through their transgression thei were driuen out of the pleasaunt Paradise and cast forthe into this vale of miserie the yearth them selues and their posteritée being cursed for their offence yet it tooke soche effecte that all mankinde whiche haue been since that tyme vntill this daie haue proceded of them and their posteritee beyng ingendred by the coniunction of their pareÌ„tes Soche was the wonderfull prouidence of God omnipotent from the beginning that all liuing creatures should contain in theim selues soche seede as doeth suffice to engender their like in their kinde that thereby the frailtee and mortalitee of eche kinde of liuyng creates might by succession bee preserued from vtter decaie and remain from age to age continually increasing by many hundred yeres to the settyng for the of Goddes glorie whiche thyng as dooeth plainlie appere in euery kind of creature so it maie sufficiently and moste manifestly be perceiued by consideryng the state of mankind Whose life although for the moste part after Noes â—lood it hath not exceaded an hundred yeares in one particular man yet none can denie but at this day beyng aboue fiue thousande yeares froÌ„ the beginning of the worlde the nomber of men is so infinite proceaded of the two former persones our first parentes that they be as the fanâ—e of the sea or as the starres of the heauen innumecrable The body therefore of eche mankynde the twoo former persones onely excepted is ingeÌ„dred of the sead of his pareÌ„tes in his mothers wombe eche parte of the body being their fourmed and fashioned by diuine nature receiuing no norishement of bloud vntill y e full time of birth But after that the infant is borne into the worlde as long as it is tender And weake it is fedde and nourished with milke and when strengthe is increased then meates are ministred to it of sondry substaunce harder of digestion Wherin if a due order and moderate measure be kept and certain other necessary circumstaunces obserued which both reason and arte prescribeth as shalbe hereafter declared then the bodie continueth alwayes vnto the last age in safetie and health moreouer eche member kepeth his naturall estate and is both able and readie to doe soche functioÌ„s and busines as nature hath ordained them to doe As the stomack to haue a good appetite and to digest and alter meates well the lyuer to engender good bloud the raynes to seperate vrine from the bloud soche like excepting alwayes some externall and violent outward cause whiche may hinder their operation as a wynde a fal or soche like of whiche I entende not to speake further in this place ¶ The .ii. Chapter ¶ what thinges be requisite for him to knowe whiche would kepe his body in health THe preseruatioÌ„ of health doth chiefly consiste in knowledge of the body and in due moderate vse of sustinaunce ministred to thesame Of the first part I will chiefly intreate in this booke First it is requisite to come to y e knowledge of our bodies by vnderstanding wherof they are compacte and made Secondarily it is good and nedefull to knowe the differences of the partes of the bodie Thirdly their offices and powers are to be considered Fourthly the diuersitie of humains Last of all the complexions of the bodies are to be diligently marked which thinges duely and exactely considered noted A mete diet may sone bée serched out whiche if it be obserued there is no doubte but helthe may be preserued and sicknes eschued so long as nature is able to sustaine the body which thing Galen the Prince of all Phisitions declared in him self who although by nature he had a weake body which was subiect to many diseases in his youth yet he coÌ„fesseth him selfe that after eightene yeares of age being theÌ„ somewhat skilful in phisicke he so preserued his body that from those yeares vntill the time of his death which many reporte to be about the huÌ„dred yere of his age he was neuer vexed with any sicknes except it were with a seuer called Ephemera whiche lasteth but one daye that also he could easely haue auoyded if he had not more regarded at sometime to pleasure his frende with his arte then to obserue in al pointes the exacte preseruation of his health But peraduenture some wil alledge for this one example whiche is by hearsaye that they haue seen and dooe knowe diuerse Phisitions whiche be often subiect to sundrie diseases as wel as other sorts of men And therfore this litle perswadeth them that any arte maye preserue a man loÌ„g in health to whom I answer that there is great difference betwene those that study phisicke only to get a liuing thereby and them that searche out the knowlege therof to guide their liues according to the doctrine of it Of this last sorte of Phisitions was Galen who thought it a great reproche bothe to the science and to himselfe if this prouerbe might truly haue béen verified of him Aliorum est medicus ipse vlceribus statens that is to saye he is Phisition to other himself being full of byles sores Of thesame sorte also many other famous Phisitions haue béen and at this present be whiche men of indifferent vpright iudgement doe and may easelye perceiue But of the first sorte if there haue ben any or by chaunce at this present be I thinke they are an example to discredite this noble scieÌ„ce only to those that be ignoraunt rude and vnlearned who for that cause are enemies of this arte And therfore it is a true prouerbe Scientia non habet inimicum nisi ignorantem that is none is enemy to anye knowledge or science but he that is ignoraunt in it if any that bee vnlearned doe take occasion to despise phisike as a vaine thing takyng example at the life of the first sorte of phisitioÌ„s aforenamed I thinke I may safely iudge that they do it of an obstinate stubburnes or of a cancred hatred or els of wilfull blindnes like as the vile Renobites and Papistes at this preseÌ„t daie do seke meanes to discredite credite preachers as muche as they can by scrupulous serching and examininge of their liuing which somtime they finde to disagree from their doctrine God geue them grace to repente in time that they laye no soche stumbling blockes in weiklinges wayes Nowe I will leaue theÌ„ and returne againe to my purpose declaring in order the thinges requisite to be vnderstanded for the knowledge of our bodies as is aforesaied ¶ The. iii. Chapiter ⧠wherof mans body is compacte FIrst it is to be noted that ther are foure Elementes that is fyre ayre water and earthe which elementes haue in theÌ„ contrarie qualities one to an other that is heate colde drienes and moisture And the yearth is the loweste and heauiest element and it is colde and drie by nature Next the earth is the water beyng colde and moist The aire is
aboue the water and is hote and moiste Then cometh in the fire whiche is the highest the lightest element being hote drie Of these foure elementes according to the sentence of Hipocrates Galene and all other phisitions of that secte nature hath framed and made eche mans bodie So that euery mans body is compact and doth consiste of the foure Elementes whiche are so mixed together by nature that none of them doth remaine simple and pure in mannes body And therefore we oughte not to thinke that pure fyre or water ayre or earth should be conteined in mans body if that he bée made thereof because the elementes are not vnmixed in any liuing creature but like as in a medicine made of waxe pitch rosyn and tallowe when thei are melted together there appeareth neither ware nor pitche nor rosyn nor yet tallowe but a thing coÌ„pounded of their substauÌ„ce whiche retaineth their qualities and yet is like none of them Euen so in mans body whiche consisteth of the foure elementes being coÌ„mixed by nature in his generation none of the elementes is to be séen or perceiued simplie and seperatly but there appereth euidently a substaunce commixed and made of the elementes whiche substaunce retaineth in it the qualities of theim and yet is like none of theÌ„ It shal be sufficient therfore for him that is not so muche addicte to his senses that he will beleue nothyng but that whiche he maâ— see féele or perceine with outwarde senses When he seeth in the body any meÌ„ber that is colde and drie and harde as bones gristles or suche like he maye consider that the substaunce of yearth is there where he findeth his qualities as likewise when he seeth bloud moiste and liquid he may perceiue that y e element of water is ther. The great heate that is in a liuing body may put him in minde of the element of fyre Like as also the breath of man may sone persuade him y t the element of ayre is in mans body This example I haue brought furth only to cause a deper consideration of the coniunctioÌ„ of the foure elemeÌ„tes in man 〈◊〉 which although it can not be iudged by outward senses yet is it certainly to be credited that euery member in mans body be it neuer so smal doth consiste of the foure elemeÌ„tes And therfore the auncieÌ„t Phisitions defineth an element saiyng it to be the lest and moste simple portion of that thinge which it doth constitute and make The cause why the knowledge of y e elemeÌ„tes is both mete and necessary as well for him that is studious to preserue helth as for the Phisition is that eche of theÌ„ may vnderstande that health doth consiste in a naturall temperature of heate colde drynes and moisture And contrariwyse that disease chaunce to the body by distempure of the said foure qualities of the elemeÌ„tes for nature hath geueÌ„ to euery member of the body in the time of generation a moste mete apt temperaturefrom whiche if any member doe decline in heate colde drynes or moisture there followeth some disease in that member whiche is consequent to the qualitie abounding or wauntiâ—◠¶ The. iiii Chapiter ⧠Of the difference of partes in mans bodie THough the partes of maÌ„s body be mani in nombre yet thei at comprehended in a fewe diuisions Note therfore that there be some partes of the body that be called in Latine Simdares partes that is to sate soche partes as being deuided eche pece is like the whole parte may well be called by the same denomination and name As for example the least peace of fleshe is to be called fleshe as the whole member from whiche it was seperate And these following be commonly called Similari or like partes that is fleshe bones sinues gristles filmes ligameÌ„ts vaines arteries and suche like Some other partes in the body be called in Latine Instrumentales or dissimilares partes that is instrumentalles and vnlyke partes and sâ—che members are compouÌ„ded and doe consiste of the saied similarie and like partes As the head the hande the foote and such other members that are compact of bones sinues flesh vaynes other aforenamed Note also that of instrumentall members there be two sortes whereof they that bee of the firste sorte be called principall members And they are foure in nombre that is to saye the brayne the harte the liuer and the stones And these are called principal meÌ„bers because without the three first no man may liue And without the last the generatioÌ„ of mankinde should cease â–ª All other instrumentarie members besides these foure are lesse principall and are to be coumpted of the second sorte Note moreouer that to y â— aforesaid foure principall members there he foure ministers or haÌ„dmaydes that is senues arteries vaines and sparmatike vessels whereof senues serueth for the brayne Arteries for the harte vaynes serue for the lyuer and sparmatike vessels for the stones Thus muche haue I spoken for the generall difference of members in mans body As for the knowledge of special or particular differences of eche parte of euery member I referre the Reader to bookes of Anatomies ¶ The. v. Chapiter ⧠Of the offices and powers of members in mans body THe facultie vertue or power y â— nature hath graffed in any meÌ„ber is the cause from whence the action doing or working â–ª of that member procedeth springeth It behoueth vs therefore firste to serche out what faculties there be in the body that thereby the operations of members may appeare Note that there be three diuerse faculties or powers whiche doe gouerne the whole body of maÌ„ And they be called in Latin Animalis facultas vitalis naturalis that is the animal power the vitall and the naturall power And these three faculties be engraffed doe proceade from the thre first principal members that we haue made meâ—â—â—â— of in the former chapiter that is from the braine the harte and the liuer from whiche members all other partes of the body receiue their force and vertue For in the braine consisteth the facultie and power animall whiche is deriued sent from theÌ„se by synowes that syring there into al partes of the bodie gâ—uing sense and mouing throughout the bodie and increasing wit And therfore it is to bee noted that there be three sundrie actions or operations that proceade from this facultie into diuerse partes of the body The first action whereof the power animall is cause is outward sense and that is done 〈◊〉 maner of wayes that to by seing hearing smelling tasting and feling The second action is voluÌ„tarie mouing of any meÌ„ber wherby a man may moue any member of his body when he will and state it at his pleasure as the mouing of the legge the arme the head the tounge and suche like The thirde action is inwarde sense and wit or vnderstanding and it is called in Latine Princeps It
may be called in Englishe principall or chief And there be three kindes thereof that is imagination or common sense reason or fantasie And memorie wherof according to Philosophers opinions the imagination consisteth in the formoste parte of the brayne ouer the forehead and fantasie remaineth in the midle of the braine Last of all memorie is placed in the hindermost parte of the braine aboue the noddle of the necke The seconde facultie or power which is called the vitall facultie doth consiste in the harte whiche is the fountaine of life and natural heate and it spreadeth from thence in arteries or pulses that haue their first beginning ther into al partes of the bodie geuing life to the whole bodie wherfore the chiefe action and operation of this facultie proceading is the geuing of vitall and liuely breath to all members whiche thing is perfourmed by the pulses coÌ„tinually opening or rysing vp and shutting or falling downe whiche when they open they drawe into themseues cold ayer whiche ayer dothe recreate there vp refreshe the power vitall whereof also the power animall is engendred But when the pulses or Arteries shutte they expâ—l and driue out soche fumous and smoky excrementes as are engendred through burninge or boiling of humours in the whole bodie for naturall heate is not vnlike to a fire whiche in boyling of any liquor raiseth a great fume euen so wheÌ„ natural heate will turne the substaunce of meates receiued into the substaunce of the members of our body it first boileth them and trieth them taking so moche of them as is moste apte and mete And the reste is expelled out of the bodie and is called an excrement The thirde and last facultie or power that gouerneth the bodie is called the naturall facultie which consisteth in the lyuer and it is sent from thence into all members of the bodie in vaines whiche dooe theire beginne and spring ministring nourishement and foode to eche member And note that this facultie is the cause of foure sundrie operations whiche it geueth to eche member that is attraction retention digestion and expulsion whose vertues are as foloweth First by the power attractiue euery meÌ„ber dothe drawe vnto it soche Iuise and foode as is metest to nourishe it Secondarely by the power retentiue eche meÌ„ber is able to keepe still and retaine the iuyse that is drawen to it vntill it be altered and chaunged into the substaunce of the member that it should nourishe these two faculties are ministers or haÌ„dmaides to the altring or disgesting facultie Thirdly by the digestiue or altering power that iuyse whiche is drawen to any member and retained there is digested altered and chaunged into another substaunce and by thesame power also it is aglutinate and ioyned to the member whiche is to be nourished And last of all it is made like to y t member which it nourisheth â–ª Fourthly by the expulsiue power eche member is able to seperate expulse and driue from it al suche superfluitées as be vnprofitable to nourishe that member and soche as nature is not able to alter and digeste soche superfluities and excrementes eche member hath power by the expulsiue facultée to driue from it lest if they should tarie long in any part of the body they would putrifie and rotte These be the principal powers and operations whiche I alreadie haue rehersed But beside them other meÌ„bers that are lesse principall haue their peculier operations as the longes draweth in and sendeth fourth breath the stomacke desireth meates and drinkes The liuer draweth the iuyâ—e of meates drinkes out of the stomacke the guttes and turneth it into bloude the gail draweth colerique humours froÌ„ the bloude the splene draweth melancholie humors from the bloud The raines drawe and seperate vrine from the bloud and sendeth it downe into the bladder And diuerse other members haue peculier operations whiche would be to long to reherse in this small treatise ¶ The .vi. Chapiter ¶ Of the diuersitee of humours in mannes bodie THere bee in the bodie of all mankinde fower sondrie humours that is blood fleume choler and melancholie whiche humours are daielie nourished and engendred of the iuise of meates and drinkes receiued into the body and there altered by naturall heat These humours maie bee called the second elementes or the elementes of maÌ„ for thei are equalle with the elementes and thei haue also the qualities of Elementes For blood is hotte and moiste like the aire fleume is colde and moiste like the water Choler is hotte and drie like the fire and Melancholie is cold and drie like the yearth These .4 humours as long as the bodie is in health doe remaine in soche porcion as nature ordained theim in at the firste generacion of the bodie and thei keepe their appointed places their colours tastes and operations for whiche nature ordeined them Knowe therefore that blood is engeÌ„dred in the Liuer of the iuise that is drawen out of the stomacke and is more aboundaunte in a haile man then any of the humours beside it is spread from the Liuer by vaines into al partes of the bodie his vse and propertie is to nourishe eche member And if the blood he naturall it is hote and moiste or rather temperate it is red in colour and sweete in taste whiche plainly appereth in healthfull folke Fleume that is naturalle is lesse in quantitie then blood it is chiefly engendred in the stomacke and it is as it were nourishemente halfe digested or halfe tourned into bloode whiche beyng drawen with the iuise of meates and drinkes to the Liuer the greateste parte of it tourneth into bloode The vse and propertie of the rest of flegme is to make the blood to flowe more quicklie in the vaines and flegme also because it is liquid and slipperie it helpeth the mouyng of y â— ioyntes And note that naturall flegme is cold and moiste in operacion white in coloure and without taste like water Choler that is natural is lesse in qualitie then Flegme And note that nature hath appoincted for it a peculiar receptaâ—le and seate that is a bladder hanging on the Liuer commonlie called the Gall lest if that Choler should bee mingled with the blood all the bodie would be yelowe as it is in the yelowe IauÌ„dise And therfore nature hath ordained that when Bloode is made in the Liuer the Gall draweth froÌ„ it Cholerike humours to make it the more pure The vse and propertie of Cholere is to flowe into the guttes that it might scoure theim and clense them from Flegmatike excremeÌ„tes and that it might helpe their excrecion that is that it might raise and stire vp the vertue expulsiue to driue out the egestions in due tyme. The Choler that is naturall is hote and drie in operacioÌ„ yelowe in colour and bitter in taste As for Melancholie it is as it wer the dregges and grounde soppes of Blood whiche