_v we_o it_o be_v affirm_v by_o divers_a eminent_a writer_n and_o those_o modern_a one_o too_o that_o water_n impregnate_v with_o the_o saline_a part_n of_o plant_n and_o afterward_o freeze_v will_v exhibit_v in_o the_o ice_n the_o shape_n of_o the_o same_o plant_n and_o the_o learned_a but_o i_o fear_v too_o credulous_a gaffarel_n tell_v we_o that_o this_o be_v no_o rarity_n be_v daily_o show_v by_o one_o mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr la_fw-fr clavae_n but_o to_o what_o we_o have_v already_o publish_v in_o another_o treatise_n experiment_n to_o show_v that_o this_o experiment_n as_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v deliver_v be_v either_o untrue_a or_o very_o contingent_a we_o shall_v need_v but_o to_o add_v that_o since_o the_o experiment_n there_o mention_v we_o do_v again_o late_o try_v what_o can_v be_v do_v with_o decoction_n that_o be_v rich_o imbue_v and_o high_o tinge_v with_o the_o spirituous_a part_n of_o the_o vegetable_n but_o this_o ice_n be_v by_o no_o mean_n so_o figure_v as_o the_o patron_n of_o the_o tradition_n promise_n and_o i_o remember_v that_o have_v also_o make_v for_o curiosity_n sake_n a_o lixivium_n with_o 16._o part_n of_o water_n and_o but_o one_o of_o salt_n of_o potash_n that_o the_o mixture_n may_v be_v sure_a to_o freeze_v and_o have_v expose_v the_o liquor_n in_o a_o thin_a glass_n vial_n to_o a_o exceed_a cold_a air_n we_o find_v the_o copious_a ice_n produce_v to_o lie_v on_o the_o top_n in_o little_a stick_n not_o unlike_o those_o prismatical_a body_n wherein_o salt-petre_a be_v wont_n to_o roch_fw-fr and_o those_o part_n of_o this_o ice_n that_o be_v beneath_o the_o water_n be_v shoot_v in_o thin_a parallel_n plate_n exceed_v numerous_a but_o as_o one_o of_o our_o note_n express_o inform_v we_o no_o way_n in_o the_o shape_n of_o tree_n by_o who_o incineration_n nevertheless_o polonian_a potash_n as_o eye_n witness_n that_o deal_n in_o they_o inform_v i_o be_v make_v long_o after_o the_o make_n of_o the_o new_o recite_v experiment_n i_o chance_v to_o find_v that_o the_o learned_a bartholinus_n in_o the_o treatise_n we_o have_v often_o have_v occasion_n to_o take_v notice_n of_o say_z that_o the_o water_n wherein_o 17._o cabbage_n have_v be_v decoct_v will_n when_o freeze_v represent_v a_o cabbage_n the_o vegetable_a spirit_n be_v as_o he_o suppose_v concentrate_v by_o the_o cold_a how_o well_o this_o experiment_n may_v succeed_v when_o make_v in_o a_o cold_a country_n like_o he_o i_o do_v not_o know_v but_o not_o have_v myself_o when_o i_o first_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o the_o opportunity_n to_o try_v it_o satisfactory_o by_o help_n of_o a_o frosty_a night_n all_o i_o can_v do_v be_v to_o take_v a_o good_a decoction_n of_o cabbage_n and_o filtrate_a it_o through_o cap_n paper_n that_o it_o may_v be_v though_o yellow_a yet_o clear_a and_o then_o by_o the_o circumposition_n of_o our_o frigorifick_a mixture_n we_o freeze_v this_o liquor_n in_o a_o thin_a glass_n vial_n but_o the_o ice_n do_v not_o either_o to_o i_o or_o other_o appear_v to_o have_v any_o thing_n in_o it_o like_o a_o cabbage_n or_o remarkable_o differ_v from_o other_o ice_n and_o be_v afterward_o befriend_v with_o two_o or_o three_o frosty_a night_n we_o expose_v a_o decoction_n of_o cabbage_n to_o be_v congeal_v by_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n alone_o without_o the_o help_n of_o art_n but_o neither_o this_o way_n do_v the_o experiment_n succeed_v well_o and_o though_o once_o a_o few_o ounce_n of_o the_o 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possible_a cause_n of_o cold_a in_o those_o place_n that_o be_v near_o the_o pole_n or_o where_o the_o obliquity_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v great_a 4._o how_o water_n may_v be_v congeal_v by_o 7._o cold_a may_v be_v explain_v in_o this_o manner_n let_v a._n in_o the_o first_o figure_n represent_v the_o sun_n and_o b._n the_o earth_n a._n will_v therefore_o be_v much_o great_a than_o b._n let_v e._n f._n be_v in_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o aequinoctial_a to_o which_o let_v g._n h._n i._o k._n and_o l._n c._n be_v parallel_n last_o let_v c._n and_o d._n be_v the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o air_n therefore_o by_o its_o action_n in_o those_o parallel_n will_v rake_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o that_o with_o a_o motion_n so_o much_o the_o strong_a by_o how_o much_o the_o parallel_a circle_n towards_o the_o pole_n grow_v less_o and_o less_o from_o whence_o must_v arise_v a_o wind_n which_o will_v force_v together_o the_o uppermost_a part_n of_o the_o water_n and_o withal_o 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cochanele_o be_v boil_v in_o water_n to_o a_o very_a high_a tincture_n and_o freeze_a and_o to_o twice_o four_o ounce_n of_o this_o decoction_n be_v add_v in_o one_o glass_n a_o little_a spoonful_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o in_o another_o as_o much_o sea_n salt-water_n all_o these_o be_v freeze_v throughout_o and_o every_o part_n of_o this_o ice_n seem_v to_o i_o of_o a_o equal_a colour_n though_o the_o edge_n as_o thin_a and_o near_o the_o light_n appear_v of_o a_o bright_a colour_n as_o they_o do_v unfrozen_a but_o the_o glass_n be_v break_v show_v no_o discernible_a difference_n in_o any_o of_o they_o neither_o as_o to_o colour_n nor_o taste_v the_o like_a trial_n be_v make_v with_o mad_v weed_n and_o indigo_n and_o the_o success_n be_v the_o same_o second_o i_o expose_v a_o pint_n porringer_n full_a of_o the_o decoction_n of_o soot_n which_o the_o air_n relax_v do_v only_o freeze_v a_o inch_n thick_a this_o continue_a above_o a_o week_n consistent_a in_o a_o thaw_v season_n 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regard_v they_o be_v far_o less_o commodious_a then_o either_o a_o watch_n or_o clock_n beside_o that_o in_o many_o case_n a_o skilful_a nature_n alist_n will_v by_o a_o variety_n and_o collation_n of_o experiment_n make_v the_o same_o discovery_n and_o perform_v the_o same_o thing_n for_o which_o other_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v behold_v to_o instrument_n and_o perhaps_o do_v many_o thing_n without_o they_o that_o have_v never_o be_v do_v with_o they_o and_o since_o necessity_n be_v proverbial_o allow_v to_o be_v the_o mother_n of_o invention_n even_o in_o tradesman_n and_o vulgar_a head_n why_o shall_v we_o doubt_v but_o that_o the_o rich_a and_o inventive_a intellect_n of_o a_o philosopher_n may_v in_o case_n of_o necestity_n turn_v itself_o and_o contrive_v the_o thing_n it_o can_v dispose_v of_o into_o so_o many_o differ_a form_n that_o it_o will_v often_o make_v its_o own_o sagacity_n and_o industry_n supply_v the_o want_n of_o exact_a tool_n and_o instrument_n and_o these_o 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often_o impute_v that_o to_o 〈◊〉_d whereof_o the_o cause_n be_v in_o ourselves_o and_o if_o this_o change_n in_o ourselves_o be_v wrought_v by_o unsuspected_a agent_n or_o by_o insensible_a degree_n we_o do_v not_o easy_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o thus_o though_o in_o summer_n divers_a cellar_n that_o be_v not_o deep_a be_v perhaps_o no_o cold_a than_o the_o external_n air_n be_v when_o it_o be_v judge_v but_o temperate_a in_o winter_n or_o the_o spring_n yet_o it_o will_v seem_v very_o cold_a to_o we_o that_o bring_v into_o it_o body_n heat_v by_o the_o summer_n sun_n and_o accustom_v to_o a_o warm_a air_n nay_o cold_a do_v so_o much_o depend_v upon_o the_o degree_n of_o agitation_n in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o object_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o sentient_a that_o even_o when_o we_o may_v think_v the_o sensory_a unaltered_a it_o may_v judge_v a_o object_n to_o have_v a_o degree_n of_o coldness_n which_o indeed_o it_o have_v not_o as_o i_o remember_v that_o to_o satisfy_v some_o friend_n that_o it_o be_v not_o every_o wind_n which_o feel_v cold_a to_o we_o that_o be_v real_o more_o cold_a than_o the_o still_a air_n i_o have_v sometime_o show_v that_o even_o in_o nice_a weather-glass_n air_n blow_v out_o of_o a_o pair_n of_o bellows_n do_v not_o appear_v to_o have_v acquire_v any_o coldness_n by_o be_v turn_v into_o wind_n though_o if_o it_o be_v blow_v against_o the_o hand_n or_o face_n it_o will_v produce_v a_o new_a and_o manifest_a sense_n of_o cold_a of_o which_o the_o reason_n seem_v to_o be_v that_o though_o the_o organ_n in_o general_n seem_v not_o to_o be_v alter_v yet_o the_o wind_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o motion_n be_v able_a not_o only_o to_o drive_v away_o the_o part_n of_o the_o air_n contiguous_a to_o the_o hand_n or_o face_n and_o the_o warm_a steam_n of_o the_o body_n which_o temper_v its_o coldness_n but_o to_o pierce_v deep_a than_o the_o calm_a air_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v into_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o skin_n where_o by_o comparison_n to_o the_o more_o inward_a and_o hot_a part_n of_o the_o sensory_a it_o must_v needs_o appear_v less_o agitate_a and_o consequent_o cold_a beside_o that_o sometime_o we_o may_v meet_v with_o certain_a steam_n in_o the_o air_n that_o have_v in_o reference_n to_o the_o blood_n and_o spirit_n of_o humane_a body_n though_o not_o perhaps_o to_o divers_a other_o liquor_n a_o certain_a hide_a power_n of_o chill_a as_o opium_n even_o in_o outward_a application_n for_o in_o such_o way_n i_o have_v know_v a_o great_a chirurgeon_n much_o use_v it_o and_o high_o extol_v it_o strike_v a_o coldness_n into_o the_o body_n by_o the_o subtle_a effluvium_n that_o insinuate_v themselves_o at_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o skin_n and_o perhaps_o too_o that_o coldness_n be_v ascribe_v to_o external_n body_n which_o be_v produce_v in_o we_o by_o some_o frigorifick_a vapour_n or_o other_o distemper_n which_o be_v too_o slight_a to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o as_o a_o disease_n may_v yet_o be_v of_o kin_n to_o those_o agent_n that_o produce_v what_o physician_n call_v horror_n and_o rigour_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o fever_n and_o some_o other_o distemper_n or_o produce_v that_o strange_a and_o universal_a coldness_n of_o the_o external_a part_n which_o be_v frequent_o enough_o observe_v among_o other_o symptom_n in_o hysterical_a woman_n moreover_o body_n may_v often_o appear_v cold_a to_o we_o then_o to_o a_o weatherglass_n because_o our_o sensory_n be_v more_o affect_v by_o the_o density_n and_o penetrancy_n of_o the_o part_n this_o may_v seem_v somewhat_o strange_a but_o be_v suitable_a enough_o to_o some_o of_o my_o conjecture_n about_o cold_a i_o have_v often_o make_v trial_n with_o very_a nice_a weather-glass_n that_o have_v assure_v i_o that_o at_o least_o ofttimes_o when_o water_n seem_v to_o be_v cold_a enough_o to_o our_o touch_n it_o appear_v not_o to_o be_v cold_a to_o the_o weatherglass_n than_o the_o ambient_fw-la air._n these_o trial_n i_o have_v sometime_o make_v with_o seal_a 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shall_v annex_v these_o that_o follow_v as_o i_o find_v they_o enter_v because_o they_o be_v not_o perhaps_o destitute_a of_o hint_n improvable_a by_o further_a prosecution_n june_n 26._o between_o two_o and_o four_o in_o the_o afternoon_n the_o wether_n moderate_a for_o the_o season_n i_o take_v a_o thin_a white_a glass-egge_n blow_v at_o a_o lamp_n about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o walnut_n with_o a_o stem_n come_v out_o of_o it_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o large_a pigeon_n quill_n four_o or_o five_o inch_n long_o and_o open_a at_o the_o top_n this_o slender_a pipe_n be_v dip_v in_o water_n admit_v into_o its_o cavity_n a_o little_o cylinder_n of_o water_n of_o half_a a_o inch_n long_a or_o somewhat_o more_o which_o the_o glass_n be_v erect_v subside_v by_o its_o own_o weight_n or_o the_o temper_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o egg_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o outward_a air_n till_o it_o fall_v to_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o pipe_n where_o it_o come_v out_o of_o the_o egg_n and_o thereabouts_o it_o will_v rest_v now_o if_o take_v this_o glass_n by_o the_o top_n betwixt_o my_o thumb_n and_o forefinger_n i_o depress_v the_o egg_n under_o the_o surface_n of_o a_o basin_n of_o fair_a water_n cool_v enough_o to_o the_o touch_n the_o little_a aqueous_a cylinder_n that_o part_v betwixt_o the_o air_n in_o the_o egg_n and_o the_o external_a will_v instead_o of_o be_v make_v to_o subside_n by_o the_o egg_n immersion_n into_o the_o cold_a water_n present_o rise_v up_o from_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o pipe_n till_o it_o reach_v about_o the_o middle_n of_o it_o though_o the_o glass_n be_v in_o this_o and_o the_o follow_a trial_n hold_v erect_v and_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o water_n into_o the_o air_n the_o water_n will_v again_o subside_o whether_o i_o hold_v the_o glass_n or_o let_v it_o rest_v upon_o the_o board_n or_o a_o linen_n carpet_n that_o cover_v the_o table_n on_o which_o the_o trial_n be_v make_v and_o this_o i_o do_v several_a time_n as_o well_o with_o as_o without_o witness_n i_o try_v also_o that_o if_o instead_o of_o water_n i_o make_v use_v of_o quicksilver_n though_o not_o big_a enough_o to_o cover_v the_o egg_n much_o above_o half_a way_n and_o in_o the_o rest_n proceed_v as_o above_o the_o cold_a quicksilver_n will_v present_o make_v the_o aqueous_a cylinder_n hasty_o ascend_v near_o three_o inch_n sometime_o almost_o and_o sometime_o quite_o to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o slender_a pipe_n whence_o the_o water_n will_v again_o quick_o subside_o when_o the_o glass_n be_v take_v out_o into_o the_o free_a air_n or_o set_v to_o rest_v upright_o as_o before_o beside_o have_v set_v the_o vessel_n of_o quicksilver_n and_o the_o basin_n of_o water_n very_o near_a one_o another_o i_o do_v at_o least_o upon_o three_o or_o four_o several_a trial_n find_v as_o i_o expect_v that_o when_o by_o immerse_v the_o egg_n in_o water_n the_o pendulous_a cylinder_n be_v raise_v so_o high_a that_o it_o do_v no_o 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immersion_n of_o the_o glass_n into_o water_n not_o only_o a_o while_n before_o noon_n but_o a_o hour_n or_o two_o after_o dinner_n and_o at_o distant_a hour_n afterward_o though_o the_o descent_n of_o the_o pendulous_a water_n be_v neither_o so_o quick_a nor_o so_o considerable_a as_o it_o have_v be_v former_o in_o the_o morning_n june_n 27._o in_o the_o morning_n a_o small_a cylinder_n of_o water_n pendulous_a in_o the_o above_o mention_v glass_n upon_o the_o immersion_n of_o the_o egg_n in_o a_o basin_n of_o water_n will_v immediate_o and_o very_o considerable_o subside_o whereas_o the_o same_o glass_n be_v immerse_v in_o the_o vessel_n of_o quicksilver_n former_o mention_v 〈◊〉_d present_o ascend_v both_o part_n of_o this_o experiment_n we_o several_a time_n try_v and_o the_o reason_n be_v suspect_v to_o be_v that_o the_o quicksilver_n have_v stay_v all_o night_n in_o my_o chamber_n which_o be_v somewhat_o warm_a whereas_o the_o water_n be_v bring_v up_o that_o morning_n and_o to_o the_o touch_n seem_v cold_a than_o the_o quicksilver_n and_o a_o while_n after_o dinner_n the_o same_o water_n have_v be_v still_o keep_v in_o the_o room_n we_o divers_a time_n find_v that_o as_o well_o that_o as_o the_o quicksilver_n do_v immediate_o upon_o immersion_n impel_v up_o the_o pendulous_a water_n in_o the_o slender_a pipe_n another_o time_n in_o frosty_a weather_n and_o about_o the_o begin_n of_o january_n we_o do_v with_o such_o a_o glass_n as_o have_v be_v already_o several_a time_n mention_v take_v somedrop_n of_o water_n out_o of_o a_o vessel_n wherein_o that_o liquor_n have_v for_o a_o good_a while_n be_v keep_v that_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v as_o near_o as_o we_o can_v to_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n then_o 〈◊〉_d the_o suspend_v water_n to_o continue_v a_o convenient_a while_n in_o the_o long_a and_o slender_a stem_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n that_o the_o internal_a air_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o temper_n of_o the_o external_a we_o 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be_v upon_o these_o new_a immersion_n impel_v up_o near_o if_o not_o full_a as_o high_a again_o as_o when_o we_o have_v immerse_v it_o only_o in_o the_o shallow_a vessel_n and_o take_v it_o out_o of_o this_o deep_a glass_n we_o find_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a air_n to_o reduce_v it_o to_o its_o former_a humble_a station_n thus_o far_o the_o note_n i_o have_v yet_o be_v able_a to_o recover_v and_o though_o as_o i_o say_v i_o dare_v not_o build_v very_o much_o upon_o they_o yet_o by_o small_a seal_a weather-glass_n i_o find_v enough_o to_o invite_v i_o to_o suspect_v that_o of_o the_o degree_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a in_o the_o air_n we_o may_v receive_v differ_v information_n when_o we_o employ_v only_o our_o organ_n of_o touch_v and_o when_o we_o make_v use_v of_o fit_a instrument_n i_o shall_v add_v on_o this_o occasion_n that_o not_o only_o water_v itself_o but_o moist_a vapour_n abound_v in_o the_o air_n may_v make_v we_o think_v it_o cold_a than_o the_o weatherglass_n discover_v it_o to_o be_v for_o though_o it_o be_v general_o take_v for_o grant_v that_o the_o thermometer_n do_v only_o more_o exact_o measure_n or_o determine_v the_o effect_n which_o cold_a have_v both_o upon_o it_o and_o upon_o our_o sensory_n yet_o i_o have_v long_o suspect_v that_o there_o be_v somewhat_o else_o in_o the_o case_n and_o i_o have_v observe_v that_o sometime_o the_o weather_n seem_v more_o or_o less_o cold_a to_o i_o then_o that_o which_o precede_v when_o the_o contrary_a appear_v in_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o that_o when_o upon_o consideration_n of_o the_o whole_a matter_n that_o difference_n do_v not_o appear_v to_o depend_v upon_o those_o circumstance_n of_o exercise_n or_o rest_v or_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n i_o come_v out_o of_o or_o any_o of_o those_o other_o thing_n to_o which_o a_o considerate_a man_n that_o go_v upon_o no_o better_a than_o the_o common_a opinion_n about_o weather-glass_n will_v be_v apt_a to_o impute_v to_o that_o phaenomenon_n and_o i_o be_v the_o less_o dispose_v to_o think_v myself_o mistake_v because_o have_v purposely_o inquire_v of_o other_o in_o the_o same_o house_n who_o be_v not_o tell_v what_o information_n the_o weatherglass_n give_v they_o agree_v with_o i_o in_o the_o sense_n i_o have_v of_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o wether_n and_o have_v since_o as_o occasion_v serve_v communicate_v my_o observation_n and_o suspicion_n to_o divers_a ingenious_a man_n i_o have_v be_v by_o their_o recenter_n observation_n confirm_v that_o what_o i_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o be_v not_o the_o effect_n of_o any_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d from_o which_o and_o other_o particular_n that_o we_o may_v have_v elsewhere_o opportunity_n to_o mention_v we_o may_v plausible_o enough_o infer_v that_o it_o be_v not_o amiss_o not_o only_o to_o take_v notice_n when_o we_o have_v opportunity_n of_o the_o sense_n that_o be_v express_v of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a by_o bird_n and_o other_o animal_n who_o diet_n be_v more_o simple_a and_o regular_a than_o we_o and_o who_o perception_n be_v common_o more_o delicate_a and_o less_o divert_v but_o especial_o to_o examine_v the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n and_o other_o body_n as_o well_o by_o experiment_n and_o instrument_n as_o by_o the_o touch_n and_o on_o this_o occasion_n i_o must_v not_o pretermit_v that_o memorable_a account_n that_o be_v give_v we_o by_o martinius_n in_o that_o noble_a piece_n of_o geography_n which_o he_o call_v atlas_n chinensis_n where_o speak_v of_o the_o air_n of_o that_o populous_a country_n he_o have_v this_o singular_a passage_n ad_fw-la caeli_fw-la say_v he_o solique_fw-la temperiem_fw-la quod_fw-la attinet_fw-la 28._o majus_fw-la in_o hac_fw-la provinciâ_fw-la frigus_fw-la est_fw-la quam_fw-la illius_fw-la poscat_fw-la poli_fw-fr altitudo_fw-la vix_fw-la enim_fw-la illa_fw-la excedit_fw-la gradum_fw-la secundum_fw-la supra_fw-la quadragesimum_fw-la &_o tamen_fw-la per_fw-la integros_fw-la quatuor_fw-la saepe_fw-la menses_fw-la flumina_fw-la omne_fw-la adeò_fw-la durè_fw-la concrescunt_fw-la gelu_fw-la ut_fw-la currus_fw-la equosque_fw-la 〈◊〉_d gravissima_fw-la etiam_fw-la onera_fw-la glacies_fw-la ferat_fw-la innoxiè_fw-la acsecurissimè_fw-la transeant_fw-la ex_fw-la iis_fw-la ingentia_fw-la etiam_fw-la glaciei_fw-la frusta_fw-la exscinduntur_fw-la quae_fw-la in_o futuram_fw-la aestatem_fw-la ad_fw-la delicias_fw-la servant_n his_o 〈◊〉_d omnes_fw-la nave_n ita_fw-la in_o ipsâ_fw-la glacie_n defixae_fw-la sunt_fw-la ut_fw-la progredi_fw-la nequeant_fw-la ubicunque_fw-la illas_fw-la frigus_fw-la occupo_fw-la quod_fw-la certo_fw-la certius_fw-la circa_fw-la medium_n novembris_fw-la ingruere_fw-la solet_fw-la per_fw-la quatuor_fw-la illos_fw-la menses_fw-la immotae_fw-la ibi_fw-la perstare_fw-la coguntur_fw-la neque_fw-la enim_fw-la resolvitur_fw-la glacies_fw-la ante_fw-la martii_fw-la initium_fw-la haec_fw-la plerumque_fw-la glaciei_fw-la concretio_fw-la uno_fw-la fit_a die_v cum_fw-la non_fw-la nisi_fw-la pluribus_fw-la fiat_fw-la liquefactio_fw-la to_o which_o he_o add_v what_o make_v most_o to_o our_o present_a purpose_n 〈◊〉_d illud_fw-la mirum_fw-la tantum_fw-la non_fw-la videri_fw-la aut_fw-la sentiri_fw-la illud_fw-la frigus_fw-la ut_fw-la europeos_n ad_fw-la hypocausta_fw-la subeunda_fw-la videatur_fw-la posse_fw-la cogere_fw-la aut_fw-la in_o europâ_fw-la ad_fw-la glaciem_fw-la producendam_fw-la 〈◊〉_d unde_fw-la ad_fw-la subterraneas_fw-la illic_fw-la exhalationes_fw-la pro_fw-la harum_fw-la rerum_fw-la causis_fw-la indagandis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d recurrendum_fw-la est_fw-la etc._n etc._n but_o all_o that_o i_o have_v be_v imply_v of_o the_o necessity_n and_o usefulness_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v no_o way_n inconsistent_a with_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o our_o former_o propose_a paradox_n namely_o that_o we_o be_v not_o rash_o to_o rely_v upon_o the_o information_n even_o of_o common_a weather-glass_n themselves_o for_o though_o they_o be_v a_o excellent_a invention_n and_o their_o information_n in_o many_o case_n preferable_a to_o those_o of_o our_o sense_n because_o those_o dead_a engine_n be_v not_o in_o such_o case_n obnoxious_a to_o the_o same_o cause_n of_o uncertainty_n
with_o our_o live_a body_n yet_o i_o fear_v they_o have_v too_o much_o ascribe_v to_o they_o when_o they_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o such_o exact_a instrument_n to_o measure_v heat_n and_o cold_a by_o that_o we_o neither_o can_v have_v nor_o need_n desire_v any_o better_o for_o not_o yet_o to_o mention_v some_o inconvenience_n in_o the_o contrivance_n of_o they_o which_o make_v they_o unapplicable_a to_o some_o purpose_n and_o less_o proper_a in_o other_o than_o thermoscope_n may_v be_v make_v even_o in_o divers_a case_n wherein_o they_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v unexceptionable_a their_o report_n be_v not_o to_o i_o i_o confess_v quite_o exempt_a from_o suspicion_n for_o in_o ordinary_a weather-glass_n some_o part_n of_o the_o liquor_n be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o external_n air_n it_o be_v subject_a to_o be_v impel_v more_o or_o less_o upward_o not_o only_o according_a as_o heat_n or_o cold_a affect_v the_o include_v air_n but_o according_a as_o the_o incumbent_a air_n happen_v to_o 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though_o he_o shall_v employ_v again_o the_o same_o instrument_n be_v reduce_v to_o seek_v out_o 〈◊〉_d new_a standard_n wherewith_o to_o measure_v the_o vary_a temperature_n of_o the_o air._n and_o though_o it_o be_v not_o difficult_a to_o include_v in_o the_o cavity_n of_o a_o weatherglass_n some_o other_o fluid_a body_n instead_o of_o air_n yet_o it_o will_v be_v very_o difficult_a if_o not_o impossible_a to_o include_v a_o body_n fit_a to_o resent_v and_o show_v the_o alteration_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n without_o be_v also_o liable_a to_o receive_v impression_n from_o it_o at_o the_o time_n of_o its_o be_v first_o shut_v up_o yet_o i_o will_v not_o here_o omit_v that_o i_o have_v sometime_o consider_v whether_o the_o essential_a oil_n of_o aniseed_n which_o be_v that_o that_o be_v distil_v by_o the_o intervention_n of_o water_n in_o a_o
limbeck_n may_v not_o during_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o year_n be_v of_o some_o use_n to_o we_o in_o make_v and_o judge_v of_o weather-glass_n for_o this_o liquor_n as_o we_o 〈◊〉_d also_o note_n have_v the_o peculiarity_n of_o lose_v its_o fluidity_n during_o almost_o all_o the_o winter_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o spring_n and_o autumn_n too_o when_o the_o wether_n water_n or_o the_o time_n of_o the_o day_n be_v cold_a this_o liquor_n i_o say_v be_v such_o in_o case_n you_o very_o gentle_o thaw_v it_o and_o then_o put_v into_o it_o the_o ball_n of_o a_o weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n that_o will_v burn_v all_o away_o you_o suffer_v the_o oil_n to_o re-congeal_a leisurely_o of_o itself_o you_o may_v by_o observe_v the_o station_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o the_o thermoscope_n when_o the_o oil_n begin_v manifest_o to_o curdle_n about_o it_o be_v in_o some_o measure_n assist_v to_o make_v another_o weatherglass_n like_o it_o for_o if_o you_o 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the_o vulgar_a weatherglass_n some_o of_o which_o we_o have_v employ_v and_o other_o have_v be_v either_o skilful_o devise_v or_o also_o happy_o attempt_v by_o some_o eminent_o ingenious_a goddard_n member_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n and_o though_o that_o which_o we_o have_v already_o hook_n describe_v in_o another_o treatise_n be_v very_o simple_a yet_o it_o be_v much_o more_o commodious_a for_o several_a of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n of_o cold_a then_o that_o which_o be_v common_o in_o use_n for_o in_o this_o where_o the_o include_v air_n be_v as_o it_o be_v pendulous_a at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o glass_n it_o be_v very_o troublesome_a and_o difficult_a so_o to_o apply_v cold_a body_n and_o especial_o liquid_a one_o to_o it_o as_o therewith_o to_o measure_v their_o temper_n whereas_o the_o thermometer_n i_o speak_v of_o be_v make_v by_o the_o insertion_n of_o a_o cylindrical_a pipe_n of_o glass_n open_a at_o both_o end_n into_o a_o viol_n or_o bottle_n and_o by_o exact_o stop_v with_o seal_v wax_n or_o very_o close_o cement_v the_o mouth_n of_o the_o viol_n that_o the_o include_v air_n may_v have_v no_o communication_n with_o the_o external_n but_o by_o the_o new_o mention_v pipe_n in_o this_o kind_n of_o instrument_n i_o say_v by_o choose_v a_o viol_n as_o large_a as_o you_o please_v and_o fit_v it_o with_o a_o cylynder_n slender_a enough_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o part_n of_o the_o viol_n possess_v by_o include_v air_n and_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n in_o which_o the_o liquor_n be_v to_o play_v up_o and_o down_o may_v be_v easy_o make_v so_o great_a as_o to_o make_v the_o liquor_n in_o this_o instrument_n with_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o heat_n or_o cold_a rise_v or_o fall_v four_o or_o five_o or_o more_o time_n as_o much_o as_o the_o pendulous_a liquor_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v in_o a_o ordinary_a weatherglass_n where_o the_o cavity_n that_o lodge_v the_o air_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v much_o too_o small_a consider_v the_o bigness_n of_o the_o pipe_n whereinto_o the_o air_n must_v when_o it_o be_v rarify_v expand_v itself_o but_o it_o be_v not_o the_o great_a sensibility_n if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v of_o this_o very_a kind_n of_o weather-glass_n nor_o their_o not_o need_v frame_n that_o make_v i_o take_v notice_n of_o they_o in_o this_o place_n where_o i_o purposely_o pass_v by_o contrivance_n that_o i_o know_v to_o be_v more_o curious_a but_o this_o other_o quality_n which_o make_v they_o fit_a for_o divers_a of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n wherein_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o mention_v they_o namely_o that_o with_o little_a or_o no_o trouble_n and_o inconvenience_n we_o may_v employ_v liquor_n or_o other_o body_n to_o refrigerate_v the_o include_v air_n by_o immerse_v the_o viol_n if_o need_v be_v by_o a_o weight_n into_o the_o liquor_n to_o be_v examine_v and_o let_v it_o stand_v there_o as_o long_o as_o we_o please_v and_o so_o we_o may_v also_o measure_v the_o coldness_n of_o earth_n snow_n powder_a ice_n and_o other_o consistent_a body_n which_o may_v be_v heap_v about_o the_o viol_n or_o in_o which_o it_o may_v be_v bury_v iii_o i_o consider_v too_o that_o though_o man_n be_v wont_n confident_o enough_o to_o conclude_v that_o in_o case_n for_o instance_n the_o coldness_n of_o the_o weather_n make_v the_o liquor_n in_o a_o thermoscope_n yesterday_o a_o inch_n high_o than_o it_o be_v the_o day_n before_o and_o this_o day_n a_o inch_n high_o than_o it_o be_v yesterday_o the_o air_n must_v be_v this_o day_n as_o cold_a again_o as_o it_o be_v yesterday_o or_o at_o least_o that_o the_o increase_n of_o cold_a must_v be_v double_a to_o what_o it_o be_v yesterday_o and_o so_o in_o other_o proportion_n yet_o the_o validity_n of_o this_o collection_n may_v very_o just_o be_v question_v for_o though_o we_o shall_v grant_v that_o cold_a be_v that_o which_o of_o itself_o or_o by_o its_o own_o power_n contract_v the_o air_n yet_o how_o do_v it_o appear_v that_o a_o double_a degree_n of_o cold_a must_v produce_v a_o double_a degree_n of_o condensation_n in_o the_o air_n and_o not_o either_o more_o or_o less_o since_o beside_o that_o it_o be_v take_v for_o grant_v but_o not_o prove_v that_o the_o differ_a quantity_n of_o include_v air_n in_o several_a instrument_n and_o the_o differ_a bigness_n of_o the_o pipe_n and_o the_o differ_a degree_n of_o expansion_n wherein_o the_o include_v air_n may_v happen_v to_o be_v when_o the_o ascension_n of_o the_o water_n begin_v to_o be_v reckon_v may_v render_v this_o hypothesis_n very_o suspicious_a beside_o all_o this_o i_o say_v i_o be_o not_o incline_v to_o grant_v what_o philosopher_n have_v hitherto_o suppose_v that_o the_o condensation_n of_o the_o air_n and_o the_o ascension_n of_o the_o water_n be_v only_o or_o so_o much_o
theory_n of_o cold_a which_o be_v not_o yet_o sufficient_o clear_v only_o because_o the_o former_a experiment_n show_v that_o the_o various_a agitation_n of_o the_o minute_n part_n of_o a_o liquor_n whereon_o its_o fluidity_n depend_v may_v be_v hinder_v or_o suppress_v by_o the_o intervention_n of_o adventitious_a 〈◊〉_d but_o do_v not_o clear_o show_v that_o the_o liquor_n by_o be_v deprive_v of_o that_o kind_a of_o agitation_n do_v actual_o acquire_v a_o coldness_n i_o may_v subjoin_v thus_o much_o that_o by_o the_o addition_n of_o a_o certain_a substance_n which_o for_o just_a reason_n i_o must_v forbear_v to_o describe_v that_o will_v scarce_o sensible_o refrigerate_v common_a water_n i_o can_v make_v a_o certain_a and_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v one_o only_o liquor_n that_o be_v wont_n to_o the_o touch_n to_o be_v much_o of_o the_o temper_n of_o water_n to_o conceive_v a_o considerable_a degree_n of_o coldness_n this_o i_o say_v as_o strange_a as_o it_o may_v seem_v i_o may_v here_o subjoin_v to_o countenance_v the_o conjecture_n i_o have_v be_v deliver_v and_o afford_v some_o new_a corollary_n but_o for_o the_o reason_n new_o intimate_v i_o forbear_v and_o the_o rather_o because_o i_o think_v it_o high_a time_n to_o return_v thither_o whence_o the_o consideration_n i_o have_v offer_v about_o weather-glass_n have_v make_v i_o digress_v i_o be_v go_v then_o to_o take_v notice_n upon_o the_o occasion_n offer_v by_o what_o i_o relate_v of_o the_o influence_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n gravity_n upon_o common_a weather-glass_n of_o the_o difference_n between_o they_o and_o those_o that_o be_v hermetical_o seal_v and_o indeed_o these_o be_v in_o some_o thing_n so_o much_o more_o convenient_a than_o the_o other_o that_o if_o i_o be_v not_o mistake_v it_o have_v already_o prove_v somewhat_o serviceable_a to_o the_o inquisitive_a that_o i_o have_v direct_v the_o make_n of_o the_o first_o of_o they_o that_o have_v be_v blow_v in_o england_n at_o the_o beginning_n 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that_o the_o invention_n have_v in_o england_n by_o a_o dexterous_a hand_n that_o use_v to_o make_v they_o for_o i_o be_v improve_v and_o the_o glass_n we_o now_o use_v be_v more_o convenient_o shape_v and_o more_o exact_a than_o the_o pattern_n i_o cause_v the_o first_o to_o be_v make_v by_o but_o the_o fill_n of_o these_o long_a one_o that_o we_o now_o use_v be_v a_o work_n of_o more_o niceness_n and_o difficulty_n than_o they_o that_o have_v not_o try_v will_v be_v apt_a to_o imagine_v and_o therefore_o may_v elsewhere_o deserve_v either_o from_o our_o pen_n or_o he_o that_o be_v most_o verse_v in_o make_v they_o a_o more_o particular_a account_n of_o the_o way_n of_o perform_v it_o the_o advantage_n of_o these_o weather-glass_n be_v at_o no_o hand_n inconsiderable_a for_o the_o weight_n or_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n which_o as_o we_o have_v note_v may_v work_v very_o much_o upon_o other_o their_o be_v seal_v defend_v they_o from_o and_o by_o this_o advantage_n they_o may_v be_v use_v in_o the_o high_a and_o in_o the_o deep_a place_n with_o as_o much_o certainty_n as_o any_o where_o else_o next_o whereas_o in_o other_o thermometer_n the_o liquor_n be_v very_o subject_a to_o be_v spill_v in_o case_n they_o be_v remove_v from_o place_n to_o place_n and_o which_o be_v worse_o though_o they_o be_v not_o remove_v be_v subject_a to_o be_v prey_v upon_o and_o waste_v by_o the_o air_n whereby_o information_n of_o such_o weather-glass_n be_v render_v in_o tract_n of_o time_n somewhat_o uncertain_a in_o seal_a weather-glass_n there_o be_v no_o danger_n that_o liquor_n shall_v either_o spill_v or_o evaporate_v and_o upon_o the_o same_o account_n 〈◊〉_d have_v this_o advantage_n that_o you_o may_v safe_o let_v they_o down_o into_o the_o sea_n and_o immerse_v they_o in_o any_o liquor_n you_o please_v without_o except_v the_o most_o corrosive_a to_o examine_v their_o coldness_n not_o to_o mention_v that_o instead_o of_o the_o courser_n liquor_n use_v in_o common_a weather-glass_n which_o be_v some_o of_o they_o not_o unapt_a to_o freeze_v and_o other_o unapt_a enough_o to_o comply_v with_o the_o slight_a alteration_n of_o the_o air_n and_o instead_o of_o the_o colourless_a liquor_n whether_o water_n or_o no_o i_o know_v not_o use_v in_o the_o florentine_a weatherglass_n i_o see_v we_o employ_v high_o rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n who_o be_v bring_v to_o a_o lovely_a red_a with_o cochinele_n open_v by_o the_o most_o subtle_a volatile_a spirit_n of_o urine_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o include_v liquor_n be_v not_o only_o very_o conspicuous_a and_o secure_v from_o freeze_a but_o so_o susceptible_a of_o even_o the_o slight_a impression_n of_o external_a body_n which_o will_v work_v but_o faint_o on_o water_n that_o it_o be_v pleasant_a to_o see_v how_o many_o inch_n a_o mild_a degree_n of_o heat_n will_v make_v the_o tincture_n ascend_v in_o the_o very_a slender_a cylindrical_a stem_n of_o one_o of_o these_o useful_a instrument_n of_o which_o we_o 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the_o seal_n of_o these_o weather-glass_n protect_v the_o include_v liquor_n from_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n and_o keep_v it_o from_o evaporate_n yet_o it_o will_v not_o follow_v from_o hence_o that_o they_o must_v be_v exempt_a from_o all_o the_o other_o imperfection_n which_o we_o former_o mention_v to_o be_v imputable_a to_o weather-glass_n i_o know_v not_o whether_o you_o will_v allow_v i_o to_o add_v on_o this_o occasion_n that_o the_o tinct_a spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o the_o like_a may_v for_o aught_o we_o know_v be_v say_v of_o any_o such_o liquor_n be_v a_o particular_a mixture_n in_o case_n it_o be_v allow_v possible_a that_o the_o subtle_a steam_n of_o such_o body_n as_o we_o former_o note_v to_o be_v frigorifick_a in_o respect_n to_o some_o liquor_n may_v insinuate_v themselves_o through_o the_o pore_n of_o glass_n as_o it_o be_v grant_v that_o the_o effluvium_n of_o the_o loadstone_n do_v ready_o permeat_n it_o in_o this_o case_n i_o say_v though_o i_o willing_o allow_v it_o not_o to_o be_v likely_a yet_o it_o be_v not_o absolute_o impossible_a that_o some_o steam_n that_o wander_v through_o the_o air_n may_v be_v more_o or_o less_o cold_a or_o may_v more_o promote_v or_o hinder_v a_o agitation_n among_o the_o minute_n part_n in_o reference_n to_o it_o then_o in_o reference_n to_o other_o liquor_n as_o we_o former_o note_v that_o a_o grain_n or_o two_o of_o opium_n will_v exceed_o allay_v the_o warmth_n and_o motion_n of_o the_o whole_a mass_n of_o blood_n in_o a_o man_n body_n though_o ten_o time_n that_o quantity_n will_v not_o sensible_o refrigerate_v the_o ten_o part_n of_o so_o much_o water_n and_o that_o this_o may_v appear_v the_o less_o extravagant_a i_o shall_v here_o add_v some_o mention_n of_o a_o odd_a phaenomenon_n that_o as_o it_o be_v by_o some_o fate_n have_v occur_v to_o i_o since_o i_o begin_v the_o discourse_n
i_o be_o now_o upon_o for_o while_o i_o be_v yesterday_o write_v it_o i_o have_v occasion_n to_o examine_v by_o such_o a_o seal_v weatherglass_n as_o i_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o the_o temper_n of_o a_o certain_a strange_a kind_n of_o mixture_n that_o towards_o the_o close_a of_o this_o treatise_n i_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o take_v special_a notice_n of_o and_o though_o to_o the_o touch_n it_o appear_v but_o lukewarm_a yet_o have_v put_v into_o it_o the_o ball_n and_o part_n of_o the_o stem_n of_o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n i_o find_v the_o include_v liquor_n slow_o enough_o impel_v up_o so_o high_a that_o at_o length_n to_o my_o wonder_n it_o rise_v eight_o or_o nine_o inch_n in_o a_o stem_n which_o be_v not_o much_o above_o a_o foot_n long_o but_o that_o which_o i_o relate_v as_o the_o surprise_v circumstance_n be_v that_o when_o i_o have_v take_v out_o the_o thermoscope_n and_o remove_v it_o again_o into_o a_o deep_a glass_n full_a of_o cold_a water_n whence_o i_o have_v just_a before_o take_v it_o out_o to_o put_v it_o into_o the_o anomalous_a mixture_n i_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o examine_v the_o tincture_n in_o the_o weatherglass_n do_v not_o as_o it_o be_v wont_a and_o as_o any_o one_o will_v have_v expect_v begin_v to_o subside_o again_o towards_o its_o former_a station_n but_o continue_v within_o about_o half_a a_o inch_n or_o less_o of_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o instrument_n though_o neither_o my_o own_o busy_a eye_n nor_o those_o of_o a_o person_n very_o well_o verse_v in_o make_v and_o use_v thermoscope_n can_v perceive_v that_o the_o expanded_a tincture_n be_v any_o where_o discontinue_v by_o any_o air_n or_o bubble_n which_o at_o first_o we_o suspect_v may_v possible_o though_o it_o be_v very_o unlikely_a have_v be_v generate_v by_o the_o tepor_fw-la of_o the_o mixture_n but_o that_o which_o continue_v our_o wonder_n if_o not_o increase_v it_o be_v that_o during_o four_o or_o five_o hour_n that_o the_o instrument_n continue_v in_o the_o cold_a water_n and_o during_o some_o hour_n also_o that_o it_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n the_o tincture_n do_v not_o subside_o above_o half_a a_o inch_n and_o which_o be_v yet_o more_o strange_a have_v leave_v the_o glass_n all_o night_n in_o the_o window_n of_o a_o room_n where_o there_o be_v no_o chimney_n i_o find_v in_o the_o morning_n that_o its_o descent_n be_v scarce_o sensible_o great_a for_o it_o continue_v about_o eight_o inch_n high_o than_o the_o mark_v it_o stand_v at_o when_o i_o first_o put_v it_o into_o the_o lukewarm_a mixture_n and_o how_o long_o it_o will_v yet_o retain_v this_o strange_a expansion_n be_v more_o than_o i_o can_v tell_v but_o by_o this_o and_o what_o i_o may_v have_v occasion_n hereafter_o to_o relate_v concern_v this_o mixture_n it_o may_v appear_v somewhat_o the_o more_o reasonable_a to_o suspect_v that_o even_o seal_a weather-glass_n furnish_v with_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n may_v in_o some_o though_o very_o rare_a conjuncture_n of_o circumstance_n and_o from_o some_o peculiar_a agent_n either_o by_o their_o insinuate_a themselves_o through_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o glass_n or_o on_o some_o other_o account_n receive_v impression_n that_o as_o far_o as_o can_v easy_o be_v discern_v be_v not_o pure_o the_o genuine_a and_o wont_a operation_n of_o heat_n and_o cold._n the_o chemist_n orthelius_fw-la tell_v we_o that_o 6._o the_o liquor_n distil_v from_o the_o oar_n of_o magnesia_n or_o bismute_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o same_o mineral_n that_o we_o in_o english_a call_v tin-glass_n will_v swell_v in_o the_o glass_n it_o be_v keep_v in_o not_o only_o manifest_o but_o very_o considerable_o at_o the_o full_a moon_n and_o shrink_v at_o the_o new_a moon_n and_o if_o all_o my_o endeavour_n to_o procure_v that_o oar_n have_v not_o prove_v fruitless_a i_o shall_v be_v able_a by_o my_o own_o experience_n to_o disprove_v or_o confirm_v so_o admirable_a a_o phaenomenon_n but_o be_v as_o yet_o unfurnish_a to_o make_v the_o trial_n myself_o lest_o it_o may_v appear_v a_o vanity_n so_o much_o as_o to_o mention_v without_o reject_v it_o a_o thing_n so_o very_o unlikely_a i_o shall_v add_v that_o since_o i_o find_v the_o thing_n for_o the_o main_a which_o be_v deliver_v by_o the_o chemist_n employ_v as_o a_o argument_n by_o a_o credit_n famous_a mathematician_n the_o jesuit_n casatus_fw-la who_o expression_n be_v such_o as_o if_o he_o himself_o have_v observe_v that_o even_o in_o stop_v glass_n the_o forementioned_a mineral_n spirit_n increase_v very_o sensible_o in_o bulk_n about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o full_a moon_n which_o wonder_v be_v admit_v may_v not_o only_o countenance_v what_o we_o be_v say_v but_o hint_n some_o other_o very_o strange_a thing_n in_o nature_n this_o bring_v into_o my_o mind_n what_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o mention_v that_o a_o tincture_n of_o amber_n i_o have_v make_v with_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n do_v for_o many_o month_n in_o a_o well_o stop_v glass_n discover_v itself_o to_o be_v affect_v with_o certain_a change_n which_o be_v think_v to_o proceed_v from_o some_o secret_a mutation_n of_o the_o air_n that_o do_v sensible_o so_o work_v as_o i_o have_v not_o observe_v it_o to_o do_v upon_o other_o liquor_n wherein_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n abound_v and_o perhaps_o upon_o long_a and_o diligent_a observation_n one_o may_v find_v a_o disparity_n betwixt_o weather-glass_n keep_v in_o the_o same_o place_n but_o furnish_v with_o differ_v liquor_n a_o disparity_n i_o say_v that_o can_v not_o be_v so_o well_o ascribe_v to_o any_o thing_n as_o to_o the_o peculiar_a nature_n of_o the_o respective_a liquor_n which_o though_o of_o divers_a kind_n may_v to_o add_v that_o towards_o the_o facilitation_n of_o trial_n be_v make_v of_o a_o very_a conspicuous_a colour_n by_o the_o selfsame_a metal_n copper_n which_o not_o only_o give_v the_o know_a colour_n in_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la but_o afford_v a_o fair_a solution_n in_o aqua_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o it_o make_v a_o liquor_n of_o a_o most_o deep_a and_o lovely_a blue_a in_o spirit_n of_o urine_n or_o of_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a and_o the_o like_a nay_o i_o have_v find_v that_o in_o good_a chemical_a oil_n of_o turpentine_n for_o express_v oil_n be_v too_o easy_o congeal_v the_o bare_a file_n of_o it_o will_v yield_v a_o sufficient_a tincture_n but_o because_o it_o be_v yet_o but_o a_o bare_a suspicion_n that_o seal_v weather-glass_n make_v of_o differ_v liquor_n but_o in_o other_o point_n alike_o may_v be_v otherwise_o then_o uniform_o affect_v by_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o external_n air_n i_o shall_v now_o add_v a_o observation_n already_o make_v to_o show_v that_o even_o the_o seal_v weather-glass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v not_o so_o perfect_o seclude_v from_o all_o commerce_n with_o external_a body_n and_o liableness_n to_o their_o operation_n but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v wrought_v upon_o otherwise_o then_o we_o think_v for_o i_o have_v more_o 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etc._n etc._n which_o will_v sometime_o seem_v to_o be_v total_o clear_a spirit_n and_o at_o other_o time_n will_v suffer_v a_o great_a or_o lesser_a proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o crystallise_v at_o the_o bottom_n according_a to_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o wether_n in_o point_n of_o cold_a and_o heat_n such_o kind_n of_o instance_n i_o say_v i_o can_v mention_v but_o i_o shall_v rather_o choose_v to_o prosecute_v my_o example_n in_o that_o obvious_a of_o liquor_n water_n and_o add_v that_o even_o that_o may_v afford_v we_o other_o testimony_n of_o the_o increase_v or_o lessen_v cold_a of_o the_o air_n then_o that_o which_o it_o give_v we_o in_o common_a weather-glass_n for_o in_o some_o part_n of_o france_n the_o waterman_n observe_v that_o the_o river_n will_v 12._o bear_v boat_n heavy_a load_v in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n and_o i_o have_v upon_o inquiry_n be_v credible_o inform_v that_o seaman_n have_v observe_v their_o ship_n to_o draw_v less_o water_n upon_o the_o coast_n 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say_v more_o and_o because_o about_o other_o weather-glass_n i_o have_v say_v so_o much_o already_o i_o think_v it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o sum_n up_o my_o thought_n concern_v the_o criteria_n of_o cold_a by_o represent_v the_o follow_a particular_n 1._o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o various_a and_o unheeded_a predisposition_n of_o our_o body_n the_o single_a and_o immediate_a information_n of_o our_o sense_n be_v not_o always_o to_o be_v trust_v 2._o that_o though_o common_a weather-glass_n be_v useful_a instrument_n and_o the_o information_n they_o give_v we_o be_v in_o most_o case_n preferable_a to_o those_o of_o our_o sense_n of_o touch_v in_o regard_n of_o their_o not_o be_v so_o subject_a to_o unheeded_a mutation_n yet_o even_o these_o instrument_n be_v subject_a to_o be_v wrought_v upon_o by_o the_o differ_a weight_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n as_o well_o as_o by_o heat_n and_o cold_a may_v upon_o that_o and_o perhaps_o some_o other_o account_n easy_o mis-inform_a we_o 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ingenious_a modern_a naturalist_n who_o acknowledge_v that_o the_o air_n have_v a_o weight_n which_o mr._n hobbs_n also_o do_v in_o effect_n admit_v though_o he_o make_v not_o so_o good_a use_n of_o it_o as_o they_o do_v by_o that_o explicate_v the_o ascension_n of_o water_n in_o weather-glass_n teach_v that_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n make_v the_o include_v air_n shrink_v into_o far_o less_o room_n than_o it_o possess_v before_o the_o water_n in_o the_o subjacent_a vessel_n be_v by_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o incumbent_a air_n which_o press_v on_o it_o more_o forcible_o in_o all_o the_o other_o part_n of_o its_o surface_n than_o it_o be_v press_v upon_o in_o that_o include_v in_o the_o shank_n impel_v up_o into_o that_o part_n of_o the_o shank_n which_o be_v new_o desert_v by_o the_o self-contracting_a air._n but_o though_o this_o account_n be_v preferable_a by_o far_o to_o those_o which_o we_o mention_v before_o it_o and_o though_o it_o be_v not_o only_o ingenious_a 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unattempted_a or_o unprosecute_v but_o lest_o you_o shall_v think_v that_o what_o i_o intend_v only_o to_o excuse_v my_o unaccurateness_n be_v mean_v to_o excuse_v my_o pain_n i_o shall_v without_o further_a apology_n apply_v myself_o to_o do_v what_o the_o shortness_n of_o the_o time_n will_v allow_v i_o which_o be_v little_o more_o than_o to_o transcribe_v into_o this_o historical_a collection_n most_o of_o the_o particular_n which_o your_o lordship_n command_v exact_v though_o haste_n will_v make_v i_o do_v it_o in_o the_o very_a word_n for_o the_o most_o part_n that_o i_o find_v they_o in_o a_o kind_n of_o notebook_n wherein_o i_o have_v throw_v they_o for_o my_o own_o private_a use_n which_o i_o the_o less_o scruple_n now_o to_o do_v not_o only_o because_o the_o haste_n that_o exact_v from_o i_o this_o way_n of_o writing_n may_v serve_v to_o excuse_v it_o in_o i_o but_o that_o it_o may_v the_o better_o appear_v how_o little_a i_o have_v design_v to_o 〈◊〉_d or_o bias_n they_o to_o 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which_o more_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o consideration_n about_o heat_n where_o we_o have_v already_o handle_v it_o partly_o because_o our_o design_n in_o the_o follow_a collection_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o gather_v and_o set_v down_o observation_n that_o be_v obvious_a to_o any_o that_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o mediocrity_n of_o attention_n as_o experiment_n purposely_o make_v in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a and_o partly_o too_o because_o in_o this_o collection_n though_o we_o do_v as_o occasion_n serve_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o experiment_n and_o phaenomena_n that_o relate_v to_o cold_a in_o general_n or_o indefinite_o yet_o our_o chief_a work_n have_v be_v to_o find_v out_o and_o deliver_v the_o phaenomena_n of_o congelation_n or_o of_o that_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a which_o either_o do_v freeze_v the_o body_n it_o work_v upon_o or_o at_o least_o be_v capable_a of_o turn_v common_a water_n fit_o expose_v to_o it_o into_o ice_n and_o this_o may_v 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that_o have_v immerse_v in_o it_o the_o fruit_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a 2._o the_o circumstance_n we_o be_v wont_n to_o observe_v in_o make_v and_o employ_v this_o mixture_n we_o shall_v hereafter_o in_o due_a place_n deliver_v and_o therefore_o here_o we_o shall_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o we_o can_v not_o find_v upon_o some_o trial_n that_o such_o glass_n fill_v with_o water_n as_o will_v be_v freeze_v easy_o enough_o by_o this_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v be_v in_o like_a manner_n freeze_v in_o case_n we_o employ_v snow_n alone_o without_o mingle_v any_o salt_n with_o it_o i_o deny_v not_o that_o it_o be_v very_o possible_a that_o in_o very_o cold_a country_n as_o well_o snow_n as_o beat_a ice_n may_v freeze_v water_n pour_v into_o the_o interval_n of_o its_o part_n but_o there_o be_v great_a odds_o betwixt_o water_n so_o intermingle_v with_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o only_o surround_v with_o it_o in_o a_o vessel_n where_o the_o water_n be_v as_o it_o be_v in_o 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enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v but_o that_o there_o be_v divers_a other_o salt_n each_o of_o which_o concur_v with_o snow_n be_v capable_a of_o produce_v the_o like_a effect_n for_o we_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o we_o can_v freeze_v water_n without_o the_o help_n of_o sea_n salt_n by_o substitute_v in_o its_o place_n either_o nitre_n or_o alum_n or_o vitriol_n or_o shall_v ammoniac_a or_o even_o sugar_n for_o either_o of_o those_o be_v mingle_v with_o a_o due_a proportion_n of_o snow_n will_v serve_v the_o turn_n though_o they_o do_v not_o seem_v equal_o to_o advance_v the_o congeal_a power_n of_o the_o snow_n nor_o scarce_o any_o of_o they_o do_v do_v it_o so_o well_o as_o sea_n salt_n but_o of_o this_o elsewhere_o more_o 4._o when_o we_o have_v make_v the_o new_o mention_v trial_n some_o particular_a conjecture_n we_o have_v long_o have_v about_o the_o nature_n of_o salt_n invite_v we_o to_o try_v whether_o votwithstand_v the_o comminution_n and_o consequent_a change_n produce_v in_o salt_n by_o distillation_n the_o saline_n corpuscle_n that_o abound_v in_o the_o distil_a liquor_n of_o those_o concretes_n as_o well_o as_o in_o their_o solution_n will_v not_o likewise_o by_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v water_n at_o least_o in_o small_a and_o slender_a glass_n this_o we_o first_o go_v about_o to_o try_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o salt_n but_o we_o find_v as_o we_o fear_v that_o though_o it_o make_v a_o sufficient_o quick_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n it_o wrought_v upon_o yet_o its_o fluidity_n hinder_v it_o from_o be_v retain_v long_o enough_o by_o the_o snow_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o which_o it_o will_v fall_v before_o they_o have_v stay_v so_o long_o together_o as_o be_v requisite_a to_o freeze_v so_o much_o as_o a_o little_a essence-bottle_n full_a of_o common_a water_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o a_o expedient_a whereby_o to_o try_v the_o operation_n not_o only_o of_o those_o spirit_n but_o of_o divers_a other_o body_n which_o be_v unapt_a for_o a_o due_a commixture_n of_o snow_n after_o the_o way_n new_o mention_v or_o of_o which_o we_o have_v too_o little_a or_o value_v they_o too_o much_o to_o be_v willing_a to_o spend_v quantity_n of_o they_o upon_o these_o trial_n and_o this_o way_n that_o remain_v to_o be_v mention_v we_o somewhat_o the_o better_a like_v because_o the_o experiment_n make_v according_a to_o it_o will_v also_o prove_v experiment_n of_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o the_o extreme_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o glass_n and_o even_o in_o this_o way_n of_o try_v we_o do_v at_o first_o meet_v with_o a_o discouragement_n which_o lest_o it_o shall_v happen_v to_o other_o we_o shall_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o namely_o that_o have_v put_v a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o snow_n into_o a_o somewhat_o thick_a green_a glass_n vial_n though_o we_o copious_o 〈◊〉_d mix_v with_o it_o a_o somewhat_o weak_a spirit_n of_o salt_n be_v loath_a to_o employ_v the_o best_a we_o have_v and_o have_v well_o stop_v the_o vessel_n do_v careful_o 〈◊〉_d together_o and_o thereby_o agitate_v the_o mixture_n in_o it_o yet_o the_o glass_n appear_v only_o bedew_v upon_o the_o outside_n without_o have_v there_o any_o thing_n freeze_v but_o suspect_v that_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v that_o which_o hinder_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o include_v mixture_n we_o put_v snow_n and_o a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o the_o self_n same_o spirit_n of_o salt_n into_o a_o couple_n of_o thin_a vial_n one_o of_o which_o we_o close_v exact_o and_o the_o other_o negligent_o and_o have_v long_o shake_v they_o we_o find_v that_o what_o adhere_v to_o they_o on_o the_o outside_n be_v though_o but_o somewhat_o faint_o and_o thin_o freeze_v 6._o and_o as_o to_o this_o sort_n of_o experiment_n we_o shall_v here_o observe_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d all_o that_o the_o snow_n or_o ice_n include_v 〈◊〉_d with_o the_o saline_n ingredient_n whatever_o that_o be_v be_v always_o thaw_v within_o the_o glass_n and_o that_o consequent_o it_o be_v the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o air_n or_o other_o liquor_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o mention_v these_o experiment_n we_o often_o use_v the_o word_n freeze_v in_o a_o transitive_a sense_n to_o signify_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n upon_o other_o body_n 7._o this_o premise_a let_v we_o proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o we_o afterward_o take_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o mix_v it_o with_o snow_n in_o such_o a_o other_o vial_n as_o that_o last_o mention_v we_o find_v its_o freeze_a power_n far_o great_a than_o that_o of_o spirit_n of_o salt_n and_o lest_o it_o shall_v be_v pretend_v that_o in_o these_o experiment_n the_o cold_a be_v not_o transmit_v
to_o freeze_v liquor_n of_o more_o difficult_a conglaciation_n then_o fair_a water_n we_o take_v then_o some_o snow_n and_o mingle_v with_o it_o some_o of_o the_o new_o mention_v spirit_n of_o nitre_n in_o so_o lucky_o a_o proportion_n that_o it_o freeze_v very_o vigorous_o and_o very_o sudden_o insomuch_o that_o once_o almost_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v set_v to_o the_o ground_n it_o freeze_v the_o vial_n to_o the_o floor_n it_o be_v set_v on_o and_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o contain_v this_o mixture_n we_o wet_v with_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n which_o be_v freeze_v into_o pretty_a thick_a ice_n but_o yet_o not_o quite_o to_o forget_v that_o circumstance_n retain_v the_o salt_n taste_v of_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n and_o though_o this_o mixture_n will_v not_o discernable_o freeze_v spirit_n of_o nitre_n on_o the_o outside_n yet_o it_o transmit_v cold_a enough_o to_o freeze_v weak_a spirit_n of_o salt_n and_o to_o give_v we_o the_o pleasure_n of_o see_v some_o saline_n liquor_n present_o turn_v into_o figure_v ice_n as_o not_o only_o the_o last_o mention_v spirit_n exhibit_v some_o little_a as_o it_o be_v saline_n iceikles_n cross_v each_o other_o and_o quick_o vanish_v but_o which_o be_v far_o pretty_a have_v often_o observe_v that_o shall_v ammoniac_a be_v dissolve_v in_o water_n and_o the_o solution_n be_v put_v very_o slow_o to_o evaporate_v in_o part_n but_o not_o too_o much_o away_o the_o remain_a liquor_n will_v in_o the_o cold_a shoot_n into_o parcel_n ofsalt_n very_o pretty_o figure_v some_o of_o they_o resemble_v comb_n with_o tooth_n on_o both_o side_n and_o other_o resemble_v feather_n have_v observe_v this_o i_o say_v and_o be_v desirous_a to_o try_v whether_o the_o spirit_n of_o sal_fw-la ammoniac_a distil_v by_o the_o help_n of_o quick_a lime_n be_v put_v to_o congeal_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o a_o glass_n will_v not_o afford_v a_o resemble_o figure_v ice_n we_o find_v upon_o trial_n both_o that_o the_o mixture_n be_v able_a to_o freeze_v that_o subtle_a spirit_n and_o also_o that_o it_o shoot_v into_o branch_n almost_o like_o those_o exhibit_v by_o such_o salt_n undistil_v and_o it_o be_v not_o unpleasant_a to_o behold_v how_o upon_o the_o incline_v the_o glass_n so_o that_o the_o freeze_a mixture_n rest_v a_o little_a near_o any_o part_n of_o the_o spirit_n this_o liquor_n will_v shoot_v into_o such_o branch_n as_o we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o so_o nimble_o that_o the_o eye_n can_v plain_o discern_v they_o as_o it_o be_v to_o grow_v and_o hasty_o overspread_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o those_o branch_n be_v wont_n quick_o to_o vanish_v i_o have_v almost_o forget_v to_o mention_v that_o i_o try_v the_o freeze_a with_o snow_n and_o divers_a fermented_a liquor_n undistil_v instead_o of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o though_o the_o experiment_n succeed_v not_o with_o small_a beer_n much_o less_o with_o water_n yet_o there_o be_v a_o glaciation_n though_o but_o slight_a produce_v not_o only_o by_o the_o addition_n of_o wine_n but_o even_o by_o that_o of_o moderate_o strong_a ale_n 18._o have_v observe_v that_o the_o liquor_n and_o other_o body_n that_o assist_v the_o snow_n to_o freeze_v be_v general_o such_o as_o hasten_v its_o dissolution_n we_o think_v it_o not_o altogether_o unworthy_a the_o trial_n to_o examine_v what_o will_v be_v the_o event_n of_o procure_v a_o speedy_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n by_o substitute_v body_n actual_o warm_a instead_o of_o potential_a hot_a one_o of_o this_o sort_n of_o trial_n i_o find_v among_o my_o note_n these_o two_o register_v 1._o into_o a_o single_a vial_n almost_o fill_v with_o snow_n there_o be_v pour_v a_o pretty_a quantity_n of_o well_o heat_a sand_n that_o it_o may_v dissolve_v the_o snow_n in_o many_o place_n at_o once_o without_o heat_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n or_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o though_o the_o solution_n of_o the_o snow_n seem_v to_o succeed_v well_o enough_o upon_o the_o shake_n of_o the_o vessel_n yet_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v only_o bedew_v not_o freeze_v 2._o into_o another_o single_a vial_n almost_o fill_v with_o snow_n we_o pour_v some_o water_n which_o we_o judge_v of_o a_o convenient_a warmth_n and_o we_o pour_v it_o in_o by_o a_o funnel_n that_o have_v but_o a_o slender_a orifice_n beneath_o that_o the_o warm_a water_n may_v fall_v into_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o snow_n without_o run_v to_o the_o side_n and_o take_v a_o convenient_a time_n to_o shake_v the_o glass_n we_o do_v by_o this_o way_n produce_v a_o very_a considerable_a degree_n of_o cold_a and_o much_o dew_n on_o the_o outside_n but_o be_v not_o satisfy_v that_o any_o of_o that_o dew_n be_v freeze_v though_o the_o success_n will_v have_v invite_v we_o to_o have_v make_v further_a trial_n in_o great_a glass_n if_o we_o have_v have_v any_o more_o snow_n at_o hand_n wherefore_o this_o experiment_n be_v to_o be_v further_o and_o more_o artificial_o try_v 19_o it_o be_v a_o common_a tradition_n not_o only_o among_o the_o vulgar_a but_o i_o presume_v upon_o their_o account_n among_o learned_a man_n that_o the_o oftentimes_o various_o and_o sometime_o pretty_o enough_o figure_v hoar_a frost_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o appear_v upon_o glass_n window_n in_o morning_n precede_v by_o frosty_a night_n be_v exsudation_n as_o it_o be_v that_o penetrate_v the_o glass-window_n be_v upon_o their_o come_n forth_o to_o the_o cold_a external_a air_n freeze_v thereby_o into_o various_o figure_v ice_n how_o groundless_a this_o conceit_n be_v may_v be_v easy_o discover_v if_o man_n have_v not_o so_o lazy_a a_o curiosity_n as_o not_o to_o try_v which_o they_o may_v do_v in_o a_o moment_n and_o without_o trouble_n whether_o the_o ice_n be_v according_a to_o the_o tradition_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o window_n and_o not_o contrary_a to_o it_o on_o the_o inside_n where_o indeed_o it_o be_v generate_v of_o the_o aqueous_a corpuscle_n that_o swim_v up_o and_o down_o in_o the_o air_n within_o the_o room_n be_v by_o the_o various_a motion_n that_o belong_v to_o the_o part_n of_o fluid_a body_n as_o such_o bring_v to_o pass_v along_o the_o window_n and_o there_o by_o the_o vehement_a cold_a of_o the_o neighbour_a external_a air_n communicate_v through_o the_o glass_n condense_v into_o dew_n and_o freeze_v into_o ice_n 20._o and_o because_o divers_a modern_a naturalist_n have_v teach_v i_o think_v erroneous_o that_o glass_n be_v easy_o enough_o pervious_a not_o only_o to_o air_n but_o to_o divers_a subtle_a liquor_n lest_o the_o favourer_n of_o this_o doctrine_n shall_v object_v that_o we_o have_v ill_o assign_v the_o natural_a cause_n of_o the_o ice_n appear_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n in_o the_o former_a experiment_n which_o according_a to_o they_o may_v rather_o proceed_v from_o the_o subtle_a but_o yet_o visible_a part_n of_o the_o excessive_o cold_a mixture_n of_o the_o snow_n and_o saline_a body_n penetrate_v the_o pore_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o settle_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o to_o obviate_v this_o objection_n i_o say_v and_o to_o confirm_v what_o we_o have_v teach_v in_o another_o treatise_n about_o the_o wander_a of_o store_n of_o aqueous_a vapour_n through_o the_o air_n we_o will_v add_v the_o follow_a experiment_n purposely_o make_v to_o evince_v these_o truth_n 21._o at_o one_o time_n four_o ounce_n and_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v enclose_v in_o a_o vial_n and_o thereby_o enable_v to_o condense_a the_o vapour_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v by_o their_o accession_n increase_v 12._o grain_n another_o time_n a_o vial_n wherein_o snow_n weigh_v two_o ounce_n six_o drachm_n and_o a_o half_a be_v suffer_v to_o condense_a the_o vapid_a air_n the_o dew_n that_o partly_o adhered_a to_o it_o and_o partly_o fall_v from_o it_o make_v the_o whole_a weigh_v four_o grain_n more_o than_o the_o vial_n do_v when_o it_o be_v first_o put_v into_o the_o scale_n in_o which_o scale_n we_o find_v some_o water_n flow_v from_o the_o dew_n which_o give_v that_o increase_n of_o weight_n and_o here_o let_v i_o add_v by_o the_o way_n that_o the_o tip_n of_o this_o seal_a vial_n be_v break_v under_o water_n suck_v in_o a_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o it_o whether_o because_o of_o some_o little_a rarefaction_n of_o the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o seal_n or_o because_o of_o the_o infrigidation_n of_o that_o air_n by_o the_o snow_n or_o for_o both_o these_o reason_n or_o any_o other_o i_o shall_v not_o now_o dispute_v 22._o but_o other_o experiment_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n we_o make_v wherein_o the_o increase_n of_o weight_n be_v more_o considerable_a and_o that_o the_o way_n we_o use_v may_v be_v the_o better_o understand_v and_o the_o conclusion_n build_v upon_o it_o the_o more_o undiscuss_v we_o will_v add_v a_o couple_n
to_o that_o we_o here_o employ_v obtain_v ice_n and_o though_o in_o this_o metalline_a sugar_n we_o may_v well_o suppose_v the_o saline_n part_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o be_v much_o more_o concentrate_v or_o unite_v than_o they_o be_v in_o the_o spirit_n yet_o the_o solution_n must_v abound_v with_o aqueous_a part_n and_o this_o sugar_n seem_v but_o a_o kind_n of_o vitriol_n of_o lead_n it_o be_v worth_a our_o notice_n that_o its_o solution_n will_v not_o freeze_v as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o common_a vitriol_n though_o in_o this_o latter_a concrete_a the_o metal_n be_v corrode_v by_o a_o spirit_n which_o as_o far_o as_o can_v be_v judge_v by_o the_o liquor_n afford_v in_o distillation_n be_v very_o much_o sharp_a and_o strong_a than_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n 5._o we_o likewise_o try_v to_o freeze_v quick_a silver_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n provide_v a_o bubble_n that_o be_v blow_v with_o a_o lamp_n be_v but_o thin_a and_o so_o flat_a that_o the_o side_n almost_o touch_v and_o it_o hold_v but_o a_o little_a mercury_n and_o that_o by_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v reduce_v to_o a_o large_a surface_n with_o but_o very_o little_a depth_n or_o thickness_n it_o be_v far_o more_o expose_v then_o if_o it_o have_v be_v in_o a_o ordinary_a round_a bubble_n to_o the_o action_n of_o the_o cold_a but_o we_o can_v not_o at_o all_o freeze_v this_o extravagant_a liquor_n though_o we_o try_v it_o more_o than_o once_o and_o though_o the_o last_o time_n we_o expose_v it_o in_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d to_o the_o same_o degree_n of_o cold_a wherewith_o we_o make_v one_o of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n that_o require_v a_o very_a intense_a degree_n of_o that_o quality_n and_o in_o another_o thin_a glass-bubble_n we_o long_v expose_v quicksilver_n to_o a_o extraordinary_a sharp_a air_n but_o though_o the_o cold_a have_v some_o operation_n upon_o it_o not_o here_o necessary_a to_o be_v mention_v yet_o we_o can_v not_o find_v that_o it_o do_v at_o all_o bring_v it_o to_o freeze_v wherefore_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o trial_n be_v make_v in_o muscovy_n greenland_n charles_n island_n or_o some_o other_o of_o the_o most_o 〈◊〉_d region_n where_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a which_o here_o be_v upon_o quicksilver_n but_o languid_a be_v the_o most_o considerable_a and_o sometime_o stupendous_a 6._o it_o be_v very_o remarkable_a that_o though_o not_o only_o the_o solution_n of_o other_o gross_a salt_n but_o as_o we_o have_v see_v divers_a more_o saline_a and_o spirituous_a liquor_n be_v bring_v by_o snow_n and_o salt_n to_o congelation_n yet_o a_o brine_n make_v very_o strong_a of_o common_a salt_n can_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o freeze_v at_o all_o though_o we_o keep_v it_o expose_v with_o the_o other_o saline_a solution_n that_o do_v freeze_v during_o a_o whole_a night_n that_o be_v exceed_v sharp_a which_o experiment_n i_o also_o try_v many_o year_n since_o to_o draw_v thence_o a_o argument_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o cartestan_a hypothesis_n about_o cold_a which_o i_o shall_v not_o now_o consider_v but_o rather_o add_v that_o be_v desirous_a to_o try_v with_o what_o proportion_n of_o sea_n salt_n and_o water_n the_o congelation_n of_o they_o may_v be_v effect_v i_o find_v i_o can_v freeze_v some_o sea_n water_n that_o have_v be_v bring_v up_o in_o a_o barrel_n to_o that_o monarch_n of_o the_o virtuoso_n the_o king_n for_o the_o make_n of_o trial_n with_o it_o and_o that_o have_v in_o a_o single_a vial_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n in_o a_o very_a bitter_a night_n a_o solution_n consist_v of_o twenty_o part_n of_o water_n and_o one_o of_o salt_n which_o be_v double_a the_o proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o be_v common_o find_v in_o our_o sea-water_n the_o next_o day_n we_o find_v a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v the_o ice_n swim_v at_o the_o top_n in_o figure_n almost_o like_a broom_n spread_v from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n downward_o and_o to_o add_v that_o upon_o the_o by_o we_o suffer_v the_o ice_n of_o salt-water_n to_o thaw_v to_o try_v whether_o it_o will_v yield_v fresh_a water_n but_o it_o seem_v not_o devoid_a of_o some_o brackishness_n which_o whether_o or_o no_o it_o proceed_v from_o some_o part_n of_o the_o contiguous_a brine_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o ice_n i_o leave_v to_o further_o and_o exacter_n observation_n since_o i_o be_o credible_o inform_v that_o in_o amsterdam_n there_o be_v divers_a that_o use_v the_o thaw_a ice_n of_o the_o sea-water_n to_o brew_v their_o beer_n with_o instead_o of_o common_a fresh_a water_n 3._o and_o since_o i_o make_v that_o experiment_n i_o find_v in_o the_o industrious_a bartholinus_n new_o publish_v book_n de_fw-fr 42._o nivis_fw-la usu_fw-la a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o probability_n of_o the_o report_n i_o just_a now_o mention_v his_o word_n be_v these_o de_fw-fr glacie_n ex_fw-la marinâ_fw-la aquâ_fw-la certum_fw-la est_fw-la siresolvatur_fw-la salsum_fw-la saporem_fw-la deposuisse_fw-la quod_fw-la etiam_fw-la non_fw-la ita_fw-la pridem_fw-la expertus_fw-la est_fw-la cl._n jacobus_n finckius_n academiae_fw-la nostrae_fw-la senior_fw-la &_o physices_fw-la professor_n benè_fw-la meritus_fw-la in_fw-la glaciei_fw-la frustis_fw-la è_fw-la portu_fw-la nostro_fw-la allatis_fw-la title_n four_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o degree_n of_o cold_a in_o several_a body_n 1._o after_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o body_n that_o be_v the_o most_o capable_a of_o produce_v cold_a and_o of_o those_o that_o be_v most_o dispose_v or_o indispose_v to_o receive_v it_o it_o will_v be_v methodical_a to_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o differ_v body_n but_o though_o a_o work_n of_o this_o nature_n may_v somewhat_o conduce_v to_o the_o discovery_n of_o cold_a in_o general_n yet_o it_o be_v so_o laborious_a a_o task_n and_o to_o be_v well_o perform_v require_v so_o much_o more_o of_o leisure_n and_o conveniency_n than_o i_o be_o master_n of_o that_o i_o must_v resign_v it_o to_o those_o that_o be_v better_o furnish_v with_o they_o which_o i_o the_o free_o do_v because_o the_o experiment_n which_o at_o this_o time_n make_v the_o principal_a part_n of_o our_o history_n be_v chief_o of_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a we_o may_v seem_v to_o have_v do_v something_o of_o what_o more_o 〈◊〉_d concern_v our_o present_a design_n by_o have_v make_v the_o experiment_n anon_o to_o be_v subjoin_v within_o this_o present_a section_n or_o title_n and_o yet_o thus_o much_o we_o elsewhere_o do_v towards_o the_o frame_n of_o a_o table_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a that_o we_o do_v on_o other_o occasion_n set_v down_o those_o hitherto_o unpractised_a way_n that_o we_o have_v employ_v to_o estimate_v the_o great_a or_o lesser_a coldness_n of_o body_n by_o several_a kind_n of_o weather-glass_n differ_v from_o the_o common_a one_o and_o far_o more_o fit_a than_o they_o for_o such_o a_o purpose_n for_o by_o hermetical_o seal_v thermoscope_n furnish_v with_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n we_o can_v estimate_v the_o differ_a degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o liquor_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v present_o mention_v a_o example_n and_o by_o use_v such_o weather-glass_n as_o have_v their_o air_n include_v not_o at_o the_o top_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o instrument_n we_o can_v within_o some_o reasonable_a latitude_n measure_v the_o coldness_n both_o of_o entire_a solid_a body_n or_o minute_a body_n as_o salt_n etc._n etc._n by_o beat_v they_o alike_o and_o very_o small_a and_o place_v the_o instrument_n at_o equal_a depth_n in_o the_o powder_n of_o each_o of_o they_o and_o beside_o that_o the_o shape_n of_o these_o thermoscope_n do_v as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v make_v they_o proper_a for_o these_o use_n for_o which_o the_o vulgar_a one_o where_o the_o include_v air_n be_v at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o instrument_n be_v not_o fit_a beside_o this_o i_o say_v it_o be_v easy_a in_o these_o we_o make_v use_v of_o to_o make_v the_o pipe_n so_o slender_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o vial_n whereinto_o it_o be_v insert_v that_o very_o much_o minute_a difference_n of_o cold_a will_v be_v manifest_a in_o these_o then_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v sensible_a in_o common_a weather-glass_n discourse_n and_o beside_o these_o two_o sort_n we_o have_v elsewhere_o propose_v and_o describe_v a_o three_o and_o new_a kind_n of_o thermometer_n wherein_o a_o drop_n of_o liquor_n be_v suspend_v in_o a_o very_a slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n betwixt_o the_o outward_a and_o the_o inward_a air_n make_v it_o far_o more_o fit_a for_o those_o experiment_n wherein_o we_o either_o despair_n or_o care_v not_o to_o measure_v the_o difference_n of_o cold_a betwixt_o two_o body_n but_o be_v only_o desirous_a to_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o they_o differ_v in_o coldness_n and_o in_o case_n they_o do_v which_o of_o they_o have_v most_o for_o
make_v much_o light_a by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n we_o may_v obtain_v the_o information_n we_o desire_v to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v that_o we_o also_o recommend_v to_o some_o virtuoso_n that_o be_v likely_a to_o have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o gratify_v we_o that_o such_o a_o experiment_n may_v be_v procure_v to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n in_o some_o part_n of_o italy_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o there_o not_o unfrequent_a conveniency_n of_o a_o conservatory_n of_o snow_n wherein_o the_o water_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o freeze_v before_o the_o end_n of_o the_o same_o hour_n at_o who_o beginning_n the_o there_o warm_a air_n have_v give_v it_o its_o great_a expansion_n and_o so_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o density_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n of_o water_n may_v be_v the_o more_o conspicuous_a but_o as_o i_o have_v not_o receive_v any_o account_n of_o my_o desire_n from_o abroad_o so_o come_v now_o 〈◊〉_d home_n to_o review_v the_o memorial_n i_o cause_v to_o be_v write_v of_o the_o new_o mention_v observation_n i_o find_v that_o through_o the_o negligence_n or_o mistake_n of_o a_o amanuensis_fw-la there_o must_v needs_o be_v a_o manifest_a oversight_n commit_v in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d down_o the_o number_n which_o my_o memory_n do_v not_o now_o enable_v i_o to_o repair_v and_o the_o season_n be_v now_o improper_a to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n as_o well_o as_o the_o numerical_a parcel_n of_o water_n i_o have_v keep_v and_o i_o employ_v both_o time_n be_v throw_v away_o i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v sufficient_a if_o not_o too_o much_o to_o have_v thus_o particular_o intimate_v the_o way_n we_o take_v without_o ad_v the_o caution_n where_o with_o we_o proceed_v nor_o what_o trial_n we_o make_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n with_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n since_o unlucky_a accident_n frustrate_v our_o attempt_n 11._o whether_o the_o make_n of_o these_o kind_n of_o trial_n with_o the_o water_n of_o the_o particular_a river_n or_o sea_n man_n be_v to_o sail_v on_o may_v afford_v any_o useful_a estimate_n if_o and_o how_o much_o ship_n and_o other_o vessel_n may_v on_o those_o 〈◊〉_d be_v safe_o load_v more_o in_o winter_n 〈◊〉_d in_o 〈◊〉_d may_v be_v a_o 〈◊〉_d of_o which_o i_o shall_v not_o in_o this_o place_n 〈◊〉_d any_o 〈◊〉_d notice_n then_o to_o intimate_v thus_o much_o that_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o water_n high_o refrigerated_a and_o that_o which_o be_v but_o of_o a_o usual_a degree_n of_o coldness_n be_v not_o so_o great_a as_o some_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d seem_v to_o have_v think_v for_o on_o a_o day_n which_o though_o make_v cold_a by_o snow_n intermingle_v with_o the_o rain_n that_o then_o fall_v be_v not_o a_o frost_n we_o take_v common_a water_n and_o weigh_v in_o it_o a_o glass_n bubble_n who_o weight_n in_o the_o air_n be_v 150._o grain_n and_o this_o bubble_n weigh_v in_o that_o water_n lose_v so_o much_o of_o its_o former_a weight_n as_o to_o weigh_v about_o 28_o â…_n grain_n and_o then_o by_o snow_n and_o salt_n reduce_v that_o water_n to_o such_o a_o degree_n of_o coldness_n that_o it_o begin_v to_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n about_o the_o inside_n of_o a_o small_a open_a glass_n that_o contain_v it_o we_o find_v the_o same_o bubble_n not_o to_o weigh_v at_o all_o above_o one_o eight_o part_n of_o a_o grain_n less_o than_o it_o do_v before_o so_o that_o if_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o the_o shrink_n and_o condensation_n of_o the_o water_n by_o the_o increment_n of_o weight_n it_o shrink_v but_o about_o a_o 230._o part_n of_o its_o former_a bulk_n and_o this_o according_a to_o a_o pair_n of_o scale_n that_o will_v turn_v with_o about_o the_o 32._o part_n of_o a_o grain_n which_o may_v keep_v we_o from_o wonder_v at_o what_o we_o late_o deliver_v concern_v the_o very_a inconsiderable_a subsidence_n of_o the_o water_n we_o expose_v to_o snow_n and_o salt_n in_o a_o small_a bolthead_n and_o it_o may_v also_o make_v that_o the_o more_o probable_a which_o we_o not_o 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weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o of_o those_o wherein_o a_o drop_n of_o liquor_n be_v keep_v pendulous_a for_o the_o former_a of_o these_o be_v not_o subject_a to_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n 〈◊〉_d nor_o as_o may_v be_v probable_o suppose_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n to_o be_v freeze_v by_o send_v the_o same_o weatherglass_n which_o may_v be_v make_v portable_a enough_o as_o i_o have_v try_v by_o transport_v one_o of_o they_o in_o a_o case_n that_o may_v be_v easy_o carry_v even_o in_o a_o pocket_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o one_o may_v make_v far_o better_a discovery_n of_o the_o differ_a degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o differ_v region_n and_o know_v somewhat_o near_o how_o much_o the_o air_n even_o of_o muscovy_n or_o norway_n or_o greenland_n itself_o be_v cold_a than_o that_o of_o england_n or_o any_o other_o country_n whence_o the_o weatherglass_n shall_v be_v send_v the_o instrument_n be_v accompany_v with_o a_o memorial_n of_o the_o degree_n it_o stand_v at_o when_o expose_v to_o such_o a_o cold_a as_o make_v water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v 13._o the_o other_o thermometer_n where_o a_o drop_n of_o liquor_n be_v keep_v pendulous_a may_v not_o only_o be_v employ_v in_o such_o case_n where_o the_o pipe_n and_o bubble_n can_v be_v erect_v upon_o the_o horizon_n but_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o outward_a air_n will_v indifferent_o impel_v the_o bubble_n lateral_o or_o upward_o upon_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o inward_a and_o that_o the_o bubble_n will_v not_o bare_o by_o its_o weight_n drop_v out_o of_o the_o invert_v instrument_n because_o of_o the_o resistance_n of_o the_o subjacent_a outward_a air_n for_o these_o cause_n i_o say_v such_o a_o thermoscope_n may_v as_o we_o have_v try_v be_v also_o use_v where_o the_o pipe_n shall_v be_v hold_v horizontal_a or_o incline_v or_o even_o perpendicular_o downward_o so_o that_o the_o flat_a part_n of_o the_o 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or_o downward_o 1._o though_o after_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o cold_a it_o will_v be_v the_o most_o proper_a place_n to_o take_v some_o notice_n of_o the_o direction_n of_o its_o activity_n yet_o because_o one_o of_o the_o experiment_n that_o belong_v to_o this_o head_n be_v of_o great_a use_n to_o facilitate_v the_o trial_n of_o many_o of_o those_o that_o follow_v throughout_o this_o whole_a collection_n we_o will_v no_o long_o delay_v to_o say_v something_o of_o this_o matter_n namely_o in_o what_o line_n or_o if_o you_o please_v towards_o what_o part_n the_o frigefactive_a virtue_n of_o cold_a body_n do_v operate_v the_o further_a and_o the_o most_o strong_o 2._o it_o be_v a_o know_a doctrine_n among_o philosopher_n that_o the_o diffusion_n of_o heat_n tend_v chief_o upward_o as_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n will_v burn_v many_o thing_n hold_v over_o it_o at_o a_o great_a distance_n than_o it_o will_v considerable_o warm_v they_o at_o in_o case_n they_o be_v hold_v beneath_o its_o level_n or_o even_o by_o its_o side_n and_o it_o be_v true_a that_o in_o all_o case_n vulgar_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o observation_n for_o reason_n elsewhere_o discourse_v of_o hold_v well_o enough_o and_o therefore_o it_o may_v be_v worth_a enquiry_n whether_o in_o cold_a which_o be_v general_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o contrary_a quality_n to_o heat_n the_o diffusion_n from_o cold_a body_n be_v make_v more_o strong_o downward_o then_o either_o upward_o or_o towards_o the_o side_n about_o this_o matter_n i_o can_v as_o yet_o find_v among_o my_o note_n but_o the_o two_o follow_a experiment_n 〈◊〉_d those_o not_o both_o together_o a_fw-la very_a thin_a bubble_n be_v blow_v at_o a_o lamp_n and_o purposely_o make_v flat_a at_o the_o bottom_n that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o more_o expose_v to_o the_o cold_a and_o it_o be_v suspend_v by_o a_o string_n within_o a_o pretty_a deal_n less_o than_o a_o inch_n of_o a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n wherewith_o we_o have_v half_o fill_v a_o convenient_o large_a wide-mouthed_a glass_n but_o we_o can_v not_o find_v that_o a_o cold_a capable_a of_o freeze_a do_v strike_v so_o high_a upward_o for_o the_o water_n in_o the_o bubble_n remain_v altogether_o unfrozen_a which_o agree_v very_o well_o with_o what_o we_o have_v observe_v that_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n do_v not_o 〈◊〉_d the_o vapour_n that_o wander_v through_o the_o air_n above_o half_a a_o barley_n corn_n breadth_n high_o than_o the_o mixture_n in_o the_o glass_n reach_v 3._o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n be_v put_v into_o a_o vial_n with_o a_o long_a neck_n the_o round_a part_n of_o it_o be_v by_o a_o weight_n keep_v under_o water_n out_o of_o which_o be_v take_v after_o a_o while_n the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v case_v with_o solid_a ice_n n_o b._n especial_o about_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vial_n of_o great_a hardness_n and_o thickness_n than_o one_o can_v easy_o imagine_v 4._o thus_o far_o the_o note_n from_o which_o nevertheless_o i_o will_v not_o positive_o conclude_v though_o they_o seem_v to_o persuade_v it_o that_o the_o tendency_n of_o the_o cold_a produce_v by_o body_n qualify_v to_o freeze_v other_o be_v great_a downward_o then_o upward_o for_o the_o satisfactory_a determination_n of_o that_o matter_n may_v for_o aught_o i_o know_v require_v trial_n more_o artificial_a and_o nice_a than_o those_o we_o have_v be_v recite_v and_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o i_o can_v find_v the_o last_o of_o they_o to_o have_v be_v careful_o repeat_v and_o register_v because_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o strange_a that_o the_o ice_n shall_v be_v much_o thick_a at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vial_n than_o elsewhere_o in_o regard_n that_o when_o we_o have_v as_o we_o very_o frequent_o have_v put_v mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n into_o vial_n and_o leave_v they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n we_o general_o observe_v that_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v case_v with_o ice_n or_o cover_v with_o hoar_a frost_n direct_o over_o against_o that_o part_n of_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o glass_n wherein_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n be_v so_o that_o part_n of_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n resolve_v one_o another_o and_o fall_v down_o in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o liquor_n to_o the_o bottom_n the_o unmelted_a part_n of_o the_o mixture_n will_v float_v upon_o this_o liquor_n and_o the_o external_a ice_n will_v appear_v over_o against_o the_o float_a mixture_n by_o which_o it_o be_v generate_v so_o that_o as_o the_o mixture_n grow_v thin_a and_o thin_a so_o will_v the_o zone_n or_o girdle_n if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v it_o of_o external_a ice_n grow_v narrow_a and_o narrow_a till_o at_o length_n when_o the_o snow_n be_v quite_o melt_v away_o the_o external_a ice_n will_v quick_o also_o vanish_v but_o from_o this_o observation_n which_o we_o frequent_o make_v that_o as_o in_o such_o vial_n 〈◊〉_d ice_n do_v not_o appear_v as_o i_o just_a now_o relate_v above_o half_a a_o corn_n breadth_n high_o than_o the_o mixture_n in_o the_o glass_n so_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v observe_v it_o much_o low_a beneath_o the_o mixture_n from_o those_o thing_n i_o say_v it_o may_v be_v probable_o conjecture_v that_o even_o the_o cold_a body_n at_o least_o unless_o their_o bulk_n alter_v the_o case_n do_v not_o diffuse_v their_o freeze_a virtue_n either_o upward_o or_o downward_o to_o any_o considerable_a distance_n 5._o these_o trial_n as_o i_o be_v intimate_v may_v suggest_v some_o difficulty_n about_o the_o last_o of_o the_o two_o experiment_n transcribe_v out_o of_o my_o note_n but_o as_o it_o be_v evident_a these_o observation_n be_v make_v in_o the_o open_a air_n by_o the_o freeze_a of_o its_o rove_a vapour_n and_o the_o mention_a experiment_n be_v make_v under_o water_n so_o how_o much_o this_o difference_n of_o medium_n may_v alter_v the_o case_n as_o to_o the_o way_n of_o the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a i_o dare_v not_o till_o further_a trial_n bold_o determine_v especial_o since_o one_o circumstance_n to_o be_v under_o the_o next_o title_n mention_v about_o the_o freeze_a of_o egg_n may_v pass_v for_o a_o addirional_a experiment_n as_o to_o our_o present_a enquiry_n for_o the_o case_n obtain_v by_o freeze_a egg_n suspend_v under_o water_n which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o the_o diffusion_n of_o their_o cold_n be_v make_v every_o way_n since_o they_o be_v quite_o enclose_v in_o the_o ice_n they_o have_v produce_v 6._o though_o the_o experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n by_o the_o intervention_n of_o salt_n and_o snow_n be_v not_o a_o new_a one_o for_o substance_n yet_o i_o hold_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o make_v a_o further_a mention_n of_o it_o on_o this_o occasion_n because_o that_o what_o i_o be_o to_o deliver_v about_o it_o be_v a_o paticular_a not_o take_v notice_n of_o that_o i_o know_v of_o by_o other_o the_o premise_a of_o which_o will_n according_a to_o what_o we_o late_o intimate_v much_o facilitate_v the_o trial_n of_o many_o of_o the_o experiment_n to_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o follow_a part_n of_o these_o paper_n and_o will_v indeed_o appear_v to_o be_v of_o no_o small_a moment_n in_o our_o whole_a attempt_n of_o frame_v a_o history_n of_o cold._a for_o it_o have_v long_o seem_v to_o i_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a thing_n that_o have_v hinder_v man_n from_o make_v any_o considerable_a progress_n in_o this_o matter_n that_o whereas_o glass-vessel_n be_v general_o much_o the_o most_o proper_a to_o freeze_v liquor_n in_o because_o their_o transparency_n allow_v we_o to_o see_v what_o change_v the_o cold_a make_v in_o the_o liquor_n expose_v to_o it_o the_o way_n of_o freeze_a with_o salt_n and_o snow_n as_o it_o have_v be_v hitherto_o use_v do_v almost_o as_o little_a as_o the_o common_a way_n of_o bare_o expose_v vessel_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n prevent_v the_o unseasonable_a break_n of_o the_o glass_n for_o in_o both_o these_o way_n the_o water_n or_o other_o liquor_n usual_o begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n and_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o glaciation_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v anon_o to_o distend_v the_o water_n and_o aqueous_a liquor_n it_o harden_v it_o be_v usual_o and_o natural_o consequent_a that_o when_o the_o upper_a crust_n of_o ice_n be_v grow_v thick_a and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a liquor_n bear_v hard_a with_o its_o edge_n against_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n contiguous_a to_o it_o the_o include_v liquor_n that_o be_v by_o degree_n successive_o turn_v into_o ice_n require_v more_o room_n than_o before_o and_o forcible_o endeavour_v to_o expand_n itself_o every_o way_n find_v it_o less_o difficult_a to_o burst_v the_o glass_n then_o lift_v up_o the_o ice_n and_o
consequent_o do_v the_o former_a and_o thereby_o spoil_v the_o experiment_n before_o it_o be_v come_v to_o perfection_n or_o have_v let_v we_o see_v what_o nature_n will_v have_v do_v if_o she_o have_v not_o be_v thus_o hinder_v in_o her_o work_n 7._o the_o consideration_n of_o this_o invite_v i_o to_o alter_v the_o common_a way_n of_o freeze_a and_o order_v the_o matter_n so_o that_o whensoever_o i_o please_v the_o expose_v liquor_n shall_v not_o begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n or_o side_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n which_o i_o conclude_v it_o very_o easy_a to_o do_v by_o mingle_v the_o salt_n with_o that_o part_n only_o of_o the_o snow_n which_o be_v to_o lie_v beneath_o and_o about_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n i_o place_v in_o it_o for_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o snow_n that_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o side_n be_v able_a but_o to_o cool_v the_o water_n and_o dispose_v it_o to_o glaciation_n whereas_o the_o mingle_a snow_n and_o salt_n on_o which_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n rest_v do_v actual_o turn_v the_o neighbour_a liquor_n into_o ice_n and_o lift_v up_o the_o incumbent_a liquor_n towards_o the_o high_a and_o empty_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o this_o liquor_n also_o i_o can_v afterward_o freeze_v at_o pleasure_n without_o danger_n of_o break_v the_o vessel_n only_o by_o so_o apply_v salt_n and_o snow_n to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o they_o never_o reach_v except_o perhaps_o at_o the_o very_a conclusion_n of_o the_o experiment_n so_o high_a by_o a_o reasonable_a distance_n as_o the_o upper_a surface_n of_o the_o liquor_n in_o the_o glass_n so_o that_o the_o superior_a part_n of_o that_o liquor_n be_v always_o keep_v fluid_a and_o capable_a of_o be_v easy_o impel_v high_a and_o high_a by_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a part_n of_o the_o subjacent_a liquor_n 8._o the_o speculative_a inference_n that_o may_v be_v draw_v from_o this_o experiment_n of_o make_v water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o bottom_n not_o the_o top_n will_v be_v more_o frigidum_fw-la proper_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o another_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o shall_v only_o intimate_v by_o the_o way_n that_o there_o be_v no_o great_a necessity_n of_o any_o nice_a proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o snow_n nor_o of_o any_o exquisite_a mixture_n of_o they_o a_o three_o or_o four_o part_n or_o thereabouts_o of_o sea_n salt_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o snow_n will_v not_o do_v amiss_o nor_o do_v i_o usual_o put_v salt_n to_o all_o the_o snow_n at_o once_o unless_o in_o some_o case_n wherein_o i_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o freeze_v a_o liquor_n quick_o and_o make_v a_o speedy_a resolution_n of_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n in_o order_n thereunto_o to_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v that_o by_o the_o way_n above_o mention_v i_o do_v upon_o particular_a occasion_n make_v the_o expose_v liquor_n freeze_v not_o at_o the_o bottom_n or_o the_o top_n but_o next_o to_o what_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n i_o please_v according_a to_o the_o exigency_n of_o the_o experiment_n but_o though_o it_o may_v suffice_v to_o have_v hint_v the_o speculative_a inference_n that_o may_v be_v draw_v from_o this_o way_n of_o freeze_a liquor_n it_o will_v be_v expedient_a to_o give_v explicit_o this_o practical_a advertisement_n concern_v it_o that_o whereas_o it_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v for_o grant_v that_o snow_n be_v necessary_a in_o this_o artifice_n and_o we_o ourselves_o be_v for_o some_o time_n lead_v away_o with_o the_o rest_n by_o that_o supposition_n yet_o that_o be_v but_o a_o presumption_n and_o aught_o to_o be_v remove_v as_o one_o very_o prejudicial_a to_o those_o that_o with_o we_o design_v the_o prosecute_a experiment_n in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold._n for_o snow_n be_v but_o seldom_o to_o be_v find_v on_o the_o ground_n in_o comparison_n of_o ice_n and_o be_v but_o a_o congery_n of_o many_o small_a icesicles_n with_o much_o air_n intercept_v among_o they_o it_o be_v not_o 〈◊〉_d paribus_fw-la near_o so_o durable_a as_o the_o more_o entire_a body_n of_o solid_a ice_n and_o yet_o we_o have_v find_v by_o frequent_a experience_n that_o ice_n well_o beat_v in_o a_o mortar_n will_v serve_v our_o turn_n for_o artificial_a glaciation_n as_o well_o if_o not_o in_o some_o respect_v better_a as_o snow_n and_o therefore_o in_o this_o history_n of_o cold_a we_o indifferent_o prescribe_v snow_n and_o salt_n or_o salt_n and_o ice_n as_o the_o ingredient_n of_o our_o glaciate_a mixture_n title_n vi_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o preservation_n and_o destruction_n of_o egg_n apple_n and_o other_o body_n by_o cold._n 1._o it_o be_v a_o tradition_n common_a enough_o though_o not_o here_o in_o england_n yet_o among_o those_o that_o have_v give_v we_o account_n of_o very_o cold_a 〈◊〉_d that_o if_o egg_n or_o apple_n be_v freeze_v be_v thaw_v near_o the_o fire_n they_o will_v be_v thereby_o spoil_v but_o if_o they_o be_v immerse_v in_o cold_a water_n the_o internal_a cold_n will_v be_v draw_v out_o as_o they_o suppose_v by_o the_o external_a and_o the_o freeze_a body_n will_v be_v harmlef_o though_o not_o so_o quick_o thaw_v this_o tradition_n i_o think_v fit_a to_o examine_v not_o only_o because_o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v whether_o it_o will_v succeed_v in_o our_o more_o temperate_a climate_n and_o because_o i_o love_v not_o to_o rely_v upon_o tradition_n when_o i_o have_v the_o opportunity_n to_o examine_v they_o especial_o if_o no_o one_o credible_a author_n affirm_v they_o upon_o his_o particular_a knowledge_n but_o also_o because_o i_o think_v the_o experiment_n if_o true_a may_v be_v so_o vary_v and_o make_v use_n of_o as_o to_o become_v luciferous_a enough_o and_o afford_v we_o divers_a phaenomena_n of_o cold_a not_o so_o easy_a to_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o more_o know_v way_n of_o experiment_v and_o according_o have_v expose_v some_o of_o these_o body_n to_o a_o cold_a that_o be_v judge_v sharp_a enough_o we_o afterward_o put_v they_o in_o water_n but_o find_v not_o the_o event_n answer_v our_o expectation_n no_o ice_n appear_v to_o be_v generate_v nevertheless_o we_o be_v not_o hereby_o so_o discourage_v as_o not_o to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n which_o we_o judge_v to_o be_v not_o unlikely_a with_o more_o sollicitousness_n and_o advantage_n then_o before_o and_o have_v thereby_o bring_v it_o to_o succeed_v we_o afterward_o make_v several_a trial_n of_o it_o with_o several_a distinct_a aim_n but_o 〈◊〉_d now_o find_v any_o entry_n of_o divers_a of_o they_o but_o those_o i_o have_v hitherto_o meet_v with_o among_o my_o note_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v as_o have_v in_o they_o some_o particular_n that_o may_v afford_v useful_a hint_n to_o a_o enquirer_n into_o the_o history_n and_o nature_n of_o cold._n and_o i_o shall_v set_v down_o together_o and_o that_o in_o this_o place_n though_o it_o will_v not_o otherwise_o be_v the_o most_o proper_a those_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o because_o some_o circumstance_n of_o one_o or_o other_o of_o they_o may_v be_v of_o use_n to_o we_o on_o several_a occasion_n in_o the_o present_a treatise_n 2._o a_o egg_n weigh_v twelve_o drachm_n and_o one_o grain_n wrap_v in_o a_o wax_v paper_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o the_o liquor_n of_o the_o thaw_v snow_n and_o freeze_v with_o snow_n and_o salt_n want_v four_o grain_n of_o that_o weight_n put_v into_o a_o dish_n of_o fair_a water_n there_o crust_v as_o much_o ice_n about_o the_o outside_n as_o make_v the_o egg_n and_o ice_n fifteen_o drachm_n and_o nine_o grain_n the_o ice_n be_v take_v off_o from_o the_o shell_n and_o the_o shell_n very_o well_o dry_v the_o egg_n be_v find_v to_o weigh_v twelve_o drachm_n and_o twelve_o grain_n the_o egg_n be_v break_v be_v find_v almost_o quite_o thaw_v the_o egg_n freeze_v swim_v in_o water_n be_v thaw_v it_o sink_v 3._o we_o take_v two_o egg_n strong_o freeze_v and_o in_o a_o room_n where_o there_o be_v a_o good_a fire_n we_o put_v one_o of_o they_o into_o a_o deep_a woodden-dish_n full_a of_o very_o cold_a water_n and_o set_v the_o other_o by_o it_o upon_o a_o table_n about_o two_o yard_n from_o the_o fire_n that_o they_o may_v be_v in_o air_n of_o the_o same_o temper_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a then_o perceive_v the_o egg_n that_o lie_v under_o water_n to_o have_v obtain_v a_o thick_a crust_n of_o ice_n we_o take_v it_o out_o and_o have_v first_o free_v it_o from_o the_o ice_n break_v it_o and_o find_v that_o some_o part_n of_o the_o white_a be_v not_o yet_o free_v from_o a_o pretty_a store_n of_o little_a parcel_n of_o ice_n but_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o white_a which_o be_v much_o the_o great_a part_n and_o the_o yelk_n seem_v to_o be_v much_o what_o of_o the_o same_o consistence_n as_o if_o the_o egg_n have_v not_o former_o be_v
freeze_v whereas_o the_o other_o egg_n that_o lie_v by_o upon_o the_o dry_a table_n have_v not_o only_o its_o whole_a white_a freeze_a into_o a_o consistent_a body_n but_o the_o yelk_n itself_o though_o we_o see_v no_o distinct_a particle_n of_o ice_n in_o it_o be_v grow_v so_o hard_o that_o it_o cut_v just_a like_o the_o yelk_n of_o a_o egg_n over_o boil_v and_o be_v cut_v quite_o through_o show_v we_o certain_a concentrical_a circle_n of_o somewhat_o differ_v colour_n with_o a_o speck_n much_o white_a than_o any_o of_o they_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o yelk_n which_o last_o circumstance_n whether_o they_o be_v accidental_a or_o no_o further_a observation_n must_v determine_v note_v that_o though_o we_o have_v not_o find_v above_o once_o that_o freeze_a egg_n will_v swim_v yet_o when_o we_o have_v break_v such_o egg_n the_o freeze_a white_a will_v swim_v but_o not_o the_o yelk_n 4._o we_o afterward_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n of_o lay_v two_o freeze_v egg_n near_o together_o in_o the_o place_n above_o mention_v the_o one_o under_o water_n and_o the_o other_o out_o of_o it_o till_o that_o put_v in_o water_n have_v get_v a_o thick_a icy_a crust_n and_o by_o break_v of_o they_o both_o present_o after_o one_o another_o be_v confirm_v in_o the_o persuasion_n that_o freeze_a egg_n will_v thaw_v by_o great_a odds_o caeteris_fw-la paribus_fw-la fast_o when_o immerse_v in_o water_n then_o when_o surround_v only_o with_o air._n 5._o we_o likewise_o take_v a_o freeze_a egg_n and_o from_o a_o fix_a place_n suspend_v it_o so_o by_o a_o slender_a packthread_n that_o it_o hang_v quite_o under_o water_n without_o yet_o touch_v the_o vessel_n that_o the_o water_n be_v in_o this_o we_o do_v partly_o upon_o another_o design_n and_o partly_o to_o observe_v whether_o or_o no_o the_o ice_n will_v in_o this_o case_n be_v considerable_o thick_a or_o thin_a against_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o egg_n as_o we_o former_o mention_v ourselves_o to_o have_v observe_v it_o to_o be_v very_o manifest_o at_o the_o low_a part_n of_o a_o glass_n which_o have_v ice_n and_o salt_n in_o it_o be_v immerse_v under_o water_n but_o when_o we_o take_v out_o the_o egg_n after_o we_o see_v that_o its_o icy_a case_n have_v cover_v the_o packthread_n it_o be_v hang_v by_o we_o find_v the_o case_n upon_o break_v it_o of_o a_o thickness_n uniform_a enough_o to_o keep_v we_o from_o conclude_v any_o thing_n from_o this_o trial_n since_o though_o there_o be_v a_o pretty_a deal_n of_o ice_n generate_v at_o so_o small_a a_o distance_n from_o the_o case_n of_o the_o egg_n that_o it_o seem_v to_o owe_v its_o production_n to_o the_o same_o cause_n yet_o which_o be_v somewhat_o odd_a we_o do_v not_o find_v that_o this_o ice_n stick_v to_o that_o which_o do_v immediate_o embrace_v the_o egg_n though_o we_o have_v some_o faint_a suspicion_n that_o the_o rudiment_n of_o it_o may_v have_v be_v very_o early_o part_v from_o the_o egg_n by_o some_o little_a shake_n of_o the_o table_n occasion_v by_o people_n pass_v to_o and_o fro_o in_o the_o room_n 6._o we_o take_v some_o pippin_n and_o expose_v they_o to_o freeze_v all_o night_n and_o put_v they_o the_o next_o morning_n into_o a_o basin_n of_o very_a cold_a water_n though_o in_o a_o warm_a room_n they_o be_v not_o long_o there_o without_o be_v enclose_v with_o case_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o considerable_a thickness_n where_o note_n 1._o that_o that_o part_n of_o a_o float_a apple_n that_o be_v immerse_v under_o water_n have_v a_o very_a much_o thick_a coat_n than_o the_o other_o part_n which_o remain_v above_o it_o 2._o that_o the_o extant_a part_n seem_v likewise_o to_o be_v hard_a than_o the_o immersed_a 3._o that_o one_o of_o these_o pippin_n be_v purposely_o leave_v out_o of_o the_o basin_n but_o lay_v by_o it_o seem_v upon_o cut_v to_o be_v hard_a and_o more_o freeze_a then_o those_o apple_n which_o have_v be_v put_v into_o the_o water_n which_o scarce_o seem_v to_o be_v at_o all_o hard_a than_o ordinary_a pippin_n that_o 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in_o their_o building_n and_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n will_v do_v the_o like_a and_o that_o he_o have_v often_o see_v the_o gape_a cleft_n sometime_o wide_a enough_o to_o put_v in_o his_o finger_n which_o will_v remain_v in_o the_o tree_n and_o in_o the_o fir-wood_n till_o the_o thaw_n after_o which_o they_o will_v pretty_o well_o close_o of_o themselves_o title_n vii_o experiment_n touch_v the_o expansion_n of_o water_n and_o aqueous_a liquor_n by_o freeze_a 1._o that_o water_n and_o other_o liquor_n be_v condense_v by_o cold_a and_o so_o much_o the_o more_o condense_a by_o how_o much_o the_o great_a the_o degree_n of_o cold_a be_v that_o condense_n they_o have_v be_v for_o many_o age_n general_o teach_v by_o the_o school_n and_o take_v for_o grant_v among_o man_n till_o of_o late_a some_o more_o speculative_a than_o the_o rest_n have_v call_v it_o in_o question_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o levity_n of_o ice_n since_o which_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o two_o modern_a 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the_o top_n you_o shall_v manifest_o see_v that_o the_o ice_n will_v reach_v a_o good_a way_n high_o in_o the_o neck_n than_o the_o fluid_a water_n do_v and_o that_o upon_o a_o gentle_a thaw_n of_o the_o ice_n the_o water_n it_o return_v to_o will_v rest_v at_o the_o same_o height_n in_o the_o stem_n to_o which_o it_o reach_v before_o it_o be_v expose_v to_o be_v freeze_v 3._o we_o have_v likewise_o use_v other_o way_n unspoken_a of_o by_o the_o late_o mention_v writer_n to_o evince_v that_o water_n be_v expanded_a by_o be_v freeze_v as_o first_o that_o we_o take_v a_o strong_a earthen_a vessel_n of_o a_o cylindrical_a form_n and_o fill_v it_o with_o water_n to_o a_o certain_a height_n we_o expose_v it_o unstop_v both_o to_o the_o open_a air_n in_o frosty_a night_n and_o to_o the_o operation_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n and_o find_v that_o the_o ice_n do_v manifest_o reach_v high_o than_o the_o water_n do_v before_o it_o be_v congeal_v beside_o if_o a_o hollow_a pipe_n or_o cylinder_n 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the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o fill_v that_o space_n which_o be_v desert_v upon_o the_o condensation_n of_o the_o include_v air_n the_o liquor_n will_v otherwise_o leave_v a_o vacuum_n abhor_v by_o nature_n and_o even_o those_o few_o modern_n that_o be_v loath_a to_o ascribe_v this_o phaenomenon_n to_o nature_n abhorrency_n of_o a_o vacuum_n either_o not_o be_v acquaint_v with_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n know_v not_o what_o probable_a account_n to_o give_v of_o it_o or_o if_o they_o acknowledge_v that_o weight_n be_v wont_a to_o ascribe_v it_o to_o that_o and_o to_o the_o great_a contraction_n of_o the_o internal_a air_n make_v by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_n 5._o but_o as_o for_o the_o peripatetic_n the_o above_o mention_v experiment_n sufficient_o evince_v that_o in_o many_o case_n it_o be_v not_o the_o shrink_n but_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o liquor_n contain_v in_o the_o stop_v vessel_n that_o occasion_n their_o burst_n and_o therefore_o in_o these_o case_n 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generate_v fasten_v itself_o as_o on_o other_o occasion_n we_o declare_v very_o strong_o to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n contiguous_a to_o its_o edge_n as_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v deep_a and_o deep_o this_o crust_n of_o ice_n increase_v in_o thickness_n and_o strength_n so_o that_o the_o water_n be_v include_v as_o in_o a_o vessel_n hermetical_o seal_v betwixt_o this_o ice_n at_o the_o upper_a part_n and_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n every_o where_o else_o and_o consequent_o the_o remain_a water_n be_v uncapable_a of_o congelation_n without_o expansion_n when_o the_o ice_n be_v grow_v strong_a enough_o at_o the_o top_n to_o make_v it_o easy_a for_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o the_o freeze_a water_n to_o crack_v the_o side_n or_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n then_o to_o force_v up_o that_o thick_a cake_n of_o ice_n the_o vessel_n will_v be_v break_v how_o much_o soever_o there_o be_v of_o it_o empty_a above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o this_o conjecture_n may_v be_v confirm_v by_o these_o two_o particular_n the_o one_o that_o when_o water_n be_v freeze_v in_o a_o broad_a vessel_n which_o be_v too_o strong_a to_o be_v break_v or_o stretch_v by_o the_o frost_n the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n will_v be_v convex_a or_o protuberant_a because_o that_o though_o the_o glaciation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n the_o thickness_n and_o compactness_n of_o the_o vessel_n make_v it_o easy_o for_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n to_o thrust_v up_o that_o cake_n of_o ice_n in_o those_o part_n of_o it_o that_o be_v the_o remote_a from_o the_o side_n whereunto_o they_o be_v strong_o fasten_v then_o to_o break_v so_o solid_a a_o vessel_n 6._o the_o other_o particular_a be_v afford_v we_o by_o that_o experiment_n of_o we_o mention_v in_o the_o vth_z title_n forego_v wherein_o if_o a_o vessel_n half_n full_a of_o water_n be_v make_v to_o freeze_v not_o first_o at_o the_o top_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n that_o liquor_n may_v be_v turn_v into_o ice_n without_o danger_n to_o the_o glass_n but_o we_o will_v now_o add_v a_o experiment_n on_o who_o occasion_n we_o have_v set_v down_o these_o consideration_n for_o be_v incline_v to_o think_v that_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o air_n shut_v up_o in_o a_o vessel_n stop_v will_v preserve_v it_o expanded_a or_o at_o least_o keep_v it_o from_o considerable_o shrink_v notwithstanding_o a_o very_a great_a degree_n of_o cold_a in_o case_n the_o vessel_n be_v strong_a and_o close_o enough_o to_o fence_v it_o from_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o external_a air_n we_o conjecture_v that_o the_o bare_a weight_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n add_v to_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o include_v air_n will_v not_o be_v sufficient_a to_o break_v much_o weak_a glass_n than_o those_o we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o and_o therefore_o partly_o to_o satisfy_v some_o ingenious_a man_n that_o this_o conjecture_n make_v i_o dissent_v from_o and_o partly_o to_o show_v the_o peripatetic_n and_o those_o that_o adhere_v to_o they_o in_o the_o question_n under_o consideration_n that_o either_o the_o cold_a alone_n can_v always_o as_o they_o teach_v we_o contract_v the_o air_n or_o that_o if_o it_o do_v the_o break_n of_o well_o stop_v glass_n in_o frosty_a weather_n be_v much_o fit_a to_o evince_v that_o there_o may_v be_v a_o vacuum_n then_o that_o there_o can_v be_v none_o we_o make_v the_o follow_a experiment_n 7._o we_o take_v three_o glass-bubble_n of_o differ_v shape_n and_o size_n which_o we_o cause_v to_o be_v blow_v with_o a_o lamp_n that_o to_o make_v the_o experiment_n very_o favourable_a for_o our_o adversary_n we_o may_v have_v they_o much_o thin_a and_o consequent_o weak_a than_o those_o glass_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o to_o keep_v liquor_n in_o and_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v break_v though_o they_o be_v not_o full_a by_o the_o frost_n these_o bubble_n when_o the_o air_n be_v at_o a_o convenient_a temper_n within_o be_v as_o easy_o they_o may_v be_v nimble_o seal_v up_o with_o care_n to_o avoid_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n in_o they_o and_o be_v afterward_o expose_v sometime_o to_o the_o air_n it_o self_n in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n and_o sometime_o to_o that_o great_a cold_a which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o place_v they_o in_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n we_o can_v not_o nevertheless_o find_v that_o any_o one_o of_o the_o three_o be_v at_o all_o break_a or_o crack_v so_o that_o in_o case_n the_o include_v air_n be_v condense_v into_o a_o lesser_a room_n the_o space_n it_o desert_v may_v be_v conclude_v empty_a or_o else_o it_o will_v hardly_o appear_v what_o 〈◊〉_d there_o can_v be_v that_o nature_n shall_v break_v as_o the_o peripatetic_n pretend_v very_o much_o strong_a glass_n in_o apothecary_n shop_n to_o prevent_v a_o vacuum_n 8._o have_v show_v that_o water_n itself_o acquire_v a_o considerable_a expansion_n by_o cold_a we_o will_v next_o show_v that_o aqueous_a body_n or_o those_o that_o abound_v with_o waterish_a part_n do_v divers_a if_o not_o 〈◊〉_d of_o they_o the_o like_a we_o take_v egg_n and_o expose_v they_o to_o a_o sufficient_a degree_n of_o cold_a we_o observe_v that_o when_o the_o contain_v liquor_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n they_o burst_v the_o shell_n asunder_o so_o that_o divers_a gape_a crack_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o they_o as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v freeze_v 9_o milk_n urine_n rhenish-wine_n and_o good_a spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v set_v to_o freeze_v in_o distinct_a glass_n egg_n neither_o of_o the_o three_o former_a liquor_n 〈◊〉_d observe_v to_o subside_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o rise_v the_o event_n in_o sum_n be_v that_o the_o urine_n be_v much_o long_o then_o either_o of_o the_o two_o other_o liquor_n before_o it_o begin_v to_o swell_v but_o rise_v to_o a_o far_o great_a height_n than_o they_o afterward_o the_o wine_n do_v not_o leave_v the_o mark_n above_o a_o inch_n beneath_o the_o milk_n ascend_v about_o two_o inch_n and_o the_o urine_n by_o guess_n six_o or_o seven_o 10._o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o 〈◊〉_d vitriol_n be_v put_v into_o a_o cylindrical_a pipe_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n so_o that_o the_o liquor_n fill_v the_o pipe_n to_o the_o height_n of_o about_o six_o or_o eight_o inch_n be_v freeze_v with_o snow_n and_o salt_n the_o congeal_a liquor_n grow_v very_o opacous_a and_o look_v as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v turn_v or_o shoot_v into_o vitriol_n save_o a_o little_a that_o remain_v fluid_a and_o transparent_a near_o the_o bottom_n and_o this_o ice_n as_o appear_v rise_v considerable_o high_a than_o the_o liquor_n do_v before_o congelation_n it_o be_v perhaps_o worth_a try_v whether_o or_o no_o even_o several_a body_n of_o a_o stable_a consistence_n and_o durable_a texture_n may_v not_o be_v find_v to_o receive_v some_o though_o less_o manifest_a dilatation_n by_o excessive_a cold._n and_o methinks_v those_o who_o attribute_n glaciation_n to_o the_o plentiful_a ingress_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n into_o body_n shall_v by_o their_o hypothesis_n have_v be_v invite_v to_o make_v some_o trial_n of_o this_o kind_n since_o we_o see_v that_o the_o invisible_a moisture_n of_o the_o air_n against_o rainy_a weather_n do_v seem_v manifest_o enough_o to_o alter_v the_o dimension_n of_o door_n window-shuts_a and_o other_o such_o work_v make_v of_o wood_n not_o well_o season_v and_o even_o without_o suppose_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o epicurean_a hypothesis_n if_o we_o consider_v that_o in_o bread_n though_o we_o be_v sure_a that_o much_o more_o water_n be_v add_v to_o the_o meal_n or_o flower_n than_o be_v exhale_a in_o the_o oven_n yet_o there_o appear_v not_o the_o least_o drop_n of_o water_n distinct_a in_o the_o concrete_a and_o that_o hartshorn_n sponge_n and_o many_o other_o body_n that_o seem_v very_o dry_a will_v afford_v by_o distillation_n good_a store_n of_o phlegm_n or_o water_n and_o more_o than_o can_v probable_o be_v ascribe_v to_o any_o transmute_v operation_n of_o the_o fire_n if_o i_o say_v we_o consider_v these_o and_o the_o like_a thing_n it_o may_v seem_v worth_a while_n to_o try_v which_o i_o want_v the_o conveniency_n to_o do_v by_o accurate_a measure_n whether_o the_o invisible_a and_o interspersed_a water_n its_o comminution_n notwithstanding_o will_v not_o upon_o freeze_a swell_v the_o body_n that_o harbour_v it_o and_o i_o will_v the_o more_o glad_o have_v be_v satisfy_v in_o this_o because_o i_o hope_v it_o may_v help_v i_o to_o unriddle_v a_o strange_a 〈◊〉_d afford_v we_o by_o the_o narrative_a of_o the_o dutchman_n voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n wherein_o they_o relate_v that_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o great_a that_o their_o clock_n be_v freeze_v and_o will_v not_o go_v though_o they_o hang_v more_o weight_n upon_o it_o then_o before_o so_o that_o they_o be_v
fain_o to_o measure_v their_o time_n by_o hour-glass_n for_o though_o this_o odd_a effect_n may_v be_v suspect_v to_o proceed_v from_o some_o little_a icicle_n stick_v to_o some_o of_o the_o wheel_n or_o the_o line_n in_o regard_n they_o not_o far_o off_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o steam_n of_o their_o body_n and_o other_o thing_n within_o their_o close_a house_n do_v voyage_n so_o fasten_v themselves_o to_o the_o wall_n to_o the_o roof_n and_o even_o to_o their_o cabin_n as_o to_o line_v they_o with_o ice_n of_o no_o less_o than_o two_o finger_n thick_a yet_o beside_o that_o it_o can_v be_v probable_o suppose_v that_o they_o who_o have_v so_o great_a need_n of_o their_o clock_n during_o the_o tedious_a absence_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o many_o week_n together_o shall_v not_o all_o the_o winter_n long_o be_v aware_a of_o this_o beside_o this_o i_o say_v i_o find_v that_o in_o captain_n james_n winter_v 64._o at_o charleton_n his_o clock_n and_o watch_n be_v so_o freeze_v too_o that_o they_o can_v not_o go_v notwithstanding_o they_o be_v still_o keep_v by_o the_o fire_n side_n in_o a_o chest_n 〈◊〉_d in_o clothes_n so_o that_o in_o case_n it_o appear_v that_o according_a to_o what_o we_o 〈◊〉_d note_v out_o of_o wormius_n the_o frost_n can_v get_v into_o metal_n it_o can_v also_o distend_v they_o and_o other_o stable_a body_n we_o may_v conceive_v that_o the_o stop_n of_o the_o clock_n may_v proceed_v from_o the_o stiffness_n or_o the_o swell_n of_o the_o line_n to_o which_o the_o weight_n be_v fasten_v or_o a_o swell_a even_o of_o some_o of_o the_o wheel_n or_o other_o metalline_a part_n of_o the_o clock_n that_o may_v spoil_v the_o necessary_a congruity_n between_o the_o tooth_n etc._n etc._n as_o i_o have_v try_v that_o some_o part_n of_o a_o iron_n instrument_n i_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v will_v by_o no_o mean_n fit_v one_o within_o another_o when_o expanded_a by_o much_o heat_n and_o though_o cold_a be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o expansion_n the_o effect_n may_v be_v the_o same_o though_o at_o other_o time_n they_o will_v and_o if_o we_o know_v whether_o spring_n lose_v any_o thing_n of_o their_o elasticity_n by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o cold_a we_o may_v thence_o also_o be_v assist_v to_o guess_v whether_o the_o frost_n operation_n upon_o the_o spring_n of_o captain_n james_n watch_n for_o he_o mention_n that_o as_o distinct_a from_o his_o clock_n may_v contribute_v any_o thing_n to_o the_o force_v it_o to_o stand_v still_o but_o these_o be_v bare_a conjecture_n from_o which_o i_o will_v therefore_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o follow_a section_n title_n viii_o experiment_n touch_v the_o contraction_n of_o liquor_n by_o cold._n 1._o but_o notwithstanding_o all_o the_o former_a experiment_n we_o must_v not_o conclude_v universal_o that_o all_o liquor_n be_v dispose_v to_o be_v expanded_a by_o cold_a neither_o by_o a_o moderate_a degree_n nor_o even_o by_o so_o intense_a a_o degree_n of_o it_o as_o suffice_v to_o freeze_v or_o congeal_v the_o liquor_n expose_v to_o it_o this_o we_o have_v try_v not_o only_o in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o divers_a other_o liquor_n that_o we_o can_v not_o bring_v to_o freeze_v but_o also_o in_o oil_n congeal_v by_o the_o vehemence_n of_o cold_a so_o that_o as_o to_o the_o change_n of_o dimension_n produce_v in_o liquor_n by_o cold_a there_o must_v be_v a_o great_a difference_n allow_v betwixt_o water_n and_o aqueous_a liquor_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o oil_n and_o divers_a other_o liquor_n that_o be_v some_o of_o they_o of_o a_o oleaginous_a and_o some_o of_o a_o very_a spirituous_a or_o a_o very_o high_o corrosive_a nature_n on_o the_o other_o side_n nor_o have_v we_o yet_o make_v trial_n enough_o to_o reduce_v this_o matter_n to_o a_o certainty_n for_o though_o we_o can_v not_o bring_v some_o strong_a saline_n spirit_n nor_o the_o most_o of_o chemical_a oil_n to_o freeze_v yet_o in_o some_o our_o attempt_n succeed_v not_o ill_a but_o i_o remember_v not_o that_o in_o any_o liquor_n we_o can_v by_o cold_a produce_v any_o sensible_a expansion_n but_o rather_o a_o manifest_a condensation_n unless_o we_o can_v bring_v it_o actual_o to_o freeze_v 2._o the_o trial_n we_o make_v of_o the_o efficacy_n of_o cold_a to_o condense_a liquor_n be_v many_o but_o it_o may_v for_o the_o present_a suffice_v to_o set_v down_o two_o or_o three_o differ_v one_o that_o occur_v to_o we_o in_o our_o collection_n to_o the_o entry_n of_o the_o experiment_n late_o recite_v of_o the_o expansion_n of_o milk_n urine_n and_o the_o rhenish_a wine_n there_o be_v subjoin_v these_o word_n but_o the_o egg_n that_o hold_v the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n though_o it_o be_v much_o small_a than_o we_o usual_o employ_v and_o fit_v with_o a_o proportionable_o slender_a stem_n and_o though_o it_o be_v keep_v divers_a hour_n partly_o in_o ice_n and_o salt_n and_o partly_o in_o snow_n and_o salt_n yet_o it_o freeze_v not_o at_o all_o but_o subside_v by_o degree_n below_o the_o first_o mark_n to_o the_o quantity_n of_o ¾_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o the_o stem_n and_o though_o it_o afterward_o seem_v to_o rise_v a_o little_a yet_o it_o never_o swell_v up_o again_o to_o the_o say_v first_o mark_n 3._o we_o take_v a_o round_a bolthead_n of_o about_o in_o diameter_n and_o pour_v in_o mercury_n till_o it_o reach_v a_o pretty_a way_n into_o the_o neck_n which_o be_v purposely_o draw_v more_o slender_a than_o ordinary_a and_o have_v without_o approach_v it_o to_o the_o fire_n free_v it_o from_o some_o of_o the_o large_a bubble_n of_o air_n that_o appear_v at_o the_o side_n we_o put_v it_o into_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n where_o the_o cold_a so_o wrought_v upon_o it_o that_o watch_v it_o attentive_o we_o can_v discern_v not_o only_o its_o have_v move_v but_o its_o motion_n downward_o which_o it_o continue_v though_o not_o visible_o in_o the_o progress_n as_o at_o the_o first_o till_o it_o be_v subside_v in_o the_o neck_n two_o inch_n or_o better_a which_o be_v far_o more_o than_o can_v be_v attribute_v to_o the_o contraction_n of_o any_o sensible_a aerial_a particle_n though_o they_o have_v lose_v not_o only_o the_o 30._o part_n of_o their_o dimension_n as_o we_o have_v sometime_o observe_v of_o the_o air_n but_o have_v be_v contract_v to_o a_o point_n and_o we_o observe_v too_o that_o the_o quicksilver_n once_o thus_o infrigidate_v though_o not_o freeze_v retain_v some_o of_o the_o acquire_v cold_a for_o many_o hour_n after_o as_o appear_v by_o its_o keep_n below_o the_o mark_n of_o its_o first_o height_n though_o we_o have_v keep_v it_o all_o night_n in_o a_o warm_a room_n 4._o we_o take_v a_o small_a egg_n with_o a_o proportionable_o slender_a stem_n into_o which_o we_o pour_v common_a oil_n till_o it_o rise_v a_o pretty_a way_n but_o not_o much_o above_o the_o oval_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n then_o have_v put_v a_o mark_n upon_o the_o station_n of_o the_o liquor_n we_o place_v the_o vessel_n in_o snow_n and_o salt_n and_o observe_v it_o not_o to_o swell_v as_o other_o liquor_n but_o to_o subside_o with_o cold_a till_o be_v quite_o freeze_v or_o congeal_v it_o appear_v to_o be_v shrink_v about_o a_o inch_n or_o more_o beneath_o the_o mark_n then_o be_v thaw_v it_o swell_v again_o to_o the_o mark_n 5._o the_o experiment_n be_v repeat_v the_o second_o time_n with_o not_o much_o worse_a success_n but_o we_o find_v that_o if_o the_o glass_n be_v remove_v out_o of_o the_o snow_n into_o some_o place_n near_o the_o fire_n the_o hot_a air_n will_v not_o only_o thaw_v it_o but_o so_o rarify_v it_o as_o to_o make_v it_o ascend_v above_o the_o mark_n a_o three_o time_n we_o seal_v up_o the_o same_o oil_n in_o the_o same_o glass_n and_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n with_o like_a success_n to_o that_o we_o have_v the_o second_o time_n and_o that_o the_o freeze_a oil_n be_v real_o condense_v we_o find_v because_o it_o will_v sink_v in_o oil_n of_o the_o same_o kind_a cold_a but_o unfrozen_a and_o this_o notwithstanding_o divers_a bubble_n which_o we_o observe_v usual_o to_o be_v make_v about_o each_o lump_n of_o congeal_a oil_n that_o we_o cast_v in_o upon_o its_o begin_n to_o sink_v in_o the_o fluid_a oil_n this_o we_o try_v both_o with_o oil_n well_o congeal_v or_o if_o another_o word_n please_v better_a incrassated_a or_o curl_a by_o snow_n and_o salt_n and_o with_o oil_n less_o congeal_v freeze_a by_o the_o bare_a cold_a of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n but_o this_o latter_a seem_v to_o sight_n to_o sink_v more_o slow_o than_o the_o other_o as_o be_v less_o congeal_v and_o ponderous_a yet_o will_v not_o lump_n of_o the_o mass_n of_o oil_n sink_v or_o continue_v immerse_v i_o say_v not_o in_o common_a water_n but_o in_o sack_n or_o
claret-wine_n and_o if_o thrust_v down_o into_o either_o of_o these_o liquor_n they_o nimble_o enough_o emerge_v 6._o whether_o or_o no_o chemical_a oil_n though_o like_v express_v oil_n they_o shrink_v with_o a_o moderate_a degree_n of_o cold_a will_v by_o congelation_n be_v like_v they_o contract_v or_o like_o aqueous_a liquor_n expanded_a we_o can_v not_o satisfy_v ourselves_o by_o experiment_n because_o we_o be_v unable_a to_o advance_v cold_a to_o a_o degree_n capable_a of_o bring_v such_o oil_n to_o congelation_n only_o we_o have_v thought_n to_o make_v a_o trial_n with_o oil_n of_o aniseed_n distil_v with_o water_n in_o a_o limbeck_n in_o regard_n that_o though_o it_o be_v a_o very_a subtle_a liquor_n and_o as_o chemist_n call_v it_o a_o essential_a oil_n and_o though_o in_o the_o summer_n time_n and_o at_o some_o other_o season_n if_o the_o weather_n be_v warm_a it_o will_v remain_v fluid_a yet_o in_o the_o winter_n when_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a it_o will_v if_o it_o be_v well_o draw_v and_o genuine_a easy_o enough_o lose_v its_o fluidity_n and_o therefore_o we_o think_v it_o may_v do_v well_o to_o pour_v some_o of_o it_o in_o moderate_a weather_n into_o a_o convenient_o shape_a glass_n and_o then_o to_o freeze_v it_o external_o by_o the_o application_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n that_o we_o may_v observe_v whether_o upon_o congelation_n it_o will_v shrink_v or_o be_v expanded_a and_o according_o though_o we_o be_v not_o provide_v with_o any_o quantity_n of_o this_o oil_n yet_o in_o weather_n that_o be_v not_o sharp_a we_o do_v by_o the_o help_n of_o some_o ice_n which_o we_o procure_v when_o the_o season_n make_v it_o a_o rarity_n surround_v a_o glass_n pipe_n fill_v with_o fluid_a oil_n of_o aniseed_n and_o find_v though_o the_o pipe_n be_v but_o short_a yet_o the_o enclose_a substance_n when_o it_o have_v lose_v its_o fluidity_n have_v considerable_o lose_v of_o the_o height_n which_o it_o reach_v to_o before_o 7._o and_o because_o the_o 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be_v now_o thaw_v that_o the_o water_n be_v subside_v to_o the_o mark_n we_o have_v make_v before_o it_o be_v expose_v to_o congelation_n if_o not_o some_o very_a little_a way_n beneath_o it_o then_o we_o go_v about_o to_o find_v the_o proportion_n wherein_o this_o dispirited_a water_n be_v expanded_a by_o glaciation_n but_o in_o pursue_v this_o there_o happen_v a_o mischance_n to_o the_o glass_n which_o keep_v the_o experiment_n from_o be_v so_o accurate_a as_o we_o design_v and_o therefore_o though_o it_o seem_v to_o we_o that_o it_o amount_v to_o about_o the_o twelve_o part_n which_o be_v less_o than_o that_o of_o the_o undispirited_a water_n yet_o we_o design_v the_o repetition_n of_o the_o experiment_n only_o in_o this_o we_o can_v not_o be_v mistake_v that_o the_o
expansion_n wr_v considerable_a since_o the_o water_n rise_v three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o stem_n though_o the_o whole_a water_n in_o the_o egg_n and_o stem_n too_o weigh_v but_o two_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a 〈◊〉_d the_o vessel_n have_v not_o be_v unlucky_o crack_v we_o shall_v have_v freeze_v the_o water_n once_o more_o and_o then_o seal_v up_o the_o glass_n hermetical_o and_o suffer_v the_o ice_n leisurely_o to_o thaw_v shall_v have_v invert_v it_o and_o break_v it_o under_o water_n and_o have_v proceed_v with_o it_o as_o we_o have_v do_v with_o some_o other_o glass_n in_o the_o former_o mention_v experiment_n 9_o a_fw-la little_a glass_n cylinder_n open_v only_a at_o one_o end_n of_o a_o convenient_a length_n be_v thrust_v into_o a_o deep_a and_o wide_a mouth'd-glass_n about_o half_n fill_v with_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n but_o the_o cylinder_n be_v neither_o so_o quite_o fill_v that_o the_o water_n shall_v run_v over_o nor_o yet_o far_o short_a of_o be_v 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the_o purpose_n i_o allege_v they_o for_o yet_o i_o think_v not_o fit_a to_o dismember_v or_o to_o epitomise_v they_o or_o otherwise_o to_o alter_v any_o thing_n in_o they_o partly_o that_o the_o inference_n i_o make_v from_o they_o may_v be_v the_o less_o mistrust_v partly_o because_o the_o way_n of_o experiment_v be_v altogether_o new_a will_v be_v best_a apprehend_v by_o the_o subjoin_v example_n and_o partly_o too_o because_o those_o particular_n that_o relate_v not_o direct_o to_o the_o occasion_n of_o our_o mention_v these_o trial_n may_v be_v useful_a to_o illustrate_v or_o confirm_v some_o thing_n that_o be_v already_o deliver_v or_o be_v hereafter_o to_o be_v deliver_v in_o the_o present_a history_n of_o cold._n 11._o we_o take_v this_o day_n a_o glass_n of_o 1661._o the_o form_n of_o a_o egg_n but_o of_o double_a the_o capacity_n out_o of_o who_o obtuse_a end_n rise_v up_o a_o long_a cylindrical_a neck_n capable_a to_o receive_v the_o end_n of_o my_o little_a finger_n and_o 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inch_n and_o 2_o 9_o above_o the_o mark_n &_o afterward_o the_o swell_a connuty_v so_o that_o we_o take_v it_o out_o though_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v unfrozen_a it_o have_v reach_v five_o inch_n and_o somewhat_o more_o than_o a_o half_a above_o the_o first_o mark._n iv._o the_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v purposely_o keep_v always_o beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v freeze_v and_o never_o the_o upper_a surface_n v._o during_o all_o this_o great_a elevation_n of_o the_o water_n there_o appear_v no_o bubble_n worth_a take_v notice_n of_o in_o the_o unfrozen_a part_n of_o the_o liquor_n but_o the_o ice_n be_v very_o full_a of_o they_o divers_a of_o which_o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o experiment_n be_v very_o large_a bubble_n but_o not_o all_o of_o they_o round_o some_o be_v about_o the_o bigness_n of_o hail_n shoot_v some_o small_a like_a mustard_n seed_n and_o other_o again_o not_o much_o inferior_a to_o little_a pease_n vi_o have_v take_v out_o the_o glass_n when_o the_o water_n be_v at_o the_o high_a mark_n we_o do_v upon_o a_o certain_a design_n pour_v in_o as_o much_o salad_n oil_n as_o swim_v about_o two_o inch_n above_o it_o and_o then_o the_o glass_n be_v nimble_o at_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o lamp_n seal_v up_o during_o which_o time_n the_o include_v water_n subside_v a_o little_a but_o the_o glass_n be_v again_o put_v into_o the_o ice_n and_o salt_n the_o cold_a quick_o restore_v the_o water_n to_o its_o former_a height_n and_o there_o remain_v about_o a_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a of_o the_o seal_a glass_n unpossessed_a by_o the_o two_o contain_v liquor_n vii_o then_o with_o a_o good_a pair_n of_o scale_n we_o weigh_v the_o glass-egg_n first_o in_o the_o air_n and_o then_o in_o the_o water_n the_o better_a to_o discern_v whether_o any_o shrink_n of_o the_o glass_n intervene_v in_o the_o case_n where_o it_o hang_v free_o and_o be_v leave_v hang_v in_o its_o equilibrium_n with_o its_o opposite_a weight_n viii_o while_o it_o thus_o hang_v upon_o the_o thaw_v of_o the_o ice_n many_o bubble_n great_a and_o small_a ascend_v the_o great_a one_o with_o a_o wriggle_a motion_n and_o vanish_v at_o the_o top_n ix_o as_o the_o ice_n thaw_v the_o water_n and_o oil_n descend_v till_o the_o whole_a ice_n be_v return_v to_o water_n at_o which_o time_n we_o observe_v these_o two_o remarkable_a thing_n the_o one_o that_o the_o equilibrium_n remain_v the_o same_o the_o other_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a that_o the_o water_n be_v subside_v again_o as_o low_o as_o the_o first_o mark_n with_o which_o it_o be_v level_a before_o it_o begin_v to_o swell_v without_o fall_v beneath_o it_o notwithstanding_o the_o recess_n of_o such_o a_o multitude_n of_o bubble_n divers_a of_o which_o be_v very_o large_a x._o the_o glass_n be_v invert_v the_o seal_a end_n which_o be_v draw_v slender_a be_v gentle_o break_v under_o water_n of_o which_o some_o be_v impel_v in_o do_v sensible_o reduce_v the_o air_n at_o the_o opposite_a end_n into_o a_o narrow_a room_n and_o as_o one_o of_o the_o spectator_n observe_v into_o a_o much_o narrow_a which_o be_v consonant_a enough_o to_o reason_n xi_o the_o glass_n be_v again_o invert_v and_o hold_v till_o it_o be_v settle_v we_o find_v that_o the_o water_n draw_v in_o together_o with_o the_o water_n it_o find_v there_o and_o the_o oil_n possess_v the_o same_o place_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o mark_n in_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o receiver_n that_o they_o do_v when_o it_o be_v seal_v up_o xii_o and_o last_o have_v throw_v out_o the_o oil_n and_o employ_v where_o need_n be_v a_o little_a water_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n we_o have_v make_v use_n of_o all_o this_o while_n
to_o be_v measure_v so_o the_o measurer_n not_o know_v how_o long_o they_o may_v have_v be_v on_o ground_n for_o aught_o i_o know_v much_o of_o that_o admire_a height_n may_v be_v attribute_v to_o the_o snow_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n fall_v very_o plentiful_o in_o those_o freeze_a region_n and_o be_v compact_v together_o either_o by_o the_o sun_n who_o beam_n sometime_o begin_v to_o thaw_v it_o and_o sometime_o by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o wave_n that_o beat_v against_o the_o ice_n and_o be_v congeal_v with_o the_o snow_n do_v as_o it_o be_v cement_v the_o part_n of_o it_o together_o and_o sometime_o by_o both_o of_o these_o cause_n so_o in_o the_o instance_n allege_v 14._o out_o of_o captain_n james_n of_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v twice_o as_o high_a as_o his_o top-mast-head_n it_o be_v say_v also_o that_o they_o be_v on_o ground_n in_o 40._o fathom_n and_o in_o the_o other_o example_n mention_v out_o of_o bartholinus_n though_o there_o be_v 40._o fathom_n attribute_v to_o the_o immersed_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n yet_o that_o measure_n be_v not_o exclusive_a of_o a_o great_a for_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o ice_n reach_v downward_o above_o 40._o fathom_n and_o how_o much_o downward_o and_o whether_o as_o far_o as_o the_o ground_n we_o be_v leave_v at_o liberty_n to_o guess_v and_o in_o that_o stupendous_a piece_n of_o ice_n record_v in_o the_o nova_fw-la zembla_n voyage_n to_o have_v be_v in_o all_o 52._o fathom_n that_o be_v 300._o and_o twelve_o foot_n deep_a though_o it_o be_v grant_v what_o they_o affirm_v that_o it_o be_v 16._o fathom_n above_o the_o water_n which_o be_v almost_o a_o three_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a depth_n yet_o i_o observe_v that_o of_o this_o icy_a mountain_n it_o be_v say_v that_o it_o lay_v fast_o on_o the_o ground_n so_o that_o as_o on_o the_o one_o side_n it_o seem_v probable_a that_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o island_n of_o ice_n may_v be_v increase_v by_o snow_n and_o as_o i_o remember_v that_o in_o that_o famous_o inquisitive_a navigator_n mr._n hudsons_n voyage_n for_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o northwest_n passage_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o his_o company_n be_v pricket_n so_o well_o acquaint_v with_o the_o ice_n that_o when_o night_n or_o foggy_a or_o foul_a weather_n take_v they_o they_o will_v seek_v out_o the_o broad_a island_n of_o ice_n and_o there_o come_v to_o anchor_n and_o run_v and_o sport_n and_o fill_v water_n that_o stand_v the_o ice_n in_o pond_n very_o fresh_a and_o good_a so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n we_o know_v not_o how_o much_o low_o the_o dutchman_n ice_n and_o captain_n james_n will_v have_v reach_v into_o the_o sea_n in_o case_n the_o ground_n they_o rest_v on_o have_v not_o hinder_v they_o for_o though_o one_o may_v probable_o think_v that_o these_o be_v the_o great_a depth_n that_o any_o hill_n of_o ice_n have_v be_v observe_v to_o attain_v that_o mention_v by_o the_o hollander_n reach_v 36._o fathom_n beneath_o the_o water_n and_o that_o mention_v by_o captain_n james_n no_o less_o than_o 40._o fathom_n yet_o i_o find_v in_o mr._n hudsons_n voyage_n that_o the_o english_a in_o the_o bay_n that_o bear_v his_o name_n meet_v with_o more_o than_o one_o or_o two_o island_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o fargreat_a depth_n underwater_n for_o among_o other_o thing_n the_o relator_n have_v this_o memorable_a passage_n in_o this_o bay_n where_o we_o be_v thus_o trouble_v with_o ice_n we_o see_v many_o of_o those_o mountain_n of_o ice_n a_o ground_n in_o six_o or_o seven_o score_n fathom_n water_n and_o if_o the_o sea_n have_v be_v deep_a enough_o even_o these_o stupendous_a mole_n of_o ice_n will_v probable_o have_v sink_v much_o low_o and_o so_o have_v lessen_v the_o height_n of_o the_o mountain_n 11._o i_o know_v that_o deliver_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n alone_o i_o have_v not_o say_v all_o that_o may_v be_v say_v about_o the_o expansion_n of_o liquor_n but_o because_o as_o it_o have_v not_o yet_o appear_v to_o i_o that_o any_o liquor_n be_v expanded_a by_o cold_a unless_o by_o actual_a freeze_a i_o doubt_v whether_o aqueous_a liquor_n as_o wine_n milk_n urine_n etc._n etc._n be_v otherwise_o expanded_a by_o congelation_n then_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o water_n or_o phlegmatic_a and_o in_o a_o strict_a sense_n congealable_a part_v contain_v in_o they_o and_o whether_o it_o be_v worth_a while_n for_o a_o man_n in_o haste_n to_o examine_v their_o particular_a expansion_n notwithstanding_o which_o i_o will_v not_o discourage_v any_o from_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o by_o the_o differ_a dilatation_n of_o aqueous_a liquor_n some_o of_o they_o of_o the_o same_o and_o some_o of_o they_o of_o differ_v kind_n we_o may_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v any_o estimate_n of_o the_o differ_a proportion_n they_o contain_v of_o phlegm_n and_o of_o more_o spirituous_a or_o useful_a ingredient_n 12._o after_o what_o have_v be_v hitherto_o deliver_v concern_v the_o expansion_n of_o liquor_n by_o cold_a it_o may_v be_v expect_v we_o shall_v say_v something_o of_o the_o measure_n of_o their_o contraction_n by_o the_o same_o quality_n but_o as_o for_o water_n which_o be_v the_o principal_a liquor_n who_o dimension_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v i_o have_v former_o declare_v that_o i_o can_v seldom_o or_o never_o find_v its_o contraction_n in_o the_o winter_n season_n when_o i_o try_v it_o to_o be_v at_o all_o considerable_a and_o i_o shall_v now_o add_v that_o have_v for_o great_a certainty_n procure_v the_o experiment_n to_o be_v make_v by_o another_o also_o in_o a_o bolthead_n the_o account_n i_o receive_v of_o it_o be_v that_o he_o can_v scarce_o discern_v the_o water_n in_o the_o stem_n to_o fall_v beneath_o its_o station_n mark_v at_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o pipe_n when_o the_o water_n in_o the_o ball_n be_v so_o far_o infrigidate_v as_o to_o begin_v to_o freeze_v though_o i_o will_v not_o deny_v that_o in_o warm_a climate_n as_o italy_n or_o spain_n the_o contraction_n of_o the_o water_n a_o little_a before_o glaciation_n begin_v may_v be_v somewhat_o considerable_a especial_o if_o the_o experiment_n be_v make_v in_o summer_n or_o in_o case_n either_o there_o or_o here_o the_o water_n expose_v to_o freeze_v be_v put_v into_o a_o vessel_n very_o advantageous_o shape_v or_o bring_v out_o of_o some_o warm_a chamber_n or_o other_o place_n where_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n that_o surround_v it_o have_v rarify_v it_o but_o to_o examine_v the_o measure_n of_o contraction_n in_o the_o several_a liquor_n and_o with_o the_o nice_a observation_n that_o such_o a_o work_n to_o be_v accurate_o prosecure_v will_v require_v will_v have_v take_v up_o much_o more_o of_o my_o time_n then_o i_o be_v willing_a to_o employ_v about_o a_o work_n which_o i_o look_v not_o on_o as_o important_a enough_o to_o deserve_v it_o and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v here_o add_v nothing_o to_o what_o i_o have_v say_v under_o the_o title_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a touch_v the_o contraction_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o of_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n by_o the_o differ_a degree_n of_o that_o quality_n and_o as_o for_o the_o condensation_n of_o air_n the_o vast_a fluid_n we_o deal_v with_o i_o do_v indeed_o think_v fit_a to_o measure_v how_o much_o cold_a condense_n it_o but_o the_o account_n of_o that_o experiment_n will_v be_v more_o opportune_o deliver_v in_o air._n one_o of_o the_o follow_a discourse_n title_n xi_o experiment_n touch_v the_o expansive_a force_n of_o freeze_a water_n 1._o have_v show_v that_o there_o be_v a_o expansion_n make_v of_o water_n and_o aqueous_a body_n by_o congelation_n let_v we_o now_o examine_v how_o strong_a this_o expansion_n be_v and_o the_o rather_o because_o no_o body_n have_v yet_o that_o we_o know_v of_o make_v any_o particular_a trial_n on_o purpose_n to_o make_v discovery_n in_o this_o matter_n so_o that_o although_o some_o unhappy_a accident_n have_v keep_v our_o experiment_n from_o be_v as_o accurate_a as_o we_o design_v and_o as_o 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a_o very_a frosty_a night_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n and_o the_o next_o morning_n the_o water_n appear_v to_o have_v burst_v the_o bottle_n though_o its_o matter_n be_v metalline_a and_o though_o purposely_o for_o this_o trial_n we_o have_v choose_v it_o quite_o new_a the_o crack_n appear_v to_o be_v in_o the_o very_a substance_n of_o the_o pewter_n this_o experiment_n we_o repeat_v and_o it_o be_v one_o of_o those_o bottle_n fill_v with_o ice_n that_o have_v crack_v it_o which_o a_o noble_a virtuoso_fw-la will_v needs_o make_v i_o who_o shall_v else_o have_v scruple_v to_o amuse_v with_o such_o a_o trifle_n so_o great_a a_o monarch_n and_o so_o great_a a_o virtuoso_fw-la bring_v to_o his_o majesty_n to_o satisfy_v he_o by_o the_o wideness_n of_o the_o crack_n and_o the_o protuberance_n of_o the_o ice_n that_o show_v itself_o in_o it_o that_o the_o water_n have_v be_v real_o expanded_a by_o congelation_n 3._o we_o also_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o a_o much_o small_a quantity_n of_o 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the_o violence_n of_o the_o external_a air_n frigefactive_a power_n or_o the_o weight_n that_o oppress_v the_o cover_n have_v hinder_v that_o expansion_n of_o the_o water_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o accompany_v its_o glaciation_n wherefore_o we_o think_v it_o requisite_a to_o apply_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n a_o mixture_n of_o salt_n with_o ice_n or_o snow_n as_o that_o which_o we_o have_v observe_v to_o introduce_v a_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a than_o the_o air_n alone_o even_o in_o very_o frosty_a night_n and_o though_o this_o way_n itself_o the_o glaciation_n proceed_v very_o slow_o and_o sometime_o scarce_o at_o all_o yet_o at_o length_n we_o find_v that_o the_o water_n be_v by_o this_o mean_v bring_v so_o far_o to_o freeze_v that_o on_o the_o morrow_n the_o ice_n have_v on_o one_o side_n swell_v above_o the_o top_n of_o the_o cylinder_n and_o by_o lift_v the_o cover_n on_o that_o side_n have_v throw_v down_o the_o incumbent_a weight_n but_o in_o this_o trial_n the_o cover_n have_v be_v uniform_o or_o every_o where_o lift_v up_o above_o the_o upper_a orifice_n of_o the_o cylinder_n we_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n divers_a time_n as_o we_o can_v get_v opportunity_n sometime_o with_o success_n and_o sometime_o without_o it_o and_o of_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a of_o our_o experiment_n of_o this_o sort_n we_o find_v the_o follow_a account_n among_o our_o collection_n 5._o the_o hollow_a brass_n weight_n be_v about_o one_o inch_n and_o thou_o quarter_n in_o diameter_n and_o the_o brass_n cover_v put_v on_o be_v load_v with_o a_o weight_n of_o 56._o pound_n upon_o the_o cover_n and_o expose_v to_o a_o excessive_o sharp_a night_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o cover_n and_o the_o weight_n be_v find_v visible_o lift_v up_o though_o not_o above_o that_o we_o can_v discern_v a_o small_a barley-corn_n breadth_n but_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o brass_n cover_n be_v not_o here_o estimate_v which_o be_v much_o less_o than_o half_a a_o inch_n which_o 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to_o it_o in_o the_o vessel_n and_o then_o to_o drive_v it_o forcible_o in_o till_o by_o considerable_a weight_n append_v to_o the_o extant_a part_n of_o the_o plug_n when_o the_o cylinder_n be_v invert_v we_o can_v not_o draw_v it_o out_o the_o success_n of_o one_o of_o these_o trial_n be_v thus_o set_v down_o in_o our_o collection_n 7._o a_o plug_n be_v drive_v into_o the_o cavity_n of_o a_o brass_n cylinder_n first_o fill_v with_o water_n the_o plug_n be_v also_o well_o soak_v than_o the_o cylinder_n be_v invert_v the_o plug_n take_v up_o half_a a_o hundred_o and_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o hundred_o weight_n and_o will_v possible_o have_v take_v up_o much_o more_o and_o be_v expose_v to_o a_o very_a sharp_a night_n the_o freeze_a water_n thrust_v out_o the_o plug_n about_o a_o barley-corn_n breadth_n quite_o round_o above_o the_o upper_a edge_n of_o the_o cylinder_n and_o it_o freeze_a all_o that_o day_n and_o the_o next_o night_n it_o be_v again_o expose_v the_o plug_n not_o be_v 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the_o water_n to_o expand_v itself_o be_v thus_o vigorous_a though_o the_o uttermost_a term_n to_o which_o it_o will_v expand_v itself_o in_o case_n it_o be_v not_o at_o all_o resist_v will_v be_v but_o to_o about_o a_o nine_o or_o at_o most_o a_o eight_o part_n of_o the_o space_n it_o possess_v before_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v whereas_o air_n may_v by_o heat_n which_o 6._o yet_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v will_v not_o reduce_v it_o to_o any_o thing_n near_o its_o utmost_a expansion_n be_v bring_v to_o possess_v though_o not_o to_o fill_v according_a to_o the_o diligent_a place_n mersennus_n observation_n seventy_o time_n the_o dimension_n it_o have_v before_o rarefaction_n and_o consequent_o the_o air_n expanded_a by_o heat_n do_v by_o its_o endeavour_n tend_v to_o acquire_v above_o 60._o time_n the_o space_n that_o the_o water_n do_v when_o expanded_a by_o so_o high_a a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o be_v capable_a to_o turn_v it_o all_o into_o ice_n not_o to_o mention_v that_o the_o expansion_n to_o which_o the_o air_n tend_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o its_o own_o spring_n be_v as_o we_o show_v in_o another_o experiment_n place_n many_o time_n great_a than_o that_o to_o which_o mersennus_n can_v bring_v it_o upon_o the_o bare_a account_n of_o heat_n 9_o there_o remain_v yet_o one_o way_n whereby_o we_o hope_v though_o not_o to_o measure_v the_o expansive_a force_n of_o freeze_a water_n yet_o to_o manifest_v it_o to_o be_v prodigious_o great_a or_o in_o case_n we_o fail_v of_o this_o aim_n to_o produce_v at_o least_o some_o other_o phaenomena_n relate_v to_o cold_a that_o will_v not_o be_v inconsiderable_a and_o though_o our_o endeavour_n succeed_v not_o yet_o because_o a_o happy_a opportunity_n may_v bring_v they_o to_o be_v one_o way_n or_o other_o successful_a we_o shall_v annex_v that_o we_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v a_o iron_n ball_n of_o between_o two_o and_o three_o inch_n in_o diameter_n which_o ball_n be_v solid_a save_v that_o in_o the_o midst_n there_o be_v a_o small_a cavity_n leave_v to_o place_v a_o little_a water_n in_o together_o with_o a_o female_a screw_n as_o they_o call_v it_o reach_v from_o the_o outward_a surface_n of_o that_o internal_a cavity_n and_o to_o this_o be_v apply_v a_o strong_a iron_n screw_v so_o fit_v to_o the_o internal_a cavity_n of_o the_o other_o screw_n as_o to_o fill_v it_o with_o as_o much_o exactness_n as_o can_v be_v obtain_v and_o this_o screw_n be_v make_v to_o go_v so_o hard_o that_o it_o require_v to_o be_v screw_v in_o by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o vice_n that_o it_o may_v not_o be_v force_v out_o without_o break_v the_o iron_n itself_o our_o design_n in_o employ_v this_o instrument_n be_v that_o have_v well_o fill_v the_o internal_a cavity_n with_o water_n and_o force_v in_o the_o screw_n as_o far_o as_o it_o can_v be_v make_v to_o go_v the_o instrument_n thus_o charge_v with_o water_n may_v be_v expose_v to_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a we_o can_v produce_v for_o have_v thus_o 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very_o great_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o stem_n that_o the_o expanding_n of_o the_o water_n may_v have_v the_o more_o forcible_a operation_n this_o vessel_n be_v exact_o seal_v and_o have_v a_o divide_a list_n of_o paper_n past_v along_o the_o stem_n be_v set_v to_o freeze_v with_o snow_n or_o ice_n and_o salt_n and_o the_o contain_v water_n do_v quick_o begin_v to_o crowd_v the_o air_n into_o a_o lesser_a room_n and_o for_o a_o good_a while_n ascend_v very_o fast_o till_o at_o length_n it_o have_v thrust_v the_o air_n into_o so_o small_a a_o part_n of_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o pipe_n that_o we_o vehement_o suspect_v there_o may_v
examine_v this_o have_v take_v a_o piece_n of_o ice_n we_o do_v not_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o i_o partly_o make_v myself_o and_o partly_o cause_v in_o my_o presence_n to_o be_v make_v by_o other_o that_o if_o a_o man_n eye_n be_v close_o shut_v he_o can_v certain_o discern_v the_o approach_n of_o a_o moderate_o size_v piece_n of_o ice_n though_o hold_v never_o so_o near_o his_o finger_n end_n nay_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o make_v the_o trial_n with_o one_o of_o those_o very_a sensible_a thermoscope_n i_o have_v former_o mention_v wherein_o a_o pendulous_a drop_n of_o liquor_n play_v up_o and_o down_o in_o a_o slender_a pipe_n i_o find_v that_o by_o hold_v it_o very_o near_o to_o little_a mass_n of_o snow_n somewhat_o compact_v too_o the_o movable_a drop_n do_v not_o betray_v any_o manifest_a operation_n of_o so_o cold_a a_o neighbour_a body_n but_o if_o the_o glass_n be_v make_v to_o touch_v the_o snow_n the_o effect_n will_v then_o be_v notable_a by_o the_o hasty_a descent_n of_o the_o pendulous_a drop_n or_o its_o motion_n towards_o the_o obtuse_a part_n of_o the_o instrument_n in_o case_n that_o be_v not_o perpendicular_o but_o lateral_o apply_v to_o the_o snowy_a lump_n but_o this_o languidness_n of_o operation_n may_v perhaps_o proceed_v in_o great_a part_n from_o the_o smallness_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v employ_v for_o hear_v of_o a_o merchant_n that_o have_v make_v divers_a observation_n about_o cold_a in_o greenland_n i_o desire_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o a_o very_a learned_a friend_n to_o be_v inform_v whether_o or_o no_o in_o the_o night_n they_o can_v perceive_v those_o vast_a heap_n or_o rather_o mountain_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o float_v up_o and_o down_o in_o that_o sea_n by_o any_o new_a and_o manifest_a accession_n of_o cold_a and_o be_v inform_v by_o way_n of_o answer_n to_o that_o question_n that_o be_v at_o sea_n they_o can_v know_v the_o approach_n of_o ice_n as_o well_o by_o the_o increase_n of_o cold_a as_o by_o the_o glare_a light_n which_o the_o air_n seem_v to_o receive_v from_o the_o neighbour_a ice_n 3._o but_o that_o which_o make_v i_o suspect_v that_o there_o may_v in_o this_o account_n be_v some_o mistake_n be_v that_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o meet_v with_o any_o like_a observation_n in_o any_o of_o the_o voyage_n into_o gelid_a climate_n that_o i_o have_v have_v occasion_n to_o peruse_v though_o in_o some_o of_o they_o the_o navigator_n frequent_o mention_v their_o have_v meet_v with_o vast_a rand_n as_o some_o call_v they_o and_o island_n of_o mountainous_a ice_n in_o the_o night_n and_o it_o be_v as_o i_o remember_v the_o complaint_n of_o one_o or_o two_o if_o not_o more_o of_o they_o that_o the_o ship_n lie_v close_o by_o such_o vast_a piece_n of_o ice_n without_o their_o be_v aware_a of_o it_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o fog_n by_o which_o it_o seem_v that_o there_o be_v no_o sensible_a cold_a diffuse_v to_o any_o considerable_a distance_n whereby_o they_o may_v be_v advertise_v of_o the_o unwelcome_a neighbourhood_n even_o of_o so_o much_o ice_n but_o possible_o the_o approach_n of_o far_o small_a mass_n of_o ice_n will_v have_v be_v sensible_a to_o they_o in_o such_o a_o climate_n as_o we_o where_o the_o organ_n will_v not_o have_v be_v indispose_v to_o feel_v by_o a_o long_a accustomance_n of_o any_o thing_n near_o so_o intense_a a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o that_o which_o then_o reign_v in_o those_o northern_a sea_n 4._o while_o we_o be_v consider_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o operation_n of_o even_o the_o cold_a body_n at_o the_o very_a near_a distance_n and_o upon_o immediate_a contact_n we_o think_v it_o a_o experiment_n not_o altogether_o unworthy_a to_o be_v try_v whether_o though_o ice_n and_o snow_n alone_o that_o be_v unassisted_a by_o salt_n will_v not_o in_o some_o of_o our_o former_o mention_a experiment_n freeze_v water_n through_o the_o thickness_n even_o of_o a_o thin_a glass_n they_o may_v not_o yet_o do_v it_o when_o the_o water_n be_v immediate_o contiguous_a to_o they_o and_o i_o remember_v that_o we_o take_v a_o convenient_o shape_a glass_n and_o have_v freeze_v the_o contain_v water_n for_o some_o hour_n from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o till_o the_o ice_n be_v grow_v to_o be_v of_o a_o considerable_a thickness_n we_o mark_v what_o part_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v possess_v by_o the_o unfrozen_a water_n and_o then_o remove_v the_o vessel_n to_o a_o little_a distance_n from_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n it_o stand_v in_o before_o we_o let_v it_o 〈◊〉_d there_o to_o try_v whether_o the_o ice_n will_v freeze_v any_o part_n of_o the_o contiguous_a and_o incumbent_a water_n but_o some_o intervening_a accident_n hinder_v we_o from_o be_v able_a to_o derive_v any_o great_a satisfaction_n one_o way_n or_o other_o from_o our_o trial_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o shall_v add_v by_o way_n v._n of_o compensation_n that_o the_o diligent_a olearius_n relate_v that_o at_o ispahan_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o persia_n though_o it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o very_a hot_a climate_n and_o though_o it_o seldom_o freeze_v there_o above_o a_o finger_n thick_a and_o the_o ice_n melt_v present_o at_o sunrising_n yet_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v conservatory_n which_o they_o furnish_v with_o solid_a piece_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o good_a thickness_n only_o by_o pour_v at_o night_n great_a store_n of_o water_n at_o convenient_a interval_n of_o time_n upon_o a_o shelve_v floor_n of_o freestone_n or_o marble_n whereon_o as_o the_o water_n run_v over_o it_o the_o most_o dispose_v of_o its_o part_n be_v in_o their_o passage_n arrest_v and_o freeze_v by_o the_o contiguous_a ice_n which_o by_o this_o mean_n say_v my_o learned_a author_n may_v be_v bring_v in_o two_o or_o three_o successive_a night_n to_o a_o very_a considerable_a thickness_n 6._o we_o several_a time_n give_v order_n to_o have_v this_o experiment_n try_v in_o england_n but_o partly_o through_o the_o negligence_n of_o those_o we_o employ_v and_o partly_o upon_o the_o score_n of_o intervening_a circumstance_n our_o expectation_n be_v but_o ill_o answer_v and_o in_o this_o case_n i_o mention_v intervening_a circumstance_n because_o have_v cause_v a_o servant_n to_o pump_v in_o the_o night_n upon_o a_o not_o very_o thin_a plate_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v lay_v shelve_v upon_o a_o board_n and_o another_o flat_a piece_n of_o ice_n be_v about_o the_o same_o time_n lay_v under_o a_o place_n where_o water_n derive_v from_o a_o neighbour_a spring_n be_v wont_n continual_o to_o drop_v he_o bring_v i_o word_n that_o not_o only_o in_o this_o last_o name_v place_n the_o ice_n melt_v away_o but_o that_o under_o the_o pump_n instead_o of_o increase_v in_o thickness_n by_o the_o water_n run_v over_o it_o it_o be_v thereby_o rather_o dissolve_v at_o which_o somewhat_o wonder_v i_o go_v in_o the_o morning_n myself_o to_o the_o pump_n and_o cause_v a_o good_a flake_n of_o ice_n to_o be_v in_o a_o convenient_a posture_n place_v under_o it_o i_o observe_v the_o water_n as_o it_o come_v out_o of_o the_o pump_n and_o be_v fall_v on_o the_o ice_n to_o smoke_n as_o if_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o well_o have_v make_v the_o water_n though_o very_o cold_a to_o the_o touch_n somewhat_o warm_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o thereby_o fit_a to_o resolve_v then_o to_o increase_v it_o which_o inconvenience_n may_v be_v prevent_v by_o suffer_v the_o water_n of_o deep_a spring_n and_o well_n to_o stand_v to_o cool_v in_o the_o air_n before_o it_o be_v put_v to_o the_o ice_n and_o this_o though_o the_o neighbour_a air_n be_v as_o i_o find_v by_o manifest_a proof_n so_o cold_a that_o i_o be_v not_o tempt_v to_o impute_v the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o the_o experiment_n rather_o to_o its_o want_n of_o a_o sufficient_a coldness_n than_o the_o water_n so_o that_o till_o i_o have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v a_o further_a trial_n i_o can_v 〈◊〉_d more_o to_o the_o persian_a way_n of_o augment_v ice_n but_o to_o proceed_v our_o have_v meet_v with_o but_o a_o unsatisfactory_a account_n of_o this_o experiment_n which_o we_o be_v the_o more_o trouble_v at_o because_o this_o seem_v a_o promise_a way_n of_o try_v that_o which_o otherwise_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o reduce_v to_o experiment_n for_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n must_v be_v serious_o consider_v in_o assign_v the_o cause_n of_o divers_a trial_n that_o may_v be_v make_v for_o the_o resolve_v of_o the_o same_o question_n for_o to_o omit_v other_o example_n here_o in_o england_n we_o find_v that_o water_n pour_v on_o snow_n be_v wont_a to_o hasten_v the_o dissolution_n of_o it_o and_o not_o to_o be_v congeal_v by_o it_o whereas_o have_v inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a person_n that_o live_v a_o good_a while_n among_o the_o russian_n
a_o glass_n tube_n thrust_v into_o the_o ground_n yet_o it_o seem_v that_o at_o least_o where_o captain_n james_n winter_v the_o water_n be_v not_o much_o above_o half_a so_o thick_o freeze_v as_o the_o earth_n but_o we_o have_v already_o note_v the_o indisposition_n of_o salt-water_n to_o congelation_n and_o whether_o fresh_a water_n will_v not_o have_v be_v deep_o freeze_v may_v be_v just_o doubt_v title_n fourteen_o experiment_n touch_v the_o differ_a medium_n through_o which_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v 1._o in_o examine_v whether_o cold_a may_v be_v diffuse_v through_o all_o medium_n indefinite_o notwithstanding_o their_o compactness_n or_o the_o closeness_n of_o their_o texture_n we_o must_v have_v a_o care_v not_o to_o make_v our_o trial_n with_o medium_n of_o too_o great_a thickness_n lest_o we_o mistake_o impute_v that_o to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v indeed_o cause_v by_o the_o distance_n which_o the_o medium_fw-la put_v betwixt_o the_o agent_n and_o the_o patient_n for_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n wherewith_o we_o make_v our_o experiment_n will_v operate_v but_o at_o a_o very_a small_a distance_n though_o the_o medium_fw-la resist_v no_o more_o than_o the_o common_a air_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o some_o of_o the_o experiment_n record_v in_o this_o treatise_n this_o premised_a we_o may_v proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o have_v place_v a_o copious_a mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n in_o pipkin_n glaze_v within_o and_o in_o white_a basin_n glaze_v both_o within_o and_o without_o we_o observe_v that_o the_o outside_n of_o both_o those_o sort_n of_o vessel_n be_v crust_v over_o with_o ice_n though_o however_o the_o bake_a earth_n have_v not_o be_v compact_v nor_o the_o vitrified_a surface_n of_o a_o very_a close_a texture_n the_o very_a thickness_n of_o the_o vessel_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o seem_v it_o will_v scarce_o have_v be_v able_a to_o freeze_v at_o a_o great_a distance_n 2._o by_o the_o experiment_n former_o mention_v of_o freeze_a water_n in_o pewter_n bottle_n it_o appear_v that_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o operate_v through_o such_o mettalline_a vessel_n 3._o and_o this_o may_v be_v somewhat_o confirm_v by_o one_o of_o the_o pretty_a experiment_n that_o be_v to_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o help_n of_o cold_a namely_o the_o make_v icy_a cup_n to_o drink_v in_o the_o way_n we_o use_v be_v this_o we_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v a_o cup_n of_o latin_a by_o which_o i_o mean_v iron_n reduce_v into_o thin_a plate_n and_o tin_a over_o on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o shape_n and_o bigness_n i_o intend_v to_o have_v the_o cup_n of_o then_o i_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o same_o matter_n another_o cup_n of_o the_o same_o shape_n with_o the_o former_a but_o every_o way_n less_o so_o that_o it_o will_v go_v into_o the_o great_a and_o leave_v a_o competent_a interval_n for_o water_n betwixt_o its_o convex_a surface_n and_o the_o concave_n of_o the_o other_o this_o innermost_a cup_n be_v furnish_v with_o a_o rim_n or_o lip_n by_o which_o it_o lean_v upon_o the_o great_a and_o by_o who_o help_n its_o side_n and_o bottom_n be_v easy_o place_v at_o a_o just_a and_o even_a distance_n from_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o other_o but_o the_o distance_n between_o the_o two_o bottom_n be_v make_v great_a then_o that_o between_o the_o side_n that_o the_o icy_a cup_n may_v stand_v the_o firm_a and_o last_v the_o long_o the_o interval_n between_o the_o two_o part_n of_o this_o mould_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o internal_a cup_n be_v fill_v with_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n partly_o to_o freeze_v the_o contiguous_a water_n and_o thereby_o cooperate_v to_o the_o quick_a make_n of_o the_o cup_n and_o partly_o by_o its_o weight_n to_o keep_v the_o water_n from_o buoy_v up_o so_o light_a a_o cup_n the_o external_a part_n be_v surround_v with_o ice_n and_o salt_n who_o cold_a so_o powerful_o penetrate_v to_o the_o internal_a metalline_a mould_n that_o the_o water_n be_v quick_o freeze_v and_o the_o part_n of_o the_o mould_n be_v disjoin_v appear_v turn_v into_o a_o icy_a cup_n of_o the_o bigness_n and_o figure_n design_v and_o these_o cup_n be_v easy_o to_o be_v make_v and_o of_o various_a shape_n and_o that_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n if_o snow_n or_o ice_n be_v at_o hand_n be_v very_o pleasant_a trifle_n especial_o in_o hot_a weather_n when_o they_o impart_v a_o very_a refresh_a coolness_n to_o the_o drink_n pour_v into_o they_o and_o though_o they_o last_v not_o long_o especial_o if_o they_o be_v employ_v to_o drink_v wine_n and_o such_o like_a spirituous_a drink_n in_o yet_o while_o some_o be_v melt_v other_o may_v be_v provide_v and_o so_o the_o loss_n may_v be_v easy_o repair_v all_o the_o difficulty_n we_o meet_v with_o be_v to_o disjoin_v the_o part_n of_o the_o mould_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o stick_v very_o fast_o to_o the_o ice_n they_o include_v and_o we_o try_v to_o obviate_v this_o sometime_o by_o anoint_v the_o inside_n of_o the_o mould_n with_o some_o unctuous_a and_o not_o offensive_a matter_n to_o hinder_v the_o adhesion_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o sometime_o by_o apply_v some_o convenient_a heat_n both_o to_o the_o convex_a part_n of_o the_o external_a and_o the_o concave_a part_n of_o the_o internal_a piece_n of_o the_o mould_n which_o last_o mention_v way_n be_v quick_a and_o sure_a but_o lessen_v the_o durableness_n of_o the_o cup._n we_o be_v late_o inform_v that_o this_o way_n of_o make_v cup_n of_o ice_n be_v set_v down_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d argenis_n and_o it_o be_v like_a enough_o that_o 〈◊〉_d man_n may_v have_v learn_v it_o among_o some_o of_o the_o virtuoso_n of_o italy_n he_o converse_v with_o but_o if_o we_o that_o learn_v it_o from_o none_o of_o they_o have_v not_o be_v teach_v it_o by_o experience_n we_o shall_v scarce_o have_v venture_v to_o try_v it_o upon_o the_o credit_n of_o a_o romance_n that_o sort_n of_o composure_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v 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funnel_n of_o glass_n it_o may_v be_v pertinent_o enough_o deliver_v in_o this_o place_n where_o we_o be_v treat_v of_o the_o transmission_n or_o propagation_n of_o cold_a through_o close_a and_o thick_a medium_n then_o because_o we_o expect_v to_o make_v of_o it_o that_o use_v especial_o that_o oeconomical_a use_n that_o have_v be_v late_o intimate_v for_o first_o it_o will_v be_v very_o hard_a to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v the_o very_a air_n itself_o and_o not_o rather_o the_o vapour_n swim_v in_o it_o that_o be_v by_o this_o mean_v transmute_v into_o water_n and_o second_o it_o be_v true_a indeed_o that_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v condense_a vapour_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o a_o funnel_n but_o either_o they_o that_o hope_v to_o make_v this_o use_n of_o the_o experiment_n have_v little_a experience_n of_o it_o and_o write_v conjectural_o or_o else_o they_o have_v make_v it_o with_o a_o success_n very_o differ_v from_o we_o for_o though_o we_o employ_v a_o large_a funnel_n and_o suspend_v it_o by_o a_o string_n artificial_o enough_o tie_v about_o it_o in_o the_o free_a air_n and_o though_o the_o mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n we_o put_v in_o be_v sufficient_o infrigidate_v as_o will_v appear_v by_o and_o by_o and_o far_o more_o so_o then_o ice_n or_o snow_n alone_o will_v have_v be_v yet_o that_o mixture_n be_v not_o able_a to_o condense_a the_o vaporous_a part_n of_o the_o air_n into_o dew_n much_o if_o at_o all_o long_o than_o the_o mutual_a dissolution_n of_o the_o salt_n and_o snow_n last_v the_o liquor_n that_o be_v this_o way_n obtain_v and_o drop_v down_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o funnel_n who_o internal_a perforation_n ought_v to_o be_v careful_o stop_v lest_o any_o of_o the_o resolve_a snow_n and_o salt_n shall_v fall_v through_o
and_o spoil_v the_o other_o liquor_n be_v indeed_o sweet_a like_o rain_n water_n but_o so_o very_o little_a as_o well_o as_o so_o slow_o generate_v that_o it_o amount_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o to_o that_o which_o the_o snow_n employ_v and_o spoil_v to_o make_v it_o will_v have_v afford_v so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o some_o cool_a liquor_n which_o can_v as_o well_o as_o this_o mixture_n condense_a the_o vapid_a air_n into_o water_n and_o who_o texture_n be_v not_o destroy_v in_o this_o operation_n as_o that_o of_o the_o snow_n be_v may_v not_o be_v more_o hopeful_o employ_v to_o obtain_v water_n from_o the_o air_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v this_o one_o thing_n that_o the_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n do_v turn_v the_o vapour_n that_o fasten_v themselves_o to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n first_o into_o ice_n before_o they_o drop_v down_o in_o the_o form_n of_o water_n in_o almost_o all_o our_o trial_n of_o this_o nature_n as_o well_o in_o thick_a funnel_n as_o in_o other_o and_o thin_a glass_n 5._o that_o in_o hermetical_o seal_v glass_n a_o include_v mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v freeze_v the_o vapour_n of_o the_o air_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n divers_a of_o the_o experiment_n of_o the_o present_a treatise_n do_v manifest_o evince_v which_o argue_v that_o even_o so_o extreme_o close_v a_o medium_fw-la as_o glass_n be_v not_o able_a to_o hinder_v the_o transmission_n of_o cold._n and_o this_o be_v not_o superfluous_o add_v because_o in_o vessel_n not_o hermetical_o seal_v it_o may_v be_v pretend_v that_o it_o be_v the_o internal_a air_n that_o communicate_v its_o coldness_n by_o some_o unheeded_a but_o immediate_a intercourse_n with_o the_o external_a after_o this_o we_o think_v it_o worth_a a_o experiment_n to_o try_v whether_o or_o how_o cold_n will_v be_v diffuse_v through_o a_o medium_fw-la that_o some_o will_v think_v a_o vacuum_n and_o which_o to_o other_o will_v seem_v much_o less_o dispose_v to_o assist_v the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a then_o common_a air_n itself_o to_o compass_v this_o the_o expedient_a we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o be_v to_o suspend_v a_o slender_a glass_n full_a of_o water_n in_o one_o of_o the_o small_a receiver_n belong_v to_o our_o pneumatical_a engine_n and_o when_o the_o air_n be_v very_o careful_o pump_v out_o to_o bury_v the_o exhaust_a receiver_n in_o a_o copious_a and_o ready_a prepare_v mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n to_o see_v whether_o notwithstanding_o the_o withdraw_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la the_o water_n suspend_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o vacuum_n as_o to_o air_n or_o gross_a substance_n will_v yet_o be_v freeze_v by_o the_o cold._n that_o event_n of_o our_o trial_n which_o alone_o i_o find_v among_o my_o note_n be_v register_v in_o these_o term_n 6._o a_fw-la small_a pipe_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v at_o the_o other_o fill_v almost_o with_o water_n and_o be_v put_v into_o a_o receiver_n consist_v of_o a_o somewhat_o long_a and_o slender_a tube_n of_o glass_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n and_o invert_v upon_o the_o engine_n plate_n than_o the_o air_n be_v careful_o exhaust_v for_o the_o pump_n be_v ply_v a_o while_n after_o no_o air_n appear_v to_o come_v forth_o in_o any_o bubble_n out_o of_o the_o receiver_n through_o the_o external_a water_n nor_o do_v the_o water_n in_o the_o small_a pipe_n within_o disclose_v any_o number_n of_o bubble_n worth_a take_v notice_n of_o then_o by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o almost_o cylindrical_a plate_n of_o iron_n beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n be_v heap_v against_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o receiver_n about_o the_o height_n to_o which_o the_o water_n in_o the_o small_a pipe_n reach_v and_o at_o length_n though_o as_o we_o all_o thought_n much_o more_o slow_o than_o such_o a_o congelation_n will_v else_o have_v be_v perform_v the_o water_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v in_o odd_a kind_n of_o flake_n from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n and_o the_o ice_n seem_v not_o to_o have_v any_o considerable_a number_n of_o bubble_n 7._o there_o be_v one_o experiment_n i_o have_v make_v about_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o indispose_a medium_n which_o may_v not_o be_v unworthy_a to_o be_v here_o insert_v for_o i_o have_v once_o a_o mind_n to_o try_v whether_o a_o cold_a body_n can_v operate_v through_o a_o medium_fw-la that_o be_v as_o to_o touch_v actual_o hot_a and_o have_v its_o heat_n continual_o renew_v by_o a_o sountain_n as_o it_o be_v of_o heat_n that_o perpetual_o diffuse_v through_o it_o new_a supply_n of_o warm_a liquor_n so_o that_o the_o cold_a body_n can_v not_o here_o as_o in_o other_o case_n first_o allay_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la and_o then_o lessen_v it_o more_o and_o more_o till_o it_o have_v quite_o extinguish_v it_o to_o compass_v this_o i_o have_v soon_o after_o a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v some_o trial_n present_v i_o for_o be_v at_o the_o mineral_n spring_v at_o tunbridge_n to_o drink_v those_o wholesome_a water_n for_o my_o health_n sake_n i_o soon_o accustom_v myself_o to_o drink_v they_o in_o considerable_a quantity_n very_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n when_o they_o be_v exceed_o cold_a and_o sometime_o drink_v they_o in_o bed_n as_o well_o as_o sometime_o at_o the_o springs-head_n i_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o observe_v whether_o in_o case_n i_o take_v they_o down_o very_o fast_o they_o will_v not_o through_o the_o warm_a muscle_n and_o outward_a part_n of_o the_o abdomen_fw-la diffuse_v a_o sensible_a coldness_n and_o upon_o more_o trial_n than_o one_o i_o find_v that_o by_o lay_v my_o warm_a hand_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o my_o belly_n i_o there_o feel_v at_o least_o as_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o a_o manifest_a and_o considerable_a degree_n of_o coldness_n and_o when_o i_o relate_v this_o to_o some_o ingenious_a person_n that_o be_v better_o acquaint_v with_o those_o spring_n than_o i_o they_o tell_v i_o that_o there_o be_v among_o those_o many_o that_o then_o resort_v to_o 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fluid_a upon_o the_o account_n of_o a_o congenite_fw-la motion_n in_o the_o corpuscle_n it_o consist_v of_o its_o fluidness_n may_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o agitation_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n either_o immediate_o contiguous_a to_o the_o surface_n or_o communicate_v its_o agitation_n to_o the_o water_n by_o propagation_n of_o its_o impulse_n through_o the_o vessel_n that_o interpose_v betwixt_o they_o to_o contribute_v to_o the_o clear_n of_o this_o and_o some_o other_o thing_n we_o devise_v the_o follow_a experiment_n we_o provide_v a_o glass-bubble_n of_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o walnut_n and_o the_o form_n almost_o of_o a_o pear_n who_o stem_n be_v purposely_o make_v crooked_a for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o suspension_n this_o be_v fill_v with_o water_n which_o be_v troublesome_a enough_o to_o be_v do_v unless_o one_o have_v the_o knack_n we_o hang_v it_o at_o one_o end_n of_o a_o thread_n who_o other_o end_n we_o pass_v through_o a_o cork_n by_o a_o perforation_n 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as_o it_o can_v to_o its_o temper_n and_o consequent_o to_o the_o same_o temper_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a and_o then_o with_o the_o warmth_n of_o one_o hand_n the_o include_v ice_n be_v loosen_v from_o the_o glass_n as_o it_o be_v take_v out_o and_o a_o ruler_n divide_v into_o inch_n and_o eight_o be_v lay_v alongst_o it_o with_o a_o knife_n a_o little_a warm_v the_o ice_n be_v soon_o and_o yet_o not_o careless_o divide_v into_o several_a small_a cylinder_n of_o three_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n a_o piece_n and_o these_o cylinder_v thus_o reduce_v to_o as_o sensible_a a_o equality_n as_o we_o can_v be_v nimble_o and_o careful_o put_v into_o the_o several_a liquor_n hereafter_o to_o be_v mention_v and_o while_o we_o ourselves_o watch_v very_o attentive_o till_o each_o of_o these_o icy_a cylinder_n be_v quite_o and_o yet_o but_o just_o dissolve_v we_o cause_v other_o to_o keep_v time_n by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o pendulum_n who_o vibration_n be_v each_o a_o second_o minute_n or_o 60._o part_n of_o a_o common_a minute_n whereof_o 60._o go_v to_o make_v a_o hour_n and_o it_o be_v easy_a for_o those_o we_o appoint_v to_o watch_v the_o vibration_n of_o the_o pendulum_n notwithstanding_o the_o quickness_n of_o its_o motion_n because_o it_o be_v fit_v to_o a_o little_a instrument_n purposely_o contrive_v for_o such_o nice_a observation_n wherein_o a_o long_a index_n move_v upon_o a_o divide_a dyal_n plate_n do_v very_o manifest_o point_v out_o the_o number_n of_o the_o diadrome_n make_v by_o the_o pendulum_n 3._o this_o experiment_n be_v afterward_o repeat_v twice_o with_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n each_o of_o they_o a_o inch_n long_o and_o though_o the_o success_n of_o these_o trial_n be_v various_a enough_o yet_o we_o shall_v subjoin_v both_o the_o last_o as_o be_v make_v with_o more_o advantage_n than_o the_o first_o that_o the_o more_o light_a may_v be_v gather_v from_o they_o and_o that_o at_o least_o we_o may_v discover_v how_o difficult_a it_o be_v to_o make_v such_o experiment_n in_o this_o matter_n as_o that_o all_o the_o nice_a circumstance_n of_o they_o may_v safe_o be_v rely_v on_o i._o trial._n 1._o oil_n of_o vitriol_n where_o a_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o iuch_n long_o be_v put_v into_o last_v 5._o minute_n 2._o spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o which_o the_o ice_n sink_v last_v 12._o minute_n 3._o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la last_v 12_o ½_o minute_n 4._o water_n last_v about_o 12._o minute_n 5._o oil_n of_o turpentine_n last_v not_o good_a 44._o minute_n 6._o air_n last_v 64._o minute_n ii_o trial._n 1._o in_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n where_o a_o inch_n of_o cylindrical_a ice_n last_v 3._o minute_n 2._o in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n last_v 13._o minute_n 3._o in_o water_n last_v 26._o minute_n 4._o in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n last_v 47._o minute_n 5._o in_o salad_n oil_n last_v 52._o minute_n 6._o in_o the_o air_n last_v 152._o minute_n 4._o we_o likewise_o think_v it_o worth_a try_v whether_o there_o will_v be_v any_o difference_n and_o how_o much_o difference_n there_o will_v be_v in_o the_o duration_n of_o piece_n of_o ice_n of_o the_o same_o bulk_n and_o figure_n some_o of_o they_o make_v of_o common_a water_n and_o other_o of_o freeze_a wine_n milk_n oil_n urine_n and_o other_o spirituous_a liquor_n these_o several_a piece_n be_v expose_v to_o be_v thaw_v in_o the_o same_o air_n or_o other_o ambient_fw-la liquor_n 5._o we_o also_o try_v whether_o motion_n will_v impart_v a_o heat_n to_o ice_n by_o nimble_o rub_v a_o strong_a piece_n of_o ice_n upon_o a_o plate_n of_o ice_n and_o though_o this_o seem_v to_o hasten_v the_o dissolution_n in_o that_o part_n of_o the_o icy_a plate_n where_o the_o altrition_n have_v be_v make_v yet_o we_o be_v unwilling_a to_o determine_v the_o matter_n till_o further_a and_o exacter_n trial_n have_v be_v make_v 6._o and_o this_o bring_v into_o my_o mind_n a_o experiment_n that_o have_v by_o some_o be_v think_v very_o strange_a the_o occasion_n i_o remember_v be_v that_o i_o receive_v the_o last_o winter_n the_o honour_n of_o a_o visit_n from_o a_o nobleman_n of_o great_a eminency_n and_o learning_n who_o chance_v to_o come_v in_o while_o i_o be_v make_v some_o trial_n with_o ice_n will_v needs_o know_v what_o i_o be_v do_v with_o it_o but_o the_o presence_n of_o a_o very_a fair_a lady_n in_o who_o hymen_n have_v make_v he_o happy_a and_o of_o some_o other_o company_n of_o that_o sex_n that_o he_o bring_v along_o with_o he_o invite_v i_o to_o give_v he_o the_o answer_n that_o i_o think_v will_v be_v most_o suit_v and_o acceptable_a to_o his_o company_n i_o merry_o tell_v he_o that_o i_o be_v try_v how_o to_o heat_v a_o cold_a liquor_n with_o ice_n and_o to_o satisfy_v he_o that_o be_v no_o impossibility_n i_o hold_v out_o a_o open_a mouth_a glass_n full_a of_o a_o certain_a liquor_n which_o for_o some_o just_a reason_n i_o do_v not_o describe_v but_o do_v plain_o teach_v it_o in_o a_o opportuner_n place_n and_o desire_v they_o to_o feel_v whether_o it_o be_v not_o actual_o cold_a and_o when_o they_o be_v satisfy_v it_o be_v so_o i_o choose_v among_o the_o piece_n ofice_n that_o lie_v by_o i_o that_o i_o judge_v by_o the_o eye_n to_o be_v fit_a for_o my_o purpose_n for_o every_o piece_n be_v not_o so_o for_o a_o reason_n i_o elsewhere_o show_v and_o throw_v it_o into_o this_o liquor_n it_o do_v not_o only_o in_o a_o trice_n vanish_v in_o it_o but_o the_o lady_n i_o be_v mention_v see_v the_o liquor_n smoke_n and_o advance_v hasty_o to_o try_v whether_o it_o be_v real_o warm_a find_v it_o so_o hot_a that_o she_o be_v quick_o fain_o to_o let_v it_o alone_o and_o have_v almost_o burn_v her_o tender_a hand_n with_o which_o she_o have_v in_o spite_n of_o my_o 〈◊〉_d wasion_n take_v hold_v of_o the_o glass_n which_o her_o lord_n himself_o can_v 〈◊〉_d endure_v to_o hold_v in_o he_o but_o this_o experiment_n which_o for_o the_o main_a i_o have_v repeat_v before_o competent_a witness_n though_o it_o be_v not_o impertinent_a to_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a yet_o i_o shall_v not_o build_v much_o upon_o it_o because_o how_o strange_a soever_o many_o have_v be_v please_v to_o think_v it_o i_o shall_v elsewhere_o show_v that_o i_o make_v use_v of_o a_o certain_a unperceivable_a slight_n which_o in_o my_o opinion_n do_v as_o well_o as_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o liquor_n and_o the_o texture_n of_o the_o ice_n contribute_v to_o the_o suddenness_n and_o surprizingness_n of_o the_o effect_n 7._o but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o duration_n of_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a i_o think_v those_o much_o mistake_v who_o imagine_v that_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a do_v continual_o depend_v upon_o the_o actual_a presence_n and_o influence_n of_o the_o manifest_a efficient_n as_o the_o light_n of_o the_o air_n depend_v upon_o the_o sun_n or_o fire_n or_o other_o luminous_a body_n upon_o who_o removal_n it_o immediate_o cease_v for_o when_o cold_a agent_n have_v actual_o bring_v a_o dispose_v subject_n to_o a_o state_n of_o congelation_n though_o the_o manifest_a efficient_a cause_n cease_v from_o act_v or_o perhaps_o from_o be_v the_o effect_n may_v yet_o continue_v for_o in_o most_o case_n if_o a_o certain_a texture_n be_v once_o produce_v in_o a_o body_n it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o constancy_n of_o nature_n that_o it_o persevere_v in_o that_o state_n till_o it_o be_v forcible_o put_v out_o of_o it_o by_o some_o agent_n capable_a to_o overpower_v it_o and_o though_o we_o usual_o see_v ice_n and_o snow_n as_o it_o be_v of_o their_o own_o accord_n to_o melt_v away_o when_o the_o frosty_a constitution_n of_o the_o air_n cease_v yet_o the_o cause_n of_o that_o may_v be_v not_o bare_o the_o cessation_n of_o frosty_a weather_n but_o that_o those_o easy_o dissoluble_a body_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o free_a air_n which_o be_v heat_v by_o the_o sun_n beam_n and_o perhaps_o by_o calorifick_a expiration_n from_o the_o earth_n be_v furnish_v with_o a_o actual_a cause_n upon_o who_o account_n it_o destroy_v the_o texture_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o snow_n but_o even_o here_o above_o ground_n if_o snow_n be_v well_o compact_v into_o great_a mass_n in_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o closeness_n of_o the_o little_a icickle_n but_o little_a air_n be_v allow_v to_o get_v between_o they_o i_o have_v see_v such_o mass_n of_o snow_n last_o so_o long_o not_o only_o in_o thaw_v but_o in_o rainy_a weather_n as_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o and_o if_o such_o snow_n or_o ice_n be_v keep_v in_o a_o place_n where_o it_o may_v be_v fence_v from_o the_o sun_n and_o other_o external_a enemy_n though_o the_o place_n it_o be_v lodge_v in_o be_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o cold_a enough_o to_o produce_v ice_n yet_o it_o will_v as_o some_o trial_n
nitre_n alone_o without_o speak_v of_o either_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o in_o the_o other_o place_n not_o only_o his_o word_n seem_v to_o import_v that_o contentam_fw-la notwithstanding_o the_o addition_n of_o the_o other_o ingredient_n the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n expire_a out_o of_o the_o mixture_n and_o penetrate_v into_o the_o water_n be_v they_o that_o make_v it_o freeze_v but_o the_o exigence_n of_o his_o discourse_n seem_v to_o require_v such_o a_o interpretation_n for_o to_o say_v it_o be_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n that_o be_v harbour_v in_o the_o ice_n or_o snow_n that_o freeze_v the_o water_n they_o invade_v be_v no_o better_a than_o to_o beg_v the_o question_n for_o beside_o that_o he_o ought_v to_o prove_v that_o there_o be_v multitude_n of_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o nitre_n lodge_v in_o snow_n and_o ice_n beside_o this_o i_o say_v since_o these_o two_o body_n be_v say_v to_o be_v water_n before_o they_o be_v congeal_v to_o grant_v what_o his_o explication_n suppose_v about_o ice_n and_o snow_n be_v to_o grant_v in_o effect_n that_o nitre_n alone_o without_o ice_n or_o snow_n can_v turn_v water_n into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n that_o experience_n warrant_v we_o late_o to_o deny_v and_o if_o this_o be_v all_o that_o be_v mean_v by_o the_o experiment_n the_o mix_n of_o nitre_n with_o the_o ice_n or_o the_o snow_n will_v signify_v very_o little_a to_o evince_v what_o shall_v be_v prove_v for_o if_o instead_o of_o nitre_n you_o take_v sea-salt_n or_o the_o spirit_n of_o salt_n nay_o the_o inflammable_a part_n of_o wine_n the_o experiment_n will_v succeed_v and_o yet_o i_o think_v gassendus_fw-la will_v not_o have_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o these_o body_n to_o be_v frigorifick_a like_o those_o of_o nitre_n which_o yet_o they_o may_v be_v prove_v to_o be_v by_o the_o same_o argument_n which_o be_v employ_v to_o show_v that_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o nitre_n which_o be_v add_v as_o a_o distinct_a ingredient_n to_o the_o ice_n or_o to_o the_o snow_n be_v the_o efficient_n of_o the_o congelation_n 25._o have_v thus_o examine_v gassendus_fw-la he_o experiment_n we_o will_v now_o as_o our_o next_o and_o last_o argument_n touch_v this_o subject_n subjoin_v our_o own_o as_o far_o as_o we_o can_v find_v any_o of_o they_o among_o our_o note_n some_o of_o which_o follow_v in_o these_o word_n 26._o as_o cold_a as_o they_o think_v salt-petre_a to_o be_v who_o teach_v its_o spirituous_a part_n to_o be_v the_o grand_a and_o catholic_n efficient_n of_o cold_a yet_o we_o find_v that_o it_o will_v dissolve_v ice_n ready_o enough_o as_o well_o as_o sea-salt_n etc._n etc._n be_v wont_a to_o do_v as_o we_o collect_v from_o this_o that_o roch_v petre_n mingle_v with_o ice_n will_v freeze_v the_o vapour_n wander_v in_o the_o air_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o single_a vial_n wherein_o we_o make_v the_o experiment_n which_o the_o ice_n alone_o will_v not_o have_v do_v and_o have_v place_v some_o 〈◊〉_d sie_a beat_a nitre_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n in_o little_a heap_n here_o and_o there_o upon_o plate_n of_o ice_n we_o manifest_o find_v they_o to_o sink_v into_o the_o ice_n which_o argue_v their_o dissolve_v it_o and_o have_v put_v some_o of_o it_o upon_o a_o thick_a and_o smooth_a piece_n of_o ice_n we_o find_v that_o it_o have_v 〈◊〉_d a_o hole_n quite_o through_o it_o while_o the_o surround_v part_n of_o the_o ice_n remain_v of_o a_o good_a thickness_n 27._o we_o take_v a_o large_a single_a vial_n almost_o full_a of_o water_n and_o put_v it_o into_o as_o much_o roch_v petre_n as_o by_o keep_v it_o a_o good_a while_n by_o the_o fire_n side_n we_o can_v dissolve_v in_o it_o of_o which_o one_o mark_n be_v that_o there_o remain_v a_o pretty_a deal_n of_o salt_n entire_a 〈◊〉_d the_o bottom_n of_o the_o liquor_n this_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n during_o a_o extreme_o sharp_a night_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o day_n the_o solution_n be_v 〈◊〉_d so_o hard_o to_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o liquor_n that_o have_v break_v the_o glass_n we_o can_v hardly_o break_v the_o include_v mass_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n there_o 〈◊〉_d pear_v some_o liquor_n with_o crystal_n of_o nitre_n well_o figure_v that_o seem_v to_o have_v shoot_v in_o it_o and_o argue_v the_o water_n to_o be_v sufficient_o impreguate_v with_o the_o salt_n 28._o as_o for_o the_o spirituous_a part_n of_o nitre_n so_o far_o forth_o as_o their_o temper_n as_o to_o heat_n or_o cold_a can_v be_v judge_v by_o distillation_n and_o by_o weather-glass_n they_o be_v not_o actual_o more_o cold_a than_o some_o other_o liquor_n and_o appear_v rather_o to_o be_v potential_o 〈◊〉_d then_o cold_a at_o least_o they_o seem_v indispose_v to_o turn_v water_n into_o ice_n since_o we_o have_v 〈◊〉_d that_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n will_v ready_o enough_o turn_v ice_n into_o water_n 29._o these_o three_o forego_v 〈◊〉_d show_v that_o salt-petre_a be_v no_o such_o 〈◊〉_d derful_o cold_a body_n but_o that_o 〈◊〉_d be_v other_o cold_a as_o be_v able_a to_o freeze_v water_n which_o nitre_n can_v not_o congeal_v nay_o they_o manifest_a that_o nitre_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a of_o ice_n do_v thaw_v and_o dissolve_v it_o and_o so_o seem_v at_o least_o in_o reference_n to_o it_o to_o be_v rather_o hot_a then_o cold_a 30._o i_o shall_v now_o add_v one_o note_n more_o to_o show_v it_o do_v not_o always_o make_v water_n so_o much_o as_o equal_o cold_a with_o the_o common_a air_n the_o experiment_n i_o find_v thus_o record_v 31._o we_o take_v a_o seal_a weatherglass_n 1._o and_o by_o a_o little_a pulley_n fasten_v to_o a_o frame_n suspend_v it_o in_o a_o solution_n of_o roch'd-petre_n as_o strong_a as_o we_o can_v make_v it_o without_o heat_n as_o appear_v by_o a_o pretty_a quantity_n of_o nitre_n that_o have_v continue_v some_o day_n undissolved_a in_o the_o vessel_n which_o be_v a_o beer-glass_n with_o a_o flat_a bottom_n after_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n have_v be_v suspend_v in_o this_o liquor_n to_o try_v whether_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v not_o at_o this_o time_n cold_o than_o the_o liquor_n it_o be_v a_o cloudy_a and_o windy_a day_n and_o betwixt_o the_o hour_n of_o 11._o and_o 12._o though_o both_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o it_o have_v stand_v some_o day_n in_o the_o same_o place_n i_o lift_v up_o the_o glass_n out_o of_o the_o water_n by_o the_o string_n it_o hang_v by_o that_o i_o may_v not_o touch_v it_o with_o my_o warm_a hand_n and_o find_v the_o liquor_n in_o the_o glass_n to_o descend_v by_o degree_n about_o two_o division_n which_o be_v eight_o of_o a_o inch_n and_o then_o by_o the_o string_n lift_v up_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o put_v again_o the_o solution_n of_o nitre_n under_o it_o the_o include_v liquor_n be_v impel_v up_o again_o two_o division_n and_o sometime_o two_o division_n and_o a_o half_a for_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o the_o more_o full_o i_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n several_a time_n and_o observe_v that_o the_o include_v liquor_n usual_o ascend_v the_o first_o division_n so_o fast_o that_o the_o eye_n can_v perceive_v its_o progress_n and_o that_o the_o ascent_n upon_o the_o immersion_n in_o the_o dissolve_v nitre_n be_v discernable_o quick_a than_o the_o descent_n upon_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n into_o the_o open_a air_n though_o the_o space_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o of_o the_o other_o be_v about_o either_o two_o division_n or_o two_o division_n and_o a_o half_a 32._o if_o it_o be_v here_o demand_v what_o then_o i_o think_v of_o the_o frigifactive_a virtue_n of_o nitre_n i_o must_v answer_v that_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o full_o satisfy_v myself_o concern_v it_o but_o thus_o much_o i_o be_o not_o willing_a to_o deny_v that_o among_o divers_a other_o body_n that_o upon_o several_a occasion_n exhale_v from_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n those_o corpuscle_n that_o be_v of_o a_o nitrous_a nature_n may_v be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n well_o qualify_v to_o refrigerate_v the_o air_n and_o i_o be_o not_o indispose_v to_o think_v that_o there_o may_v be_v store_n of_o little_a saline_a body_n of_o kin_n to_o nitre_n that_o especial_o at_o certain_a time_n 〈◊〉_d in_o great_a multitude_n to_o and_o fro_o in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n but_o that_o this_o aerial_a salt_n which_o some_o modern_n call_v volatile_a nitre_n shall_v be_v true_a and_o perfect_a salt-petre_a be_v more_o than_o i_o be_o sure_a of_o and_o that_o this_o salt_n alone_o shall_v be_v the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la be_v more_o than_o as_o yet_o i_o be_o convince_v of_o especial_o since_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n whence_o i_o have_v see_v many_o concretes_n dig_v out_o who_o very_a name_n and_o
outside_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n unknown_a even_o to_o chemist_n themselves_o divers_a other_o body_n beside_o salt-petre_a who_o steam_n may_v have_v a_o power_n of_o refrigerate_v the_o air_n as_o great_a in_o proportion_n to_o their_o quantity_n as_o those_o of_o salt-petre_a and_o since_o common_a salt_n in_o artificial_a glaciation_n be_v find_v to_o cooperate_v as_o powerful_o as_o salt-petre_a itself_o and_o since_o it_o be_v undeniable_o a_o body_n of_o which_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a quantity_n in_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n and_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o sea_n where_o it_o abound_v be_v exceed_o diffuse_v i_o see_v no_o great_a reason_n why_o we_o may_v not_o aswell_o esteem_v that_o kind_n of_o salt_n among_o the_o catholic_n efficient_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o rather_o because_o that_o the_o small_a corpuscle_n our_o eye_n discern_v of_o sea-salt_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v though_o not_o exact_o of_o a_o cubical_a figure_n which_o be_v that_o figure_n philoponus_n inform_v we_o the_o great_a democritus_n of_o old_a just_o admire_v by_o gassendus_fw-la assign_v to_o the_o atom_n of_o cold_a whereas_o according_a to_o gassendus_fw-la himself_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o nitre_n at_o least_o as_o far_o as_o sense_n have_v inform_v we_o be_v not_o the_o most_o convenient_o shape_v to_o produce_v cold_a since_o he_o labour_v to_o show_v that_o the_o figure_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n be_v to_o be_v tetrahedrical_a or_o pyramidal_a whereas_o the_o crystal_n or_o grain_n great_a or_o small_a into_o which_o good_a salt-petre_a shoot_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v prismatical_a have_v their_o base_a sexangular_a but_o to_o return_v to_o what_o i_o be_v say_v concern_v the_o congeal_a of_o water_n with_o ice_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v that_o the_o same_o experiment_n countenance_n my_o conjecture_v that_o oftentimes_o it_o may_v not_o be_v emanation_n of_o one_o salt_n or_o other_o body_n but_o a_o peculiar_a and_o lucky_a conjunction_n of_o those_o of_o two_o or_o more_o sort_n of_o they_o that_o produce_v the_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a as_o we_o see_v that_o ice_n and_o snow_n themselves_o have_v their_o coldness_n advance_v as_o to_o its_o effect_n by_o the_o mixture_n either_o of_o sea-salt_n or_o nitre_n or_o spirit_n of_o wine_n or_o any_o other_o appropriate_v additament_n nay_o i_o may_v elsewhere_o have_v occasion_n to_o show_v that_o actual_a cold_a may_v be_v manifest_o promote_v if_o not_o generate_v by_o the_o addition_n of_o a_o body_n that_o be_v not_o actual_o cold._a but_o to_o all_o this_o i_o must_v add_v that_o i_o doubt_v whether_o any_o of_o those_o saline_a or_o terrestrial_a expiration_n either_o single_a or_o conjoin_v be_v the_o adequate_a cause_n of_o cold_a since_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v other_o way_n of_o produce_v it_o beside_o the_o introduction_n of_o frigorifick_a whether_o atom_n or_o corpuscle_n of_o which_o we_o may_v have_v occasion_n to_o take_v some_o notice_n hereafter_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n have_v discourse_v thus_o long_o against_o the_o admit_v a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o take_v notice_n once_o more_o that_o my_o design_n in_o play_v the_o sceptic_a on_o this_o subject_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o reject_v other_o man_n probable_a opinion_n of_o a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la as_o absolute_o false_a as_o it_o be_v to_o give_v a_o account_n why_o i_o look_v upon_o they_o as_o doubtful_a title_n xviii_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o coldness_n and_o temperature_n of_o the_o air._n 1._o i_o have_v show_v in_o the_o former_a section_n that_o the_o air_n be_v not_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o yet_o i_o can_v ready_o yield_v my_o assent_n to_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o learned_a gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o who_o have_v write_v before_o and_o since_o he_o that_o the_o air_n be_v of_o itself_o indifferent_a that_o be_v neither_o cold_a nor_o hot_a but_o as_o it_o happen_v to_o be_v make_v either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o by_o external_a agent_n for_o if_o we_o take_v cold_a in_o the_o obvious_a and_o receive_a acception_n of_o the_o word_n that_o be_v for_o a_o quality_n relative_a to_o the_o sense_n of_o a_o man_n who_o organ_n be_v in_o a_o good_a or_o middle_a temper_n in_o reference_n to_o cold_a and_o heat_n 〈◊〉_d be_o hitherto_o inclinable_a to_o think_v that_o we_o may_v rather_o attribute_v coldness_n to_o the_o air_n than_o either_o heat_n or_o a_o perfect_a neutrality_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold._a for_o to_o make_v a_o body_n cold_a as_o to_o sense_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v sufficient_a that_o its_o minute_n corpuscle_n do_v less_o agitate_v the_o small_a part_n of_o our_o organ_n of_o feel_v than_o they_o be_v wont_n to_o be_v agitate_a by_o the_o blood_n and_o other_o fluid_a part_n of_o the_o body_n and_o consequent_o if_o suppose_v the_o air_n devoid_a of_o those_o calorifick_a and_o frigorifick_a atom_n to_o which_o the_o learned_a man_n i_o be_v name_v ascribe_v its_o heat_n and_o cold_a it_o will_v constitute_v a_o fluid_a which_o either_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o minuteness_n of_o its_o part_n or_o their_o want_n of_o a_o sufficient_o vehement_a motion_n will_v less_o affect_v the_o sensory_a of_o feel_v than_o the_o internal_a liquor_n and_o spirit_n of_o the_o body_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v and_o so_o it_o will_v appear_v actual_o cold_a nor_o be_v it_o necessary_a that_o all_o liquor_n much_o less_o all_o fluid_n shall_v be_v as_o much_o agitate_a as_o the_o blood_n and_o vital_a humour_n of_o a_o humane_a body_n as_o we_o see_v to_o omit_v what_o in_o the_o last_o section_n be_v mention_v about_o new_o emit_v urine_n and_o to_o skip_v other_o obvious_a instance_n in_o those_o fish_n and_o other_o animal_n who_o blood_n and_o analogous_a juice_n be_v always_o and_o that_o in_o the_o state_n which_o pass_v for_o their_o natural_a state_n actual_o cold_a to_o our_o touch._n and_o i_o see_v no_o sufficient_a reason_n why_o we_o shall_v not_o conceive_v the_o air_n even_o in_o its_o natural_a state_n at_o least_o as_o far_o forth_o as_o it_o can_v be_v say_v to_o have_v a_o natural_a state_n to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o number_n of_o cold_a fluid_n for_o as_o to_o the_o main_a if_o not_o only_o argument_n of_o gassendus_fw-la and_o other_o namely_o that_o as_o we_o see_v the_o air_n to_o be_v easy_o heat_v by_o the_o action_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fire_n so_o we_o see_v it_o as_o easy_o refrigerated_a by_o ice_n and_o snow_n and_o northerly_a wind_n and_o other_o efficient_n of_o cold_a and_o that_o heat_n and_o cold_a reign_n in_o it_o by_o turn_n in_o summer_n and_o in_o winter_n this_o only_o prove_v what_o i_o ready_o grant_v that_o the_o air_n be_v easy_o susceptible_a at_o several_a time_n of_o both_o these_o contrary_a quality_n but_o it_o do_v not_o show_v that_o one_o be_v not_o more_o connatural_a to_o it_o than_o the_o other_o as_o we_o see_v that_o the_o water_n may_v be_v easy_o deprive_v of_o its_o fluidity_n by_o the_o circumposition_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n and_o reduce_v to_o be_v fluid_a again_o by_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fire_n and_o yet_o according_a to_o they_o as_o well_o as_o other_o fluidity_n not_o firmness_n be_v the_o natural_a quality_n of_o water_n but_o this_o be_v not_o that_o which_o i_o lie_v most_o weight_n upon_o for_o i_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v manifest_a and_o acknowledge_v by_o these_o learned_a man_n themselves_o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n be_v adventitious_a to_o it_o and_o communicate_v by_o the_o beam_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o of_o the_o fire_n or_o by_o some_o other_o agent_n natural_o productive_a of_o heat_n as_o well_o in_o other_o body_n as_o the_o air_n and_o it_o be_v also_o evident_a that_o upon_o the_o bare_a absence_n for_o aught_o else_o that_o appear_v of_o the_o sun_n or_o extinction_n of_o the_o fire_n or_o removal_n of_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o heat_n the_o air_n will_v as_o it_o be_v of_o its_o own_o accord_n be_v reduce_v to_o coldness_n whereas_o that_o there_o be_v swarm_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n diffuse_v through_o the_o air_n from_o which_o all_o its_o coldness_n proceed_v be_v but_o a_o hypothesis_n of_o their_o own_o far_o from_o be_v manifest_a in_o itself_o and_o not_o hitherto_o that_o i_o know_v of_o prove_v by_o any_o fit_a experiment_n or_o cogent_a reason_n and_o though_o in_o some_o case_n i_o be_o not_o adverse_a to_o the_o admit_v such_o corpuscle_n as_o may_v in_o a_o sense_n be_v style_v frigorifick_a yet_o i_o see_v not_o why_o we_o shall_v have_v recourse_n to_o they_o in_o case_n where_o such_o a_o bare_a cessation_n or_o lessen_v of_o former_a motion_n as_o may_v easy_o be_v ascribe_v to_o manifest_a cause_n may_v serve_v the_o turn_n as_o to_o a_o sensible_a for_o
i_o now_o consider_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o intenser_n coldness_n in_o the_o air_n without_o take_v they_o in_o and_o the_o opinion_n i_o incline_v to_o have_v at_o least_o this_o advantage_n that_o the_o air_n seem_v to_o be_v as_o rightful_o term_v cold_a as_o iron_n marble_n mercury_n crystal_n salt-petre_a and_o such_o other_o body_n which_o man_n unanimous_o look_v upon_o as_o such_o there_o be_v none_o of_o these_o to_o which_o the_o argument_n employ_v against_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n be_v not_o applicable_a save_v that_o the_o air_n be_v a_o fluid_a of_o a_o loose_a and_o fine_a texture_n do_v soon_o receive_v and_o lose_v the_o impression_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a and_o yet_o if_o a_o block_n of_o marble_n for_o instance_n or_o a_o iron_n bullet_n be_v remove_v into_o one_o of_o those_o empty_a space_n that_o gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o suppose_v to_o be_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o this_o world_n i_o see_v not_o why_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v rather_o cold_a than_o either_o warm_a or_o in_o a_o state_n of_o perfect_a neutrality_n since_o when_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o heat_n and_o those_o of_o cold_a have_v extricate_v themselves_o and_o be_v fly_v away_o into_o the_o neighbour_a vacuum_n the_o component_a particle_n of_o the_o stone_n or_o metal_n who_o implicate_v texture_n will_v hinder_v their_o dissilition_n remain_v much_o less_o agitate_a then_o our_o organ_n of_o feeling_n be_v by_o the_o warm_a blood_n and_o spirit_n that_o vivifie_v they_o must_v if_o apply_v to_o those_o sensory_n appear_v cold._n 2._o but_o i_o shall_v not_o upon_o this_o subject_n spend_v any_o far_a discourse_n since_o perhaps_o the_o dispute_n either_o may_v be_v or_o at_o least_o may_v easy_o be_v make_v verbal_n for_o in_o case_n those_o i_o argue_v with_o shall_v so_o explain_v their_o opinion_n as_o not_o to_o deny_v that_o in_o its_o own_o nature_n the_o air_n leave_v to_o its_o self_n may_v be_v repute_v cold_a in_o reference_n to_o the_o sensory_n of_o man_n who_o be_v warm_a animal_n but_o say_v that_o nevertheless_o compare_v it_o indefinite_o to_o other_o then_o humane_a body_n here_o below_o it_o be_v so_o easy_o susceptable_a of_o both_o the_o contrary_a quality_n that_o neither_o of_o they_o seem_v predominant_a in_o it_o and_o that_o when_o it_o be_v considerable_o either_o cold_a or_o hot_a it_o be_v make_v so_o by_o adventitious_a agent_n i_o shall_v not_o much_o contend_v with_o they_o especial_o if_o it_o can_v clear_o be_v make_v our_o that_o there_o be_v great_a quantity_n of_o such_o cold_a spirit_n as_o cabaeus_n and_o gassendus_fw-la suppose_v to_o be_v universal_o productive_a of_o cold_a more_o or_o less_o in_o all_o body_n where_o they_o get_v admission_n but_o of_o these_o cold_a spirit_n more_o perhaps_o elsewhere_o our_o principal_a business_n in_o this_o section_n be_v to_o deliver_v experiment_n and_o observation_n and_o because_o we_o shall_v mention_v but_o few_o of_o the_o former_a sort_n we_o will_v dispatch_v they_o first_o 3._o november_n the_o 20._o 1662._o we_o take_v a_o weatherglass_n fill_v to_o a_o convenient_a height_n with_o well_o rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o hermetical_o seal_v this_o we_o enclose_v in_o a_o glass_n receiver_n of_o a_o cylindrical_a form_n of_o about_o two_o inch_n diameter_n and_o about_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a high_a and_o have_v cement_v on_o the_o receiver_n we_o let_v it_o alone_o for_o some_o hour_n that_o it_o may_v perfect_o cool_v then_o draw_v out_o the_o air_n and_o watch_v it_o narrow_o we_o observe_v that_o the_o liquor_n in_o the_o weatherglass_n descend_v a_o little_a though_o but_o a_o very_a little_a upon_o the_o first_o exuction_n of_o the_o air_n and_o a_o little_a though_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o less_o upon_o the_o second_o but_o afterward_o we_o do_v not_o find_v it_o sensible_o to_o descend_v this_o subsidence_n of_o the_o liquor_n in_o all_o amount_v to_o about_o the_o length_n of_o a_o barley_n corn_n we_o attribute_v to_o the_o stretch_n of_o the_o glass_n by_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o include_v air_n when_o the_o ambient_fw-la be_v withdraw_v and_o according_o upon_o our_o allow_v a_o regress_n to_o the_o exclude_v air_n we_o see_v the_o spirit_n in_o the_o thermometer_n rise_v about_o half_a a_o barley-corn_n length_n to_o the_o place_n whence_o it_o begin_v to_o subside_o afterward_o we_o suck_v out_o and_o let_v in_o the_o air_n of_o the_o receiver_n as_o before_o with_o like_a success_n as_o to_o the_o descent_n and_o remount_v of_o the_o liquor_n 4._o n._n b._n we_o try_v with_o a_o very_a hot_a handkerchief_n apply_v in_o a_o convenient_a place_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o receiver_n whether_o the_o include_v weatherglass_n will_v receive_v impression_n from_o it_o the_o air_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v intermediate_v be_v remove_v but_o we_o do_v not_o find_v the_o liquor_n in_o the_o weatherglass_n sensible_o to_o swell_v either_o by_o this_o way_n or_o by_o cast_v upon_o it_o the_o concentrate_v beam_n of_o a_o candle_n traject_v through_o a_o double_a convex_a glass_n but_o when_o the_o air_n be_v readmit_v into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o receiver_n than_o the_o same_o handkerchief_n heat_v a_o fresh_a and_o apply_v make_v the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n sensible_o though_o but_o little_o more_o to_o ascend_v of_o which_o yet_o it_o seem_v something_o difficult_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o nicety_n of_o the_o experiment_n to_o estimate_v with_o any_o thing_n of_o certainty_n the_o cause_n so_o that_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n till_o the_o experiment_n be_v repeat_v in_o air_n of_o differ_v temper_n to_o verify_v whether_o it_o be_v the_o withdraw_a of_o the_o wont_a pressure_n or_o the_o recess_n of_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o air_n that_o make_v the_o liquor_n include_v in_o the_o thermoscope_n subside_o and_o till_o the_o experiment_n be_v repeat_v with_o the_o further_a observation_n of_o other_o circumstance_n which_o reiteration_n of_o the_o trial_n we_o intend_v but_o be_v by_o intervening_a accident_n hinder_v the_o recite_v experiment_n will_v not_o afford_v much_o more_o than_o good_a hint_n towards_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air._n 5._o i_o have_v discourse_n elsewhere_o take_v notice_n that_o air_n include_v in_o vessel_n sufficient_o strong_a and_o well_o close_v be_v not_o sensible_o or_o at_o least_o not_o considerable_o condense_v by_o cold_a but_o when_o the_o air_n be_v not_o so_o include_v as_o not_o to_o be_v in_o some_o part_n or_o other_o expose_v to_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n or_o atmosphere_n it_o will_v then_o by_o a_o degree_n of_o cold_a capable_a to_o freeze_v water_n be_v manifest_o reduce_v into_o a_o less_o room_n but_o how_o much_o this_o contraction_n or_o condensation_n of_o the_o air_n may_v amount_v to_o i_o do_v not_o there_o subjoin_v nor_o have_v the_o measure_n of_o it_o be_v that_o i_o know_v of_o attempt_v by_o any_o man_n wherefore_o we_o think_v fit_a to_o endeavour_v something_o in_o this_o kind_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v annex_v a_o brief_a account_n whereby_o it_o will_v appear_v upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n that_o in_o the_o climate_n we_o live_v in_o the_o cold_a do_v not_o so_o considerable_o condense_a the_o air_n as_o most_o man_n seem_v to_o have_v hitherto_o imagine_v 6._o and_o first_o it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o intimate_v that_o among_o other_o way_n we_o try_v to_o measure_v the_o shrink_n of_o the_o air_n by_o seal_v it_o up_o in_o glass_n furnish_v with_o long_a and_o very_a slender_a stem_n that_o by_o break_v off_o the_o tip_n of_o those_o glass_n immerse_v under_o water_n when_o by_o the_o cold_a air_n of_o a_o frosty_a night_n or_o the_o circumposition_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n the_o include_v air_n be_v high_o refrigerated_a the_o water_n may_v by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n upon_o it_o be_v impel_v into_o the_o cylindrical_a cavity_n of_o the_o break_a glass_n and_o by_o its_o great_a or_o lesser_a ascent_n therein_o show_v how_o much_o the_o internal_a air_n have_v be_v make_v to_o shrink_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o cold._n but_o this_o way_n for_o reason_n too_o long_o to_o be_v here_o deduce_v we_o find_v it_o troublesome_a and_o difficult_a to_o practice_v with_o any_o thing_n of_o certainty_n nor_o do_v we_o ever_o that_o i_o remember_v by_o this_o way_n bring_v the_o refrigerated_a air_n to_o lose_v above_o a_o 30._o part_n of_o its_o former_a dimension_n 7._o we_o will_v have_v try_v also_o to_o measure_v the_o condensation_n of_o the_o air_n by_o the_o ascent_n of_o water_n into_o the_o stem_n of_o a_o bolthead_n so_o invert_v that_o the_o orifice_n of_o the_o stem_n may_v be_v under_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o bolt-head_n keep_v erect_v but_o this_o way_n we_o
disapprove_v because_o it_o be_v likely_a and_o indeed_o we_o find_v it_o so_o by_o experience_n that_o the_o external_a air_n will_v first_o freeze_v the_o uppermost_a part_n of_o the_o water_n contain_v in_o the_o stem_n and_o thereby_o hinder_v its_o ascent_n and_o perhaps_o occasion_v the_o burst_n of_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o say_a stem_n 8._o wherefore_o though_o for_o want_n of_o a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o some_o liquor_n that_o will_v neither_o freeze_v like_o water_n and_o aqueous_a body_n nor_o congeal_v like_o common_a oil_n and_o the_o like_a unctuous_a juice_n we_o find_v it_o for_o a_o while_n somewhat_o difficult_a to_o practice_v the_o experiment_n yet_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o the_o indisposition_n that_o brine_n have_v to_o congelation_n we_o make_v so_o strong_a a_o brine_n with_o common_a salt_n that_o with_o it_o and_o as_o i_o remember_v with_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n also_o of_o which_o we_o chance_v to_o have_v some_o quantity_n by_o we_o we_o 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diu_fw-la perseveraverint_fw-la nemo_fw-la in_o eâ_fw-la region_fw-la vivere_fw-la possit_fw-la whence_o wind_n shall_v have_v this_o power_n to_o change_v the_o constitution_n of_o the_o air_n and_o especial_o to_o bring_v cold_a along_o with_o they_o be_v not_o so_o easy_a to_o be_v determine_v indeed_o the_o other_o quality_n and_o even_o the_o heat_n that_o be_v observable_a in_o wind_n may_v for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v probable_o enough_o derive_v from_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o place_n by_o which_o they_o pass_v of_o this_o we_o have_v already_o give_v a_o example_n or_o two_o in_o the_o passage_n late_o mention_v and_o it_o may_v be_v further_o confirm_v by_o what_o acosta_n say_v that_o he_o himself_o see_v in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o indies_n namely_o that_o the_o iron_n grate_v be_v so_o rust_v and_o 9_o consume_v by_o a_o peculiar_a wind_n that_o press_v the_o metal_n between_o your_o finger_n it_o will_v be_v dissolve_v and_o crumble_v as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v 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in_o the_o room_n where_o the_o experiment_n be_v to_o be_v make_v that_o it_o may_v receive_v the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n in_o that_o chamber_n then_o place_v upon_o a_o board_n one_o of_o those_o flat_a bottom_v weather-glass_n that_o i_o elsewhere_o describe_v to_o contain_v a_o movable_a drop_n of_o pendulous_a water_n by_o blow_v at_o several_a time_n with_o intermission_n upon_o the_o bubble_n or_o low_a end_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n though_o the_o wind_n blow_v against_o my_o hand_n be_v as_o to_o sense_n very_o manifest_o cold_a yet_o it_o do_v not_o cool_v the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o bubble_n but_o rather_o a_o little_a warm_v it_o as_o appear_v by_o a_o small_a but_o sensible_a ascension_n of_o the_o pendulous_a drop_n each_o time_n that_o after_o some_o interpose_a rest_n the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v blow_v upon_o which_o seem_v to_o proceed_v from_o some_o small_a alteration_n towards_o warmth_n that_o the_o air_n receive_v by_o its_o stay_n 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beget_v some_o diffidence_n in_o wary_a man_n they_o will_v not_o be_v proper_a for_o the_o title_n of_o this_o section_n and_o most_o of_o they_o that_o they_o may_v be_v fit_a to_o be_v place_v here_o must_v be_v the_o effect_n of_o such_o extreme_a degree_n of_o cold_a that_o i_o can_v in_o this_o temperate_a climate_n of_o we_o examine_v the_o truth_n of_o they_o by_o my_o own_o trial_n so_o that_o all_o i_o can_v do_v be_v to_o make_v choice_n of_o such_o relation_n as_o be_v almost_o all_o of_o they_o deliver_v by_o the_o relator_n as_o upon_o their_o own_o knowledge_n and_o even_o this_o may_v perchance_o not_o only_o gratify_v and_o excite_v the_o curiosity_n of_o some_o who_o be_v please_v with_o no_o thing_n so_o much_o as_o with_o those_o that_o have_v somewhat_o in_o they_o of_o prodigy_n and_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a their_o narrative_n may_v afford_v the_o ingenious_a such_o strange_a phaenomena_n that_o the_o explication_n of_o they_o may_v serve_v both_o to_o 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and_o therefore_o be_v he_o fain_o to_o water_v his_o meat_n in_o a_o brass_n kettle_n close_o adjoin_v to_o the_o fire_n and_o i_o have_v many_o time_n both_o see_v and_o feel_v by_o put_v my_o hand_n into_o it_o that_o side_n which_o be_v next_o the_o fire_n be_v very_o warm_a and_o the_o other_o a_o inch_n freeze_v i_o leave_v the_o rest_n to_o our_o cook_n who_o will_v almost_o speak_v miracle_n of_o the_o cold._n 3._o thus_o far_o our_o enlish_a navigator_n who_o relation_n compare_v with_o those_o of_o the_o hollander_n make_v i_o not_o so_o much_o wonder_n as_o i_o once_o do_v that_o man_n shall_v relate_v to_o marcus_n polus_n that_o there_o be_v a_o certain_a plain_n in_o tartary_n situate_v between_o some_o of_o the_o high_a mountain_n in_o the_o world_n where_o if_o fire_n 74._o be_v kindle_v it_o be_v not_o so_o bright_a nor_o so_o effectual_a to_o boil_v any_o thing_n as_o in_o other_o place_n for_o so_o purchase_n render_v that_o passage_n whence_o occasion_n have_v be_v take_v to_o impute_v to_o marcus_n polus_n a_o writer_n not_o always_o half_o so_o fabulous_a as_o many_o think_v he_o that_o he_o affirm_v that_o there_o be_v a_o country_n in_o tartary_n where_o fire_n can_v not_o be_v kindle_v 4._o and_o as_o for_o the_o other_o new_o mention_v relation_n of_o seaman_n and_o traveller_n though_o to_o we_o that_o live_v in_o england_n they_o can_v but_o seem_v very_o strange_a yet_o i_o be_o keep_v from_o reject_v they_o as_o utter_o incredible_a by_o consider_v that_o ice_n and_o snow_n have_v before_o their_o congelation_n be_v water_n must_v in_o probability_n owe_v their_o coldness_n to_o that_o which_o reign_v in_o the_o air_n so_o that_o if_o in_o any_o place_n nature_n have_v either_o so_o plentiful_o stock_v the_o air_n itself_o with_o frigorisick_n exspiration_n or_o other_o corpuscle_n if_o we_o will_v admit_v any_o such_o or_o have_v upon_o any_o other_o account_n render_v it_o as_o cold_a as_o it_o can_v make_v ice_n and_o snow_n to_o be_v even_o here_o among_o we_o i_o know_v not_o why_o the_o northerness_n of_o the_o climate_n and_o perhaps_o some_o saline_a expiration_n from_o the_o earth_n and_o sea_n may_v not_o there_o diffuse_v through_o the_o air_n a_o cold_a superior_a to_o that_o which_o by_o small_a quantity_n of_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o salt_n can_v at_o a_o small_a distance_n be_v produce_v here_o and_o this_o cold_a be_v so_o intense_a that_o by_o pour_v some_o water_n on_o a_o joynt-stool_n and_o place_v on_o it_o a_o silver_n tankard_n or_o other_o convenient_a vessel_n we_o may_v as_o experience_n have_v assure_v i_o with_o beat_a ice_n or_o snow_n and_o salt_n and_o a_o little_a water_n which_o be_v add_v to_o hasten_v the_o solution_n of_o the_o other_o nimble_o stir_v together_o in_o the_o pot_n make_v the_o mixture_n freeze_v the_o external_a water_n quite_o through_o the_o tankard_n and_o they_o may_v be_v by_o this_o way_n so_o hard_o freeze_v together_o as_o that_o by_o lift_v up_o the_o pot_n you_o may_v lift_v up_o the_o joynt-stool_n too_o and_o that_o which_o be_v the_o circumstance_n for_o which_o i_o mention_v this_o just_a by_o the_o fire_n which_o in_o this_o case_n be_v unable_a to_o hinder_v so_o difficult_a a_o operation_n of_o the_o cold._n 5._o thus_o much_o of_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a in_o reference_n to_o fire_n what_o the_o same_o quality_n may_v perform_v upon_o air_n we_o shall_v say_v but_o little_a of_o in_o this_o place_n because_o we_o treat_v of_o those_o phaenomena_n partly_o in_o the_o forego_n section_n of_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n and_o partly_o in_o other_o place_n only_o we_o shall_v not_o here_o pretermit_v a_o testimony_n of_o the_o learned_a olearius_n who_o as_o a_o eye_n witness_n confirm_v what_o we_o elsewhere_o deliver_v of_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a to_o which_o the_o air_n may_v be_v bring_v for_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o in_o muscovy_n he_o experimental_o find_v that_o 117_o which_o other_o leave_v record_v in_o their_o write_n that_o one_o spittle_n will_v be_v congeal_v before_o it_o reach_v the_o ground_n and_o that_o water_n will_v freeze_v as_o it_o be_v drop_v down_o 6._o of_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o water_n we_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o say_v much_o in_o this_o place_n since_o the_o two_o notable_a of_o they_o be_v the_o power_n cold_a have_v to_o congeal_v water_n sudden_o and_o the_o force_n it_o have_v to_o turn_v vast_a quantity_n of_o it_o into_o solid_a ice_n of_o the_o former_a i_o have_v new_o give_v out_o of_o olearius_n a_o example_n as_o eminent_a as_o almost_o any_o that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o and_o of_o the_o latter_a also_o i_o have_v give_v several_a instance_n in_o the_o section_n
that_o treat_v of_o ice_n yet_o two_o or_o three_o notable_a instance_n which_o we_o do_v not_o elsewhere_o mention_v it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o deliver_v in_o this_o place_n 7._o the_o first_o declare_v that_o notwithstanding_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o inside_n of_o a_o man_n mouth_n his_o spittle_n may_v be_v freeze_v even_o there_o the_o 27._o of_o september_n they_o be_v the_o word_n of_o gerat_fw-la 491._o de_fw-fr veer_v it_o blow_v hard_a north-east_n and_o it_o freeze_v so_o hard_o that_o as_o we_o put_v a_o nail_n into_o our_o mouth_n as_o when_o man_n work_v carpenter_n work_v they_o use_v to_o do_v there_o will_v ice_n hang_v thereon_o when_o we_o take_v it_o out_o again_o and_o make_v the_o blood_n follow_v the_o like_a relation_n if_o i_o misremember_v not_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o a_o modern_a english_a navigator_n and_o it_o be_v very_o little_a if_o at_o all_o more_o strange_a than_o what_o be_v affirm_v by_o queen_n elizabeth_n ambassador_n to_o the_o russian_a emperor_n in_o the_o extremity_n of_o winter_n say_v doctor_n fletcher_n speak_v of_o muscovia_n if_o you_o hold_v a_o pewter_n dish_n or_o pot_n in_o your_o hand_n or_o any_o other_o metal_n except_o in_o some_o chamber_n where_o their_o warm_a stove_n be_v your_o finger_n will_v stick_v fast_o to_o it_o and_o draw_v off_o the_o skin_n at_o the_o part_n 8._o the_o other_o instance_n i_o intend_v to_o mention_v be_v this_o that_o though_o macrobius_n and_o other_o learned_a man_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a will_v not_o allow_v salt_n water_n to_o be_v congealable_a yet_o the_o dutch_a at_o nova_n zembla_n relate_v that_o even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o september_n and_o a_o the_o marginal_a note_n say_v in_o a_o night_n it_o freeze_v two_o inch_n thick_a in_o the_o salt_n water_n 491._o 9_o as_o to_o the_o effect_n of_o violent_a cold_n upon_o the_o earth_n what_o they_o will_v prove_v upon_o pure_a and_o elementary_a earth_n if_o any_o such_o there_o be_v i_o can_v but_o conjecture_v but_o as_o for_o that_o impure_a or_o mingle_a earth_n which_o we_o common_o tread_v on_o the_o effect_n of_o extreme_a cold_a upon_o that_o may_v be_v very_o notable_a for_o olearius_n relate_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1634._o the_o cold_a be_v so_o bitter_a at_o musco_n that_o in_o the_o great_a marketplace_n he_o see_v the_o ground_n open_v by_o it_o so_o that_o there_o be_v make_v a_o cleave_v of_o many_o yard_n long_o and_o a_o foot_n broad_a and_n the_o present_a great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n physician_n be_v ask_v by_o i_o concern_v the_o truth_n of_o such_o relation_n answer_v i_o that_o he_o himself_o have_v in_o those_o part_n see_v the_o ground_n reduce_v by_o the_o cold_a to_o gape_v so_o wide_a that_o a_o child_n head_n may_v well_o have_v be_v put_v into_o the_o cleave_a 10._o it_o be_v somewhat_o strange_a that_o the_o violent_a heat_n of_o summer_n and_o the_o extreme_a cold_a of_o winter_n shall_v both_o of_o they_o be_v able_a to_o produce_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o like_a effect_n but_o whether_o to_o make_v these_o gape_a chink_n that_o we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ground_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n be_v first_o freeze_v be_v afterward_o break_a by_o the_o expansive_a force_n of_o the_o moist_a earth_n underneath_o to_o which_o the_o cold_a at_o length_n pierce_v and_o congeal_v it_o make_v it_o swell_v and_o heave_v and_o so_o burst_v or_o cleave_v the_o hard_a and_o freeze_a crust_n of_o the_o ground_n which_o can_v sufficient_o yield_v to_o it_o whether_o this_o i_o say_v may_v produce_v the_o cleft_n we_o be_v speak_v of_o or_o whether_o they_o must_v be_v derive_v from_o some_o other_o cause_n not_o have_v yet_o make_v the_o experiment_n i_o think_v upon_o to_o clear_v the_o matter_n one_o way_n or_o other_o i_o do_v not_o as_o yet_o pretend_v to_o determine_v but_o will_v rather_o subjoin_v the_o second_o observation_n i_o purpose_v to_o mention_v of_o a_o strange_a operation_n of_o cold_a upon_o the_o ground_n and_o it_o be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o dutch_a in_o their_o often_o quote_v three_o voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n in_o one_o place_n of_o which_o they_o tell_v we_o that_o when_o they_o have_v build_v they_o a_o wooden_a house_n and_o be_v go_v to_o 491._o shut_v themselves_o up_o in_o it_o for_o the_o winter_n they_o make_v a_o great_a fire_n without_o the_o house_n therewith_o to_o thaw_v the_o ground_n that_o they_o may_v so_o lay_v it_o viz._n the_o wood_n about_o the_o house_n that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o close_o but_o it_o be_v all_o lose_a labour_n for_o the_o earth_n be_v so_o hard_o and_o freeze_v so_o deep_a into_o the_o ground_n that_o they_o can_v not_o thaw_v it_o and_o it_o will_v have_v cost_v they_o too_o much_o wood_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v off_o that_o labour_n 11._o after_o what_o we_o have_v say_v about_o the_o strange_a effect_n of_o cold_a in_o reference_n to_o fire_n air_n water_n and_o earth_n we_o will_v now_o proceed_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o its_o effect_n upon_o confess_o compound_a body_n whether_o inanimate_a or_o live_a but_o of_o the_o former_a sort_n of_o mix_v body_n i_o mean_v those_o that_o have_v not_o life_n it_o will_v not_o be_v necessary_a to_o say_v much_o in_o this_o section_n in_o regard_n that_o we_o have_v in_o many_o other_o place_n upon_o several_a occasion_n have_v opportunity_n to_o mention_v already_o most_o of_o the_o particular_n that_o belong_v to_o that_o head_n for_o we_o elsewhere_o take_v notice_n that_o violent_a cold_n will_v freeze_v beer_n ale_n vinegar_n oil_n common_a wine_n and_o even_o sack_n and_o alicant_n themselves_o we_o have_v likewise_o note_v that_o the_o cold_a may_v have_v a_o notable_a operation_n upon_o wood_n brick_n stone_n vessel_n of_o glass_n earth_n and_o even_o pewter_n and_o iron_n themselves_o to_o which_o bartholinus_n out_o of_o janus_n munck_n voyage_n to_o greenland_n allow_v we_o to_o add_v vessel_n of_o brass_n though_o these_o be_v not_o immediate_o break_v by_o the_o cold_a but_o by_o the_o include_v liquor_n which_o it_o dilate_v and_o divers_a strange_a effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o inanimate_a body_n which_o it_o be_v here_o troublesome_a to_o recapitulate_v may_v be_v meet_v with_o disperse_v in_o several_a place_n of_o the_o present_a history_n wherefore_o have_v only_o intimate_v in_o general_a that_o though_o many_o plant_n be_v preserve_v by_o a_o moderate_a cold_a yet_o it_o have_v be_v observe_v that_o most_o garden-plant_n be_v destroy_v by_o excessive_a degree_n of_o it_o we_o will_v pass_v on_o to_o consider_v the_o effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o animal_n and_o of_o the_o many_o observation_n that_o we_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o traveller_n concern_v this_o subject_n we_o shall_v to_o avoid_v prolixity_n deliver_v only_o the_o considerabl_a and_o those_o that_o we_o find_v attest_v by_o very_o credible_a writer_n 12._o captain_n james_n speak_v of_o the_o last_o of_o the_o three_o difference_n he_o make_v of_o cold_a namely_o that_o which_o he_o and_o his_o company_n feel_v in_o the_o wood_n give_v this_o account_n of_o it_o as_o for_o the_o last_o it_o 64._o will_v be_v so_o extreme_a that_o it_o be_v not_o endurable_a no_o clothes_n be_v proof_n against_o it_o no_o motion_n can_v resist_v it_o it_o will_v moreover_o so_o freeze_v the_o hair_n of_o our_o eyelid_n that_o we_o can_v not_o see_v and_o i_o very_o believe_v that_o it_o will_v have_v stifle_v a_o man_n in_o a_o very_a few_o hour_n 13._o olearius_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o air_n of_o muscovy_n and_o especial_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o it_o the_o cold_a say_v he_o be_v there_o so_o violent_a that_o no_o 117._o fur_n can_v hinder_v it_o but_o sometime_o man_n nose_n and_o ear_n foot_n and_o hand_n will_v be_v freeze_v and_o all_o fall_v off_o he_o add_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1634._o when_o he_o be_v there_o they_o can_v not_o go_v 50._o pace_n without_o be_v benumb_v with_o cold_a and_o in_o danger_n of_o lose_v some_o of_o their_o limb_n and_o yet_o to_o add_v that_o remarkable_a observation_n upon_o the_o by_o the_o same_o author_n near_o the_o same_o place_n speak_v of_o musco_n and_o the_o neighbour_a province_n distinguish_v from_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o vast_a empire_n say_v that_o the_o air_n 116._o be_v good_a and_o healthy_a so_o that_o there_o one_o scarce_o ever_o hear_v of_o the_o plague_n or_o any_o other_o epidemical_a disease_n and_o he_o add_v that_o for_o that_o reason_n when_o in_o the_o year_n 1654._o the_o plague_n make_v havoc_n in_o that_o great_a city_n the_o thing_n be_v very_o surprise_v nothing_o like_o it_o have_v be_v see_v there_o in_o the_o memory_n of_o man_n 14._o our_o already_o divers_a time_n mention_v english_a
ascribe_v to_o the_o resolve_a ice_n may_v have_v proceed_v from_o that_o which_o will_v not_o have_v be_v take_v notice_n of_o by_o a_o ordinary_a experimenter_n for_o as_o i_o not_o long_o since_o intimate_v i_o have_v sometime_o purposely_o and_o sometime_o by_o chance_n by_o thaw_v ice_n in_o close_v vessel_n somewhat_o hasty_o produce_v a_o copious_a dew_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n which_o dew_n as_o be_v make_v by_o the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n aught_o to_o be_v wipe_v off_o before_o the_o vessel_n be_v put_v into_o the_o scale_n to_o weigh_v the_o melt_a ice_n and_o it_o be_v possible_a also_o that_o helmont_n may_v have_v err_v in_o the_o manner_n of_o weigh_v his_o lagena_fw-la whatever_o he_o mean_v by_o it_o it_o be_v usual_a even_o for_o learned_a man_n that_o be_v not_o verse_v in_o statick_n to_o mistake_v in_o experiment_n which_o require_v that_o thing_n be_v skilful_o and_o nice_o weigh_v how_o far_o this_o excuse_n may_v be_v 12._o apply_v to_o a_o late_a commentator_n upon_o aristotle_n meteor_n who_o say_v he_o try_v that_o water_n freeze_v be_v heavy_a than_o unfrozen_a be_v a_o stranger_n to_o that_o author_n write_n i_o shall_v not_o consider_v only_o whereas_o helmont_n and_o he_o seem_v to_o agree_v very_o little_a in_o their_o affirmation_n it_o will_v be_v perhaps_o more_o difficult_a to_o accord_v they_o then_o to_o determine_v by_o the_o help_n of_o our_o former_o register_v experiment_n what_o may_v be_v think_v of_o both_o their_o relation_n yet_o i_o shall_v add_v on_o this_o occasion_n that_o if_o i_o have_v not_o devise_v the_o above_o mention_v way_n of_o freeze_a water_n by_o art_n in_o hermetical_o seal_v glass_n i_o shall_v have_v find_v it_o difficult_a to_o reduce_v what_o be_v affirm_v by_o manelphus_n which_o i_o then_o dream_v not_o of_o to_o a_o accurate_a experiment_n for_o though_o i_o have_v employ_v a_o seal_a glass_n which_o i_o have_v not_o hear_v that_o he_o or_o any_o other_o have_v yet_o make_v use_n of_o to_o that_o purpose_n yet_o if_o i_o have_v in_o that_o vessel_n expose_v the_o water_n to_o be_v freeze_v the_o common_a way_n it_o be_v odds_o though_o it_o be_v not_o absolute_o certain_a that_o the_o water_n beginning_n as_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o top_n the_o expansion_n of_o the_o subsequent_o freeze_a water_n will_v break_v the_o glass_n and_o so_o spoil_v the_o experiment_n and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n i_o have_v sometime_o in_o vain_a attempt_v to_o examine_v the_o weight_n of_o water_n freeze_v by_o nature_n according_a to_o her_o wont_a method_n in_o open_a vial_n and_o if_o instead_o of_o glass_n you_o make_v use_v of_o strong_a earthen_a vessel_n there_o be_v danger_n that_o something_o may_v be_v imbibe_v or_o adhere_v to_o the_o porous_a vessel_n and_o increase_v the_o weight_n and_o by_o some_o such_o way_n or_o by_o some_o mistake_n in_o weigh_v it_o be_v very_o probable_a manelphus_n may_v have_v be_v deceive_v which_o i_o be_o the_o more_o incline_v to_o think_v if_o we_o suppose_v he_o a_o sincere_a writer_n not_o only_o because_o of_o some_o thing_n i_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o about_o congelation_n make_v in_o earthen_a vessel_n but_o because_o when_o i_o have_v instead_o of_o a_o earthen_a make_v use_v of_o a_o metalline_a pottinger_n both_o which_o sort_n of_o vessel_n have_v in_o common_a this_o inconvenience_n that_o their_o ponderousness_n make_v they_o less_o fit_a for_o accurate_a scale_n there_o appear_v cause_n to_o suspect_v either_o that_o our_o author_n do_v not_o use_v metalline_a vessel_n or_o which_o i_o rather_o suspect_v that_o he_o want_v skill_n or_o diligence_n in_o weigh_v for_o as_o i_o find_v no_o intimation_n of_o his_o have_v employ_v any_o peculiar_a or_o artificial_a sort_n of_o vessel_n so_o if_o he_o use_v such_o as_o we_o have_v new_o be_v speak_v of_o and_o have_v weigh_v they_o careful_o i_o can_v but_o think_v that_o instead_o of_o find_v the_o ice_n heavy_a than_o the_o water_n it_o be_v make_v of_o he_o will_v have_v rather_o find_v it_o light_a for_o i_o remember_v that_o have_v once_o expose_v all_o night_n a_o pottinger_n almost_o full_a of_o common_a water_n to_o a_o exceed_o sharp_a air_n and_o have_v cause_v it_o the_o next_o morning_n to_o be_v bring_v i_o when_o the_o liquor_n be_v thorough_o freeze_v i_o find_v it_o to_o have_v lose_v about_o 50._o grain_n if_o i_o misremember_v not_o of_o its_o former_a weight_n and_o though_o this_o event_n be_v consonant_a enough_o to_o my_o conjecture_n yet_o for_o great_a certainty_n i_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n another_o 〈◊〉_d night_n with_o this_o new_a caution_n that_o the_o pottinger_n and_o water_n together_o with_o the_o counterpoise_n be_v keep_v suspend_v in_o the_o scale_n to_o be_v sure_a that_o no_o effusion_n of_o any_o part_n of_o the_o water_n in_o carry_v it_o abroad_o to_o the_o open_a air_n shall_v be_v make_v without_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o but_o the_o next_o morning_n somewhat_o late_o the_o vessel_n with_o the_o contain_v water_n now_o congeal_v appear_v to_o have_v lose_v about_o 60._o grain_n and_o with_o the_o like_a success_n the_o trial_n be_v reiterated_a once_o more_o and_o that_o in_o weather_n so_o sharp_a that_o i_o be_o not_o apt_a to_o think_v the_o water_n expose_v by_o manelphus_n begin_v to_o freeze_v soon_o than_o we_o but_o the_o event_n be_v not_o unexpected_a for_o beside_o that_o i_o consider_v that_o in_o these_o kind_n of_o experiment_n part_n of_o the_o water_n notwithstanding_o the_o exceed_a coldness_n of_o the_o air_n must_v in_o all_o likelihood_n fly_v away_o before_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o begin_v to_o be_v congeal_v i_o judge_v it_o not_o improbable_a that_o not_o only_o the_o fluid_a part_n but_o even_o that_o which_o be_v already_o congeal_v may_v continual_o lose_v some_o of_o its_o corpuscle_n and_o by_o their_o recess_n lose_v also_o somewhat_o of_o its_o weight_n and_o lest_o these_o conjecture_n shall_v seem_v too_o too_o unlikely_a it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o add_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o first_o of_o they_o that_o have_v purposely_o provide_v a_o large_a pewter_n box_n with_o a_o cover_n to_o screw_v on_o it_o and_o have_v fill_v it_o almost_o full_a of_o water_n i_o say_v almost_o because_o if_o the_o vessel_n have_v be_v quite_o full_a the_o congeal_a cold_a may_v have_v burst_v it_o and_o careful_o weigh_v the_o aggregate_v of_o both_o which_o amount_v to_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d gr_n 11._o whereof_o the_o vessel_n weigh_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o gr_o 8._o we_o expose_v the_o water_n after_o the_o top_n of_o the_o pot_n be_v screw_v on_o to_o hinder_v the_o avolation_n of_o it_o to_o the_o freeze_a air_n all_o night_n and_o the_o next_o morning_n find_v it_o freeze_v from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n though_o not_o uniform_o and_o perfect_o but_o find_v not_o one_o grain_n difference_n betwixt_o its_o present_a and_o its_o former_a weight_n and_o as_o for_o the_o second_o conjecture_n new_o propose_v though_o it_o may_v seem_v somewhat_o strange_a yet_o it_o be_v confirmable_a by_o this_o experiment_n that_o have_v place_v divers_a lump_n of_o solid_a ice_n in_o a_o pottinger_n which_o together_o with_o they_o weigh_v a_o pound_n consist_v of_o 16_o 〈◊〉_d and_o have_v expose_v these_o thing_n in_o the_o same_o scale_n wherein_o they_o be_v weigh_v to_o the_o free_a air_n on_o a_o very_a frosty_a night_n we_o find_v the_o ice_n to_o have_v lose_v the_o next_o morning_n 24._o grain_n of_o its_o weight_n and_o the_o weather_n continue_v so_o cold_a that_o it_o freeze_v hard_o all_o day_n long_o in_o the_o shade_n i_o give_v order_n to_o have_v it_o keep_v out_o of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o same_o scale_n during_o all_o that_o time_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o follow_a night_n and_o then_o weigh_v it_o the_o second_o time_n find_v that_o the_o whole_a decrement_n of_o weight_n do_v now_o amount_v to_o five_o grain_n above_o two_o drachm_n though_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o ice_n without_o the_o pottinger_n be_v but_o about_o seven_o ounce_n and_o when_o we_o have_v keep_v about_o 13._o ounce_n of_o ice_n in_o a_o very_a frosty_a night_n expose_v to_o the_o cold_a air_n it_o have_v lose_v as_o early_o as_o the_o next_o morning_n a_o good_a deal_n above_o two_o drachm_n of_o its_o former_a weight_n but_o these_o statical_a observation_n have_v perhaps_o already_o but_o too_o much_o swell_v this_o appendix_n title_n xxi_o promiscuous_a experiment_n and_o observation_n concern_v cold._n 1._o i_o hope_v it_o will_v not_o be_v imagine_v that_o i_o have_v such_o narrow_a thought_n of_o the_o subject_n i_o treat_v of_o cold_a as_o to_o believe_v that_o i_o have_v comprise_v under_o those_o few_o title_n prefix_v to_o the_o
section_n of_o this_o historical_a treatise_n all_o the_o particular_n that_o i_o know_v to_o belong_v to_o so_o comprehensive_a a_o theme_n as_o will_v ready_o appear_v if_o i_o think_v it_o convenient_a to_o insert_v here_o the_o scheme_n of_o article_n of_o inquiry_n that_o i_o draw_v up_o to_o direct_v myself_o what_o inquiry_n and_o experiment_n to_o make_v but_o though_o there_o be_v divers_a of_o those_o head_n to_o which_o i_o can_v say_v so_o little_a that_o i_o judge_v it_o improper_a to_o assign_v they_o distinct_a title_n because_o as_o to_o some_o of_o they_o i_o have_v not_o time_n and_o opportunity_n to_o make_v those_o trial_n which_o if_o i_o have_v not_o want_v those_o requisite_n may_v have_v be_v make_v even_o here_o in_o england_n and_o because_o also_o as_o to_o more_o of_o they_o i_o conceive_v myself_o unable_a to_o produce_v in_o this_o temperate_a climate_n so_o strong_a and_o durable_a a_o cold_a as_o seem_v necessary_a to_o make_v the_o trial_n that_o may_v be_v refer_v to_o they_o succeed_v so_o far_o as_o to_o satisfy_v my_o doubt_n either_o affirmative_o or_o negative_o though_o i_o say_v these_o and_o some_o other_o consideration_n keep_v i_o from_o increase_v the_o number_n of_o the_o title_n among_o which_o i_o have_v distribute_v the_o experiment_n and_o observation_n that_o make_v up_o the_o forego_n part_n of_o this_o treatise_n yet_o since_o divers_a particular_n have_v occur_v to_o i_o which_o though_o they_o seem_v not_o proper_o reducible_a to_o the_o forego_n title_n do_v yet_o belong_v to_o the_o subject_n and_o design_n of_o this_o treatise_n i_o think_v it_o fit_a to_o annex_v they_o in_o this_o place_n and_o without_o any_o other_o order_n than_o that_o wherein_o they_o shall_v happen_v to_o occur_v to_o i_o throw_v they_o into_o this_o one_o section_n together_o with_o some_o loose_a experiment_n and_o divers_a relation_n that_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o navigator_n and_o author_n that_o have_v travel_v into_o the_o northern_a climate_n touch_v cold_a not_o forbear_v to_o insert_v promiscuous_o among_o they_o some_o few_o paralipomena_fw-la which_o if_o they_o have_v seasonable_o come_v to_o my_o hand_n or_o into_o my_o mind_n may_v have_v have_v a_o more_o proper_a place_n among_o the_o forego_n section_n or_o have_v compose_v a_o title_n by_o themselves_o wherefore_o though_o the_o observation_n will_v not_o be_v altogether_o unaccompanied_a with_o experiment_n yet_o for_o the_o reason_n above_o intimate_v much_o the_o great_a part_n of_o what_o be_v to_o be_v deliver_v under_o this_o title_n will_v consist_v of_o collection_n out_o of_o voyage_n in_o which_o the_o strange_a thing_n mention_v be_v such_o as_o we_o can_v examine_v by_o our_o own_o trial_n i_o can_v equitable_o be_v think_v answerable_a for_o the_o truth_n of_o nothing_o but_o the_o citation_n 2._o i_o remember_v i_o try_v at_o several_a time_n divers_a experiment_n to_o discover_v whether_o or_o no_o congelation_n will_v by_o constriction_n of_o the_o pore_n of_o body_n or_o vitiate_a their_o texture_n or_o arrest_v the_o motion_n of_o their_o part_n hinder_v they_o from_o emit_v those_o effluvia_fw-la that_o we_o call_v odour_n but_o the_o register_n of_o these_o observation_n be_v unhappy_o lose_v in_o one_o of_o my_o late_a remove_n i_o dare_v add_v but_o these_o few_o wherein_o i_o have_v no_o cause_n to_o distrust_v my_o memory_n 3._o i_o do_v in_o the_o month_n of_o december_n and_o january_n at_o several_a time_n gather_v differ_v sort_n of_o flower_n in_o frosty_a weather_n but_o in_o most_o when_o they_o be_v fresh_o gather_v and_o hasty_o smell_v to_o i_o can_v scarce_o perceive_v any_o sensible_a smell_n whether_o it_o be_v that_o the_o cause_n above_o hinted_a hinder_v the_o expiration_n of_o the_o odoriferous_a steam_n or_o that_o the_o cold_a have_v some_o undiscerned_a influence_n upon_o the_o organ_n of_o smell_v which_o make_v the_o sense_n more_o dull_a or_o that_o the_o same_o cold_a keep_v the_o alimental_a juice_n of_o the_o flower_n from_o rise_v in_o such_o plenty_n and_o abound_v so_o much_o with_o spirituous_a part_n as_o be_v usual_a at_o the_o more_o friendly_a season_n of_o the_o year_n and_o this_o seem_v the_o more_o likely_a to_o be_v one_o reason_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n because_o most_o of_o the_o flower_n be_v flaggy_a and_o as_o it_o be_v ready_a to_o wither_v and_o because_o also_o a_o primrose_n that_o be_v vigorous_a and_o fresh_a in_o its_o kind_n have_v a_o odor_n that_o be_v manifest_o and_o it_o will_v easy_o be_v believe_v that_o it_o be_v not_o strong_o sweet_a and_o genuine_a 4._o i_o take_v also_o about_o a_o ounce_n by_o guess_n of_o rose-water_n and_o put_v it_o into_o a_o small_a vial_n after_o i_o have_v smell_v to_o it_o it_o be_v expose_v to_o freeze_v in_o the_o open_a air_n and_o when_o it_o begin_v to_o have_v ice_n in_o it_o i_o then_o smell_v to_o it_o again_o but_o find_v not_o the_o perfume_n considerable_o if_o so_o much_o as_o manifesty_n abate_v and_o last_o have_v suffer_v it_o to_o continue_v in_o the_o air_n that_o be_v then_o very_o sharp_a till_o it_o be_v quite_o freeze_v and_o discover_v no_o liquor_n when_o the_o vial_n be_v turn_v upside_o down_o the_o ice_n notwithstanding_o be_v not_o destitute_a of_o a_o graceful_a and_o genuine_a send_v though_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o faint_a but_o after_o the_o ice_n be_v reduce_v to_o water_n again_o the_o fragrancy_n appear_v considerable_a but_o on_o this_o occasion_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o subjoin_v this_o caution_n that_o care_n must_v be_v have_v in_o trial_n of_o this_o nature_n to_o make_v one_o estimate_n betimes_o for_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v stay_v too_o long_o about_o it_o there_o be_v danger_n that_o the_o warmth_n of_o one_o breath_n and_o face_n may_v relax_v the_o pore_n or_o thaw_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n that_o be_v hold_v near_o his_o nose_n and_o both_o free_a and_o excite_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o smell_n that_o be_v imprison_v there_o that_o so_o instead_o of_o ice_n he_o may_v smell_v a_o liquor_n the_o reasonableness_n of_o which_o advertisement_n may_v be_v justify_v by_o a_o experiment_n that_o i_o be_o about_o to_o annex_v for_o be_v pretty_a well_o confirm_v by_o the_o casual_a and_o unwilling_a observation_n of_o one_o of_o my_o friend_n curious_a in_o make_v sweet_a water_n that_o even_o liquor_n more_o easy_a to_o be_v spoil_v then_o rose-water_n will_v not_o have_v their_o fragrancy_n destroy_v though_o perhaps_o impair_v nor_o so_o much_o as_o their_o odour_n for_o the_o time_n quite_o imprison_v and_o suppress_v by_o congelation_n and_o this_o appear_a congruous_a to_o what_o i_o former_o note_v of_o the_o effluvium_n that_o may_v by_o the_o decrement_n of_o weight_n be_v gather_v to_o issue_v from_o ice_n itself_o i_o think_v it_o worth_a while_n to_o try_v whether_o stink_a liquor_n will_v not_o be_v more_o alter_v by_o congelation_n then_o odoriferous_a one_o and_o according_o have_v procure_v some_o rain_n water_n that_o have_v be_v keep_v in_o a_o tub_n till_o it_o stink_v so_o strong_o that_o i_o can_v hardly_o endure_v it_o near_o my_o nose_n i_o cause_v a_o pottinger_n 〈◊〉_d of_o it_o to_o be_v expose_v all_o night_n to_o a_o very_a sharp_a air_n and_o examine_v it_o the_o next_o morning_n when_o it_o be_v all_o turn_v into_o ice_n neither_o i_o nor_o some_o other_o to_o who_o it_o be_v offer_v can_v perceive_v any_o stink_n at_o all_o in_o it_o and_o have_v in_o another_o place_n but_o with_o as_o stink_a water_n repeat_v the_o experiment_n when_o the_o pottinger_n be_v the_o next_o morning_n bring_v to_o my_o bed_n side_n i_o find_v it_o to_o smell_v abominable_o whereupon_o guess_v that_o this_o difference_n proceed_v from_o some_o thaw_n make_v by_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o room_n in_o the_o superficial_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v so_o indeed_o partly_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o light_n which_o discover_v a_o little_a liquor_n upon_o the_o ice_n and_o partly_o by_o expose_v the_o vessel_n with_o that_o liquor_n in_o it_o to_o the_o cold_a air_n again_o by_o who_o operation_n a_o ice_n be_v produce_v that_o be_v perfect_o inodorous_a and_o i_o remember_v that_o one_o of_o these_o parcel_n of_o ice_n be_v thaw_v seem_v to_o be_v less_o stink_a then_o before_o season_n it_o have_v be_v freeze_v and_o if_o i_o have_v not_o be_v divert_v i_o shall_v have_v try_v whether_o this_o ice_n that_o do_v not_o emit_v odour_n will_v emit_v like_o other_o ice_n effluvia_fw-la discoverable_a by_o the_o scale_n for_o whether_o the_o ice_n will_v lose_v of_o its_o weight_n which_o seem_v the_o more_o probable_a or_o will_v not_o the_o event_n may_v afford_v a_o not_o inconsiderable_a hint_n 5._o it_o be_v a_o thing_n not_o only_o remarkable_a
one_o fill_v up_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n to_o make_v the_o experiment_n the_o more_o satisfactory_a but_o though_o he_o can_v not_o procure_v it_o yet_o the_o success_n be_v not_o unwelcome_a because_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o there_o be_v crack_n in_o the_o iron_n in_o one_o place_n conspicuous_a and_o in_o other_o easy_o discoverable_a by_o blow_v into_o the_o barrel_n and_o put_v on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o suspect_a part_n either_o spittle_n or_o some_o fit_a liquor_n who_o agitation_n plain_o disclose_v the_o egress_n of_o the_o wind_n and_o there_o appear_v small_a cause_n to_o doubt_v but_o that_o these_o crack_n be_v produce_v by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o cold_a since_o not_o only_o the_o smith_n be_v a_o skilful_a man_n in_o his_o trade_n and_o one_o that_o i_o use_v to_o employ_v about_o instrument_n and_o also_o the_o barrel_n have_v be_v sometime_o keep_v many_o hour_n fill_v with_o water_n without_o appear_v other_o then_o very_o staunch_v but_o which_o be_v the_o considerabl_a circumstance_n the_o night_n before_o the_o frost_n as_o i_o late_o note_v be_v not_o able_a to_o make_v the_o water_n break_v out_o at_o any_o of_o these_o cleft_n though_o it_o be_v able_a to_o force_v itself_o a_o way_n out_o at_o the_o screw_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o care_n we_o have_v take_v to_o make_v it_o go_v close_o i_o have_v only_o this_o circumstance_n to_o add_v about_o this_o matter_n that_o when_o by_o thaw_v one_o part_n of_o the_o ice_n some_o piece_n of_o the_o rest_n be_v get_v out_o of_o the_o barrel_n all_o i_o take_v notice_n of_o appear_v to_o be_v full_a enough_o of_o bubble_n but_o yet_o such_o as_o seem_v lesser_a than_o ordinary_a whether_o they_o be_v so_o by_o chance_n or_o be_v determine_v to_o be_v so_o by_o the_o resistance_n or_o compression_n which_o the_o freeze_a water_n find_v upon_o its_o endeavour_v to_o expand_v itself_o in_o the_o barrel_n appendix_n to_o the_o xvii_o title_n long_a since_o the_o write_n of_o the_o forego_n section_n meet_v with_o a_o passage_n in_o bartholinus_n where_o he_o vouch_v cabaeus_n for_o the_o experiment_n of_o congeal_a water_n without_o limit_v it_o to_o any_o season_n of_o the_o year_n by_o put_v salt_n 〈◊〉_d into_o it_o and_o shake_v it_o strong_o i_o be_v thereby_o confirm_v that_o i_o be_v not_o mistake_v in_o suppose_v that_o gassendus_fw-la mention_v in_o the_o former_a section_n do_v not_o exclude_v that_o corporal_a and_o visible_a nitre_n out_o of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o grand_a efficient_n of_o congelation_n for_o cabaeus_n have_v publish_v his_o comment_n upon_o aristotle_n meteor_n whence_o this_o experiment_n be_v take_v by_o bartholinus_n before_o gassendus_fw-la publish_v his_o book_n it_o be_v probable_a that_o he_o as_o well_o as_o other_o borrow_v the_o experiment_n from_o he_o and_o cabaeus_n as_o bartholinus_n quote_v he_o prescribe_v the_o put_v the_o salt-petre_a its_o self_n into_o water_n which_o be_v a_o while_n put_v into_o a_o brisk_a motion_n will_v after_o some_o agitation_n not_o only_o refrigerate_v that_o water_n but_o bring_v it_o to_o a_o true_a and_o proper_a congelation_n wherefore_o suspect_v that_o this_o relation_n wherein_o bartholinus_n say_v he_o will_v believe_v he_o without_o a_o oath_n may_v have_v give_v rise_v to_o the_o opinion_n and_o affirmation_n of_o those_o ingenious_a writer_n that_o have_v since_o ascribe_v such_o wonderful_a coldness_n to_o nitre_n and_o find_v in_o bartholinus_n that_o cabaeus_n proportion_n betwixt_o the_o nitre_n and_o the_o water_n be_v that_o of_o 35._o to_o a_o 100_o that_o be_v almost_o as_o one_o to_o three_o i_o think_v it_o very_o well_o worth_a while_n to_o make_v trial_n of_o a_o experiment_n which_o seem_v to_o i_o little_o less_o unlikely_a than_o considerable_a i_o take_v then_o a_o pound_n of_o good_a salt-petre_a and_o near_o 3._o pound_n of_o common_a water_n to_o observe_v the_o more_o narrow_o cabaeus_n proportion_n these_o be_v put_v into_o a_o large_a new_a pipkin_n be_v keep_v constant_o and_o nimble_o stir_v about_o sometime_o by_o i_o sometime_o by_o one_o or_o other_o of_o my_o domestic_n relieve_v one_o another_o when_o they_o be_v weary_a but_o though_o the_o mixture_n be_v with_o a_o kind_n of_o broad_a glass_n spittle_n keep_v in_o a_o brisk_a motion_n that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v 〈◊〉_d the_o manner_n of_o a_o whirlpool_n and_o sometime_o a_o more_o confuse_a agitation_n and_o though_o we_o keep_v it_o thus_o stir_v for_o almost_o a_o hour_n and_o a_o half_a till_o we_o see_v no_o likelihood_n of_o effect_v any_o thing_n by_o try_v ourselves_o any_o further_a yet_o not_o only_o we_o can_v not_o perceive_v that_o any_o atom_n of_o true_a ice_n be_v produce_v whereas_o according_a to_o our_o author_n we_o may_v have_v expect_v a_o true_a and_o perfect_a congelation_n of_o all_o or_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o water_n but_o we_o do_v not_o find_v that_o there_o be_v so_o much_o as_o any_o freeze_a of_o the_o vapour_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o for_o this_o reason_n we_o think_v 〈◊〉_d about_o the_o same_o time_n to_o try_v the_o experiment_n by_o another_o kind_n of_o agitation_n and_o mix_v two_o ounce_n of_o salt-petre_a with_o about_o six_o of_o water_n in_o a_o convenient_o size_v vial_n we_o do_v several_a of_o we_o successive_o vehement_o shake_v the_o vial_n too_o and_o fro_o till_o we_o be_v almost_o tire_v but_o neither_o this_o way_n be_v there_o produce_v the_o least_o ice_n within_o the_o glass_n or_o the_o least_o congelation_n of_o the_o vapour_n of_o the_o air_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o it_o be_v true_a that_o when_o so_o great_a a_o proportion_n of_o salt-petre_a begin_v to_o be_v dissolve_v in_o the_o pipkin_n the_o water_n have_v a_o sensible_a increase_n of_o coldness_n which_o afterward_o seem_v to_o diminish_v when_o once_o the_o nitre_n be_v dissolve_v but_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o if_o i_o much_o mistake_v not_o we_o have_v observe_v the_o water_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a when_o upon_o the_o dissolution_n of_o common_a salt_n multitude_n of_o actual_o cold_a and_o solid_a corpuscle_n come_v to_o be_v every_o way_n disperse_v through_o it_o this_o coldness_n produce_v by_o the_o nitre_n be_v very_o far_o short_a of_o the_o degree_n requisite_a to_o congelation_n for_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o that_o my_o sense_n do_v not_o misinform_v i_o i_o take_v a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n of_o about_o ten_o or_o twelve_o inch_n long_o and_o immerse_v it_o into_o the_o cold_a mixture_n of_o nitre_n and_o water_n i_o observe_v the_o tinct_a spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o the_o stem_n to_o descend_v not_o inconsiderable_o and_o when_o i_o perceive_v that_o degree_n of_o cold_a to_o have_v wrought_v its_o effect_n i_o remove_v the_o thermoscope_n into_o a_o vial_n fill_v with_o common_a water_n about_o which_o i_o have_v cause_v to_o be_v place_v a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n to_o 〈◊〉_d the_o contain_v water_n in_o which_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o instrument_n be_v place_v the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n hasty_o descend_v two_o or_o three_o inch_n below_o that_o place_n at_o which_o it_o stand_v when_o it_o be_v remove_v out_o of_o the_o nitrous_a solution_n and_o for_o further_a satisfaction_n remove_v the_o thermoscope_n once_o again_o into_o that_o solution_n the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o the_o stem_n be_v hasty_o impel_v up_o as_o if_o the_o bubble_n have_v be_v put_v into_o warm_a water_n and_o once_o more_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v remove_v into_o the_o former_o mention_v 〈◊〉_d water_n the_o tinct_a liquor_n begin_v to_o fall_v down_o hasty_o again_o and_o within_o a_o while_n subside_v almost_o into_o the_o bubble_n whereupon_o to_o avoid_v injure_v the_o instrument_n we_o think_v fit_a to_o take_v it_o out_o so_o that_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n if_o the_o learned_a cabaeus_n be_v not_o delude_v by_o mistake_v some_o crystal_n of_o nitre_n which_o i_o have_v observe_v easy_o to_o shoot_v again_o in_o water_n that_o have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d with_o it_o for_o true_a and_o proper_a ice_n i_o can_v but_o wonder_v at_o his_o assertion_n and_o must_v take_v the_o liberty_n to_o think_v myself_o warrant_v by_o so_o many_o harmonious_a trial_n as_o i_o have_v find_v unfavourable_a to_o the_o suppose_a supremeness_n of_o cold_a in_o salt-petre_a to_o retain_v my_o former_a opinion_n about_o it_o till_o more_o successful_a experiment_n withdraw_v i_o from_o it_o it_o be_v a_o receive_a tradition_n among_o the_o watermen_n and_o many_o other_o that_o the_o river_n if_o not_o pond_n also_o be_v freeze_v first_o at_o the_o bottom_n and_o begin_v to_o thaw_v there_o but_o though_o i_o find_v this_o opinion_n to_o be_v in_o request_n not_o only_o among_o english_a watermen_n but_o among_o the_o french_a too_o yet_o i_o think_v it_o
criterion_n than_o the_o bare_a touch_n to_o judge_v of_o the_o coldness_n of_o liquor_n these_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o same_o temper_n be_v expose_v to_o a_o very_a sharp_a air_n and_o there_o watch_v by_o the_o person_n who_o be_v not_o well_o and_o unable_a to_o support_v such_o weather_n myself_o i_o appoint_v to_o attend_v the_o experiment_n and_o he_o according_a to_o direction_n find_v they_o begin_v to_o freeze_v as_o it_o be_v at_o the_o very_a same_o time_n bring_v i_o in_o the_o two_o pottinger_n in_o each_o of_o which_o i_o see_v the_o beginning_n and_o but_o the_o beginning_n of_o congelation_n where_o the_o upper_a surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o contain_v vessel_n so_o that_o have_v make_v this_o experiment_n with_o much_o great_a exactness_n then_o probable_o berigardus_n do_v or_o for_o want_v of_o such_o instrument_n as_o i_o use_v can_v make_v it_o i_o can_v but_o suspect_v suppose_v the_o common_a water_n he_o and_o i_o use_v to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n that_o he_o be_v either_o negligent_a or_o over-seen_a in_o affirm_v that_o heat_v and_o refrigerated_a water_n will_v cool_v so_o much_o soon_o as_o he_o will_v persuade_v we_o than_o other_o 571._o and_o as_o i_o be_o not_o convince_v by_o experience_n that_o it_o will_v freeze_v soon_o at_o all_o so_o till_o he_o have_v better_o make_v out_o the_o reason_n he_o seem_v to_o give_v of_o the_o phaenomenon_n i_o must_v question_v whether_o he_o right_o ascribe_v after_o cabaeus_n if_o i_o much_o misremember_v not_o the_o congelation_n of_o water_n to_o a_o certain_a coagulum_fw-la distinct_a from_o the_o cold_a spirit_n that_o plentiful_o mingle_v with_o the_o water_n which_o coagulum_fw-la it_o seem_v for_o his_o style_n be_v not_o wont_a to_o be_v very_o perspicuous_a that_o he_o will_v have_v to_o consist_v of_o certain_a dry_a corpuscle_n no_o less_o necessary_a to_o conglaciate_a water_n than_o runnet_n to_o curdle_n milk_n and_o for_o what_o this_o author_n say_v 572._o that_o he_o must_v have_v employ_v boil_v or_o scald_a water_n who_o affirm_v it_o to_o be_v less_o congealable_a than_o other_o that_o mistake_n may_v be_v sufficient_o disprove_v by_o the_o several_a above_o recite_v trial_n wherein_o we_o find_v water_n moderate_o refrigerated_a to_o freeze_v much_o late_a than_o cold_a and_o whereas_o berigardus_n intimate_v that_o the_o person_n whoever_o he_o be_v that_o he_o dissent_v from_o do_v unskilful_o suppose_v warm_a salt-water_n to_o be_v the_o less_o dispose_v to_o congelation_n for_o be_v salt_n our_o author_n be_v therein_o also_o mistake_v for_o though_o it_o be_v true_a what_o he_o allege_v that_o salt_n outward_o apply_v promote_v the_o congelation_n of_o water_n yet_o that_o dissolve_v in_o water_n it_o have_v a_o contrary_a effect_n may_v appear_v by_o the_o familiar_a observation_n that_o sea-water_n be_v much_o more_o difficult_a to_o be_v congeal_v then_o fresh_a water_n and_o to_o show_v that_o it_o be_v not_o a_o property_n of_o sea-water_n but_o a_o water_n impregnate_v with_o common_a salt_n i_o have_v several_a time_n try_v that_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o such_o salt_n in_o ordinary_a water_n will_v not_o at_o all_o be_v congeal_v by_o the_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n even_o in_o very_o sharp_a frost_n as_o may_v be_v easy_o collect_v from_o some_o of_o the_o experiment_n mention_v in_o the_o former_a part_n of_o this_o book_n another_o particular_a there_o be_v about_o the_o use_n of_o allume_v in_o reference_n to_o freeze_a in_o this_o often_o cite_a passage_n of_o berigardus_n which_o i_o may_v here_o examine_v if_o my_o haste_n and_o my_o indisposedness_n to_o engage_v in_o a_o controversy_n of_o small_a moment_n do_v not_o enjoin_v i_o to_o defer_v it_o till_o a_o fit_a end_v occasion_n to_o confirm_v the_o power_n ascribe_v in_o the_o vi_o section_n to_o cold_a as_o to_o the_o long_a preservation_n of_o body_n from_o corruption_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o add_v these_o two_o remarkable_a passage_n the_o latter_a of_o which_o afford_v a_o good_a instance_n of_o the_o improvement_n that_o may_v be_v make_v of_o some_o degree_n of_o cold_a to_o the_o use_n of_o humane_a life_n the_o first_o observation_n be_v afford_v we_o by_o some_o of_o our_o countryman_n in_o a_o voyage_n extant_a in_o purchas_n where_o the_o writer_n of_o it_o speak_v thus_o of_o the_o samojed_n who_o country_n he_o visit_v 844._o their_o dead_a they_o bury_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o hill_n where_o they_o live_v which_o be_v common_o on_o some_o small_a island_n make_v a_o pile_n of_o stone_n over_o they_o yet_o not_o so_o close_o but_o that_o we_o may_v see_v the_o dead_a body_n the_o air_n be_v so_o pierce_v that_o it_o keep_v they_o from_o much_o stink_a savour_n so_o likewise_o i_o have_v see_v their_o dog_n bury_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o other_o observation_n be_v give_v we_o in_o the_o description_n of_o iceland_n make_v by_o one_o that_o 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part_n from_o the_o rest_n will_v or_o will_v not_o succeed_v and_o i_o remember_v that_o a_o large_a glass_n vessel_n wherein_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o cold_a a_o considerable_a part_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n who_o swim_v argue_v it_o to_o be_v light_a than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n but_o though_o i_o put_v some_o of_o this_o ice_n in_o a_o glass_n by_o itself_o to_o examine_v by_o its_o weight_n and_o taste_n when_o thaw_v how_o much_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o uncongealed_a part_n of_o the_o spirit_n my_o hope_n be_v disappoint_v by_o a_o misfortune_n which_o be_v not_o repair_v by_o my_o expose_v afterward_o a_o small_a quantity_n of_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n for_o that_o prove_v so_o cold_a that_o the_o whole_a be_v turn_v into_o ice_n wherefore_o i_o must_v reserve_v for_o another_o opportunity_n the_o prosecute_a that_o experiment_n as_o also_o the_o try_v whether_o a_o separation_n of_o the_o serous_a or_o the_o oleaginous_a part_n of_o milk_n may_v be_v effect_v for_o though_o once_o the_o frost_n seem_v to_o have_v promote_v a_o separation_n of_o creme_a notwithstanding_o that_o heat_n also_o may_v do_v it_o and_o though_o another_o time_n there_o seem_v to_o be_v another_o kind_n of_o divulsion_n of_o part_n make_v by_o congelation_n yet_o for_o want_v of_o leisure_n to_o prosecute_v such_o trial_n they_o prove_v not_o satisfactory_a no_o more_o than_o do_v some_o attempt_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n that_o i_o make_v upon_o blood_n by_o freeze_a it_o but_o notwithstanding_o these_o discouragement_n i_o resolve_v to_o try_v what_o i_o can_v do_v upon_o brine_n for_o call_v to_o mind_n the_o relation_n mention_v in_o the_o xv._n title_n and_o elsewhere_o which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o in_o some_o case_n the_o ice_n of_o the_o sea-water_n may_v be_v thaw_v yield_v fresh_a water_n and_o be_v the_o more_o incline_v to_o think_v it_o worth_a trial_n by_o a_o physician_n i_o since_o happen_v to_o discourse_v with_o about_o this_o matter_n who_o affirm_v to_o i_o that_o sail_v along_o the_o coast_n of_o germany_n he_o have_v take_v out_o of_o the_o sea_n ice_n that_o be_v thaw_v he_o find_v to_o afford_v good_a fresh_a water_n i_o begin_v to_o consider_v whether_o we_o may_v not_o by_o cold_a free_a salt_n water_n at_o some_o season_n of_o the_o year_n from_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o the_o phlegm_n which_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o cost_v much_o to_o free_v they_o from_o by_o fire_n and_o other_o mean_n for_o a_o little_a help_n towards_o the_o diminution_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o so_o useful_a a_o experiment_n by_o many_o that_o boil_v salt_n out_o of_o the_o salt_n spring_v that_o in_o some_o country_n that_o be_v think_v the_o skilful_a in_o that_o trade_n they_o make_v their_o salt-water_n fall_v upon_o great_a bundle_n of_o small_a brush-wood_n that_o be_v thereby_o divide_v and_o reduce_v to_o a_o far_o great_a superficies_n there_o may_v in_o fall_v through_o some_o of_o the_o pure_o aqueous_a part_n exhale_v away_o wherefore_o dissolve_v one_o part_n of_o common_a salt_n in_o 44._o time_n its_o weight_n of_o common_a water_n that_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v either_o exact_o or_o near_o to_o the_o degree_n of_o saltness_n that_o have_v be_v by_o several_a writer_n observe_v in_o the_o water_n of_o our_o neighbour_a sea_n and_o have_v likewise_o cause_v another_o and_o much_o strong_a brine_n to_o be_v make_v by_o put_v in_o to_o the_o water_n a_o far_o great_a proportion_n of_o salt_n for_o so_o there_o be_v in_o many_o of_o our_o salt_n spring_v we_o expose_v these_o several_a solution_n to_o the_o congeal_a cold_a of_o the_o air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n where_o the_o last_o mention_v solution_n be_v too_o strong_o impregnate_v with_o the_o salt_n continue_v some_o day_n and_o night_n altogether_o uncongeal_v but_o that_o weak_a solution_n which_o emulate_v sea_n water_n be_v expose_v in_o a_o shallow_a and_o wide_o mouth_v vessel_n that_o shape_n be_v judge_v the_o most_o proper_a we_o can_v procure_v for_o our_o design_n the_o large_a superficies_n that_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n do_v as_o we_o expect_v afford_v we_o a_o cake_n of_o ice_n which_o be_v take_v off_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n expose_v again_o to_o the_o air_n in_o the_o same_o vessel_n we_o obtain_v a_o second_o cake_n of_o ice_n and_o take_v the_o remain_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v indispose_v enough_o to_o congelation_n we_o find_v that_o by_o compare_v it_o with_o that_o which_o be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o first_o cake_n of_o ice_n permit_v to_o thaw_v there_o appear_v a_o very_a manifest_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o water_n whereinto_o the_o ice_n be_v resolve_v scarce_o taste_v so_o much_o as_o brackish_a whereas_o the_o liquor_n that_o have_v continue_v uncongeal_v be_v considerable_o salt_n in_o taste_n and_o if_o i_o have_v have_v the_o conveniency_n of_o examine_v myself_o these_o two_o liquor_n hydrostatical_o as_o i_o be_v fain_o to_o have_v they_o examine_v by_o another_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o by_o their_o weight_n i_o shall_v have_v discover_v precise_o enough_o the_o difference_n between_o they_o which_o the_o person_n i_o employ_v find_v to_o be_v considerable_a and_o consequent_o shall_v have_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v a_o estimate_n of_o the_o advantage_n that_o may_v be_v afford_v by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o cold_a towards_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o brine_n from_o its_o superfluous_a water_n but_o though_o i_o have_v not_o a_o quantity_n of_o ice_n great_a enough_o to_o satisfy_v i_o whether_o that_o little_a brackishness_n of_o taste_n i_o have_v mention_v proceed_v from_o some_o saline_a corpuscle_n that_o concur_v to_o the_o constitute_n of_o the_o ice_n itself_o or_o do_v only_o adhere_v
18._o title_n where_o i_o recite_v the_o experiment_n of_o the_o infrigidating_a wind_n i_o shall_v more_o express_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o this_o circumstance_n that_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o bare_a wind_n as_o such_o who_o operation_n upon_o the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o ball_n of_o a_o weatherglass_n make_v the_o liquor_n to_o ascend_v we_o put_v a_o mark_n upon_o the_o height_n it_o stand_v at_o when_o we_o have_v a_o pretty_a while_n blow_v upon_o it_o and_o then_o without_o remove_v the_o bellows_o put_v ice_n and_o salt_n about_o the_o iron_n pipe_n of_o it_o by_o which_o mixture_n the_o air_n that_o be_v afterward_o blow_v through_o that_o pipe_n be_v so_o cool_v in_o its_o passage_n as_o to_o make_v the_o liquor_n very_o manifest_o to_o ascend_v even_o in_o a_o weatherglass_n where_o i_o do_v employ_v as_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o declare_v that_o i_o often_o do_v quicksilver_n instead_o of_o water_n or_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o lest_o the_o vicinity_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n shall_v be_v suspect_v to_o have_v cause_v this_o contraction_n of_o the_o include_v air_n we_o do_v sometime_o purposely_o intermit_v the_o move_n of_o the_o bellows_o without_o remove_v the_o weatherglass_n and_o though_o notwithstanding_o that_o vicinity_n the_o liquor_n will_v begin_v a_o little_a to_o subside_o yet_o when_o ever_o the_o cold_a spirit_n or_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o high_o refrigerated_a air_n be_v by_o the_o play_v of_o the_o bellows_o anew_o approach_v to_o or_o rather_o bring_v to_o touch_v in_o swarm_n the_o globular_a part_n of_o the_o instrument_n the_o mercury_n will_v manifest_o ascend_v and_o since_o we_o be_v speak_v of_o weather-glass_n i_o shall_v on_o this_o occasion_n subjoin_v that_o certain_a circumstance_n may_v also_o vary_v the_o success_n of_o another_o experiment_n somewhat_o of_o kin_n to_o that_o late_o repeat_v about_o the_o pendulous_a drop_n which_o be_v brief_o mention_v not_o far_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o first_o praeliminary_n discourse_n for_o though_o the_o common_a thermometer_n that_o be_v here_o wont_a to_o be_v sell_v in_o shop_n have_v usual_o the_o pipe_n of_o the_o bolthead_n very_o large_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o ball_n and_o therefore_o be_v in_o that_o place_n say_v to_o be_v weather-glass_n not_o nice_a and_o though_o on_o such_o instrument_n in_o certain_a temperature_n of_o the_o air_n intimate_v by_o the_o word_n sometime_o employ_v in_o that_o passage_n the_o air_n blow_v out_o of_o a_o pair_n of_o bellows_o against_o some_o part_n of_o the_o include_v air_n will_v not_o especial_o at_o the_o beginning_n make_v the_o air_n sensible_o contract_v itself_o and_o the_o liquor_n ascend_v though_o at_o the_o very_a first_o and_o second_o blast_n the_o coldness_n of_o this_o artificial_a wind_n may_v be_v very_o sensible_a to_o the_o touch_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n intend_v to_o be_v teach_v in_o that_o passage_n yet_o have_v the_o curiosity_n with_o other_o bellows_o at_o another_o season_n of_o the_o year_n to_o blow_v long_o upon_o the_o ball_n of_o a_o not_o common_a but_o nice_a weatherglass_n of_o my_o own_o make_n furnish_v with_o a_o pipe_n that_o be_v very_o slender_a i_o divers_a time_n but_o not_o always_o find_v the_o tinct_a liquor_n manifest_o enough_o to_o ascend_v as_o if_o the_o wind_n consist_v of_o a_o more_o compress_v air_n do_v by_o contain_v a_o great_a number_n of_o cold_a particle_n in_o the_o same_o room_n more_o affect_v the_o internal_a air_n than_o the_o contact_n of_o the_o calm_a and_o lax_v outward_a air_n do_v before_o which_o disparity_n of_o event_n have_v give_v i_o the_o design_n of_o make_v further_a trial_n with_o differ_v thermoscope_n at_o other_o season_n of_o the_o year_n to_o see_v if_o i_o can_v bring_v the_o matter_n to_o some_o certainty_n by_o discover_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o contingency_n in_o which_o i_o afterward_o suspect_v that_o some_o light_a degree_n of_o warmth_n or_o coolness_n in_o the_o bellows_o themselves_o which_o as_o be_v unmanife_a to_o the_o sense_n escape_v unheeded_a may_v have_v a_o interest_n when_o i_o be_v about_o some_o of_o the_o former_a experiment_n i_o will_v willing_o have_v have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o try_v with_o a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n what_o difference_n there_o will_v be_v betwixt_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n in_o a_o frosty_a night_n in_o place_n where_o the_o air_n be_v keep_v calm_a by_o be_v shelter_v from_o the_o wind_n not_o by_o inhabit_a building_n but_o by_o some_o wall_n or_o other_o body_n whence_o any_o warm_a effluvium_n be_v least_o to_o be_v expect_v and_o betwixt_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o same_o air_n in_o place_n where_o cold_a wind_n especial_o northerly_a or_o easterly_a do_v free_o and_o strong_o blow_v but_o my_o occasion_n then_o confine_v i_o to_o a_o town_n i_o have_v not_o conveniency_n to_o make_v any_o secure_a observation_n of_o that_o nature_n and_o even_o in_o a_o more_o commodious_a place_n unless_o it_o be_v determine_v whether_o there_o be_v corpuscle_n proper_o and_o constant_o frigorifick_a upon_o who_o account_n some_o wind_n be_v so_o much_o cold_a than_o other_o there_o may_v arise_v more_o scruple_n about_o this_o matter_n than_o i_o must_v now_o stay_v to_o discuss_v there_o be_v one_o thing_n more_o that_o it_o may_v be_v be_v not_o impertinent_a to_o mention_v before_o i_o take_v leave_n of_o the_o xviii_o title_n for_o in_o confirmation_n of_o what_o be_v there_o deliver_v concern_v the_o vicissitude_n of_o these_o troublesome_a degree_n of_o cold_a and_o heat_n within_o the_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o same_o natural_a day_n complain_v of_o by_o the_o patriarch_n jacob_n and_o by_o olearius_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o have_v since_o have_v opportunity_n to_o inquire_v about_o such_o matter_n of_o a_o learned_a physician_n late_o come_v from_o the_o indies_n he_o assure_v i_o that_o notwithstanding_o the_o violent_a heat_n of_o the_o day_n he_o usual_o observe_v the_o night_n to_o be_v so_o very_o cold_a that_o he_o be_v persuade_v some_o positive_o frigorifick_a steam_n do_v in_o the_o night_n ascend_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n and_o make_v it_o very_o expedient_a if_o not_o necessary_a for_o those_o english_a that_o live_v in_o the_o warm_a part_n of_o america_n to_o imitate_v the_o native_n in_o keep_v fire_n under_o their_o hammack_n or_o hang_v bed_n i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v a_o luciferous_a experiment_n in_o relation_n to_o a_o hypothesis_n that_o may_v be_v propose_v about_o cold_a to_o try_v whether_o if_o two_o such_o liquor_n be_v provide_v as_o by_o be_v mix_v together_o will_v so_o far_o forth_o lose_v their_o fluidity_n as_o to_o obtain_v at_o least_o the_o consistence_n of_o a_o unguent_n this_o impediment_n put_v to_o the_o former_a confuse_a and_o great_a agitation_n of_o their_o part_n will_v produce_v any_o sensible_a degree_n of_o cold_a this_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o try_v by_o immerse_v for_o a_o competent_a time_n the_o ball_n of_o a_o tender_a seal_a weatherglass_n into_o each_o of_o the_o liquor_n apart_o and_o then_o into_o the_o soft_a mixture_n their_o coalition_n will_v compose_v to_o produce_v such_o a_o mixture_n more_o way_n than_o one_o it_o be_v not_o difficult_a for_o i_o by_o the_o help_n of_o some_o experiment_n i_o have_v provide_v to_o add_v to_o my_o history_n of_o fluidity_n and_o sirmness_n but_o though_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o minium_n or_o calcine_v lead_n in_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n or_o a_o very_a strong_a infusion_n of_o good_a quicklime_n in_o water_n will_v either_o of_o they_o and_o one_o of_o they_o i_o do_v make_v use_n of_o though_o i_o have_v forget_v which_o coagulate_v a_o just_a proportion_n of_o good_a salad_n oil_n to_o name_n no_o other_o make_v by_o expression_n into_o such_o a_o consistence_n as_o i_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o yet_o for_o want_v of_o a_o seal_a thermoscope_n tender_a enough_o i_o can_v now_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n and_o till_o i_o do_v i_o dare_v not_o draw_v any_o conclusion_n from_o it_o though_o if_o i_o much_o misremember_v not_o when_o i_o show_v it_o a_o ingenious_a person_n neither_o he_o nor_o i_o can_v perceive_v that_o the_o liquor_n by_o be_v deprive_v of_o their_o fluidity_n have_v acquire_v any_o thing_n of_o coldness_n discoverable_a by_o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n it_o be_v much_o controvert_v among_o the_o curious_a whether_o water_n be_v capable_a of_o compression_n and_o divers_a have_v of_o late_o incline_v to_o the_o negative_a upon_o observe_v a_o want_n of_o cogency_n in_o the_o experiment_n that_o have_v be_v bring_v to_o evince_v the_o affirmative_a what_o trial_n and_o observation_n we_o long_o since_o make_v about_o this_o matter_n may_v be_v meet_v with_o in_o some_o of_o our_o other_o treatise_n wherefore_o i_o shall_v now_o subjoin_v that_o
have_v imagine_v that_o cold_a may_v afford_v a_o hopefull_a way_n than_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v any_o man_n have_v use_v of_o bring_v this_o controversy_n to_o the_o dicision_n of_o a_o experiment_n i_o make_v that_o attempt_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o xii_o title_n in_o prosecution_n of_o which_o as_o soon_o as_o i_o can_v procure_v some_o though_o but_o some_o of_o the_o accommodation_n which_o i_o long_o want_v i_o make_v a_o experiment_n which_o i_o shall_v subjoin_v because_o though_o it_o be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o with_o better_a implement_n i_o can_v have_v make_v it_o yet_o the_o way_n i_o choose_v have_v as_o i_o partly_o intimate_v elsewhere_o these_o two_o advantage_n that_o the_o force_n employ_v to_o compress_v the_o air_n be_v both_o very_a great_a and_o very_o gradual_o and_o slow_o apply_v and_o that_o the_o vessel_n will_v not_o like_o those_o that_o have_v be_v hitherto_o make_v use_n of_o give_v any_o passage_n through_o its_o pore_n to_o water_n though_o violent_o compress_v we_o take_v then_o a_o round_a ball_n of_o glass_n furnish_v with_o a_o moderate_o long_a pipe_n and_o have_v fill_v it_o with_o water_n till_o the_o liquor_n reach_v within_o some_o inch_n of_o the_o top_n it_o be_v hermetical_o seal_v up_o and_o then_o the_o water_n by_o a_o mixture_n of_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n be_v make_v to_o freeze_v from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o that_o without_o break_v the_o glass_n the_o unfrozen_a water_n by_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o that_o which_o be_v freeze_v may_v be_v impel_v upward_o and_o so_o at_o once_o both_o compress_v the_o air_n and_o be_v press_v upon_o by_o it_o have_v by_o this_o mean_v condense_v the_o air_n as_o far_o as_o we_o think_v safe_a to_o do_v in_o a_o glass_n that_o be_v not_o strong_a we_o crop_v of_o the_o small_a apex_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o immediate_o the_o compress_v air_n fly_v out_o with_o a_o great_a noise_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o pipe_n which_o be_v unfilled_a with_o water_n be_v fill_v with_o smoke_n that_o make_v it_o look_v white_a and_o great_a store_n of_o little_a bubble_n hasty_o ascend_v from_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o upper_a where_o most_o of_o they_o quick_o break_v in_o such_o a_o way_n as_o put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o what_o usual_o happen_v upon_o the_o open_n of_o vessel_n that_o contain_v bottle_a beer_n but_o that_o which_o be_v principal_o to_o be_v note_v be_v this_o that_o beside_o the_o bubble_n or_o froth_n the_o water_n itself_o at_o least_o suppose_v that_o no_o little_a unheeded_a bubble_n that_o do_v not_o quite_o emerge_n can_v sensible_o contribute_v to_o its_o height_n immediate_o ascend_v in_o the_o pipe_n about_o ¾_n of_o a_o inch_n which_o have_v careful_o mark_v the_o first_o and_o second_o station_n with_o a_o diamond_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n it_o be_v easy_a for_o we_o to_o measure_v i_o have_v elsewhere_o propose_v a_o suspicion_n that_o in_o the_o attempt_n that_o have_v be_v till_o then_o make_v to_o compress_v water_n the_o condensation_n in_o case_n there_o be_v real_o any_o may_v perchance_o proceed_v from_o the_o compression_n of_o the_o aerial_a particle_n that_o i_o have_v show_v to_o be_v wont_a to_o lie_v disperse_v in_o the_o pore_n of_o common_a water_n but_o though_o the_o considerable_a expansion_n of_o water_n notwithstanding_o the_o break_n of_o the_o bubble_n in_o our_o present_a experiment_n seem_v manifest_o to_o argue_v that_o this_o can_v be_v but_o a_o concurrent_a cause_n if_o it_o have_v any_o sensible_a effect_n at_o all_o of_o our_o phaenomena_n yet_o i_o dare_v not_o absolute_o rely_v even_o upon_o a_o experiment_n that_o seem_v so_o cogent_a till_o i_o have_v satisfy_v myself_o that_o no_o springiness_n which_o i_o have_v sometime_o suspect_v may_v be_v in_o the_o ice_n have_v any_o interest_n in_o the_o produce_v effect_n and_o that_o the_o great_a pressure_n of_o the_o forcible_o condense_v air_n do_v not_o make_v the_o glass_n itself_o stretch_v or_o yield_v for_o if_o it_o be_v able_a to_o do_v so_o than_o the_o part_n of_o the_o violent_o distend_v glass_n upon_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o forcible_a pressure_n of_o the_o air_n which_o must_v cease_v upon_o the_o break_n of_o the_o hermetical_a seal_n return_v to_o their_o former_a straitness_n below_o will_v make_v the_o water_n ascend_v somewhat_o high_o in_o the_o pipe_n but_o though_o i_o can_v not_o procure_v glass_n as_o well_o very_o thick_a as_o convenient_o shape_v wherewith_o to_o examine_v this_o suspicion_n which_o i_o will_v likewise_o have_v try_v by_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o glass_n in_o water_n before_z and_o after_o the_o let_v out_o of_o the_o compress_v air_n yet_o because_o most_o reader_n will_v probable_o think_v so_o much_o caution_n more_o than_o necessary_a i_o shall_v add_v that_o if_o i_o have_v not_o want_v conveniency_n and_o have_v not_o have_v mischance_n the_o experiment_n will_v in_o likelihood_n have_v be_v advance_v especial_o care_v be_v take_v that_o the_o air_n leave_v in_o the_o pipe_n shall_v be_v well_o refrigerated_a before_o its_o be_v seal_v up_o as_o we_o sometime_o do_v by_o ice_n and_o salt_n apply_v in_o a_o perforated_a box_n to_o the_o outside_n lest_o part_n of_o its_o spring_n shall_v depend_v upon_o a_o evanid_a degree_n of_o heat_n upon_o which_o account_n the_o pipe_n ought_v beforehand_o to_o be_v draw_v so_o slender_a that_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v melt_v together_o in_o a_o trice_n for_o though_o for_o want_n of_o strong_a glass_n &_o the_o best_a sort_n of_o instrument_n to_o seal_v up_o such_o with_o the_o success_n be_v not_o still_o so_o considerable_a as_o i_o hope_v for_o yet_o as_o 4._o or_o 5._o other_o trial_n make_v as_o well_o with_o another_o liquor_n as_o with_o water_n do_v exhibit_v a_o manifest_a intumescence_n of_o the_o liquor_n without_o compute_v the_o froth_n produce_v at_o the_o top_n so_o in_o the_o experiment_n late_o mention_v if_o we_o have_v judge_v they_o strong_a enough_o to_o endure_v such_o a_o compression_n of_o the_o include_v air_n as_o we_o have_v often_o make_v on_o other_o occasion_n the_o effect_n will_v probable_o have_v be_v much_o more_o considerable_a for_o though_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o length_n of_o the_o same_o water_n compress_v and_o uncompress_v amount_v to_o a_o aqueous_a cylinder_n of_o ⅜_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o height_n yet_o the_o air_n that_o make_v this_o compression_n of_o the_o water_n be_v itself_o reduce_v but_o from_o 8._o inch_n to_o 5._o so_o that_o it_o take_v up_o almost_o half_a its_o former_a room_n whereas_o we_o have_v sometime_o reduce_v it_o to_o a_o 18._o or_o 20._o part_n thereof_o if_o i_o have_v be_v accommodate_v with_o one_o of_o my_o pneumatical_a engine_n i_o shall_v have_v try_v whether_o water_n be_v first_o careful_o free_v from_o the_o latitant_fw-la air_n in_o the_o exhaust_a receiver_n and_o then_o compress_v after_o the_o manner_n hitherto_o recite_v the_o event_n of_o the_o trial_n will_v have_v be_v considerable_o vary_v i_o may_v add_v as_o other_o phaenomena_n of_o our_o experiment_n that_o when_o we_o break_v off_o the_o seal_a apex_n of_o the_o glass_n before_o the_o include_v air_n be_v much_o compress_v there_o neither_o 〈◊〉_d be_v any_o great_a noise_n make_v nor_o any_o considerable_a froth_n produce_v at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n and_o that_o have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n in_o one_o of_o the_o same_o glass_n 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d use_v and_o with_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d that_o have_v be_v already_o compress_v in_o it_o we_o find_v that_o upon_o the_o break_n off_o the_o hermetical_a seal_n the_o second_o time_n the_o water_n do_v nevertheless_o ascend_v in_o the_o pipe_n betwixt_o ⅛_n and_o ¼_n part_v of_o a_o inch_n and_o to_o these_o particular_n i_o can_v both_o add_v other_o circumstance_n that_o i_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o the_o same_o experiment_n and_o subjoin_v many_o other_o experiment_n and_o observation_n but_o that_o i_o be_o already_o tire_v and_o though_o i_o have_v not_o find_v cold_a to_o be_v a_o subject_a over-fruitful_a in_o experiment_n please_a and_o curious_a yet_o now_o i_o be_o grow_v somewhat_o acquaint_v with_o it_o i_o find_v it_o may_v suggest_v so_o many_o other_o new_a one_o that_o since_o the_o barrenness_n of_o my_o theme_n will_v not_o easy_o put_v a_o period_n to_o this_o treatise_n it_o be_v fit_a that_o now_o at_o length_n i_o shall_v let_v my_o weariness_n and_o want_n of_o leisure_n do_v it_o finis_fw-la a_fw-la examen_fw-la of_o antiperistasis_n as_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v teach_v and_o prove_v themistius_n carneades_n eleutherius_fw-la themistius_n 1._o as_o for_o antiperistasis_n the_o truth_n of_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n so_o conspicuous_a and_o
that_o aphoristical_a say_n of_o hypocrates_n ventres_fw-la hyeme_n esse_fw-la calidiores_fw-la together_o with_o the_o observation_n whereon_o it_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v ground_v i_o will_v not_o now_o examine_v whether_o any_o argument_n for_o the_o contrary_n may_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o heat_n and_o thirst_v man_n feel_v in_o summer_n and_o the_o refreshment_n they_o then_o find_v by_o drink_n and_o fruit_n and_o other_o aliment_n that_o be_v actual_o cold_a for_o that_o which_o i_o principal_o intend_v to_o say_v be_v this_o that_o i_o much_o more_o doubt_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n deliver_v in_o the_o aphorism_n then_o that_o in_o case_n it_o be_v true_a it_o may_v be_v make_v out_o without_o the_o help_n of_o antiperistasis_n in_o the_o vulgar_a and_o scholastic_a notion_n of_o that_o term._n 24._o i_o consider_v then_o first_o that_o the_o proof_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v bring_v of_o the_o great_a heat_n of_o man_n stomach_n in_o winter_n be_v that_o man_n be_v wont_a to_o have_v then_o a_o great_a appetite_n to_o their_o meat_n but_o though_o i_o pay_v so_o much_o respect_n to_o the_o great_a hypocrates_n as_o to_o allow_v the_o aphorism_n in_o a_o sense_n yet_o i_o admit_v it_o to_o be_v true_a but_o upon_o a_o hypothesis_n that_o i_o do_v not_o admit_v to_o be_v so_o for_o the_o aphorism_n suppose_v that_o the_o digestion_n of_o meat_n in_o the_o stomach_n be_v make_v by_o heat_n and_o consequent_o that_o the_o strong_a digestion_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v make_v in_o winter_n be_v a_o argument_n of_o the_o stomach_n be_v then_o hot_a then_o at_o other_o season_n of_o the_o year_n but_o the_o erroniousness_n of_o this_o supposition_n i_o think_v i_o need_v not_o solemn_o prove_v to_o eleutherius_fw-la who_o i_o doubt_v not_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o several_a thing_n in_o nature_n that_o agree_v not_o with_o it_o and_o particular_o of_o the_o strong_a concoction_n that_o be_v make_v in_o the_o stomach_n of_o divers_a ravenous_a fish_n who_o stomach_n and_o blood_n be_v yet_o as_o i_o have_v purposely_o observe_v sensible_o cold_a but_o if_o it_o shall_v in_o some_o case_n prove_v true_a that_o there_o be_v real_o in_o man_n body_n a_o far_o great_a heat_n in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n yet_o this_o will_v not_o infer_v a_o antiperistasis_n in_o the_o sense_n wherein_o i_o oppose_v it_o for_o the_o vital_a heat_n lodge_v in_o the_o heart_n always_o generate_a out_o of_o the_o blood_n and_o juice_n that_o continual_o circulate_v through_o that_o part_n great_a store_n of_o spirit_n and_o warm_a exhalation_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o transpire_v through_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o skin_n in_o much_o great_a quantity_n then_o notwithstanding_o the_o affirmation_n of_o sanctorius_n any_o thing_n but_o my_o own_o trial_n can_v have_v persuade_v i_o these_o warm_a steam_n find_v the_o pore_n of_o the_o skin_n straighten_a and_o shut_v up_o grow_v more_o and_o more_o copious_a in_o the_o body_n and_o thereby_o heat_v the_o stomach_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o internal_a part_n of_o it_o and_o perhaps_o also_o the_o same_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n or_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n that_o produce_v cold_a in_o winter_n may_v by_o shut_v in_o certain_a kind_n of_o effluvia_fw-la or_o perhaps_o alter_v the_o motion_n or_o texture_n of_o the_o blood_n reduce_v it_o to_o such_o a_o disposition_n as_o that_o the_o appetite_n shall_v be_v increase_v as_o well_o as_o the_o concoction_n in_o the_o stomach_n promote_v by_o the_o stomachical_a menstruum_fw-la or_o ferment_n which_o either_o be_v new_o generate_v in_o winter_n or_o more_o copious_o supply_v by_o the_o circulate_v of_o the_o blood_n to_o the_o stomach_n in_o that_o season_n then_o in_o other_o and_o to_o show_v that_o a_o good_a appetite_n may_v be_v procure_v by_o agent_n endow_v with_o very_o distinct_a and_o contrary_a quality_n do_v not_o we_o see_v that_o spicy_a sauce_n wine_n and_o vinegar_n do_v all_o of_o they_o in_o most_o man_n beget_v a_o appetite_n though_o the_o two_o former_a be_v confess_o hot_a and_o the_o latter_a cold_a and_o so_o wormwood_n and_o juice_n of_o lemon_n have_v both_o of_o they_o frequent_o relive_v dull_a and_o weak_a stomach_n though_o the_o one_o be_v confess_o a_o hot_a simple_a and_o the_o other_o a_o cold_a and_o in_o some_o case_n either_o the_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n themselves_o and_o perhaps_o some_o other_o unknown_a to_o we_o that_o they_o may_v bring_v along_o with_o they_o may_v so_o solicit_v the_o stomach_n as_o to_o breed_v a_o eager_a appetite_n not_o precise_o by_o their_o be_v cold_a or_o hot_a but_o by_o their_o peculiar_a nature_n as_o we_o have_v instance_n of_o some_o that_o in_o these_o part_n by_o walk_v on_o the_o snow_n procure_v to_o themselves_o a_o bulimus_fw-la and_o the_o learned_a fromundus_n relate_v how_o he_o himself_o by_o walk_v long_o on_o the_o snow_n be_v surprise_v with_o such_o a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d take_v notice_n that_o the_o chief_a cause_n of_o the_o faint_a be_v in_o the_o stomach_n and_o that_o he_o find_v by_o his_o own_o experience_n that_o that_o part_n be_v discompose_v convel_v and_o provoke_v to_o cast_v to_o which_o he_o add_v what_o make_v much_o for_o my_o present_a purpose_n that_o he_o now_o think_v the_o chief_a cause_n of_o the_o bulimia_fw-la to_o consist_v in_o certain_a steam_n that_o do_v peculiar_o affect_v the_o stomach_n which_o they_o gnaw_v and_o distend_v and_o just_o before_o he_o observe_v that_o strain_v to_o fetch_v deep_a cough_n be_v a_o present_a remedy_n in_o this_o distemper_n by_o discharge_v the_o stomach_n and_o lung_n of_o those_o snowy_a spirit_n which_o be_v either_o attract_v in_o respiration_n or_o have_v some_o other_o way_n insinuate_v themselves_o into_o those_o part_n so_o that_o beside_o the_o cold_n abstract_o consider_v the_o stomach_n may_v be_v peculiar_o affect_v by_o other_o either_o attribute_n or_o concomitant_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a corpuscle_n that_o grow_v powerful_a in_o frosty_a weather_n with_o which_o it_o well_o agree_v that_o divers_a have_v be_v observe_v to_o be_v subject_a to_o bulimias_n in_o these_o part_n of_o the_o world_n though_o in_o our_o warm_a climate_n such_o man_n endure_v nothing_o near_o so_o great_a a_o cold_a nor_o be_v so_o much_o inconvenience_v by_o it_o as_o multitude_n of_o other_o that_o in_o nova_n zembla_n and_o other_o gelid_a region_n never_o complain_v of_o have_v contract_v even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o winter_n any_o such_o disease_n 25._o another_o argument_n that_o be_v specious_a enough_o urge_v in_o favour_n of_o antiperistasis_n be_v borrow_v from_o the_o production_n of_o hail_n which_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v generate_v in_o summer_n only_o not_o in_o winter_n and_o according_a to_o aristotle_n and_o the_o school_n be_v make_v in_o the_o low_a region_n of_o the_o air_n by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o fall_a drop_n of_o rain_n so_o high_o intend_v by_o the_o warmth_n it_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o air_n near_o the_o earth_n as_o to_o congeal_v the_o water_n wherein_o it_o be_v harbour_v but_o though_o i_o free_o confess_v to_o you_o that_o i_o think_v the_o generation_n of_o hail_n difficult_a enough_o to_o be_v solid_o explicate_v yet_o i_o scruple_n not_o to_o reject_v the_o receive_a doctrine_n about_o it_o for_o several_a reason_n of_o which_o i_o will_v now_o name_v four_o 26._o for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n it_o be_v not_o universal_o true_a as_o be_v suppose_v and_o the_o aristotelian_a doctrine_n require_v that_o hail_n fall_v not_o but_o in_o summer_n or_o very_o hot_a weather_n for_o i_o have_v myself_o observe_v it_o within_o this_o twelve_o month_n to_o hail_v at_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o november_n and_o that_o when_o some_o frosty_a day_n have_v precede_v and_o when_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o weather_n be_v complain_v of_o nay_o the_o long_a shower_n of_o hail_n that_o either_o i_o or_o some_o other_o remember_v ourselves_o to_o have_v ever_o know_v i_o observe_v to_o fall_v about_o a_o week_n before_o the_o end_n of_o january_n on_o a_o night_n precede_v by_o a_o very_a frosty_a day_n which_o itself_o be_v precede_v by_o a_o sharp_a fit_a of_o frosty_a weather_n and_o here_o i_o must_v notpreter_n mit_fw-fr this_o circumstance_n that_o when_o the_o tedious_a shower_n be_v over_o there_o come_v to_o the_o house_n where_o i_o than_o be_v a_o maid_n that_o be_v servant_n to_o one_o of_o my_o domestic_n and_o relate_v to_o her_o master_n and_o other_o how_o she_o be_v for_o a_o good_a while_n mislead_v out_o of_o the_o beat_a way_n where_o the_o storm_n find_v she_o by_o a_o ignis_fw-la fatuus_fw-la which_o she_o follow_v till_o by_o its_o pass_v over_o a_o place_n where_o she_o find_v a_o unpassable_a hedge_n it_o both_o show_v she_o that_o she_o be_v out_o of_o her_o way_n
and_o that_o it_o be_v no_o candle_n though_o she_o have_v so_o confident_o think_v it_o one_o that_o she_o call_v out_o to_o the_o party_n she_o presume_v it_o to_o be_v carry_v by_o i_o will_v leave_v themistius_n to_o unriddle_v how_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n can_v kindle_v a_o fiery_a meteor_n by_o its_o coldness_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n congeal_v the_o fall_a drop_n of_o water_n into_o ice_n by_o its_o warmth_n and_o shall_v only_o add_v that_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o other_o observation_n of_o the_o like_a kind_n have_v be_v often_o make_v though_o perhaps_o seldom_o record_v for_o within_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o very_a few_o week_n of_o the_o storm_n some_o servant_n of_o i_o affirm_v themselves_o to_o have_v observe_v it_o to_o hail_v two_o or_o three_o time_n beside_o that_o already_o mention_v 27._o next_o if_o aristotle_n have_v right_o assign_v the_o cause_n of_o hail_n it_o be_v somewhat_o strange_a it_o shall_v not_o fall_v far_o more_o frequent_o in_o summer_n and_o especial_o in_o hot_a climate_n than_o it_o do_v consider_v how_o often_o in_o all_o probability_n the_o drop_n of_o rain_n fall_v cold_a out_o of_o the_o second_o region_n into_o the_o warm_a air_n of_o the_o first_o and_o more_o strange_a it_o be_v that_o even_o in_o those_o part_n of_o egypt_n where_o it_o rain_v frequent_o enough_o and_o plentiful_o for_o so_o prosper_n alpinus_n that_o live_v long_o there_o assure_v we_o it_o do_v though_o not_o about_o grand_a cairo_n yet_o about_o alexandria_n and_o 〈◊〉_d sium_fw-la it_o shall_v never_o hail_v no_o more_o than_o snow_n as_o the_o same_o learned_a physician_n a_o witness_n above_o exception_n affirm_v beside_o whereas_o it_o be_v pretend_v that_o snow_n be_v generate_v in_o the_o upper_a region_n of_o the_o air_n and_o hail_n always_o in_o the_o low_a my_o own_o observation_n have_v afford_v i_o many_o instance_n that_o seem_v to_o contradict_v the_o tradition_n for_o i_o have_v observe_v in_o i_o know_v not_o how_o many_o great_a grain_n of_o hail_n that_o beside_o a_o hard_a transparent_a icy_a shell_n there_o be_v as_o it_o be_v a_o snowy_a pith_n of_o a_o soft_a and_o white_a substance_n and_o this_o snowy_a part_n be_v most_o common_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o icy_a which_o make_v i_o call_v it_o pith_n but_o sometime_o otherwise_o and_o last_o whereas_o the_o favourer_n of_o antiperistasis_n will_v have_v the_o drop_n of_o rain_n in_o their_o descent_n to_o be_v congeal_v apart_o in_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n not_o to_o urge_v how_o little_a the_o irregular_a and_o angular_a figure_n we_o often_o meet_v with_o in_o hail_n do_v countenance_v this_o doctrine_n hail_o often_o fall_v in_o grain_n too_o great_a by_o odds_o to_o be_v fit_a to_o comply_v with_o aristotle_n conceit_n for_o not_o to_o mention_v the_o grain_n of_o hail_n i_o have_v observe_v myself_o to_o be_v of_o a_o bigness_n unsuitable_a to_o this_o opinion_n divers_a learned_a eye-witness_n have_v inform_v i_o of_o their_o have_v observe_v much_o great_a than_o those_o i_o have_v do_v and_o particular_o a_o eminent_a virtuoso_fw-la of_o unquestionable_a credit_n affirm_v both_o to_o i_o and_o to_o a_o assembly_n of_o virtuoso_n that_o he_o have_v some_o year_n ago_o at_o lion_n in_o france_n observe_v a_o shower_n of_o hail_n many_o of_o who_o grain_n be_v as_o big_a as_o ordinary_a tennis-ball_n and_o which_o do_v the_o window_n and_o tile_n a_o mischief_n answerable_a to_o that_o unusual_a bulk_n and_o bartholinus_n affirm_v that_o he_o himself_o observe_v in_o another_o shower_n of_o hail_n grain_n of_o a_o more_o unwonted_a size_n a_o single_a grain_n weigh_v no_o less_o than_o a_o whole_a pound_n but_o though_o this_o itself_o be_v little_a in_o comparison_n of_o what_o i_o remember_v i_o have_v somewhere_o meet_v with_o in_o learned_a author_n yet_o it_o may_v abundant_o suffice_v to_o disprove_v the_o vulgar_a conceit_n about_o the_o generation_n of_o hail_n till_o we_o meet_v in_o these_o country_n with_o shower_n of_o rain_n who_o single_a drop_n prove_v to_o be_v of_o such_o a_o bigness_n which_o i_o presume_v those_o that_o ascribe_v hail_n to_o antiperistasis_n will_v not_o easy_o show_v we_o 28._o i_o come_v now_o to_o consider_v the_o last_o and_o indeed_o the_o chief_a example_n that_o be_v give_v of_o antiperistasis_n namely_o the_o coldness_n of_o cellar_n and_o other_o subterraneal_a vault_n in_o summer_n and_o their_o heat_n in_o winter_n and_o as_o the_o argument_n wont_a to_o be_v draw_v from_o hence_o consist_v of_o two_o part_n i_o will_v examine_v each_o of_o they_o by_o its_o self_n 29._o and_o first_o as_o to_o the_o refresh_a coldness_n that_o subterraneal_a place_n be_v wont_a to_o afford_v we_o in_o summer_n i_o both_o deny_v that_o they_o be_v then_o cold_a than_o in_o winter_n and_o i_o say_v that_o though_o they_o be_v that_o coldness_n will_v not_o necessary_o infer_v a_o antiperistasis_n 30._o we_o must_v consider_v then_o that_o in_o summer_n our_o body_n have_v for_o many_o day_n if_o not_o some_o week_n or_o perhaps_o month_n be_v constant_o environ_v with_o a_o air_n which_o at_o that_o season_n of_o the_o year_n be_v much_o hot_a then_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v in_o winter_n or_o in_o other_o season_n our_o sense_n may_v easy_o impose_v upon_o we_o and_o we_o may_v be_v much_o mistake_v by_o conclude_v upon_o their_o testimony_n that_o the_o subterraneal_a air_n we_o then_o find_v so_o cool_a be_v real_o cold_a than_o it_o be_v in_o winter_n or_o at_o the_o spring_n as_o they_o that_o come_v out_o of_o hot_a bath_n think_v the_o air_n of_o the_o adjoin_a room_n very_o fresh_a and_o cool_v which_o they_o find_v to_o be_v very_o warm_a when_o come_v out_o of_o the_o open_a air_n they_o go_v through_o those_o warm_a room_n to_o the_o bath_n and_o the_o deepness_n and_o retiredness_n of_o these_o subterraneal_a cave_n keep_v the_o air_n they_o harbour_v from_o be_v any_o thing_n near_o so_o much_o affect_v with_o the_o change_n of_o the_o season_n as_o the_o outward_a air_n that_o be_v free_o expose_v to_o the_o sun_n warm_v beam_n which_o pierce_v with_o any_o sensible_a force_n so_o little_a a_o way_n into_o the_o ground_n that_o digger_n be_v not_o wont_a to_o observe_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v dry_v and_o discolour_a by_o they_o beyond_o the_o depth_n of_o a_o very_a few_o foot_n and_o i_o have_v find_v that_o in_o very_o shallow_a mine_n not_o exceed_v six_o or_o seven_o yard_n in_o depth_n though_o the_o mouth_n be_v wide_a and_o the_o descent_n perpendicular_a enough_o the_o air_n be_v cool_v in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n so_o that_o the_o free_a air_n and_o our_o body_n that_o be_v always_o immerse_v in_o it_o be_v much_o warm_a in_o summer_n then_o at_o other_o time_n and_o the_o subterraneal_a air_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o remoteness_n from_o those_o cause_n of_o alteration_n continue_v still_o the_o same_o or_o but_o very_o little_o change_v it_o be_v no_o wonder_n there_o shall_v appear_v a_o difference_n as_o to_o sense_n when_o our_o body_n pass_v from_o one_o of_o they_o to_o another_o 31._o and_o suppose_v but_o not_o yield_v that_o the_o air_n of_o cellar_n and_o vault_n be_v real_o cold_a in_o summer_n then_o in_o winter_n that_o be_v be_v discover_v to_o have_v a_o great_a coldness_n not_o only_o as_o to_o our_o sense_n of_o feeling_n but_o as_o to_o weather-glass_n yet_o why_o shall_v we_o for_o all_o that_o have_v recourse_n for_o the_o solution_n of_o the_o difficulty_n to_o a_o antiperistasis_n which_o it_o be_v much_o hard_a to_o understand_v then_o to_o find_v out_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n which_o seem_v in_o short_a to_o be_v this_o that_o whereas_o which_o i_o shall_v soon_o have_v occasion_n to_o manifest_v there_o be_v warm_a exhalation_n that_o in_o all_o season_n be_v plentiful_o send_v up_o by_o the_o subterraneal_a heat_n from_o the_o low_a to_o the_o superficial_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n these_o steam_n that_o in_o winter_n be_v in_o great_a part_n repress_v or_o check_v in_o their_o ascent_n by_o the_o cold_a frost_n or_o snow_n that_o constipate_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o choke_v up_o its_o pore_n these_o exhalation_n i_o say_v that_o be_v detain_v in_o the_o ground_n will_v temper_v the_o native_a coldness_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n and_o consequent_o that_o of_o spring_n and_o of_o the_o subterraneal_a air_n be_v by_o the_o heat_n that_o reign_v in_o the_o outward_a air_n call_v out_o at_o the_o many_o pore_n and_o chink_n which_o that_o heat_n open_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ground_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o water_n of_o deep_a spring_n and_o well_n and_o the_o subterraneal_a air_n be_v deprive_v of_o that_o which_o be_v wont_a to_o allay_v their_o native_a or_o wont_a
coldness_n be_v leave_v to_o disclose_v a_o high_a degree_n of_o it_o and_o seem_v to_o have_v that_o quality_n increase_v when_o indeed_o it_o be_v but_o free_v from_o the_o mixture_n of_o its_o contrary_n that_o weaken_v it_o 32._o as_o for_o the_o heat_n we_o find_v in_o cellar_n and_o vault_n in_o winter_n the_o solution_n already_o give_v will_v be_v applicable_a to_o that_o phaenomenon_n also_o which_o by_o this_o way_n be_v yet_o more_o easy_a to_o be_v account_v for_o then_o the_o other_o for_o have_v first_o question_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n it_o will_v not_o be_v difficult_a to_o show_v that_o though_o it_o be_v true_a it_o need_v not_o be_v ascribe_v to_o antiperistasis_n 33._o i_o think_v then_o that_o it_o may_v be_v just_o question_v whether_o cellar_n in_o general_n be_v hot_a in_o winter_n than_o they_o be_v in_o summer_n for_o as_o for_o the_o testimony_n of_o our_o sense_n upon_o which_o alone_a man_n be_v wont_a to_o conclude_v the_o affirmative_a it_o may_v in_o this_o case_n easy_o and_o much_o delude_v we_o for_o those_o place_n be_v shelter_v from_o the_o wind_n and_o keep_v from_o a_o free_a communication_n with_o the_o outward_a air_n be_v much_o less_o expose_v than_o other_o to_o the_o action_n of_o those_o agent_n whatever_o they_o be_v that_o produce_v cold_a in_o the_o air._n so_o that_o our_o body_n be_v constant_o immerse_v in_o the_o air_n refrigerated_a by_o the_o winter_n and_o consequent_o bring_v near_o to_o the_o temper_n of_o that_o air_n when_o we_o bring_v those_o body_n into_o cellar_n the_o subterraneal_a air_n must_v seem_v warm_a to_o we_o though_o in_o itself_o it_o be_v real_o invaried_a as_o to_o its_o temper_n 34._o now_o that_o many_o cellar_n be_v indeed_o cold_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o winter_n then_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n though_o not_o in_o respect_n of_o our_o sense_n yet_o in_o respect_n of_o other_o body_n that_o have_v not_o the_o same_o predisposition_n i_o be_o induce_v to_o believe_v by_o some_o experiment_n of_o my_o own_o purposely_o make_v and_o first_o in_o a_o frosty_a evening_n have_v hang_v out_o in_o a_o garden_n two_o seal_a weather-glass_n that_o they_o may_v be_v reduce_v as_o near_o as_o can_v be_v to_o the_o temper_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n i_o bring_v one_o of_o they_o into_o a_o cellar_n and_o it_o soon_o begin_v manifest_o to_o rise_v and_o in_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n ascend_v five_o or_o six_o division_n while_o the_o water_n in_o another_o seal_a weatherglass_n that_o continue_v suspend_v in_o the_o same_o part_n of_o the_o garden_n do_v rather_o a_o little_a subside_n then_o at_o all_o rise_n which_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o what_o i_o be_v say_v namely_o that_o the_o air_n harbour_v in_o cellar_n be_v not_o so_o powerful_o affect_v by_o the_o ordinary_a efficient_n of_o cold_a as_o the_o free_a and_o external_a air_n and_o now_o as_o to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o what_o i_o be_v say_v that_o the_o subterraneal_a air_n though_o it_o be_v less_o affect_v by_o the_o outward_a cold_a may_v be_v somewhat_o affect_v by_o it_o instead_o of_o grow_v hot_a by_o antiperistasis_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n in_o frosty_a wether_n the_o liquor_n in_o the_o same_o weatherglass_n appear_v more_o subsided_a then_o overnight_o which_o show_v that_o the_o external_a air_n do_v lessen_v not_o increase_v the_o warmth_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o cellar_n and_o have_v there_o place_v a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n of_o oil_n which_o in_o thaw_v weather_n remain_v all_o night_n fluid_a as_o before_o the_o same_o liquor_n the_o very_a next_o night_n which_o be_v a_o bitter_a frost_n be_v so_o far_o freeze_v and_o congeal_v as_o to_o sink_v in_o other_o oil_n and_o keep_v its_o surface_n exact_o though_o the_o glass_n be_v incline_v and_o turn_v upside_o down_o and_o prosecute_a my_o trial_n i_o find_v that_o in_o a_o sharp_a frost_n and_o great_a snow_n the_o liquor_n that_o on_o the_o thursday_n night_n be_v beneath_o the_o four_o knub_n or_o mark_v of_o division_n a_o sudden_a thaw_n come_v with_o a_o south_n wind_n the_o next_o morning_n in_o the_o same_o cellar_n the_o liquor_n be_v ascend_v to_o the_o eight_o mark_n and_o continue_v the_o weatherglass_n in_o the_o same_o cellar_n for_o a_o good_a while_n to_o watch_v its_o alteration_n every_o night_n and_o morning_n i_o remember_v i_o meet_v with_o and_o register_v more_o observation_n that_o confirm_v i_o in_o my_o opinion_n though_o it_o be_v so_o long_o ago_o that_o i_o have_v forget_v the_o particular_a circumstance_n and_o after_o these_o trial_n meet_v with_o a_o learned_a polander_n i_o do_v without_o declare_v my_o opinion_n inquire_v of_o he_o whether_o in_o his_o country_n he_o have_v at_o any_o time_n observe_v beer_n to_o freeze_v in_o cellar_n in_o frosty_a weather_n to_o which_o he_o answer_v that_o in_o the_o cold_a winter_n if_o the_o beer_n be_v small_a the_o barrel_n will_v oftentimes_o be_v freeze_v but_o not_o if_o it_o be_v strong_a but_o i_o need_v not_o have_v recourse_n to_o foreign_a testimony_n have_v myself_o observe_v here_o in_o england_n more_o than_o one_o barrel_n of_o beer_n to_o be_v freeze_v in_o the_o cellar_n in_o exceed_v cold_a weather_n insomuch_o that_o one_o of_o the_o barrel_n be_v full_a and_o the_o liquor_n expanded_a by_o freeze_a be_v force_v out_o at_o certain_a chink_n which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o that_o expansive_a force_n and_o the_o liquor_n so_o eject_v adhere_v in_o a_o considerable_a lump_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o yet_o this_o cellar_n have_v its_o window_n careful_o shut_v and_o not_o only_o be_v near_o a_o kitchen_n where_o fire_n be_v constant_o keep_v but_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a it_o have_v this_o principal_a mark_n of_o be_v a_o good_a cellar_n that_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n it_o use_v to_o afford_v i_o drink_v sufficient_o cool_a and_o now_o to_o requite_v eleutherius_fw-la with_o the_o testimony_n of_o that_o very_a person_n physician_n to_o the_o russian_a emperor_n who_o authority_n he_o late_o allege_v against_o i_o i_o shall_v confess_v that_o as_o he_o suspect_v i_o have_v conference_n with_o this_o doctor_n and_o when_o i_o diligent_o inquire_v of_o he_o whether_o their_o cellar_n at_o musco_n be_v real_o very_o cold_a in_o summer_n he_o answer_v i_o that_o they_o be_v not_o and_o that_o they_o have_v distinct_a cellar_n for_o summer_n and_o for_o winter_n that_o their_o small_a beer_n will_v quick_o grow_v sour_a in_o their_o cellar_n in_o summer_n if_o their_o vessel_n be_v not_o keep_v in_o snow_n that_o therefore_o their_o way_n be_v to_o make_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o their_o summer_n cellar_n to_o which_o belong_v a_o well_o to_o receive_v the_o water_n drop_v from_o the_o melt_a snow_n a_o deep_a layer_n of_o snow_n on_o which_o they_o afterward_o cast_v a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o water_n that_o the_o whole_a mass_n may_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o kind_n of_o ice_n in_o this_o snow_n they_o keep_v their_o cask_n make_v sometime_o a_o layer_n of_o snow_n and_o a_o layer_n of_o cask_n and_o dig_v out_o their_o vessel_n as_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v they_o by_o all_o which_o it_o may_v appear_v how_o groundless_o it_o be_v universal_o affirm_v of_o cellar_n that_o as_o they_o seem_v to_o the_o sense_n so_o they_o real_o be_v hot_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n 35._o but_o if_o it_o shall_v happen_v as_o in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v not_o impossible_a but_o that_o it_o may_v that_o some_o vault_n and_o cellar_n be_v real_o warm_a in_o summer_n then_o in_o winter_n yet_o i_o see_v not_o why_o this_o shall_v reduce_v we_o to_o the_o acknowledgement_n of_o a_o antiperistasis_n for_o neither_o can_v the_o effect_n be_v make_v out_o by_o that_o nor_o will_v there_o be_v any_o necessity_n to_o have_v recourse_n to_o it_o 36._o and_o first_o i_o may_v content_v myself_o to_o repeat_v what_o i_o have_v former_o say_v to_o show_v the_o incongruity_n of_o antiperistasis_n in_o general_a to_o nature_n way_n of_o act_v and_o i_o may_v add_v that_o to_o imagine_v with_o some_o late_a peripatetic_n who_o all_o their_o reverence_n to_o aristotle_n have_v not_o so_o far_o blind_v as_o not_o to_o let_v they_o see_v the_o unreasonableness_n of_o his_o conceit_n that_o in_o winter_n the_o warmth_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n retreat_n into_o cellar_n and_o vault_n to_o shun_v its_o contrary_n be_v to_o make_v mere_a accident_n or_o at_o best_a inanimate_a agent_n act_n with_o knowledge_n and_o design_n but_o i_o will_v rather_o represent_v that_o though_o antiperistasis_n be_v intelligible_a it_o be_v improper_a to_o allege_v it_o in_o our_o case_n for_o to_o invigorate_v the_o warmth_n
ready_o diffuse_v in_o imperceptible_a particle_n through_o the_o air_n and_o i_o have_v observe_v upon_o the_o open_n of_o issue_n in_o some_o man_n arm_n that_o though_o no_o smoke_n be_v visible_a in_o summer_n it_o will_v be_v very_o conspicuous_a in_o exceed_v sharp_a weather_n though_o man_n arm_n at_o least_o the_o external_a part_n of_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v less_o heat_n in_o frosty_a weather_n then_o in_o summer_n since_o in_o the_o former_a of_o those_o season_n they_o be_v wont_n to_o be_v manifest_o more_o slender_a the_o fleshy_a part_n and_o juice_n be_v condense_v by_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air._n and_o though_o the_o insensible_a transpiration_n that_o continual_o exhale_v from_o all_o the_o part_n of_o our_o body_n be_v not_o wont_a to_o be_v visible_a here_o even_o in_o winter_n yet_o in_o extreme_o cold_a country_n as_o nova_n zembla_n or_o charleton_n island_n those_o effluvia_fw-la have_v be_v observe_v not_o only_o to_o be_v thicken_v but_o to_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n itself_o sometime_o within_o the_o seaman_n shoe_n and_o here_o in_o england_n have_v not_o long_o since_o employ_v a_o labour_a man_n to_o dig_v a_o deep_a hole_n in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n two_o servant_n of_o i_o that_o stand_v by_o to_o see_v he_o work_v do_v both_o of_o they_o assure_v i_o when_o they_o return_v that_o the_o steam_n of_o his_o heat_a body_n be_v freeze_v upon_o the_o outside_n of_o his_o waistcoat_n which_o one_o of_o they_o while_o the_o other_o be_v about_o to_o give_v i_o notice_n of_o it_o inconsiderate_o wipe_v off_o 43._o and_o since_o we_o see_v how_o fast_o the_o water_n in_o pond_n and_o ditch_n waste_n and_o decrease_v in_o summer_n there_o be_v no_o cause_n to_o doubt_v but_o that_o it_o do_v then_o continual_o emit_v exhalation_n as_o well_o if_o not_o much_o more_o 〈◊〉_d then_o in_o winter_n which_o may_v be_v manifest_o confirm_v by_o this_o that_o in_o the_o summer_n one_o shall_v often_o see_v in_o the_o morning_n or_o 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that_o they_o be_v oftentimes_o trouble_v and_o sometime_o endanger_v by_o sudden_a damp_n which_o do_v frequent_o so_o stuff_v up_o and_o thicken_v the_o subterraneal_a air_n that_o they_o make_v it_o not_o only_o unfit_a for_o respiration_n but_o able_a to_o extinguish_v the_o lamp_n and_o candle_n that_o the_o miner_n use_v to_o give_v they_o light_n to_o work_v by_o and_o i_o remember_v that_o i_o have_v visit_v mine_n where_o have_v inquire_v of_o the_o digger_n whether_o those_o hot_a exhalation_n that_o compose_v their_o damp_n do_v not_o sometime_o actual_o take_v fire_n within_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n i_o be_v answer_v that_o in_o some_o of_o their_o pit_n and_o particular_o in_o one_o that_o they_o show_v i_o though_o not_o in_o all_o they_o do_v insomuch_o that_o the_o exhalation_n sudden_o kindle_v will_v make_v a_o report_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o pit_n like_o a_o musket_n or_o a_o small_a piece_n of_o ordinance_n and_o the_o flame_n will_v actual_o burn_v off_o the_o hair_n and_o scorch_v the_o skin_n of_o 〈◊〉_d workman_n that_o do_v not_o seasonable_o get_v out_o of_o the_o pit_n when_o the_o exhalation_n appear_v to_o be_v near_o a_o ascension_n or_o do_v not_o nimble_o fall_v down_o flat_a with_o their_o face_n to_o the_o ground_n till_o the_o flame_n be_v go_v out_o and_o one_o of_o these_o workman_n that_o i_o ask_v affirm_v himself_o to_o have_v be_v several_a time_n to_o he_o no_o small_a trouble_n so_o burn_v and_o that_o if_o i_o much_o misremember_v not_o twice_o in_o one_o day_n and_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o as_o well_o as_o to_o morinus_n very_o probable_a that_o those_o great_a quantity_n of_o rain_n and_o snow_n and_o storm_n and_o perhaps_o some_o other_o meteor_n that_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o in_o winter_n may_v rather_o consist_v of_o these_o subterraneal_a steam_n than_o the_o vapour_n and_o exhalation_n attract_v by_o the_o sun_n or_o at_o least_o may_v as_o much_o consist_v of_o the_o former_a as_o the_o latter_a 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that_o which_o make_v main_o for_o my_o present_a purpose_n begin_v contrary_a to_o vulgar_a thaw_n from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o 50._o and_o have_v thus_o manifest_v that_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v send_v up_o great_a store_n of_o exhalation_n and_o vapour_n to_o the_o upper_a part_n it_o will_v be_v obvious_a to_o conceive_v that_o as_o in_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n these_o steam_n get_v into_o the_o air_n either_o by_o the_o advantage_n of_o find_v vent_n such_o as_o those_o i_o have_v already_o mention_v or_o by_o grow_v copious_a enough_o to_o force_v themselves_o a_o passage_n so_o in_o most_o other_o place_n where_o the_o ascend_a steam_n find_v no_o commodious_a vent_n or_o be_v too_o faint_o drive_v up_o to_o gain_v themselves_o a_o passage_n they_o must_v be_v repress_v or_o detain_v beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o have_v its_o pore_n in_o winter_n usual_o choke_v up_o with_o snow_n or_o rain_n or_o its_o surface_n constipate_v and_o harden_v with_o ice_n or_o frost_n so_o that_o these_o exhalation_n be_v pen_v up_o and_o receive_v fresh_a supply_n from_o time_n to_o time_n from_o beneath_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o they_o shall_v somewhat_o warm_v deep_a cellar_n and_o well_n where_o they_o be_v thus_o detain_v and_o therefore_o our_o husbandman_n do_v not_o speak_v altogether_o so_o improper_o when_o they_o say_v that_o the_o snow_n keep_v the_o ground_n warm_a and_o i_o remember_v that_o dr._n smith_n the_o learned_a english_a 〈◊〉_d into_o musco_n make_v it_o to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o principal_a reason_n of_o the_o great_a fertility_n he_o just_o ascribe_v to_o the_o country_n there_o about_o that_o during_o almost_o all_o the_o winter_n the_o ground_n be_v to_o a_o great_a height_n cover_v with_o snow_n which_o do_v not_o only_o enrich_v it_o by_o the_o fertilize_a salt_n which_o the_o earth_n gain_v from_o the_o snow_n when_o that_o come_v to_o be_v melt_v but_o do_v also_o contribute_v to_o its_o improvement_n by_o choke_v up_o or_o obstruct_v the_o pore_n at_o which_o the_o nitro-sulphureous_a and_o other_o useful_a corpuscle_n that_o be_v send_v up_o by_o the_o 〈◊〉_d heat_n will_v easy_o get_v away_o and_o lest_o gentleman_n you_o shall_v think_v that_o it_o be_v only_o by_o the_o ratiocination_n that_o i_o conclude_v that_o there_o be_v real_o great_a store_n of_o warm_a steam_n detain_v under_o ground_n in_o the_o winter_n i_o shall_v add_v this_o sensible_a observation_n receive_v from_o the_o russian_a emperor_n physician_n already_o often_o mention_v by_o who_o i_o have_v be_v assure_v that_o about_o musco_n where_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v far_o more_o constipate_v in_o winter_n this_o it_o be_v in_o these_o part_n and_o where_o they_o be_v wont_n to_o keep_v their_o cellar_n much_o close_o the_o subterraneous_a exhalation_n be_v hinder_v to_o fly_v abroad_o will_v in_o time_n multiply_v so_o fast_o that_o he_o assure_v i_o that_o upon_o the_o unwary_a open_n of_o the_o door_n of_o cellar_n that_o have_v be_v long_o keep_v shut_v there_o will_v sally_v out_o a_o warm_a smoke_n and_o very_o thick_a almost_o like_o that_o of_o a_o furnace_n and_o sometime_o the_o steam_n that_o issue_v out_o will_v be_v so_o gross_a and_o plentiful_a that_o it_o have_v bring_v man_n into_o danger_n of_o be_v suffocate_v by_o it_o 51._o and_o now_o gentleman_n have_v show_v that_o though_o experience_v be_v so_o confident_o appeal_v to_o by_o the_o maintainer_n of_o antiperistasis_n yet_o she_o have_v not_o hitherto_o afford_v they_o any_o thing_n that_o much_o favour_n their_o cause_n it_o remain_v that_o i_o show_v that_o she_o bear_v witness_n against_o it_o for_o beside_o that_o some_o passage_n of_o my_o late_a discourse_n do_v real_o contain_v phaenomena_n that_o not_o only_o do_v not_o favour_v antiperistasis_n but_o may_v just_o be_v employ_v as_o experiment_n against_o it_o i_o shall_v ex_fw-la abundanti_fw-la as_o they_o speak_v present_v you_o with_o something_o which_o i_o necessitate_a experience_n to_o supply_v i_o with_o that_o seem_v express_o to_o overthrow_v it_o 52._o i_o may_v urge_v against_o those_o who_o though_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v ashamed_a of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o school_n will_v establish_v a_o antiperistasis_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o what_o they_o call_v a_o fuga_fw-la contrarii_fw-la that_o the_o very_a instance_n they_o be_v wont_n to_o bring_v for_o their_o opinion_n may_v be_v retort_v upon_o they_o for_o when_o they_o tell_v we_o that_o in_o winter_n the_o heat_n to_o fly_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a air_n retire_v itself_o into_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o there_o harbour_v in_o cellar_n and_o well_n as_o may_v be_v prove_v by_o the_o smoke_n of_o water_n draw_v from_o deep_a well_n which_o argue_v its_o heat_n the_o vapour_n which_o fly_v away_o be_v as_o vapour_n hot_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n we_o may_v easy_o answer_v by_o demand_v why_o if_o the_o heat_n that_o be_v harbour_v in_o a_o smoke_a bucket_n of_o water_n have_v the_o wit_n or_o instinct_n to_o fly_v from_o its_o contrary_a it_o do_v not_o in_o the_o bucket_n as_o it_o be_v say_v to_o do_v in_o the_o well_o retire_v itself_o as_o far_o as_o it_o can_v from_o the_o surround_v cold_a of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n but_o instead_o of_o retire_v to_o the_o innermost_a part_n of_o the_o water_n those_o be_v remote_a from_o that_o it_o needless_o fly_v abroad_o with_o the_o vapour_n it_o excite_v and_o do_v as_o it_o be_v of_o its_o own_o accord_n cast_v itself_o into_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o enemy_n it_o shall_v shun_v and_o indeed_o what_o i_o just_a now_o mention_v to_o you_o as_o relate_v to_o i_o by_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n physician_n collins_n do_v sufficient_o manifest_a that_o the_o cause_n why_o the_o corpuscle_n that_o keep_v cellar_n warm_a abide_v beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o winter_n be_v not_o that_o they_o fly_v the_o cold_a as_o their_o enemy_n but_o that_o they_o be_v pen_v up_o beneath_o the_o ground_n since_o when_o vent_n be_v give_v they_o they_o immediate_o rush_v into_o the_o open_a air_n without_o fear_v the_o cold_a even_o of_o russia_n in_o the_o very_a midst_n of_o winter_n 53._o but_o i_o shall_v press_v this_o no_o further_o but_o rather_o add_v that_o the_o doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n be_v as_o little_o behold_v to_o the_o follow_a experiment_n which_o i_o sometime_o try_v in_o order_n to_o the_o disabuse_v some_o abetter_n of_o themistius_n i_o take_v then_o a_o iron-rod_n of_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o man_n finger_n have_v at_o one_o end_n of_o it_o a_o very_a broad_a and_o thick_a piece_n of_o iron_n shape_v almost_o like_o a_o spattule_n that_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o matter_n may_v upon_o the_o ignition_n of_o the_o iron_n make_v the_o heat_n very_o considerable_a then_o have_v cause_v this_o thick_a end_n to_o be_v make_v red_a 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broad_a and_o candent_fw-la end_n into_o the_o cold_a water_n bring_v as_o little_a of_o sensible_a heat_n to_o the_o other_o end_n that_o i_o hold_v in_o my_o hand_n as_o it_o have_v do_v the_o time_n before_o and_o have_v cause_v the_o experiment_n to_o be_v try_v by_o another_o the_o account_n i_o receive_v be_v that_o it_o succeed_v with_o he_o as_o it_o have_v do_v with_o i_o 54._o but_o this_o be_v not_o the_o main_a thing_n gentleman_n that_o i_o intend_v to_o acquaint_v you_o with_o there_o be_v a_o expedient_a that_o i_o purposely_o devise_v to_o make_v one_o experiment_n more_o considerable_a against_o antiperistasis_n then_o be_v the_o several_a mistake_a observation_n of_o the_o peripetaticks_n to_o establish_v it_o 55._o i_o take_v then_o a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n 12._o or_o
then_o in_o summer_n for_o the_o instance_n produce_v by_o carneades_n seem_v plain_o enough_o to_o manifest_v the_o contrary_a and_o my_o own_o observation_n make_v in_o a_o cellar_n with_o a_o seal_a wether_n glass_n do_v keep_v i_o from_o dissent_v from_o carneades_n as_o to_o that_o point_n i_o will_v therefore_o make_v a_o distinction_n of_o subterraneal_a place_n for_o some_o be_v deep_a as_o the_o best_a sort_n of_o cellar_n other_o deep_a yet_o as_o the_o hungarian_a mine_n mention_v by_o carneades_n out_o of_o morinus_n and_o some_o again_o be_v but_o shallow_a as_o many_o ordinary_a cellar_n and_o vault_n of_o these_o three_o sort_n of_o subterraneal_a place_n the_o deep_a of_o all_o do_v not_o as_o far_o as_o the_o authority_n of_o mineralist_n above_o allege_v may_v be_v rely_v on_o for_o i_o be_o yet_o inquire_v further_o grow_v hot_a and_o cold_a according_a to_o the_o several_a season_n of_o the_o year_n as_o the_o vulgar_a doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n require_v 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be_v that_o have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o inquire_v whether_o no_o body_n else_o have_v make_v experiment_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n i_o find_v that_o the_o learned_a maignan_n have_v the_o same_o curiosity_n that_o zucchius_n have_v but_o with_o very_o differ_v success_n and_o therefore_o though_o this_o inquisitive_a person_n do_v admit_v in_o his_o disputation_n about_o antiperistasis_n a_o notion_n that_o i_o confess_v cold._n i_o can_v approve_v since_o to_o ascribe_v as_o he_o do_v a_o fuga_fw-la contrarii_fw-la to_o cold_a and_o hot_a spirit_n be_v in_o my_o apprehension_n to_o turn_v inanimate_a body_n into_o intelligent_a and_o design_v being_n yet_o he_o do_v just_o and_o rational_o reject_v with_o carneades_n the_o vulgar_a doctrine_n of_o antiperistasis_n and_o confirm_v his_o rejection_n of_o it_o by_o two_o experiment_n for_o first_o he_o say_v that_o he_o find_v with_o a_o thermometer_n that_o when_o
know_v in_o the_o hot_a country_n where_o he_o live_v make_v those_o that_o be_v bite_v by_o they_o either_o become_v or_o think_v themselves_o very_o cold_a but_o that_o will_v perhaps_o seem_v more_o remarkable_a which_o i_o shall_v further_o add_v namely_o that_o i_o know_v a_o nobleman_n who_o follow_v the_o war_n in_o several_a country_n and_o have_v signalise_v his_o valour_n in_o they_o and_o yet_o though_o his_o stature_n be_v proportionate_a to_o his_o courage_n yet_o when_o this_o person_n fall_v as_o frequent_o he_o have_v do_v in_o a_o fit_a of_o the_o stone_n he_o feel_v a_o universal_a cold_a over_o his_o whole_a body_n just_a like_o that_o which_o begin_v the_o fit_a of_o a_o ague_n and_o though_o he_o assure_v i_o that_o the_o stone_n that_o torment_v he_o and_o which_o he_o usual_o void_v be_v but_o very_o small_a yet_o while_o the_o fit_n continue_v which_o oftentimes_o last_v many_o hour_n he_o do_v not_o only_o feel_v a_o extraordinary_a coldness_n but_o which_o 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i_o hope_v mr._n hobbs_n will_v not_o object_n that_o in_o this_o case_n the_o part_n do_v not_o retire_v but_o be_v thrust_v inward_o since_o according_a to_o he_o no_o body_n at_o all_o can_v be_v move_v but_o by_o a_o body_n contiguous_a and_o move_v but_o what_o i_o have_v hitherto_o take_v notice_n of_o be_v chief_o design_v to_o show_v that_o the_o notion_n of_o cold_a in_o general_n be_v not_o so_o obvious_a a_o thing_n to_o be_v right_o pitch_v upon_o as_o many_o think_v and_o that_o therefore_o it_o need_v be_v no_o wonder_n that_o it_o have_v notbeen_v accurate_o and_o wary_o propose_v by_o mr._n hobbs_n i_o shall_v not_o any_o further_o prosecute_v that_o discourse_n but_o proceed_v to_o what_o remain_v next_o then_o the_o cause_n he_o assign_v why_o a_o man_n can_v blow_v hot_a or_o cold_a with_o the_o same_o breath_n be_v very_o questionable_a partly_o because_o he_o suppose_v in_o part_n of_o the_o breath_n such_o a_o simple_a motion_n as_o he_o call_v it_o of_o the_o 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this_o matter_n and_o that_o in_o estimate_v the_o temper_n of_o the_o produce_v wind_n our_o sense_n may_v impose_v upon_o we_o for_o have_v take_v a_o very_a good_a and_o tender_a seal_a weatherglass_n and_o blow_v upon_o it_o through_o a_o glass-pipe_n of_o about_o half_a a_o yard_n long_o that_o be_v choose_v slender_a to_o be_v sure_a that_o my_o breath_n shall_v issue_v out_o in_o a_o small_a stream_n by_o this_o wind_n beat_v upon_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n i_o can_v not_o make_v the_o include_v spirit_n of_o wine_n subside_o but_o manifest_o though_o not_o much_o ascend_v though_o the_o wind_n that_o i_o present_o blow_v through_o the_o same_o pipe_n seem_v sensible_o cold_a both_o to_o the_o hand_n of_o bystander_n and_o to_o my_o own_o and_o yet_o i_o be_v then_o more_o than_o ordinary_o cold_a so_o that_o have_v no_o great_a enencouragement_n to_o enter_v into_o a_o dispute_n about_o the_o cause_n of_o a_o phaenomenon_n who_o historical_a circnmstance_n be_v not_o yet_o sufficient_o know_v and_o clear_v i_o will_v now_o proceed_v to_o add_v that_o whatever_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o effect_n there_o be_v divers_a thing_n that_o make_v mr._n hobs_n hypothesis_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o cold_a unfit_a to_o be_v acquiesce_v in_o for_o we_o see_v that_o the_o grand_a cause_n he_o assign_v of_o cold_a and_o its_o effect_n be_v wind_n which_o according_a to_o he_o be_v air_n move_v in_o a_o considerable_a quantity_n and_o that_o either_o forward_o only_a or_o in_o a_o undulate_a motion_n and_o he_o tell_v we_o too_o that_o when_o the_o breath_n be_v more_o strong_o blow_v out_o of_o the_o mouth_n then_o be_v the_o direct_a motion_n prevalent_a over_o the_o simple_a motion_n which_o say_v he_o make_v we_o feel_v cold_a for_o say_v he_o the_o direct_a motion_n of_o the_o breath_n or_o air_n be_v wind_n and_o all_o wind_n cool_v or_o diminish_v former_a heat_n to_o which_o word_n beginning_n in_o the_o very_a next_o line_n he_o subjoin_v that_o not_o only_o great_a but_o almost_o any_o ventilation_n and_o stir_v of_o the_o air_n do_v refrigerate_v but_o against_o this_o doctrine_n i_o have_v several_a thing_n to_o object_n 11._o for_o first_o we_o see_v there_o be_v very_o hard_a frost_n not_o only_o continue_v but_o 〈◊〉_d begin_v when_o the_o air_n be_v calm_a and_o free_a from_o wind_n and_o high_a and_o boisterous_a southerly_a wind_n be_v not_o here_o wont_a to_o be_v near_o so_o cold_a as_o far_o weak_a wind_n that_o blow_n from_o the_o north-east_n 12._o next_o if_o mr._n hobbs_n teach_v we_o that_o it_o be_v the_o direct_a motion_n of_o the_o stream_n of_o breath_n that_o be_v more_o strong_o blow_v out_o that_o make_v we_o feel_v cold_a he_o be_v oblige_v to_o render_v a_o reason_n why_o in_o a_o aeolipile_n with_o a_o long_a neck_n the_o stream_n that_o issue_v out_o though_o oftentimes_o far_o strong_a than_o that_o which_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v make_v by_o compress_v the_o lip_n at_o a_o pretty_a distance_n from_o 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treatise_n to_o which_o it_o belong_v than_o not_o gratify_v some_o of_o the_o curious_a to_o who_o the_o phaenomena_n i_o show_v they_o of_o it_o seem_v no_o less_o pretty_a than_o surprise_v the_o way_n than_o that_o i_o use_v in_o make_v this_o experiment_n may_v be_v gather_v from_o the_o follow_a direction_n take_v of_o good_a unslake_v lime_n three_o part_n or_o thereabouts_o miscarry_v of_o yellow_a orpiment_a one_o part_n of_o fair_a water_n 15._o or_o 16._o part_n beat_v the_o lime_n gross_o and_o powder_v the_o orpiment_n with_o care_n to_o avoid_v the_o noxious_a dust_n that_o may_v fly_v up_o pound_v and_o have_v put_v these_o two_o ingredient_n into_o the_o water_n let_v they_o remain_v there_o for_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n or_o long_o if_o needs_o be_v remember_v to_o shake_v or_o stir_v the_o mixture_n from_o time_n to_o time_n by_o this_o mean_v you_o will_v obtain_v a_o somewhat_o fetid_v liquor_n whereof_o by_o wary_o decant_v or_o by_o filtrate_v it_o the_o clear_a 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succedaneum_fw-la and_o put_v the_o powder_n and_o liquor_n into_o a_o glass_n vial_n or_o any_o other_o convenient_a vessel_n let_v they_o infuse_v over_o hot_a embers_o or_o in_o some_o considerable_o warm_a place_n for_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n more_o or_o less_o till_o the_o liquor_n have_v acquire_v a_o very_a sweet_a taste_n all_o thing_n be_v thus_o prepare_v take_v a_o new_a 〈◊〉_d at_o least_o a_o clean_a pen_n and_o write_v with_o it_o some_o such_o thing_n as_o you_o either_o desire_n or_o need_v not_o fear_v to_o have_v read_v between_o if_o you_o please_v or_o which_o be_v safe_o please_v over_o the_o line_n which_o contain_v your_o secret_a and_o which_o be_v to_o be_v trace_v with_o the_o solution_n of_o 〈◊〉_d for_o this_o liquor_n if_o it_o be_v either_o well_o decant_v or_o filter_v
of_o some_o liquor_n will_v show_v none_o in_o a_o great_a the_o method_n i_o shall_v follow_v in_o deliver_v my_o observation_n shall_v be_v first_o to_o run_v over_o the_o various_a liquor_n or_o body_n whether_o fluid_a or_o consistent_a simple_a or_o compound_v etc._n etc._n use_v in_o this_o work_n second_o what_o figure_v observable_a in_o those_o ice_n three_o some_o effect_n arise_v 〈◊〉_d four_o some_o property_n and_o quality_n five_o some_o let_n or_o help_v both_o to_o freeze_a and_o thaw_v six_o some_o use_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n in_o pursuance_n of_o which_o particular_n i_o have_v recourse_n to_o those_o ingenious_a 〈◊〉_d of_o mr._n 〈◊〉_d register_v in_o your_o cimelia_fw-la and_o then_o to_o bartholinus_n his_o late_a book_n de_fw-fr nive_n and_o to_o my_o own_o collect_v note_n from_o various_a author_n add_v whatsoever_o trial_n i_o think_v meet_v and_o in_o all_o these_o i_o have_v bare_o set_v down_o matter_n of_o fact_n neither_o mention_v the_o author_n nor_o their_o error_n which_o will_v have_v be_v both_o nauseous_a and_o tedious_a nor_o 〈◊〉_d i_o endeavour_v to_o render_v a_o reason_n of_o the_o various_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o can_v be_v do_v without_o a_o volume_n but_o shall_v leave_v that_o province_n to_o a_o honourable_a person_n of_o this_o society_n who_o have_v have_v much_o experience_n and_o reflection_n on_o this_o subject_n and_o now_o to_o my_o task_n as_o to_o my_o first_o head_n of_o thing_n use_v i_o shall_v begin_v with_o common_a water_n which_o i_o expose_v in_o a_o triple_a 〈◊〉_d in_o like_a quantity_n and_o in_o open_a 〈◊〉_d viz._n first_o cold_a second_o boil_v hot_a three_o a_o equal_a mixture_n of_o both_o the_o former_a the_o effect_n be_v this_o the_o cold_a be_v freeze_v in_o one_o hour_n the_o boil_a hot_a in_o two_o hour_n and_o the_o mix_v in_o hour_n 1_o and_o ½_o but_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o the_o cold_a do_v freeze_v first_o at_o the_o top_n and_o side_n and_o have_v a_o large_a thick_a crust_n before_o there_o be_v any_o show_n of_o ice_n in_o the_o boil_a hot_a but_o the_o mix_v and_o boil_a hot_a begin_v to_o freeze_v first_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o when_o the_o top_n be_v cold_a than_o it_o freeze_v there_o also_o leave_v betwixt_o the_o bottom_n and_o top_n of_o the_o vessel_n a_o cavity_n for_o the_o water_n which_o in_o time_n be_v whole_o convert_v to_o ice_n the_o same_o succeed_v most_o manifest_o in_o these_o water_n pour_v on_o a_o smooth_a table_n where_o the_o cold_a water_n be_v present_o freeze_v before_o the_o boil_a hot_a water_n can_v become_v cold_a at_o the_o bottom_n water_n exhaust_v of_o air_n in_o mr._n boil_v engine_n be_v freeze_v almost_o as_o soon_o as_o a_o like_a quantity_n expose_v in_o a_o open_a pan_n the_o ice_n whereof_o appear_v white_a and_o to_o consist_v pure_o of_o bubble_n the_o glass_n use_v be_v a_o four_o ounce_n round_a vial_n and_o a_o small_a tube_n one_o foot_n long_o half_o fill_v with_o water_n fair_a water_n wherein_o arsenic_n have_v be_v infuse_v eight_o month_n congeal_v much_o soon_o than_o a_o like_a quantity_n of_o water_n into_o very_o white_a ice_n solution_n of_o all_o the_o sort_n of_o vitriol_n freeze_v soon_o in_o pan_n and_o tube_n than_o water_n or_o any_o other_o solution_n of_o the_o other_o salt_n by_o much_o though_o that_o of_o alum_n come_v very_o little_a short_a of_o it_o the_o ice_n keep_v both_o colour_n and_o taste_v upon_o the_o least_o touch_n of_o the_o tongue_n in_o all_o of_o they_o a_o solution_n of_o alum_n do_v freeze_v into_o a_o ice_n white_a than_o milk_n and_o stick_v so_o close_o to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o pan_n that_o it_o can_v hardly_o be_v separate_v from_o it_o this_o be_v the_o firm_a ice_n offer_v to_o i_o in_o all_o my_o trial_n next_o to_o which_o in_o both_o these_o quality_n be_v the_o vitriol_n especial_o the_o roman_n sandever_n quick_o freeze_v frit_n soon_o than_o it_o and_o kelp_n then_o they_o both_o all_o of_o they_o into_o lump_n very_o white_a and_o consequent_o not_o diaphanous_a sal_fw-la ammoniac_a show_v some_o variety_n in_o point_n of_o time_n for_o in_o the_o same_o pan_n quantity_n and_o place_n with_o the_o other_o salt_v water_n it_o will_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v long_o after_o the_o former_a though_o once_o it_o do_v freeze_v before_o they_o common_a salt_n two_o drachm_n dissolve_v in_o four_o ounce_n of_o common_a water_n for_o that_o proportion_n i_o observe_v in_o all_o my_o solution_n do_v in_o 30._o hour_n space_n in_o the_o hard_a season_n turn_v to_o pretty_a hard_a and_o white_a ice_n whereas_o the_o former_a solution_n become_v so_o in_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n at_o the_o most_o a_o beer-glass_n be_v fill_v with_o stink_a sea-water_n full_a of_o salt_n which_o within_o 26._o hour_n acquire_v at_o the_o top_n a_o plate_n of_o ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o a_o ½_o a_o crown_n piece_n with_o few_o bubble_n in_o it_o this_o taste_v salt_n and_o stink_a as_o before_o but_o be_v dissolve_v at_o the_o fire_n or_o thaw_v of_o its_o self_n the_o stink_a taste_n be_v go_v but_o the_o saltish_a continue_v the_o residue_n in_o the_o glass_n within_o four_o day_n the_o season_n continue_v and_o plate_n take_v off_o once_o in_o 24._o hour_n be_v freeze_v throughout_o but_o that_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n seem_v to_o have_v a_o much_o brisk_a taste_n than_o that_o at_o the_o top_n neither_o be_v it_o so_o firm_a and_o friable_a as_o that_o i_o try_v another_o beer_n glass_n with_o the_o same_o water_n which_o freeze_v most_o part_n of_o it_o but_o the_o season_n continue_v not_o so_o constant_o sharp_a so_o long_o together_o as_o in_o the_o former_a experiment_n and_o therefore_o i_o can_v conclude_v nothing_o therefrom_o but_o in_o small_a broad_a earthen-pan_n set_v in_o ice_n in_o 36._o hour_n the_o same_o water_n become_v ice_o throughout_o and_o with_o the_o addition_n of_o a_o parcel_n of_o ice_n or_o snow_n much_o soon_o some_o water_n be_v impregnate_v with_o as_o much_o bay-salt_n some_o with_o as_o much_o salt_n petre_n some_o with_o as_o much_o shall_v ammoniac_a as_o the_o water_n be_v capable_a to_o receive_v and_o neither_o of_o these_o do_v congeal_v with_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a continue_v six_o day_n together_o a_o solution_n of_o salt_n of_o tartar_n soon_o convert_v into_o ice_n but_o in_o much_o long_a time_n then_o common_a water_n i_o observe_v that_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v in_o a_o tube_n at_o the_o top_n bottom_n and_o side_n first_o leave_v the_o liquor_n in_o the_o middle_n unfrozen_a whereas_o other_o solution_n and_o liquor_n congeal_v uniform_o by_o descend_v or_o ascend_v or_o both_o at_o the_o same_o time_n from_o side_n to_o side_n through_o the_o middle_n of_o this_o i_o make_v but_o one_o trial._n salt_n peter_n require_v 28._o hour_n in_o a_o very_a cold_a season_n and_o in_o that_o time_n become_v in_o the_o open_a pan_n a_o most_o pure_a white_a ice_n perfect_o like_o sal_fw-la prunellae_fw-la which_o a_o apothecary_n mistake_v it_o for_o this_o ice_n throw_v into_o the_o fire_n after_o the_o aqueous_a humidity_n be_v evaporate_v do_v sparkle_v as_o that_o salt_n use_v to_o do_v a_o strong_a lixivium_n make_v hereof_o with_o a_o addition_n of_o copperas_n or_o alum_n single_o or_o mix_v set_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n or_o snow_n alone_o be_v freeze_v in_o one_o night_n sal_fw-la gem_n alone_o of_o all_o the_o salt_n though_o snow_n and_o ice_n be_v mix_v with_o it_o in_o great_a proportion_n and_o though_o the_o pan_n be_v set_v in_o salt_n and_o snow_n can_v not_o all_o that_o time_n be_v bring_v to_o congelation_n a_o odd_a experiment_n phlegm_n of_o vitriol_n do_v freeze_v soon_o than_o the_o solution_n before_o mention_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n begin_v congelation_n or_o coagulation_n rather_o near_o as_o soon_o as_o fair_a water_n a_o pretty_a large_a tube_n be_v fill_v ¾_n full_a with_o this_o oil_n and_o about_o ¼_n thereof_o be_v freeze_v the_o rest_n remain_v at_o the_o bottom_n uncongeal_v this_o tube_n be_v break_v in_o the_o presence_n and_o by_o the_o command_n of_o this_o honourable_a society_n the_o coagulate_v part_n whereof_o be_v taste_v by_o many_o then_o present_a and_o conclude_v by_o all_o those_o that_o it_o be_v a_o strong_a vitriolate_a taste_n this_o coagulate_v part_n be_v of_o a_o pale_a colour_n than_o the_o other_o and_o both_o these_o mix_v and_o pour_v into_o a_o vial-glass_n heat_v it_o so_o hot_a that_o none_o there_o can_v hold_v it_o this_o coagulate_v part_n keep_v so_o in_o the_o air_n a_o week_n after_o all_o my_o other_o liquor_n have_v be_v thaw_v and_o will_v in_o probability_n have_v continue_v so_o much_o long_o have_v not_o the_o
fall_n as_o the_o receive_a opinion_n of_o philosopher_n assert_n 10._o snow_n abound_v with_o fat_a this_o i_o understand_v not_o 11._o snow_n with_o ice_n swim_v on_o water_n this_o be_v a_o clear_a consequence_n from_o the_o seven_o assertion_n 12._o snow-water_n boil_v meat_n soon_o and_o make_v the_o flesh_n white_a i_o try_v this_o in_o flesh_n and_o fish_n but_o can_v find_v no_o manifest_a difference_n either_o to_o their_o soon_o boil_a or_o whiteness_n 13._o snow_n new_o fall_v have_v no_o taste_n but_o lie_v long_o on_o the_o ground_n or_o freeze_v somewhat_o bite_v the_o tongue_n my_o taste_n be_v not_o so_o acute_a as_o to_o distinguish_v the_o bite_n of_o one_o from_o the_o other_o it_o be_v true_a indeed_o that_o snow_n freeze_v do_v more_o affect_v the_o tongue_n with_o its_o coldness_n than_o snow_n alone_o 14._o worm_n be_v sometime_o find_v in_o snow_n this_o neither_o my_o own_o observation_n nor_o relation_n from_o other_o can_v make_v out_o 15._o from_o snow_n by_o a_o peculiar_a art_n a_o salt_n of_o wonderful_a strength_n be_v draw_v he_o say_v not_o this_o of_o his_o own_o observation_n nor_o teach_v the_o way_n to_o extract_v it_o 16._o after_o much_o snow_n plenty_n of_o nut_n this_o frequent_o suit_v with_o the_o countryman_n observation_n but_o many_o time_n fail_v such_o year_n also_o common_o produce_v plenty_n of_o wheat_n other_o season_n concur_v i_o shall_v here_o also_o insert_v two_o remark_n out_o of_o the_o same_o author_n concern_v freeze_a the_o one_o be_v that_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o tuscany_n distil_v spirit_n from_o wine_n only_o by_o put_v snow_n upon_o the_o alembick_a without_o help_n of_o fire_n the_o second_o that_o the_o duke_n of_o mantua_n have_v a_o powder_n which_o soon_o congeal_v water_n into_o ice_n even_o in_o the_o summer_n and_o to_o conclude_v take_v these_o general_a observation_n make_v by_o the_o command_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n with_o weather-glass_n frame_v after_o the_o italian_a mode_n and_o fill_v in_o part_n with_o tinged_a spirit_n of_o wine_n which_o i_o shall_v deliver_v brief_o and_o in_o gross_a and_o not_o each_o day_n alteration_n apart_o i_o take_v then_o two_o of_o the_o say_a glass_n of_o equal_a dimension_n as_o near_o as_o may_v be_v and_o fill_v they_o with_o the_o same_o spirit_n of_o wine_n one_o of_o they_o i_o place_v in_o my_o study-window_n stand_v northwest_n the_o other_o in_o mr._n pulleyns_n warehouse_n under_o st._n pauls-church_n and_o choose_v there_o a_o small_a recess_n or_o room_n which_o be_v most_o remote_a from_o the_o entrance_n and_o the_o warm_a in_o the_o whole_a warehouse_n both_o the_o glass_n be_v settle_v in_o their_o station_n the_o 15._o of_o october_n 1662._o the_o spirit_n in_o both_o have_v the_o altitude_n of_o three_o inch_n just_a when_o the_o glass_n in_o my_o study_n be_v depress_v by_o the_o cold_a a_o inch_n i_o go_v and_o observe_v that_o in_o the_o warehouse_n to_o have_v receive_v no_o manifest_a change_n in_o its_o station_n and_o at_o a_o second_o visit_v the_o spirit_n be_v depress_v ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n below_o when_o that_o aboveground_o be_v depress_v near_o two_o inch_n and_o during_o the_o long_a continuance_n of_o all_o that_o hard_a winter_n it_o never_o descend_v above_o ¾_n of_o a_o inch_n and_o never_o be_v high_a there_o than_o three_o inch_n and_o ¼_n in_o a_o mild_a season_n in_o april_n follow_v by_o which_o time_n the_o paper_n fix_v to_o the_o glass_n and_o whereon_o be_v fix_v the_o degree_n be_v quite_o rot_v and_o the_o character_n scarce_o legible_a and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o in_o my_o study_n be_v raise_v to_o four_o inch_n ¾_n by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o say_v warehouse_n be_v in_o the_o cold_a season_n as_o warm_v as_o in_o a_o mild_a march_n for_o at_o that_o station_n the_o glass_n in_o my_o study_n stand_v common_o betwixt_o two_o inch_n and_o 2._o and_o ½_o and_o so_o indeed_o this_o place_n appear_v to_o one_o that_o go_v into_o it_o at_o the_o cold_a season_n and_o to_o this_o purpose_n i_o several_a time_n send_v in_o at_o night_n my_o hard_a freeze_a liquor_n which_o be_v constant_o thaw_v in_o the_o morning_n though_o it_o freeze_v exceed_v hard_o above_o ground_n the_o glass_n in_o my_o study_n after_o two_o day_n hard_a freeze_a be_v sink_v below_o my_o mark_n into_o the_o very_a ball_n so_o that_o i_o can_v make_v no_o far_a observation_n concern_v the_o cold_a above_o ground_n from_o the_o former_a observation_n that_o popular_a error_n be_v manifest_o refute_v viz._n that_o cellar_n and_o subterraneous_a place_n be_v hot_a in_o the_o winter_n then_o in_o the_o summer_n which_o though_o they_o appear_v so_o to_o we_o because_o they_o warm_v we_o in_o the_o winter_n and_o cool_v we_o in_o the_o summer_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o so_o in_o themselves_o for_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o former_a experiment_n that_o in_o the_o cold_a season_n the_o spirit_n be_v depress_v to_o two_o inch_n and_o ¼_n and_o rise_v in_o april_n to_o 3_o ½_o and_o no_o doubt_n will_v have_v rise_v about_o ¾_n of_o a_o inch_n high_o have_v it_o continue_v there_o till_o the_o hot_a season_n of_o the_o year_n one_o thing_n more_o i_o observe_v viz._n that_o the_o tinged_a spirit_n of_o wine_n have_v in_o this_o subterraneous_a vault_n total_o lose_v its_o colour_n whereas_o that_o in_o my_o study_n two_o year_n after_o still_o retain_v its_o former_a tincture_n since_o the_o print_n of_o the_o forego_n paper_n viz._n 1664._o there_o be_v no_o frost_n in_o england_n 1663._o i_o make_v these_o follow_a experiment_n find_v the_o three_o of_o january_n the_o season_n dispose_v to_o freeze_a i_o expose_v a_o pint_n bottle_n of_o claret_n and_o a_o glasscane_a fill_v with_o canary_n a_o solution_n of_o sal_fw-la gem_n train-oyl_n and_o the_o oil_n of_o fructus_fw-la musae_fw-la and_o on_o the_o four_o of_o the_o same_o month_n the_o night_n be_v the_o cold_a and_o sharp_a that_o i_o ever_o feel_v which_o all_o i_o speak_v with_o the_o next_o day_n confirm_v the_o wind_n then_o blow_v hard_o at_o south-west_n i_o find_v in_o the_o morning_n all_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v except_o the_o shall_v gem_n expose_v in_o a_o earthen_a pan_n which_o show_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o dish_n some_o seem_o crystallize_v salt_v the_o oil_n of_o the_o say_a fruit_n become_v very_o friable_a and_o of_o a_o milky_a white_a colour_n but_o the_o train-oyl_n only_o lose_v its_o fluidity_n and_o become_v of_o the_o consistence_n of_o soft_a greese_v and_o the_o same_o night_n a_o bottle_n of_o the_o rhenish_a wine_n call_v backrag_v and_o another_o of_o lusty_a white-wine_n stand_v in_o a_o room_n a_o story_n high_a expose_v to_o the_o say_a wind_n have_v most_o of_o the_o wine_n freeze_v in_o they_o the_o ice_n whereof_o be_v take_v out_o taste_v somewhat_o weak_a than_o the_o wine_n itself_o all_o the_o same_o thing_n happen_v the_o six_o night_n of_o the_o same_o month_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o pint_n of_o claret_n and_o the_o sack_n in_o the_o tube_n be_v both_o freeze_a throughout_o these_o two_o night_n and_o after_o their_o double_a freeze_a and_o thaw_v they_o lose_v nothing_o of_o their_o spirit_n colour_n and_o taste_v nay_o the_o claret_n be_v a_o strong_a burgundy_n wine_n though_o it_o often_o suffer_v glaciation_n and_o thaw_v for_o three_o week_n together_o yet_o in_o all_o that_o time_n suffer_v no_o manifest_a alteration_n but_o appear_v the_o same_o to_o sense_n as_o when_o it_o be_v expose_v in_o colour_n taste_n and_o strength_n as_o to_o the_o concentration_n of_o colour_a liquor_n mr._n haak_n show_v i_o a_o oval_a glass_n have_v at_o one_o end_v a_o narrow_a cane_n above_o a_o inch_n long_o almost_o fill_v with_o water_n tinge_v with_o cochineel_n freeze_v throughout_o the_o ice_n round_o about_o towards_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n show_v whole_o colourless_a but_o that_o in_o the_o midst_n be_v of_o a_o exceed_o high_a dye_n but_o the_o ice_n that_o be_v raise_v to_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v light_o tinge_v with_o a_o scarlet_a hue_n hereupon_o have_v some_o flask_n by_o i_o i_o put_v into_o one_o a_o strong_a decoction_n of_o cochineel_n and_o into_o another_o a_o like_a decoction_n of_o soot_n which_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n and_o encompass_v in_o a_o vessel_n with_o snow_n and_o salt_n they_o do_v freeze_v to_o the_o thickness_n of_o a_o inch_n or_o more_o and_o the_o air_n than_o beginning_n to_o relax_v i_o break_v the_o flask_n and_o the_o desolved_a ice_n yield_v a_o water_n total_o colourless_a i_o make_v also_o a_o experiment_n with_o a_o very_a strong_a decoction_n of_o gentian_a root_n which_o be_v expose_v in_o a_o four_o ounce_n vial_n the_o ice_n thereof_o have_v