I saye that I am the fyrste that haue brought the Arte of Nauigation into a briefe compendiousnesse geuing infayleable principles and euident demonstrations describing the practise and speculation of the same geuing also true rules to Mariners and shewyng wayes to Pilottes by teachyng them the making and vse of Instrumentes to knowe and take the altitude of the Sunne to knowe the Tydes or ebbyng and flowing of the Sea how to order theyr Cardes and Compasses for Nauigations geuing them instructions of the course of the Sunne and motions of the Moone teachyng them furthermore the making of Dyalles both for the day and for the nyght so certayne that in all places they shall shewe the true houres without default and haue likewise declared the secret propertie of the Lode stone with the maner and cause of the Northeasting and Northwesting commonly called the variation of the compasse with also instruments thereunto belonging And that that which I shall say or doo be not accompted to be presumpteously done or spoken I acknowledge that whatsoeuer I haue well done or written it is from aboue by the helpe of the diuine grace and by the fauour and prosperous fortune of your Maiestie And thus shall they that now liue and likewise they that shall succeede vs see and perceiue how much more the world oweth and is behoulding to your Maiestie then were the auncient Egyptians to their Isis. She gaue them letters to reade but your Maiestie hath geuen rules and orders to sayle on the Seas The profite of Isis was onely for one Prouince But the commoditie that ensueth of your doings is vniuersall for all Prouinces and Nations and for all Seas aswell to go to places discouered as also to discouer Lands and Regions yet vnknowen If they of auncient time had reached that we haue obteyned the Indies had not now been to discouer neyther should it be esteemed a miracle vnto vs as at the tyme when Carthage florished that one Agnus went foorth from the Baye of Cadiz and sayled to the end of Arabie Neyther would Cornelius Nepos haue written it for so famous a thing that a certayne man flying from King Latinus came from the gulfe of Arabie Whereby it is manifest that aswell Nauigation as other Artes doth from day to day increase and by litle and litle is come to perfection For in those daies they had neyther compasse nor carde of sayling whereby to gouerne them selues They lacked the consideration of the Starres vntil the Phenitians found the knowledge thereof and were the fyrst thaâ— vnderstoode that to such as should trauayle by sea iâ— should be necessarie to lift vp their eyes to heauen and consider the motions thereof They that sayled to the Iland of Tabrobana whih in old time was called Antitono caryed for their voyages lyuing byrds And when they thought good let certayne of them flee â—nd by the flyght of their wingsâ— directed the hâ—lme and sayles of their Ships They sayled onely three monethes in the yeerâ— To them therefore it was necessarie to obserue 〈…〉 the tyme vntill they found it to sâ—rue with a forâ— wynde They kâ—ewâ—â—oâ— how 〈◊〉 hâ—lpâ— themselues with the bowe lyâ—e or syde winde neyther sawe they the North Starre or sought it or had aâ—y knowledge thereof Aâ—d I beleeue veryly that this was the cause of so long a voyage which the Shyppes of Solomon made saylyng to Tharsis aâ—d Ophir wherein they spent three yeâ—res although in deede that was no short voyage which they madâ—â— compassyng about â—â—dâ—a and maâ—y other Prouinces And whereas before I sayd that Nauigatâ—on by litle and litle came to perfection I fynd by auncient hystories that Tipho fyrst found the Gouernale or Rudder Dedalus the Maste and Shrowdes and Icarus the Sayles the Thirreni found the vse of the Aâ—ker of one graspe or stooke and Palaminus brought it to perfection adding the other And thus may it manifestly appeare that in these prosperous and fortunate dayes of your Maiestie it hath pleased God to bring the knowledge of Nauigation to perfection with this my breefe discourse as touching the same aswell profitable and necessarie for them that trauayle by land as by Sea What can be a better or more charitable deede then to bring them into the way that wander What can be more difficult then to guide a shyp engoulfed where only water and heauen maybe seene One of the foure most difficult things whereof Solomon maketh mention in his Prouerbes is the voyage of a Shyp by the Sea The which Galfrede expounding sayth that in humane things none is more fearefull or more daungerous then to aduenture life in a thinne and weake peece of wood or for a man to commâ—t himselfe to the rage of furious windes among the tempestes of the Sea and there to hazard that be loueth so well O how much more should the same seeme difficult to Solomon if at these dayes he should see that fewe or none of the Pilottes can scarsely reade and are scarsely of capacitie to learne And whereas in the fyrst Chapter of this Booke I haue made mention that the gouernall or sterage ought to be comâ—itted to expert men and of good vnderstanding he should see that now adayes the ignoraâ—â—t presume to gouerne other which were neuer able to rule or gouerne themselues I most humbly desire your Maiestie to receiue in good part this my poore seruice which although it be litle yet being dedâ—cate vnto thâ— greatnesse of your regall person it shall be much more theâ— great The profite aâ—d commoditie thereof 〈◊〉 notorious and the bâ—nefite that thereby may be receyued is vniuersall If therefore when your Maiestie shall finde your selfe released from greater affaires it may please you to feede your eyes with these my trauailes you shall fynde therein many new delectable and witty things with also many profitable and certayne rules both to reade and vnderstand To conclude I eftsoones make humble petitions to your Emperiall Maiestie not so much to consider what I wryte as to respect the intent of my wrytyng and not the gift but the affection and good will that remayneth in mee to serue your Maiestie The firste parte of this woorke which entreateth of the composition of the world and of the vniuersall principles for the Arte of Nauigation ¶ The fyrst Chapter of the generall distinction of Creatures THE infinite GOD the beginning and cause of the whole vniuersall world created three orders of creatures differing in kinde that is to say Corporall as the Elements Spirituall as Angelles and compounded of these two as Man The corporall nature is diuided into bright and shining bodyes as the Starres or into darke and thicke bodyes as Earth and Meâ—â—alles either into Dâ—aphane or transparent bodyes as Ayre and Water Of these creatures as sayth Saint Gregorie some haue 〈◊〉 beeing as Sâ—ones some lyue as Trees and other haue
sense as Beastes other vnderstanding as Man who in holy Scripture is called all Creatures according to the sayiâ—g of Christ to his Disciples where he sayth Goe and preache the Gospell to all Creatures And therefore not without good cause was Man called of the Greeke Philosophers Microcosmos that is the lesse World In the which we contemplate things of no lesse admiration then in the great World The similitude betweene them both is that euen as the great world and the whole Globe or Sphere thereof is mooued by the voluntarie motion of an intellectiue substaunce or an Angell euen so is this For as Aristotle wryteth What so euer is mooued is mooued by vertue of an other As Man is mooued by the internall or inward fourme that is within him that is to say by the intellectiue soule that is proper vnto him In lyke maner in the great worlde are found dyuers mooueable thyngs All which are reduced to one immoueable moouer So in man are found many thyngs mooued by diuers motions which are all referred to his intellectiue soule The great worlde conteyneth the creatures within it selfe and consequently is all really as hauing nothing without it Euen so man by knowledge is all and knoweth all things and nothing naturally is â—id from him or vnknowen to him Agayne in this lesse humane world are two motions Intellectiue and Sensuâ—â—◠〈…〉 the great world hath two locall motâ—ons the one wherewith the fyrst mooueable is mooued and draweth with it all the other Spheres from the East to the West and is called Rationall moouing The second is the moouing of the other Spheres from the Weast into the East and is called Irrationall moouing But now leauing to speake of the lesse world we will proceede to speake further of the great ¶ The seconde Chapter of the definition of the worlde THE world as sayth Isodorus is Heauen and Earth and the other woorks of God that are conteyned therein It is compounded of things visible and yet vnsearchable Moses and Saint Iohn the Euangelist witnesse that it was made by God The Philosophers called it Mâ—ndus a mouendo because it is in continuall moouing and neuer in rest The Greekes called it Cosmos which signifieth Fayre or Beautifull and so named it because of the marueilous ornament thereof and diuersitie of Elements with the resplendence or shining of the Sunne Moone and Starres And doubtlesse nothing may be seene with the corporall eyes of man more beautâ—full then it is In so much that the diuine Philosopher Plato affyrmed that eyes were geuen to men to beholde the beautie thereof and to take pleasure in the contemplation of the heauenly bodyes and roundnesse of the world which also for the roundnesse thereof is called Spheriâ—all because that Sphera in the Greeke tongue signifieth a round body The thyrd Chapter of the definition of the Sphere THeodosius sayth that the Sphere is a whole and corporall figure vnder one superficial in the middest whereof is a poynt or pricke from the which all right lines drawne directly to the circumference are equall This poyut or pricke is called the center of the Sphere according to Euclide it is the passage of the circumference of hâ—lfe a circle which is turned round about his Diameter that is fixed vntill it returne to his owne proper place againe as where it was at the fyrst By the center of the Sphere passeth a right lyne and thextremities or endes thereof touch in the circumference And this lyne imagined is called the Axis or Exeltree of the Sphere and the endes thereof are called the Pales Uppon this Axis is the Sphere of the world mooued The fourth Chapter of the diuision of the world IT is to be presupposed that there is â— difference betweene Element and Elementate and the fyfte being calâ—ed Quinta Essentia The Quint essence or fyfte substance is a body of it selfe differing from all Elements and things Elemental aswell in matter as in fourme and no lesse in nature and vertue and hauing in it selfe no contrarietie is certaynly without corruption And hereof comâ—eth it that the Philosophers called the heauens and heauenly bodyes the fyfth substaunce or fyfth essence by reason of the incoâ—ruptibilitie thereof Element is that whereof any thing is coâ—â—ounded It is the fyrst of compositions and of it selfâ— is not compounded Wâ—ereby it foloweth that neyther the earth the ayre the water nor the fyre that are neare vnto vs or about â—s are pure and simple Elements For these Elements do sometimes mingle themselues one with another and especially where they are neare togeather and touche one another Of these elements euery part is named by the name of the whole As euery part of fyre is called fyre and euery part of earth is called earth and so of the other They are called simple bodyes in respecte of other compound and mixt bodyes They are diuisible into partes of diuers fourmes and of the commixtion of them are made and engendred diuers things of sundry kyndes These foure that is to meane Earth Ayre Water and Fyre although they are named simple but in respecte as aforesayde yet are they the Elements that is to say beginnings and principles of all other compoundes and mixtes A pure Element can not be seene forasmuch as that that is pure lacketh colour and that that hath no colour is not visible The Elements as sayth Isodorus were diuided by the hand of God The imperiall Heauen was replenished with Angelles the ayre with byrdes the sea with fyshes and the land with men and other beastes Elementate is euery body compounded of the foure Elements Not that they are Elements formally but vertually in myxt bodies This knowen we wyll shewe how the world is diuided into two regions Celestiall and Elementall The region Elementall which is continually subiect to alterations is diuided into foure Elements which are Earth Water Ayre and Fyre These Elâ—ments the Greekes call Yctogia for the communion and concord that they haue beâ—weene themselues The heauenly or etheriall region called Quinta Essentia compasseth and conteineth the Elementall worlde within it The fyfth Chapter of the number order and propertie of the Elements and Heauens THE Earth after the Philosopher is a pricke or poynt in the middest called the center to the which they assigne the lowest place Next vnto the earth and about it the Water occupyeth the second place and the Ayre the thyrd The Fyre is higher then any of the other elements And it is to vnderstand that the water hath two superficials One which is called concaue or halowâ— the other conuex or embowing You may compare the inward part of the concaue to a dyshe or a bolle whose outward part is called conuex As touching the concaue the water compasseth about the earth leauing discouered that part that serueth for the
respiration and life of men and other beastes As concerning which samâ— thinke that the Ocean Sea is higher then the earth and aske the question why the Sâ—a couereth not the whole earth and why the earth is not sunke in the water To this it may be a sufficient aunsweare that it hath so pleased the wyll of Gâ—d according to the saying of the prophet Dâ—uid Terminum posuisti quem non transgredietur neque conuertetâ—r operirâ— terram That is Thou hast appoynted limits which it shall not passe neyther shall it returne to couer the earth Besyde the wyll of God which is the cheefe and sufficient cause thereof we say that nature fayleth not in her necessaries For she sometime admitteth a litle inconuenience to auoyde a greater euill as when heauie things which natuâ—ally should descend doo not only not descende but rise vp And aâ— also soâ—â—time it chaunceth that fyre descendeth and wâ—ter aryseth to fyll the voyd or emptie places least any where should be fouâ—d voyd or emptie which nature so greatly abhoâ—reth Tâ— this puâ—pose nature foreseeing the kindes of many things that could not elsewhere liue then on the earth neither bee conserued wâ—thin the water as men and other earthly beasts determâ—â—ed before to mâ—ke the earth not perfectly round contrary to the nature thereof whereof it foloweth that it is not altogeather couered of the water And as sayth Origen the earth remayneth discouered of water that it might bring foorth fruites trees and plantes As touching the conuex aforesayde the water and earth discouered are conteyned vnder the concauitie of the ayre which is diuided into three Regions as the lowest hyghest and middlemost The lowest is hote by reason of the reflection or rebounding of the beames of the Sunne stryken backe by the earth The highest also is hote by participation of the fyre and nearenesse thereunto The myddle region is colde as is manifest by the snowe and hayle engendred in the same The ayre neare vnto the region of the fyre which is pure heate doth neither burne nor lighten because it hath no combustible matter and so hath it power and not acte It is neare vnto and reacheth the circle of the Moone which compasseth it about The heauen or circle of the Moone is next vnto the heauen of Mercuri and Mercuri vnto Venus Venus vnto the Sunne the Sunne to Mars Mars to Iupiter Iupiter to Saturne which is next and reacheth vnto the heauen of the Starres called the Firmament because that in it are all the Starres except the Planets firme and fyxt as a knot in a table The knowledge of the Planets was had by seuen sundry motions they haue among themselues and by their course not vnifourme to that of the Starres of the eyght heauen because that sometimes the Planets appeare vnto vs ioyned togeather and sometimes diuided The Christaline heauen compasseth about or conteyneth within it the heauen of Starres This Christaline heauen is transparent and pâ—rspicuous as cleare water or glasse that may be seene through by reason of the cleerenesse and pure substaunce thereof It is by an other name called the heauen of water whereof holy Scripture speaketh saying Aquae quae supra caelos sunt laudent nomen Domini That is to say Let the waters that are aboue the heauens prayse the name of the Lord. It was created for the conseruation of corporall things and to temper the heate engendred of the moouing of the fyrst moueable which being so great of body that it not onely compasseth all the Elements but also all the inferior heauens is mooued so swiftly that it dayly perfectly mooueth all the aforesaid Spheres And least by reason of the great heate thereof caused by his swyft motion it should consume inferior things God ordeyned this Christaline heauen that the coldnesse thereof might temper the extreame heaâ—e of the other This Christaline heauen reacheth vnto the fiâ—st moueable heauen called Primum mobile Aâ—d this reacheth to the Emperiall heauen which is the twelfth called Emperium by reason of his cleerenesse and respleâ—â—â—â—â—â— Tâ—â—â— is 〈…〉 aâ—â— is moâ—t pâ—â—fect The Philosophers had no knoâ—ledge heereof Bâ—â— we beleeue by holy Scripture that such a heauâ—n there is and the same to be the habitation of Aâ—gelles and Spirituall creatures It is also called Coelum Coelorum that is The heauen of heauens because it conteyneth and includeth within it all the other heauens It is of greater cleerenesse then all the other heauens and was created immediatly with the Angelles In this also remayneth the humanitie of Iesus Christ our GOD and in dignitie aboue it It conteyneth three holy orders or principalities called Hierarchias Wâ—ereof the fyrst is called Supercelestâ—all and hath in it alâ—o three orders Seraphims Câ—eruâ—ims anâ— Thrones The second is called Celestiall and conteyneth Dâ—minations Principates and Potestates The third called Subcelestiall conteineth Uirtutes Archangells and Angelles And to coâ—clude it hath aboundance of all goodnesse and perfect felicitie with priuation or want of all euill The heauen also geueth influence of constancie stedfastnesse and durabilitie to things agaâ—nst the fluxabilitie and inconstancie of the other heauens the order whereof doth appeare in the demonstration followyng The vi Chapter of the immutabilitie or immobilitie of the Earth THE Pythagorians and other auncient naturall Philosophers as sayth Aristotle were of opinion that the earth did mooue yet not by a ryght foorth motion but circulerly about the middest of one place The which errour both Aristotle himselfe and the Astronomers doâ— confute and reprooue by euident causes and manifest demonstrations For circuler motion is proper to the heauens And as the earth differeth from them in nature so likewise in moouing And although it be so that the earth may naturally mooue by certayne of his partes yet to mooue in the whole and without the circuite of his Sphere it is impossible being founded and established vppon his owne center the which of it selfe is naturally immooueable for as much as in it the reason of all heauynes consisteth Whereas otherwise euery part that is mooued should ascend contrary to the nature of all heauie things Bâ—t there is found nothing heauie that doth not naturally enclyne directly to the center of the earth and would actually descend thyther if it had no impediment of some other thing to resist it and when it toucheth there or is come thyther would still rest and remayne there And heereby it foloweth that the earth being founded vppon his owne center is not mooued The wâ—ich thing the Prophet Dauid also affyrmeth saying Fundasti terram super stabilitatem suam that is Thou foundedst the earth vppon his stabilitie The vij Chapter of the roundnesse of the Earth and Water THAT the Earth is rounde it appeareth by manifest euidence For if it were playne or flatte the dawning of
of December And heere wyll I not omit to say how in those times at these foure dayes that is to meane in the two Solstitialles and two Equinoctialles were celebrated or dyd chaunce foure marueylous thynges in the worlde For in the spring Equinoctiall which was at the xxv of March the Sonne of GOD was incaâ—nate and afterwarde borne of the Uirgin Marie in the Solstitiall of Wynter whyche was at the xxv of December In the Equinoctiall of Autumne whiche was the xxvii of September was conceyued blessed Iohn Baptist the cryer and precursour of Christ and was borne in the sommer Solsticiall that was the xxiiii of Iune And this is the syxth Moneth whereof Saint Luke speaketh in the Gospell Whiche thyng also Iohn Chrysostome doth veryfie saying that S. Iohn was borne when the dayes beganne to decrease and our Lorde when they began to increase And it may certaynely seeme woorthie to be had in memorie that in the sayde Equinoctiall of the spring Christ suffered Adam was created and loste the estate of innocencye Abel was slayne Melchisedech offered bread and wyne Isahac by Abraham was brought to be sacrificed Iohn Baptist was beheaded at Macherunta Peter delyuered out of pryson Saint Iames beheaded by Herode the good Theefe enioyed Paradise and the bodyes of many Saintes rose wyth Chryste And who so further desyreth more precisely to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into Aries and into the other principall signes shall in the thyrde parte of thys woorke in the eyght Chapter fynde rules whiche shall bryng hym to the knowledge thereof Bâ—t â—o returne to our tyme I say that thys present yeere of 1545. the Sunne entreth into the fyrste degree of Aries at the tenth of Marche at foure of the clocke at after noone and into the fyrst degree of Taurus the nynth of Apryll 2. houres and 7. minutes and into Gemini the 11. of May 2. houres and syxe minutes into Cancer the 11. of Iune 14. houres 44. minutes into Leo the 13. of Iuly 3. houres 50. minutes into Virgo the 13. of August 9. houres 56. minutes into Libra the 13. of September 4. houres 4. miuutes into Scorpio the 13. of October 7. houres 13. minutes into Sagittarie the 12. of Nouember iust at noone into Capricorne the 11. of December 8. houres 16. minutes into Aquarius the 9. of Ianuarie 2. houres one minute into Pisces the 8. of Februarie 1. houre 30. minutes after midday that is to say from noone 1. houre 30. minutes And that we may in the yeeres to come knowe the day houre and minute in the whiche the Sunne entreth into euery signe we will followe this order Upon the dayes houres and minutes that the Sunne entreth into euery signe thys sayde yeere 1545. we must adde for euery yeere fyue houres and 49. minutes which with the 365. dayes which euery yeere conteyneth shal be the tyme in the whiche the Sunne accomplysheth his Reuolution And because that in the yeere of the Bisextile or Leape yeere is added to Februarie one day more to his 28. which he hath once in foure yeeres from 6. to 6. houres yf we shall take from the computation that whyche we haue geuen hym turning one day backward as shal be in the yeere 1548. and vppon that that remayneth shall returne in the yeere folowyng of 1549. to adde fyue hoâ—res 49. minutes and as much more euery other yeere folowing shal be a certayne rule for euer And it is to note that the degrees and minutes which wee haue touched before are properly for the Citie of Cadiz And yf we desyre to applye them for other Cities or places more Eastwarde then for euery xv degrees that they are distaunt from Cadiz in longitude we must adde one houre And yf for Cities or places more Wâ—stwardâ— in lyke maner for euery xv degrees we must take away one houre by reason of the course of the Sun by his rapte moouing from the East to the West For it is certayne that when with vs in Cadiz it is xii houres of the clocke tâ— them that are xv degrees Eastward from vs it is one of the clock and to them that are from vs xv degrees toward the West it is xi of the clocke Nowe that we haue Rules to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into the xii signes thereby may we also knowe his entraunce into the foure Câ—â—dinall or principall signes whiche are they that determine and ende the Equinoctialles and Solstitialles whereby are caused the foure tymes of the yeere And forasmuch as the generall chaunge of tymes is by reason of the Sunne who by his comming neare warmeth by hys remayning dryeth with his departure cooleth and by his long tarying away causeth maystnesse we will shew the qualities of the principall windes elements regions humours and ages in one briefe Table and then consequently in an other will we describe the beginning middest and ende of the foure times of the yeere aswell in the monethes as in the heauenly signes The Table of the qualities of the Elementes Qualities Hot dry Hot moyst Cold moyst Cold dry Partes of the yere Sommer Spryng Winter Autumne Principall windes East South West North. Elements Fyre Ayre Water Earth Regions East South West North. 4. Humours Choler Blood Flegme Melancholy 4. Ages Youth Mans state Aged Age. The Table of the foure tymes of the yeere Tymes Beginning Myddest Ende Spryng Marche Aries Apryl Taurus May. Gemini Somâ—er Iune Cancer Iuly Leo. August Virgo Autumne Septemâ— Libra Octob. Scorpio Nouemb. Sagit Wynter Decemb. Capricor Ianua Aquar Februa Pisces The v. Chapter of the Moone and of her motions and properties IN the Chapters past of this seconde parte wee haue entreated of the Sunne and of his motions and effects as the most noble and principall luminarie In this present Chapter we wyll entreate of the Moone which is the second luminarie although in the order of the heauens she is the first and nearest vnto vs of all other Planets or Starres The Mâ—one therefore is a round body of heauenly substaunce solide and darke in respecte of the Sunne hauing no proper light of his owne but is apt to receyue light She is mooued from the West into the East according to the order of the signes euery day 13. degrees litle more or lesse and somewhat more then 10. minutes by the proper motion of the heauen or sphere vpon the Ares and Poles of the Zodiaâ—ke I sayd more or lesse because that ouer and beside the moouing of her deferent or circle which is moued euery day the aforesayd 13. degrees and 10. minutes almost 11. she hath an Eclipse where the Moone is fixed at the motion whereof sometimes she is moued more swâ—ftly and sometimes more slowly Neuerthelesse according to her selfe motion she maketh her course in 27. dayes and almost 8. houres and hauing no light of her owne she is lyghtened of the Sunne as manifestly appeareth
fyfth part of an houre before the full sea as also when it decreaseth which shal be the halfe ebbe threé houres and halfe the fyfth of one houre after the full sea ¶ The Table foloweth This increasing and decreasing of the Tydes is not euer in equall quantitie In the coniunctions and oppositions they increase and decrease much which the Mariners cal hygh spring tydes and the greatest increase of al they cal the hygh springes In the quarters of the Moone which are at the 7. and 22. of the Moone or neére there about they increase and decrease but litle which the Mariners cal nepe tydes low water dead waters or lowe flooddes The xix Chapter of certayne signes which prognosticate tempestes or fayre weather A Good Pilot or Mariner ought not to be ignorant of certayne signes or tokens which the naturall Philosophers describe of tempests For as they signifie vnto him so shall he leaue his porte or enter into it which yf he can not then ought he with patience and hope to tary the tyme that God hath appoynted for hym who mooueth and troubleth the Seas when it pleaseth hym and appeaseth them agayne at his pleasure Lesse hurteth and damageth the stroke whiche we seé comming or foreseé then that which hath stricked vs and taken vs carelesse When the Sunne ryseth fayre and cleare it signifyeth a fayre day but yf it shewe yealowe or deadly tempest is lyke to folowe Agayne yf at the rysing of the Sunne his beames shewe them selues contract or geathered togeather and short you shal haue rayne if the mistes or cloudes make a circle about the Sunne or Moone how much the greater that circle shal be so much greater shal be the tempest to come and yf â—here shal be two circles the tempest shall increase the more And yf it chaunce that at the rysyng of the Sunne the cloudes be turned â—edde it is a signe of no small tempest When the Sunne or the Moone shall haue a circle looke towarde the part where it breaketh and from thence shall wynde come yf it depart or dispearse equally fayre weather shall follow When the Moone ryseth bryght and by the whyche they passe We seé that in some oâ—e region it rayneth with one wynde and the selfe same wynde in other places disperseth the cloudes The Nâ—rthwest wynde is drye in Spayne yet in Lybia it is very moyst and rayny The South wynde in Europe causeth rayne in most places and therefore the Poets named it the wynde of waters and this wind in Palestina or Iurie is drie The cause of this diuersitie is that when the wynde bloweth in Palestina it passeth by hot and drye regions as by the desarts of Affrike and passeth not by any sea at al. But when it bloweth in these partes of Europe it must of necessâ—tie passe by and ouer the waters of the sea Mediterraneum or the Leuant sea where it gathereth moysture and causeth rayne The Leuant or East wynde in Malaga and Gibralter is moyste and in Sheres De la Frontera is hot as Hell The xx Chapter of the bright and shynyng exhalations that appeare in the tempestes which the Mariners call Santelmo or Corpus sancti IGnorance is the mother of errours and therefore will I not omitte to shewe the naturall cause héereof although among certayne simple and ignoraunt people it is accounted for a myracle that in certayne tempestes on the Sea the Maryners seé certayne shynyng and bright fyres which with great superstition they kneéle downe vnto and pray vnto affyrming that it is Santelmo that appeareth vnto them and not contented héerewith some sweare that they haue seénâ— drops of gréene wâ—xe fall downe Other affyrme that this waxe is of such heate that if it fall from the top of the Ship it doth melt the rosen and pitch of the hatches of the Ship with such other foolish imaginations and therefore it shall be good briefly to speake héereof to stop the mouthes of such fond and ignorant persons The exhalations or vapoures of the grosse â—umes or smokes that ryse from the eaâ—th are constrayned or geathered togeather by the coldnesse of the nyght and the ayre and are thickned in the fyrst region of the ayre next vnto the earth This may and is wont to be inflamed or kindled and yf it finde a body whereunto it may cleaue it abydeth in that vntyll it be consumed This fyre is cleare and shyneth and yet burneth not The Greékes call it Polyduces and the Latines call it Castor and Pollux It is accustomed to appeare vpon the shrowdes and oftentymes is séene vpon the pykes of souldyers in the armies of men of warre as Plinie wryteth and this aswell by reason of continuall smoke as also by the heate of muche people Certayne it is that smoke is none other thyng then fyre dispearsed as flame is an exhalation or euaporation that ryseth in maner of smoke from a grosse or fat body and at the tyme that it ryseth being geathered togeather is constrayned into flame inuestured with fyre This resplendence or shyâ—yng is also often tymes seéne not onely in iourneying by lande but also in sayling by ryuers and when it appeareth on the lande it ryseth of the smoke that is geathered togeather with the colde ayre of the nyght and on the bankes of ryuers this smoke is geathered of the exhalations of the water and consequently beyng kyndeled appeareth bryght and shynyng But nowe let vs come to the Shyps that sayle by the Sea and to the Mariners â—hat are accustomed to tempestes To them thereâ—ore I saye that that lyght or suche other lyghtes as they seé is engendred of the fumes and smokes of theyr Shyp with the heate of men couched close and neare togeather in a narrowe place and when a tempest ryseth the sayde smoke is thickned prest togeather and beaten downe by the wyndes in suche sorte that beyng tossed from one syde to another it is set on fyre by moouing and taketh holde sometyme on the shroudes and sometymes on the toppe and sometyme also in the poupe or in the foreshyppe So that to seé this lyght or the same to appeare is a naturall thyng and not supernaturall When Captayne Bâ—zerra was at Corron in the Emperours Nauie with his company of Souldyers he chaunced to be in a tempest and sawe the sayde fyre of Santelmo which shortly after descended so lowe that the Captayne might easily come to it and taking it in his cloke he found it to be a litle drop of water Some haue thought it to be a certayne shyning Flie called Taros whiche the sea men some time see in a calme in the Sommer season and thus Santelmo appeared no more The Captayne remayned astonished at the mockerie and the other perceyued it to be no miracle The opinion of the Maryners that affirmed it to be Santelmo may ryse of Sainct Erasmo Byshop of Naples who as they say not only in his life tyme
ryght lyne from one poynt to another so that this be a lyne of 47. Degreés and as muâ—◠〈◊〉 at â—â—e other end of the sayde Equinoctiall Upon euery one of these right lines you shall make a haâ—â—e â—ircle and â—euide â—uâ—ry of them into syxe equall partes whiche may aunsweâ—re to sixâ— signes and euery signe into threâ— partes which may 〈◊〉 to the tenthes or tenth partâ—â—f dâ—gâ—â—és and if the 〈◊〉 be great you shall deuide euâ—ry signe into fiâ—â— or 〈◊〉 parâ—es so that you may make it perfect and precise This 〈◊〉 from the points or prickes of the one halfe circle to the pointes of the other draw certaine lynes whiche shal be equidiâ—â—nâ— to the Equinoctiall In the endes of these lynes betweéâ—e the lesse circle and the edge of the rundell drawe also certayne lynes whiche may reache vnto the beginninges and endes of the signes and in the â—oppe of the endes or ouer the endes of these lynes make an Arke so farre distaunt from the lesse circle as is the thicknesse of the edge of a peéce of foure ryals of plate And in the space that is left graduate the signes from tenne to tenne or as the diuision shal be The space that remayneth from thence to the edge of the rundel you shal deuide by the halfe and in it shal be made twelue spaces where you shall set the signes with their names or caractes orderly so that Aries be next vnto the Equinoctiall then Taurus towarde the part of the Index then Gemini and turning towarde the Equinoctiall Cancer Leo Uirgo Likewise on the other parte of the Equinoctiall Libra Scorpio Sagittarius And turnyng to the Equinoctiall Capricornus Aquarius Pisces And thus hauing signed the Zodiacke you shall also signe or marke the houres in manner as followeth Deuide the lesse circle of this rundel into foure equal parts so that euery quarter may haue sixe partes Reduce this diuision to the Diameter putting the ruler vpon the poynts equally distant from the Horizon And where it toucheth the Equinoctial make pricks or poynts so that the Equinoctial remayne deuided into twelue partes Then vpon one of the Tropykes giue a circle which may haue the same Tropike for his Diameter Deuide this circle into 24. equall partsâ— reduce these diuisions to the Tropike as is done in the Equinoctial from one Tropike to another then the Equinoctial and the Tropikes being thus deuided with this pricks or poynts you shall passe with a payre of compasses by euery poynt equally ordered from the Horizon to the one and the other part and these shal be called houres wryting in the ends of them theyr numbers beginning the one part in one and ending it in twelue On the other part begin the one in thopposite part and end in twelue This done these rundels shal be brought to their perfection Moreouer you shal make a triangle with a right angle hauing two equal sides that may make the right angle Euery of these sides must be as long as is the Semidiameter of the greatest rundel also vpon and about the ryght angle you shall make a litle circle whiche shall haue the same angle for his center on the one side of this tryangle set two raysed plates as in the Astrolabie on the contrary side of these raysed plates must be a hole so farre distant from the ceâ—ter or angle as is the Semidiameter of the circle of the lesse rundel In this hole you must put a threéd hanging thereat a little wayght or plommet only sufficient to hold the threéd straight so that it cause nothing of the rundels to turne or the instrument to decline Furthermore in a circle as bigge as the lesse of the lesse rundel you shal deuide into 32. parts the eyght wyndes and halfe wyndes and quarters of winds And being thus redused to their Diameters as is done in the Equinoctial you shal translate them in the sides of the triangle in the which by the center of his little circle and by the center of the rundels all the three peéces must be made fast with an axes or a nayle so that they may be turned about close and very iuste Then put a ring in the handle of the instrument wherby it may hang as in the Astrolabie and so shall the Instrument be â—ynished and brought to perfection This is the trace or draught of the Instrument To knowe at what hourâ— the Sunne ryseth and falleth by the Instrument folowyng you shall put the Pole of the lesse rundel which is the index to the left hand in the greatest rundell in so many degrees aboue the Horizon in how many degrees the Pole is raysed in that lande or place Then put the tryangle which is the Horizon in his place that is to say yf the Sunne shal be in the North signes put it to the left hand and if it shal be in the South signes to the ryght hand and then the triangle shal cut the paralel where the Sunne goeth in .10 or .20 or .30 degreés or proportionally where it is and there shall you see in the sydes of the Zodiacke the houres when the Sunne ryseth and falleth And lykewyse at what wind the Sunne ryseéth and falleth to vs you shall seé in the wynds of the tryangle To know by the eleuation of the Sunne the houre that is put the Pole or Index so farre distant from the Zenith or handle of the Instrument as it is in that place or paralel aboue the Horizon then turne the triangle towarde the Sunne vntill the beames thereof enter in at the raysed plates and then the threéd with the plomet shall cut the paralell of the Sunne by the houre that shal be and consequently the triangle shal be distant from the Zenith the degreés that the Sunne shall be raysed that houre about the Horizon This is the Demonstration FINIS ¶ Heere beginneth the Table of this Booke The contentes of the Chapters of the first part THe generall distinction of Creatures Folio iiii The definition of the World Fol. v. The definition of the Sphere Fol. eodem The diuision of the World Fol. eodem The number order and propertie of the Elementes and Heauens Fol. vi The immutabilitie or immobilitie of the Earth Fol. viii The roundnes of the Earth and Water Fol. viii The motion of the Heauens and Elements Fol. x. The diuision of the Sphere into formall partes Fol. eod The Equinoctiall circle Fol. xii The Zodiacke Fol. eodem The circle called Coluri Fol. xiii The Meridian circle Fol. xiiii The Horizontall circle Fol. eod The foure lesse circles Fol. xv The fiue Zones Fol. xvi The Longitude and Laâ—itude And of the proportion which the lesse circles haue to the great circle Fol. xviii The circuite or compasse of the earth and water according to the opinions of the auncient later auctours Fol. xix The vii Climates Fol. eod Certayne principles of this science Fol. xxi The Contentes
of the second part THe course of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxii The true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxiii The declination of the Sunne Fol. xxv The entraunce of the Sunne in the xii signes and of the Equinoctials and Solstitials which deuide the foure times of the yeere Fol. xxvii Of the Moone and her motions and properties Fol. xxix The coniunctions and oppositions of the Sunne and the Moone Fol. xxx The declaration and vse of an instrument by the which is found the place and declination of the Sunne with the dayes and place of the Moone Fol. xxxi The Eclipses of the Moone and the Sunne Fol. xxxiii Of tyme and the definition thereof Fol. xxxv Of the yeere and the diuers beginnings and reckonings or computations had thereof in olde tyme. Fol. xxxvi Of the moneth and of his differences Fol. xxxvii Of the weeke Fol. xxxix Of the day and night Fol. eod Of houres Fol. xl The making vse of an vniuersall Dyal for the day Fol. xli Of certain perticuler Dials Mural Horizontal Fol. xliii The composition and vse of an instrument for the houres of the night Fol. xlv The time of the tides or rising falling of the sea Fol. xlviii Of certayne signes which prognosticate tempests or fayre weather Fol. l. Of the bright shining exhalations that appere in teÌ„pests which the Mariners call Santelmo or Corpus sancti Fol. li. The Contentes of the third part THe number order and names of the windes Fol. liiii The composition of Cardes for the Sea Fol. lvi The vertue and propertie of the Lodestone called in Latin Magnes and in Spanish Piedrayman Fol. lxii The making of the Mariners coÌ„passe for Nauiga Fol. lxiii The effect and propertie that the compasse hath to Northeasting or Northwesting whereby is knowen the variation of the compasse Fol. lxiiii The introductioÌ„ principles of the art of Nauiga Fol. lxvii The making and vse of the Astrolabie with the which the Maâ—iners take the altitudes of the Sunne Fol. lxviii The definition of the altitudes anâ— how the altitudes of the Pole may well be knowen by the Meridian altitude and deâ—lination of the Sunne Fol. lxxi The making of the crosse staffe wherwith the Mariners take the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxii How the altitude of the Pole is knowen by the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxiii The composition vse of an InstrumeÌ„t by the which without obseruing the South Sunne or midday is knowen the altitude of the Pole and the houre that is Fol. lxxv Of the leagues that are run for a degree according vnto diuers courses Fol. lxxviii Howe to set or make a pricke in the carde of Nauigation Fol. lxxx Of the making and vse of an Instrument generall to knowe the houres and quantities of the day and what wind the Sunne ryseth and falleth Fol. eod FINIS Imprinted at London by Abell Ieffes for Richard VVatkins and are to be sould at his shop Cum Priuilegio The fyrst inuentours of Artes. Isis. Ceres The Cicilians Saturne gaue Lawes to the Latines Tillage of the ground The gâ—lden worlâ—e and â—aigne of Saâ—urnâ— The woortâ—y factes of Charles the fyâ—th Sicilia Spaynâ— reformed The triumphs and victoâ—ies of Charles the fyâ—th Mules horses and horsemen Bellerophoâ— Wearing of weapons and armour Frauncis the French king taken prisoner The Christian faith â—nlarged The sumptuous buyldings and riches of Spayne The Indies nauies of gold and syluer New landes and Ilandes discouered Peâ—u The straights of Magaâ—â—anes Rio de la Plata The fortunate Ilande or Canaries Religion in the Indies The Spaniardes haue euer trauailed into fâ—r countries The antiquiâ—iâ— of Nauigation Argonanti Colchos The Arte of Nauigation Things parteyning to nauigation The lodâ—stone falsly called in English Adamant is in Latine called Magnes Charles the 5. greater then the hâ—roes of olde â—yme Vniuersall bâ—nefites Comparison with the antiques Plinie Nauigationâ— of oldâ— timâ— The perfections of artes at this day The rudenessâ— of the antiquieâ— Augâ—rium The North Starre The voyage of Solomon to Tharsis and Ophir The first inuentours of â—â—â—igation Commodities difficulties of nauigaâ—iâ—â— The ignoâ—â—nce of Pilotâ— The goueâ—â—â—â—â— Three differences of creatures Corporall â—â—â—â—tures Man is called all creaturesâ— and the lesse world Man compared to the woâ—ld All that mooâ—eth is mooued by an otâ—er immoâ—eable The intellectâ—â—e soule Man knoweth part of all things Two motions in man Primum mobile Rationall motion Irrationall motion What is the world Or Mundus a Munditiâ— That is clearnâ—sse or fairâ—â—nesse Eyes were geuen to men to behold the faâ—renesse and beautie of thâ— world The roundnâ—â— of the world Definition of the Sphere The center of â—â—e Sphere The axis and Poles of the world Quinta Essentia Aristotle calâ—eth it the fift â—lement The fift essence is incorruptible What is element The inferiour â—lements are not pure nor â—â—mple The elemenâ—â— are diuisible into partes The commiâ—â—tion of elemenâ—s Pure simplâ— elements caâ— not be seene The diuisioâ— of elements VVhat is â—lâ—â—mentate Diuision of the world into Celestiall and elemeâ—tall Quintae Essentia Thâ— orders of Elemeâ—ts Earth VVaâ—â—â— Ayre Fyre The fourâ—â— of the watâ—r Thâ— Ocean Sâ—â— Psal. 107. Iob. 38. The will of God is the cause of 〈◊〉 Nature abhorreth empâ—â—â—â—s The earth is not pâ—â—fecâ—ly rounde Diuision of the ayrâ— intâ— threâ— Regionâ— The hyghest ayre is incombusâ—iblâ— The order of the heaueâ—â— The Firmament The Plaâ—ets The Chriâ—â—aline heauen The heaueâ— of water Psal. 148. Daniel 3. The moouing of the first mooueable Thâ— coldâ—esse of the Christalinâ—â—â—aâ—â—n The heauâ—n of the fyrst moueable The heaâ—eâ— called Emperiuâ— is not mooued is the habitatioâ— of Angelles The â—â—â—aniâ—ie of Christ in â—he Emperiall heauen Three orders of angelles The â—â—periall â—eauen prâ—seruâ—th â—ll the 〈◊〉 heâ—ueâ—â— Opinion that the earth mooueth Molus in loco The â—arth is immoouâ—able All heauie things enclinâ— to the center of the earth The earth is founded vppon his owne center Psal. 130. The roundnes of the earth The rysing of the Sunne The Eclipse of â—he Moone how the earth is round The ayre is actiuâ— and passiue and not perfectly round The fyrâ— is â—ound how the fyrâ— is mooued how the ayre is mooued The Moone Venus Mercuri The Sunne Mars The Starrie heauen oâ— fyrmament The Christaline heauen First moueable how the fiâ—st moueablâ— draweth the other heaâ—â—â—s The right and crooked or obliquâ— Spherâ— The x. circles of the Sphâ—re The Equinoctiall The equalitie of the day and nyght The fyrst moueâ—ble The Pole Aâ—tyke The horâ—e North Starre Pole Antarâ—ike The crossâ—â—eerâ— vnto the Pole Antartike Zodiack Thâ— twelue signes of thâ— zodiacke how the Sun is cause of generation and corruption Deuision of the twelue Signes Deuision of the signes into degrees Deuision of the zodiacke by latitude The Eclipâ—ike lyne The moouing of the Sunne and the other Planets in the zodiacke The figures oâ— beasts and other things imagined in heauen besides