enemy_n and_o that_o a_o conqueror_n may_v quick_o ruin_v himself_o by_o neglect_v the_o prudent_a maxim_n of_o a_o cautious_a policy_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o polish_v army_n arrive_v near_o the_o city_n of_o orsza_n the_o muscovite_n retire_v about_o 4000_o pace_n beyond_o the_o boristhenes_n conclude_v that_o their_o retreat_n will_v embolden_v the_o polander_n to_o pass_v the_o river_n and_o that_o afterward_o they_o may_v easy_o defeat_v they_o and_o intercept_v their_o flight_n the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n be_v then_o at_o smolensko_n about_o thirteen_o league_n from_o his_o army_n where_o he_o employ_v his_o time_n in_o divide_v lithuania_n and_o share_v it_o among_o his_o general_n allot_v to_o each_o of_o they_o a_o part_n of_o the_o country_n on_o the_o map_n and_o consider_v how_o he_o shall_v dispose_v of_o a_o army_n who_o he_o look_v upon_o already_o as_o his_o prisoner_n but_o the_o polander_n who_o have_v always_o the_o advantage_n over_o the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o open_a field_n be_v so_o incense_v at_o the_o pride_n and_o insolency_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n who_o threaten_v to_o whip_v they_o that_o they_o resolve_v to_o give_v he_o battle_n in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o resolution_n they_o divide_v their_o army_n into_o two_o part_n one_o command_v by_o general_n suirczowski_n and_o the_o other_o by_o general_n ostrogski_n the_o two_o general_n have_v hold_v a_o council_n of_o war_n command_v a_o bridge_n to_o be_v lay_v over_o the_o river_n and_o order_v all_o the_o artillery_n with_o the_o infantry_n to_o pass_v the_o same_o which_o be_v do_v the_o cavalry_n follow_v they_o with_o a_o incredible_a bravery_n the_o muscovite_n pursuant_n to_o the_o czar_n order_n not_o stir_v from_o their_o post_n the_o two_o army_n be_v draw_v up_o in_o order_n of_o battle_n suirczowski_n detach_v 800_o horse_n for_o a_o body_n of_o reserve_n and_o order_v they_o to_o post_v themselves_o in_o a_o wood_n at_o the_o side_n of_o the_o enemy_n army_n and_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fight_n to_o sally_v out_o and_o attack_v the_o muscovite_n with_o terrible_a cry_n to_o put_v they_o into_o a_o consternation_n king_n sigismund_n army_n be_v so_o dispose_v that_o the_o polish_v cavalry_n have_v the_o right_a wing_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n the_o left_a the_o infantry_n be_v place_v in_o the_o middle_n the_o battle_n begin_v about_o three_o a_o clock_n the_o polander_n first_fw-mi attacking_z the_o muscovite_n with_o a_o undaunted_a resolution_n sometime_o they_o gain_v ground_n of_o they_o and_o sometime_o be_v repulse_v by_o the_o unequal_a number_n of_o their_o enemy_n but_o immediate_o they_o rally_v and_o break_v through_o they_o afresh_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n ostrogski_n who_o command_v the_o lithuanian_n attack_v the_o muscovite_n with_o a_o extraordinary_a fury_n and_o make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n among_o they_o there_o be_v in_o the_o polish_v camp_n a_o little_a rise_a ground_n which_o contribute_v very_o much_o to_o the_o gain_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o their_o artillery_n be_v plant_v there_o make_v such_o a_o dreadful_a havoc_n in_o the_o enemy_n rear_n and_o break_v all_o their_o rank_n in_o so_o terrible_a a_o manner_n that_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v disorder_v and_o to_o take_v the_o flight_n and_o those_o who_o be_v in_o the_o middle_n perceive_v that_o those_o who_o be_v in_o the_o rear_n give_v way_n begin_v also_o to_o fly_v while_o they_o be_v still_o sight_v in_o the_o van_fw-mi during_o this_o disorder_n the_o 800_o horse_n who_o be_v post_v in_o the_o wood_n attack_v the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o flank_n with_o so_o much_o fury_n that_o be_v no_o long_o able_a to_o sustain_v the_o shock_n of_o the_o polander_n the_o whole_a army_n give_v ground_n and_o flee_v in_o this_o battle_n 32000_o muscovite_n be_v kill_v and_o many_o drown_v in_o a_o morass_n which_o they_o endeavour_v to_o pass_v in_o their_o flight_n some_o affirm_v the_o muscovite_n lose_v 40000_o man_n and_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o slaughter_n be_v so_o great_a that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n grow_v red_a with_o the_o blood_n that_o be_v sn_v on_o its_o bank_n the_o polander_n take_v a_o great_a number_n of_o prisoner_n and_o among_o other_o ten_o general_n of_o the_o great_a lord_n of_o muscovy_n seventeen_o palatine_n or_o governor_n of_o province_n and_o two_o thousand_o gentleman_n of_o the_o polander_n there_o be_v but_o 400_o man_n kill_v but_o the_o number_n of_o the_o wound_a be_v much_o great_a they_o obtain_v this_o memorable_a victory_n march_v 25._o 1614_o after_o the_o gain_n of_o such_o a_o important_a battle_n the_o loss_n of_o which_o will_v have_v be_v infallible_o attend_v with_o the_o total_a ruin_n not_o only_o of_o lithuania_n but_o also_o of_o poland_n the_o general_n ought_v to_o have_v besiege_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n which_o they_o may_v have_v easy_o retake_v during_o the_o universal_a consternation_n that_o be_v spread_v over_o muscovy_n but_o instead_o of_o make_v a_o right_a use_n of_o that_o advantage_n they_o retire_v without_o make_v any_o further_a attempt_n and_o king_n sigismond_n himself_o who_o expect_v the_o event_n at_o boryssow_n return_v to_o vilna_n with_o the_o prisoner_n who_o he_o cause_v to_o be_v lead_v before_o he_o in_o a_o kind_n of_o triumph_n from_o thence_o he_o send_v ambassador_n to_o all_o christian_a prince_n to_o notify_v the_o great_a victory_n which_o he_o have_v obtain_v over_o the_o muscovite_n and_o that_o their_o eye_n as_o well_o as_o ear_n may_v convince_v they_o of_o the_o truth_n of_o that_o advice_n the_o envoy_n be_v accompany_v with_o fourteen_o muscovite_n who_o be_v remarkable_a for_o their_o white_a hair_n but_o the_o emperor_n be_v enrage_v at_o the_o loss_n which_o his_o ally_n have_v sustain_v and_o at_o the_o unhappy_a event_n of_o a_o war_n of_o which_o he_o himself_o be_v the_o author_n surprise_v the_o envoy_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n as_o they_o be_v pass_v through_o his_o territory_n and_o take_v their_o prisoner_n from_o they_o who_o he_o send_v back_o to_o the_o czar_n by_o the_o way_n of_o lubec_n it_o be_v so_o natural_a to_o the_o polander_n to_o neglect_v the_o advantage_n which_o they_o obtain_v over_o their_o enemy_n that_o after_o they_o have_v defeat_v gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n in_o which_o he_o himself_o be_v wound_v and_o can_v hardly_o secure_v his_o own_o person_n they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o pursue_v he_o that_o they_o suffer_v he_o to_o retire_v to_o stum_n between_o marienburg_n and_o marienwerder_n where_o have_v rally_v his_o scatter_a force_n he_o renew_v the_o war_n with_o great_a vigour_n than_o before_o nor_o be_v they_o guilty_a of_o a_o less_o inexcusable_a blunder_n after_o the_o victory_n they_o obtain_v in_o vkrania_n june_n 30._o 1651_o for_o though_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n be_v total_o rout_v and_o the_o cham_n with_o chemelnski_n put_v to_o flight_n the_o polander_v retire_v as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v beat_v and_o immediate_o conclude_v a_o peace_n by_o which_o they_o suffer_v the_o cossack_n to_o keep_v a_o army_n of_o 20000_o man_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kiowia_fw-la this_o reflection_n be_v so_o just_a and_o important_a that_o i_o can_v forbear_v add_v another_o remarkable_a instance_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n which_o happen_v anno_fw-la 1489._o about_o that_o time_n russia_n and_o podolia_n be_v miserable_o harass_v by_o the_o tartar_n who_o infest_a these_o province_n with_o continual_a inroad_n and_o always_o return_v home_o with_o a_o multitude_n of_o slave_n at_o last_o king_n casimir_n resolve_v to_o prevent_v the_o utter_a ruin_n of_o the_o country_n upon_o advice_n that_o the_o tartar_n be_v prepare_v to_o make_v a_o new_a incursion_n into_o russia_n and_o podolia_n he_o send_v john_n albert_n his_o son_n with_o a_o body_n of_o light_a horse_n to_o oppose_v they_o and_o order_v all_o the_o gentry_n of_o russia_n and_o podolia_n to_o join_v he_o the_o tartar_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o body_n the_o first_o of_o which_o consist_v of_o 15000_o horse_n and_o the_o second_o of_o 10000_o be_v return_v home_o without_o fear_v any_o danger_n with_o a_o prodigious_a number_n of_o slave_n according_a to_o their_o usual_a custom_n but_o the_o young_a prince_n with_o his_o troop_n meet_v the_o first_o attack_v and_o total_o rout_v they_o and_o take_v from_o they_o all_o the_o booty_n and_o slave_n they_o have_v carry_v away_o after_o this_o success_n he_o march_v immediate_o to_o attack_v the_o other_o body_n the_o officer_n who_o command_v they_o make_v some_o resistance_n but_o be_v at_o last_o kill_v and_o the_o slaughter_n be_v so_o great_a that_o the_o polander_n be_v weary_a with_o cut_v off_o so_o many_o head_n for_o not_o one_o of_o the_o tartar_n return_v to_o the_o crim._n this_o total_a defeat_n of_o the_o
be_v only_o the_o royal_a prussia_n that_o ought_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o province_n of_o poland_n and_o even_o though_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o republic_n it_o be_v govern_v by_o its_o own_o law_n and_o enjoy_v particular_a privilege_n they_o have_v a_o peculiar_a treasury_n and_o a_o treasurer_n and_o when_o the_o king_n summon_v the_o arrierban_n the_o nobility_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o go_v beyond_o the_o frontier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o palatinate_n culm_n marienburg_n and_o pomerania_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v thorn_n upon_o the_o vistula_n elbing_n a_o league_n from_o frischlaff_n and_o dantzic_n which_o be_v the_o most_o considerable_a of_o they_o all_o and_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n which_o comprehend_v all_o the_o country_n westward_o of_o the_o vistula_n to_o the_o confine_n of_o germany_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o prussia_n the_o wave_n of_o the_o sea_n cast_v amber_n upon_o the_o shore_n which_o the_o fisherman_n take_v up_o in_o net_n it_o be_v soft_a at_o first_o but_o soon_o after_o grow_v so_o hard_a that_o it_o may_v be_v turn_v or_o engrave_v and_o cut_v into_o all_o sort_n of_o figure_n it_o be_v also_o find_v in_o certain_a great_a lake_n in_o the_o same_o province_n especial_o in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n there_o be_v also_o many_o lake_n that_o abound_v with_o fish_n almost_o in_o every_o part_n of_o the_o country_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o marienburg_n there_o be_v the_o lake_n of_o drausen_n which_o send_v forth_o the_o river_n elbing_n that_o discharge_v itself_o in_o the_o frischaff_n which_o be_v a_o bay_n or_o gulf_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n about_o twenty_o league_n in_o length_n and_o two_o in_o breadth_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n there_o be_v a_o lake_n betwixt_o konicz_n and_o schochaw_n which_o be_v seven_o league_n long_o and_o five_o broad_a and_o be_v the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n bro_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o vâ—stula_n about_o four_o league_n above_o culm_n there_o be_v also_o three_o other_o almost_o as_o large_a as_o the_o former_a in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n near_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n and_o both_o the_o palatinate_n of_o culm_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n be_v so_o full_a of_o lake_n that_o it_o will_v be_v almost_o a_o endless_a labour_n to_o mention_v every_o one_o of_o they_o particular_o massovia_n have_v prussia_n on_o the_o north_n little_a poland_n on_o the_o south_n podlassia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o great_a poland_n on_o the_o west_n the_o vistula_n and_o the_o bugg_n be_v the_o principal_a river_n that_o water_n it_o this_o province_n begin_v to_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o ziemowit_n who_o be_v prince_n thereof_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a but_o the_o union_n be_v not_o full_o perfect_v till_o the_o death_n of_o the_o duke_n john_n and_o stanislaus_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n i._o anno_fw-la 1526._o it_o contain_v only_o one_o palatinate_n which_o former_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o town_n of_o czersk_n but_o be_v now_o call_v after_o the_o name_n of_o the_o province_n samogitia_n or_o samojedia_n which_o be_v a_o dependency_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n be_v border_v by_o courland_n on_o the_o north_n the_o river_n niemen_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n the_o christian_a religion_n be_v introduce_v into_o this_o country_n anno_fw-la 1413_o by_o the_o pious_a care_n of_o king_n jagellon_n who_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o instruct_v those_o people_n himself_o because_o they_o can_v not_o understand_v the_o polish_v priest_n the_o chief_a town_n in_o samogitia_n be_v rosienia_n on_o the_o river_n dubissa_n and_o miednich_n there_o be_v no_o palatinate_n here_o but_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o several_a starosty_n or_o government_n of_o castle_n and_o the_o first_o starosta_n be_v a_o senator_n since_o courland_n depend_v upon_o poland_n and_o be_v the_o frontier_n of_o samogitia_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v a_o short_a account_n of_o it_o here_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n courland_n and_o semigallia_n the_o river_n dzwina_n separate_v it_o from_o livonia_n on_o the_o north_n it_o be_v bound_v with_o samogitia_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n this_o country_n have_v be_v subject_a to_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v a_o vassal_n and_o feudatory_a of_o poland_n since_o the_o year_n 1561_o that_o godfrey_n ketlâ—r_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o livonia_n have_v voluntary_o resign_v his_o office_n put_v all_o livonia_n with_o the_o town_n of_o riga_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o province_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o nicholas_n radziwill_n in_o the_o name_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n who_o give_v he_o courland_n and_o semigallis_n which_o be_v then_o reckon_v part_n of_o liuâ—ia_n on_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v remain_v a_o vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o city_n of_o mittauw_n in_o sâ—â—â—â—â—ita_n be_v at_o present_a the_o metropolis_n of_o that_o little_a state_n and_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n upper_a volhinia_n reach_v from_o polesia_n on_o the_o north_n to_o upper_a pâ—dâ—ia_n on_o the_o south_n and_o from_o low_a volbinia_n on_o the_o east_n to_o black_a russia_n on_o the_o west_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v lucko_n or_o lusuck_n or_o luceowia_fw-la on_o the_o river_n stir_v and_o kremienice_n which_o be_v situate_v upon_o a_o eminence_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n izwa_fw-mi about_o eight_o league_n from_o luceowia_fw-la towards_o the_o south_n the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n which_o be_v unite_v to_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1569_o be_v bound_v by_o lithuania_n towards_o the_o east_n and_o massovia_n towards_o the_o west_n it_o be_v ten_o league_n broad_a and_o thirty_o league_n long_o it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v augustow_v and_o biclsk_v which_o give_v name_n to_o a_o palatinate_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n with_o respect_n to_o its_o neighbour_n and_o of_o the_o various_a success_n of_o the_o war_n in_o which_o it_o have_v be_v engage_v with_o '_o they_o poland_n reach_v heretofore_o from_o the_o black_a sea_n to_o the_o baltic_a and_o from_o 〈◊〉_d to_o hungary_n but_o as_o all_o the_o state_n in_o the_o world_n be_v subject_a to_o great_a and_o frequent_a revolution_n poland_n have_v have_v its_o share_n in_o the_o general_a calamity_n and_o be_v at_o present_a confine_v within_o much_o narrow_a bound_n for_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o general_a that_o every_o republic_n be_v look_v upon_o by_o its_o neighbour_n as_o a_o country_n which_o they_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o right_a to_o invade_v and_o the_o same_o remark_n may_v in_o a_o peculiar_a manner_n be_v apply_v to_o poland_n both_o with_o respect_n to_o the_o manner_n and_o constitution_n of_o its_o government_n and_o the_o insatiable_a ambition_n of_o all_o its_o neighbour_n of_o which_o the_o turk_n tartar_n and_o moscovite_n be_v most_o formidable_a it_o be_v long_a since_o the_o turk_n dismember_a valachia_n and_o moldavia_n from_o this_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o the_o cossack_n be_v oppress_v by_o the_o nobility_n and_o restrain_v from_o their_o wont_a piracy_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n resolve_v to_o shake_v off_o a_o yoke_n which_o they_o can_v no_o long_o bear_v and_o by_o that_o mean_n give_v the_o turk_n a_o opportunity_n to_o invade_v vbrania_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n and_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminiec_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o upper_a podolia_n and_o the_o only_a place_n of_o strength_n which_o the_o polander_n have_v upon_o that_o frontier_n that_o fatal_a war_n continue_v after_o the_o death_n of_o k._n michael_n and_o disturb_v the_o reign_n of_o his_o successor_n john_n iii_n till_o the_o polander_n be_v at_o last_o constrain_v to_o make_v a_o peace_n at_o zurawno_n in_o pokutia_n for_o the_o army_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n be_v so_o numerous_a and_o formidable_a that_o year_n that_o it_o consist_v of_o above_o 180000_o effective_a man_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n that_o of_o the_o polander_n be_v so_o weak_a that_o they_o can_v not_o bring_v above_o 12000_o man_n into_o the_o field_n because_o they_o be_v deprive_v of_o the_o assistance_n of_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o force_n of_o lithuania_n who_o be_v draw_v together_o near_o leopold_n under_o prince_n michael_n of_o radziwill_n their_o general_n but_o can_v not_o join_v the_o grand_a army_n because_o the_o infidel_n have_v block_v up_o all_o the_o avenue_n to_o the_o camp_n so_o that_o the_o general_n be_v oblige_v to_o continue_v at_o leopold_n with_o the_o marquis_n de_fw-fr bethune_n and_o the_o l._n hide_v ambassador_n from_o the_o k._n
person_n of_o all_o rank_n and_o sex_n into_o slavery_n so_o that_o thracia_n scythia_n and_o almost_o all_o asia_n be_v fill_v with_o polish_v slave_n the_o tartar_n be_v natural_o so_o hardy_a that_o they_o swim_v over_o the_o river_n in_o the_o winter_n when_o there_o be_v no_o ice_n which_o without_o doubt_n proceed_v from_o the_o mother_n wash_v their_o infant_n with_o cold_a water_n they_o cross_v the_o great_a river_n such_o as_o the_o boristhenes_n after_o this_o manner_n each_o of_o they_o prepare_v several_a faggot_n or_o bundle_n of_o rush_n or_o reed_n which_o he_o tie_v to_o two_o pole_n upon_o these_o he_o lay_v his_o clothes_n arm_n saddle_n and_o all_o that_o he_o intend_v to_o carry_v along_o with_o he_o then_o he_o tie_v this_o little_a bridge_n of_o faggot_n to_o his_o horse_n tail_n after_o which_o with_o one_o hand_n he_o take_v hold_v of_o the_o horse_n main_n and_o whip_v he_o with_o the_o other_o and_o in_o this_o equipage_n pass_v the_o river_n stark_o naked_a when_o the_o tartar_n take_v the_o field_n to_o make_v incursion_n they_o agree_v beforehand_o that_o when_o they_o be_v press_v too_o hard_o by_o the_o enemy_n they_o shall_v divide_v into_o several_a party_n each_o of_o which_o shall_v retire_v by_o a_o different_a way_n and_o that_o they_o shall_v afterward_o rendezvous_n at_o a_o certain_a place_n they_o take_v these_o precaution_n that_o those_o who_o pursue_v they_o see_v many_o tract_n of_o horse_n foot_n may_v not_o know_v which_o to_o follow_v they_o be_v so_o afraid_a of_o be_v kill_v or_o take_v prisoner_n that_o when_o they_o be_v press_v by_o their_o enemy_n they_o fly_v with_o such_o a_o amaze_a swiftness_n that_o have_v tire_v one_o of_o their_o horse_n they_o leap_v from_o he_o at_o a_o full_a gallop_n upon_o the_o back_n of_o another_o without_o dismount_v and_o if_o they_o find_v that_o they_o be_v still_o hot_o pursue_v they_o first_o throw_v away_o their_o sabre_n then_o their_o bow_n and_o their_o arrow_n and_o at_o last_o without_o alight_v from_o their_o horse_n they_o cut_v the_o girth_n and_o drop_v the_o saddle_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n ease_v their_o horse_n if_o in_o their_o flight_n they_o meet_v with_o a_o defile_v or_o narrow_a passage_n they_o gallop_v through_o it_o with_o so_o much_o precipitation_n and_o disorder_n that_o they_o ride_v over_o one-another_o without_o mind_v those_o who_o command_v they_o no_o not_o the_o cham_n who_o be_v their_o prince_n which_o be_v a_o evident_a sign_n that_o they_o be_v all_o extreme_o apprehensive_a of_o be_v kill_v or_o take_v prisoner_n the_o cham_n who_o at_o present_a govern_v the_o crim_n tartar_n be_v of_o the_o family_n of_o gilerey_n and_o both_o he_o and_o all_o those_o of_o his_o race_n be_v clothe_v in_o silk_n the_o officer_n in_o cloth_n and_o the_o rest_n in_o sheepskin_n with_o the_o woolly_a side_n next_o their_o skin_n in_o the_o winter_n but_o they_o turn_v they_o outward_o in_o the_o summer_n or_o in_o rainy_a weather_n they_o wear_v no_o turban_n as_o the_o turk_n and_o persian_n do_v but_o cap_n like_o the_o polander_n their_o arm_n be_v a_o sabre_n with_o a_o bow_n and_o arrow_n every_o one_o of_o they_o carry_v a_o knife_n and_o a_o awl_n to_o make_v whip_n and_o strap_n which_o serve_v to_o tie_v the_o slave_n who_o they_o take_v in_o their_o incursion_n they_o be_v extreme_o afraid_a of_o fire-arm_n their_o great_a strength_n consist_v in_o the_o swiftness_n of_o their_o horse_n which_o be_v very_o ugly_a but_o never_o tire_v and_o each_o tartar_n have_v many_o of_o they_o which_o he_o lead_v along_o with_o he_o and_o they_o know_v their_o master_n so_o well_o that_o they_o follow_v they_o when_o they_o fly_v without_o lose_v they_o or_o run_v away_o from_o '_o they_o their_o usual_a food_n be_v horseflesh_n which_o they_o like_v so_o well_o that_o they_o prefer_v it_o before_o beef_n i_o have_v see_v some_o tartar_n who_o be_v prisoner_n in_o poland_n eat_v horse_n that_o die_v of_o any_o distemper_n and_o even_o devour_v the_o head_n foot_n and_o entrail_n none_o but_o the_o rich_a eat_v bread_n and_o the_o rest_n live_v upon_o milk_n millet_n and_o turkey_n wheat_n they_o be_v very_o lazy_a when_o they_o be_v in_o their_o own_o country_n but_o be_v extreme_o laborious_a and_o vigilant_a when_o they_o go_v abroad_o upon_o a_o expedition_n the_o poor_a kill_v no_o horse_n to_o eat_v unless_o they_o be_v sick_a and_o when_o they_o kill_v one_o they_o give_v part_n of_o it_o to_o their_o neighbour_n they_o make_v a_o sort_n of_o pudding_n with_o the_o blood_n of_o the_o horse_n they_o kill_v and_o the_o meal_n of_o turkey_n wheat_n or_o millet_n which_o they_o reckon_v to_o be_v a_o very_a delicious_a ragou_n they_o eat_v but_o little_a salt_n because_o they_o believe_v it_o to_o be_v bad_a for_o the_o eye_n and_o since_o they_o be_v mahometan_n it_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o add_v that_o they_o eat_v no_o bacon_n these_o be_v some_o of_o the_o most_o remarkable_a observation_n i_o make_v during_o my_o abode_n in_o crim_n tartary_n the_o tartar_n be_v divide_v into_o horde_n or_o canton_n almost_o like_o the_o swisser_n these_o horde_n be_v unequal_a in_o bigness_n number_n and_o strength_n the_o great_a of_o they_o all_o be_v that_o betwixt_o kilia_n and_o bialogrod_n which_o be_v two_o town_n one_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o niester_n and_o the_o other_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o danube_n next_o to_o this_o the_o most_o considerable_a be_v that_o of_o oczacow_n a_o city_n and_o fort_n which_o the_o turk_n call_v dziarerimenda_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n the_o small_a of_o all_o the_o horde_n be_v that_o of_o kipozako_fw-mi which_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n that_o run_v by_o the_o town_n the_o cham_n of_o the_o tartar_n never_o go_v out_o of_o the_o crim_n to_o take_v the_o field_n unless_o all_o the_o horde_n march_v with_o he_o there_o be_v also_o some_o mahometan_a tartar_n subject_n to_o poland_n who_o live_v in_o lithuania_n near_o vilna_n where_o they_o possess_v land_n and_o work_v as_o the_o other_o lithuanian_n do_v they_o be_v establish_v there_o by_o vitold_a uncle_n to_o king_n vladislaus_n jagellon_n after_o he_o have_v expel_v they_o out_o of_o the_o low_a volhinia_n king_n jagellon_n have_v also_o tartar_n in_o his_o army_n when_o he_o rout_v the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o the_o year_n 1386._o after_o this_o short_a account_n of_o the_o tartar_n i_o proceed_v to_o take_v a_o view_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o first_o of_o vkrania_n chap._n v._o of_o ukrania_n and_o the_o cossack_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o livonian_o lower_v volhinia_n and_o lower_n podolia_n be_v both_o comprehend_v under_o the_o name_n of_o vkrania_n which_o in_o the_o sclavonish_a tongue_n signify_v a_o frontier_n because_o those_o province_n be_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n who_o be_v the_o most_o terrible_a enemy_n of_o poland_n this_o be_v a_o very_a large_a country_n contain_v above_o 300_o mile_n from_o east_n to_o west_n and_o above_o 180_o from_o north_n to_o south_n kiovia_n situate_v on_o the_o boristhenes_n be_v the_o capital_a city_n and_o be_v once_o one_o of_o the_o large_a town_n in_o europe_n but_o it_o have_v be_v so_o often_o pillage_v and_o harass_v by_o the_o tartar_n that_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v see_v in_o it_o at_o present_a but_o ruin_v house_n and_o cottage_n with_o a_o fort_n in_o which_o the_o muscovite_n keep_v garrison_n the_o boristhenes_n which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o great_a river_n in_o europe_n run_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o country_n and_o receive_v all_o the_o other_o river_n that_o water_n it_o the_o first_o rendezvous_n of_o the_o cossack_n who_o be_v original_o russian_a peasant_n be_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n especial_o that_o of_o tamahoâ—ka_fw-mi from_o whence_o they_o spread_v themselves_o through_o all_o vkrania_n betwixt_o the_o city_n of_o kiovia_n and_o czyrkassy_n at_o that_o time_n they_o live_v only_o by_o hunt_v and_o fish_v they_o be_v call_v the_o zaporovian_a cossack_n because_o they_o inhabit_v along_o the_o boristhenes_n to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o those_o who_o live_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o tanais_n or_o don_n which_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o palus_n meotis_n stephen_n battori_n king_n of_o poland_n be_v the_o first_o who_o bring_v the_o cossack_n under_o military_a discipline_n and_o appoint_v they_o the_o city_n of_o trethymirow_n upon_o the_o boristhenes_n about_o twelve_o league_n below_o kiowia_fw-la for_o their_o place_n of_o rendezvous_n for_o heretofore_o they_o have_v no_o leader_n and_o be_v so_o far_o from_o observe_v discipline_n that_o they_o march_v rather_o like_v freebooter_n than_o soldier_n but_o from_o that_o time_n they_o begin_v to_o make_v
capital_a city_n of_o upper_a podolia_n it_o be_v now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o insidel_n the_o sixteenth_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o smolensko_n which_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o boristhenes_n the_o metropolis_n of_o a_o duchy_n and_o of_o a_o palatmate_n heretofore_o depend_v upon_o lithuania_n but_o now_o in_o possession_n of_o the_o muscovite_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o most_o of_o the_o bishop_n have_v in_o their_o diocese_n a_o suffragan_n or_o subordinate_a bishop_n in_o partibus_fw-la infidelium_fw-la because_o those_o who_o bear_v the_o title_n imagine_v that_o they_o be_v only_o make_v bishop_n that_o they_o may_v have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o senate_n and_o enjoy_v a_o sufficient_a revenue_n to_o support_v that_o dignity_n they_o allow_v a_o small_a pension_n to_o their_o substilty_n for_o the_o pain_n they_o take_v in_o give_v order_n and_o perform_v all_o other_o episcopal_a function_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o palatine_n castellan_n and_o officer_n of_o state_n who_o be_v senator_n the_o first_o secular_a senatos_fw-la be_v 36_o in_o number_n viz._n 32_o palatine_n who_o be_v proper_o governor_n of_o province_n 3_o castellan_n and_o one_o starosta_n the_o first_o of_o all_o the_o secular_a senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v advance_v to_o that_o dignity_n by_o king_n boleslaus_n crivoustus_n about_o the_o year_n 1103._o this_o prince_n be_v provoke_v by_o the_o insolence_n of_o scarbimirus_n palatin_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v perpetual_o endeavour_v to_o stir_v up_o the_o people_n to_o rebellion_n expel_v he_o out_o of_o the_o senate_n and_o throw_v he_o into_o prison_n where_o he_o die_v and_o that_o he_o may_v leave_v a_o eternal_a mark_n of_o his_o resentment_n to_o posterity_n he_o make_v a_o edict_n or_o constitution_n by_o which_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o for_o the_o future_a the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n shall_v always_o precede_v the_o palatin_n the_o second_o and_o three_o place_n belong_v by_o turn_v to_o the_o palatin_n of_o cracow_n and_o posnania_n the_o palatinat_a of_o cracow_n be_v in_o upper_a poland_n and_o that_o of_o posnanania_n in_o the_o low_a or_o great_a poland_n in_o this_o palatinate_n there_o be_v a_o town_n call_v srim_a situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la about_o four_o league_n above_o posnania_n near_o which_o there_o be_v a_o mountain_n where_o they_o dig_v up_o pot_n pitcher_n and_o other_o earthen_a vessel_n all_o form_v by_o nature_n which_o be_v soft_a and_o afterward_o harden_v in_o the_o air._n the_o four_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o vilna_n in_o lithuania_n the_o five_o the_o palatine_a of_o pandomir_n a_o city_n of_o upper_a poland_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n the_o six_o the_o castellan_n of_o vilna_n the_o seven_o the_o palatin_n of_o kalisch_n a_o city_n of_o great_a poland_n the_o eight_o the_o palatin_n of_o troki_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v upon_o a_o lake_n the_o nine_o the_o palatin_n of_o siradia_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la about_o six_o league_n from_o kalisch_n and_o eleven_o from_o lencicia_n the_o ten_o the_o castellan_n of_o troki_n the_o eleven_o the_o palatin_n of_o lencici_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v upon_o a_o eminence_n about_o four_o league_n eastward_n from_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la the_o twelve_o the_o starosta_n of_o samogitia_n the_o thirteen_o the_o palatin_n of_o breast_n or_o bressici_fw-la a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o province_n of_o polesia_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n bug._n the_o fourteen_o the_o palatin_n of_o kiovia_n in_o low_a volhinia_n but_o this_o palatinat_n be_v only_o titular_a because_o the_o muscovite_n have_v keep_v the_o possession_n of_o the_o town_n ever_o since_o the_o cossack_n put_v it_o into_o their_o hand_n the_o fifteen_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o inowlocz_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n germ_n about_o two_o league_n below_o the_o lake_n guplo_n and_o five_o from_o the_o viscula_fw-la the_o sixteenth_o the_o palatin_n of_o russia_n so_o call_v from_o the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a province_n though_o there_o be_v several_a palatinat_n in_o it_o and_o though_o he_o be_v only_o palatin_a of_o leopold_n the_o seventeen_o the_o palatin_n of_o upper_a volh_n nia_fw-la or_o of_o lucâ—oria_n the_o eighteen_o the_o palatin_n of_o upper_a podolia_n which_o be_v farmer_o a_o province_n of_o poland_n there_o be_v many_o wild_a ox_n and_o ass_n in_o this_o country_n it_o extend_v from_o upper_a volhinia_n to_o the_o niester_n and_o from_o low_a podolta_n to_o russia_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o upper_a podolta_n be_v caminiec_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n smotrzy_n and_o bar_n seat_v on_o the_o row_n which_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o bug_n about_o seven_o league_n below_o braclaw_n but_o this_o palatinat_n be_v at_o present_a a_o mere_a titular_a dignity_n because_o the_o turk_n have_v be_v master_n of_o it_o ever_o since_o the_o loss_n of_o caminiec_n the_o nineteenth_o the_o palatine_a of_o smolensko_n this_o palatinat_n be_v also_o titular_a because_o the_o muscovite_n have_v possess_v it_o since_o the_o year_n 1654._o the_o twenty_o the_o palatin_n of_o lublin_n a_o city_n in_o upper_a poland_n seat_v on_o a_o brook_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o river_n vieprz_n about_o two_o league_n below_o the_o town_n the_o 21th_o the_o palatin_n of_o losk_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n dzwina_n the_o 22th_o the_o palatin_n of_o belcz_n a_o city_n of_o black_a russia_n about_o three_o league_n eastward_o from_o the_o river_n bug._n in_o this_o palatinat_a there_o be_v a_o lake_n which_o grow_v dry_a once_o every_o three_o year_n the_o water_n retire_v with_o a_o great_a noise_n into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o neighbour_a hill_n but_o they_o return_v some_o time_n after_o and_o it_o be_v only_o during_o this_o interval_n that_o they_o can_v take_v the_o fish_n the_o 23th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o nowogrodeck_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n about_o three_o league_n from_o the_o river_n niemen_n the_o 24_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o plocsko_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n about_o three_o league_n from_o the_o duchy_n of_o massovia_n the_o 25_o the_o palatin_n of_o vitepsk_n a_o city_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n dzwina_n the_o 26_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o massovia_n which_o be_v a_o province_n of_o poland_n the_o metropolis_n whereof_o be_v warsaw_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n the_o 27_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o polaquia_fw-la or_o of_o bielsk_n a_o small_a city_n about_o four_o league_n from_o the_o river_n narew_n in_o this_o palatinat_n be_v the_o lake_n augustow_v which_o be_v five_o league_n long_o and_o half_a a_o league_n broad_a the_o 28_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o rava_n a_o city_n in_o lower_n poland_n the_o 29_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o brzesty_n a_o city_n in_o lower_n poland_n about_o four_o league_n from_o plocsko_n in_o this_o palatinat_n be_v the_o lake_n gulplo_n which_o be_v very_o full_a of_o fish_n and_o be_v four_o league_n long_o and_o one_o broad_a this_o lake_n be_v the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n germ_n which_o run_v to_o inowlocz_n and_o in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o kalisch_n change_v its_o name_n to_o netec_n and_o afterward_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la the_o 30_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o chelm_fw-ge a_o city_n of_o black_a russia_n about_o seven_o league_n from_o the_o river_n bug_n towards_o the_o east_n in_o this_o palatinat_a there_o be_v a_o lake_n call_v biale_n which_o signify_v white_a it_o be_v water_n be_v extreme_o black_a and_o the_o fish_n very_o good_a it_o be_v say_v the_o water_n of_o this_o lake_n polish_v every_o thing_n that_o be_v wash_v with_o it_o during_o the_o month_n of_o april_n and_o may._n the_o 31th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o mseislaw_n a_o city_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n sosz_n which_o empty_v its_o self_n into_o the_o borysthenes_n about_o forty_o league_n low_o the_o 32th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o marienburg_n a_o city_n in_o royal_a prussia_n situate_v on_o one_o of_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o vistula_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o frischaff_n this_o city_n be_v heretofore_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o in_o the_o church_n of_o the_o castle_n be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v a_o great_a many_o form_n or_o seat_n which_o former_o belong_v to_o those_o religious_a knight_n of_o st._n mary_n the_o 33th_o the_o palatin_n of_o braclaw_n a_o city_n in_o lower_n podolia_n scate_v on_o the_o river_n bug._n this_o palatinat_a which_o contain_v all_o the_o low_a podolia_n be_v at_o present_a only_o titular_a there_o be_v a_o lake_n in_o the_o desert_n betwixt_o this_o province_n and_o
present_n of_o flesh_n fish_n stuff_n hay_n and_o oat_n the_o starosty_n ought_v only_o to_o be_v give_v to_o old_a officer_n who_o have_v serve_v long_a time_n in_o the_o army_n and_o be_v as_o it_o be_v super-annuated_n for_o the_o polish_v word_n starosc_n signify_v old_a age_n and_o he_o who_o enjoy_v one_o of_o those_o estate_n be_v call_v starosta_n from_o starry_a which_o signify_v a_o old_a man._n there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o starosty_n some_o be_v empower_v to_o exercise_v a_o jurisdiction_n through_o the_o whole_a extent_n of_o their_o territory_n whereas_o there_o be_v other_o without_o any_o jurisdiction_n the_o first_o be_v the_o most_o considerable_a though_o they_o be_v not_o always_o the_o rich_a each_o starosta_n be_v oblige_v to_o give_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o his_o starostie_a to_o the_o republic_n and_o no_o man_n can_v possess_v two_o of_o those_o who_o have_v jurisdiction_n the_o king_n may_v bestow_v the_o reversion_n of_o a_o starostie_a upon_o the_o starosta_n wife_n except_o in_o rússia_n which_o be_v a_o frontier_n province_n for_o since_o a_o starostie_a be_v a_o government_n the_o republic_n suppose_v that_o the_o governor_n ought_v to_o reside_v upon_o the_o place_n but_o polish_v gentleman_n may_v be_v make_v governor_n of_o frontier_n place_n because_o the_o republic_n rely_v more_o upon_o their_o fidelity_n than_o upon_o that_o of_o foreigner_n though_o they_o be_v sometime_o deceive_v in_o this_o maxim_n for_o he_o who_o surrender_v the_o city_n of_o caminiec_n to_o the_o turk_n without_o make_v any_o resistance_n be_v not_o only_o a_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n but_o even_o a_o palatine_n as_o for_o the_o saltwork_n of_o poland_n the_o most_o considerable_a be_v those_o of_o vieluczka_n and_o boehinia_n about_o five_o league_n from_o cracow_n which_o yield_v about_o 400000_o livre_n yearly_o they_o be_v find_v out_o in_o the_o year_n 1252._o they_o resemble_v deep_a mine_n dug_n in_o the_o earth_n to_o which_o they_o descend_v by_o a_o hole_n like_a to_o that_o of_o a_o quarry_n the_o workman_n who_o be_v employ_v in_o digging_z out_o the_o salt_n begin_v to_o enter_v the_o pit_n at_o midnight_n and_o those_o who_o go_v down_o first_o begin_v to_o come_v out_o about_o noon_n because_o they_o must_v be_v let_v down_o and_o draw_v up_o with_o a_o great_a rope_n like_o that_o with_o which_o large_a stone_n be_v raise_v up_o out_o of_o quarry_n as_o they_o dig_v the_o salt_n out_o of_o the_o mine_n they_o must_v leave_v great_a pillar_n from_o place_n to_o place_n to_o support_v the_o earth_n and_o since_o these_o vault_a pit_n be_v all_o cover_v with_o salt_n when_o one_o go_v down_o into_o they_o he_o seem_v to_o be_v surround_v with_o a_o thousand_o crystal_n which_o reflect_v the_o light_n of_o the_o torch_n there_o be_v some_o part_n of_o they_o dug_n so_o far_o that_o it_o will_v be_v dangerous_a to_o go_v into_o they_o because_o one_o may_v easy_o lose_v himself_o in_o these_o labyrinth_n the_o salt_n be_v take_v out_o in_o large_a column_n which_o be_v loosen_v from_o the_o mine_n be_v draw_v by_o horse_n just_a under_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o pit_n and_o afterward_o draw_v up_o like_o stone_n out_o of_o a_o quarry_n the_o horse_n continue_v always_o in_o those_o subterranean_a cavern_n but_o the_o man_n come_v out_o every_o day_n and_o which_o be_v very_o remarkable_a there_o be_v a_o spring_n of_o sweet_a water_n in_o the_o salt-pit_n of_o which_o both_o the_o man_n and_o horse_n drink_v after_o the_o salt_n be_v bring_v out_o of_o the_o pit_n they_o carry_v those_o great_a piece_n or_o column_n through_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n except_o prussia_n where_o they_o only_o use_v french_a salt_n before_o the_o polish_v salt_n can_v be_v use_v it_o must_v be_v beat_v to_o piece_n and_o then_o ground_n in_o a_o mill._n beside_o these_o pit_n of_o bochnia_n and_o vieluczka_n there_o be_v other_o saltwork_n at_o halicz_n in_o pokutia_n on_o the_o neister_n at_o kolomey_n in_o the_o same_o province_n on_o the_o river_n prut_fw-mi and_o at_o pinsk_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n in_o polâ—sia_n and_o beside_o these_o there_o be_v some_o other_o which_o belong_v to_o private_a man_n for_o there_o be_v a_o express_a law_n that_o the_o republic_n shall_v not_o pretend_v a_o right_n to_o the_o mine_n of_o salt_n or_o of_o any_o metal_n which_o be_v find_v in_o any_o gentleman_n land_n there_o be_v also_o white_a salt_n make_v in_o many_o other_o place_n of_o poland_n as_o in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o craeow_fw-mi between_o oswiecin_n upon_o the_o vistula_n and_o mount_v crapat_fw-la but_o this_o salt_n be_v for_o the_o king_n use_n beside_o they_o make_v great_a quantity_n of_o salt_n in_o russia_n by_o boil_a salt-water_n which_o cost_v they_o little_a because_o that_o province_n be_v all_o cover_v with_o wood_n there_o be_v also_o some_o mine_n of_o lead_n mix_v with_o silver_n in_o the_o burrough_n of_o ilkusch_n slankow_n kranow_n and_o nowoguiia_n which_o be_v in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o cracow_n and_o in_o that_o of_o sandomir_n there_o be_v saltpetre_n at_o vieliczca_n there_o be_v also_o vitriol_n find_v at_o byecz_n and_o quicksilver_n at_o tustan_n in_o pokutia_n towards_o the_o mountain_n the_o ecclesiastic_a estate_n be_v the_o benefice_n as_o bishopric_n abbacy_n priory_n canonship_n curacy_n and_o all_o the_o land_n that_o be_v possess_v by_o the_o regular_a clergy_n the_o benefice_n be_v not_o so_o numerous_a as_o in_o france_n for_o there_o be_v but_o sixteen_o bishopric_n and_o some_o abbacy_n but_o the_o bishopric_n be_v of_o a_o great_a extent_n and_o endow_v with_o large_a revenue_n some_o of_o these_o prelate_n have_v above_o 100000_o liver_n yearly_o rend_v the_o patrimonial_a estate_n belong_v proper_o to_o the_o polander_n whether_o the_o right_a of_o succession_n be_v by_o purchase_n or_o inheritance_n and_o consist_v in_o house_n land_n town_n village_n lake_n mill_n meadow_n and_o wood_n but_o especial_o in_o peasant_n for_o a_o gentleman_n riches_n be_v value_v by_o the_o number_n of_o his_o peasant_n every_o one_o of_o they_o be_v worth_a 100_o livre_n a_o year_n to_o his_o master_n these_o peasant_n be_v slave_n and_o can_v possess_v any_o thing_n all_o that_o they_o heap_v together_o belong_v to_o their_o lord_n who_o they_o can_v leave_v without_o his_o permission_n unless_o they_o turn_v priest_n or_o friar_n but_o these_o miserable_a wretch_n work_v so_o hard_o without_o intermission_n that_o they_o have_v no_o time_n to_o study_v in_o order_n to_o fit_n themseive_v for_o admittance_n among_o the_o secular_a or_o regular_a clergy_n except_o only_o in_o the_o quality_n of_o lay-brother_n which_o the_o polish_v gentleman_n take_v also_o care_v to_o prevent_v by_o oblige_v they_o to_o marry_o young_a that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v receive_v into_o the_o convent_v to_o settle_v a_o peasant_n upon_o a_o piece_n of_o land_n or_o in_o a_o village_n the_o lord_n cause_v a_o cottage_n of_o wood_n to_o be_v build_v for_o he_o and_o give_v he_o two_o little_a horse_n one_o cow_n some_o hen_n goose_n and_o rye_n to_o subsist_v upon_o for_o a_o year_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n he_o appoint_v a_o certain_a piece_n of_o ground_n in_o the_o village_n which_o the_o peasant_n be_v oblige_v to_o till_o for_o his_o landlord_n and_o upon_o which_o he_o be_v to_o maintain_v himself_o for_o the_o future_a for_o all_o the_o good_n of_o the_o village_n belong_v to_o the_o lord_n the_o settle_n of_o a_o peasant_n cost_v a_o gentleman_n nothing_o but_o the_o price_n which_o he_o pay_v for_o he_o because_o the_o other_o peasant_n of_o the_o village_n build_v the_o house_n and_o furnish_v the_o cattle_n poultry_n and_o all_o that_o he_o give_v to_o his_o new_a subject_n who_o with_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n be_v oblige_v to_o work_v four_o day_n in_o the_o week_n for_o his_o master_n and_o to_o spend_v the_o other_o two_o day_n in_o tilling_n the_o ground_n which_o be_v give_v he_o for_o his_o subsistance_n when_o harvest_n come_v all_o the_o peasant_n of_o the_o village_n go_v out_o together_o to_o cut_v down_o and_o gather_v in_o the_o corn_n for_o their_o lord_n who_o appoint_v certain_a person_n to_o oversee_v their_o work_n and_o to_o beat_v they_o when_o they_o be_v idle_a for_o the_o punishment_n of_o the_o peasant_n there_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o pillory_n in_o every_o village_n on_o which_o those_o miserable_a wretch_n be_v sometime_o force_v to_o stand_v a_o whole_a day_n one_o will_v think_v the_o peasant_n in_o poland_n shall_v reckon_v themselves_o the_o most_o unhappy_a creature_n in_o the_o world_n to_o see_v themselves_o reduce_v to_o perpetual_a slavery_n and_o oblige_v to_o work_v continual_o without_o the_o prospect_n of_o one_o day_n of_o rest_n but_o they_o do_v not_o so_o much_o as_o know_v that_o there_o be_v
any_o person_n of_o their_o condition_n happy_a than_o they_o for_o when_o they_o be_v young_a they_o see_v their_o father_n treat_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o beside_o they_o have_v this_o comfort_n that_o they_o never_o want_v provision_n their_o wife_n be_v employ_v almost_o in_o nothing_o else_o than_a dress_n their_o meat_n of_o which_o they_o have_v usual_o 3_o or_o 4_o sort_n every_o day_n for_o dinner_n viz._n a_o dish_n of_o pease_n with_o a_o little_a bacon_n another_o of_o oatmeal_n barley_n millet_n or_o of_o the_o grain_n which_o they_o call_v cachat_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o several_a sort_n of_o root_n which_o they_o have_v in_o abundance_n and_o very_o good_a the_o furniture_n of_o their_o house_n consist_v of_o some_o earthen_a or_o wooden_a dish_n and_o a_o bed_n which_o they_o make_v of_o chaff_n and_o feather_n with_o a_o sort_n of_o coverlet_n over_o it_o as_o for_o their_o child_n they_o never_o lie_v in_o bed_n till_o they_o be_v marry_v but_o upon_o board_n round_n the_o floor_n which_o they_o use_v in_o many_o place_n in_o stead_n of_o a_o oven_n to_o bake_v their_o bread_n and_o to_o boil_v their_o little_a pot_n of_o cachat_n and_o root_n these_o stove_n have_v no_o chimney_n to_o let_v out_o the_o smoke_n so_o that_o their_o hut_n be_v always_o full_a of_o a_o thick_a smoke_n which_o have_v no_o other_o passage_n but_o a_o small_a window_n about_o four_o foot_n from_o the_o ground_n when_o they_o go_v into_o their_o cottage_n they_o be_v force_v to_o stoop_v that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v stiff_v with_o the_o smoke_n which_o be_v so_o thick_a above_o the_o little_a window_n that_o one_o can_v see_v the_o roof_n and_o yet_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o go_v to_o bed_n in_o the_o winter_n without_o stove_n so_o that_o the_o gentleman_n have_v they_o in_o their_o house_n as_o well_o as_o the_o peasant_n but_o those_o in_a gentleman_n house_n be_v neat_o make_v of_o burn_a earth_n like_o fine_a earthen_a vessel_n with_o a_o chimney_n to_o let_v out_o the_o smoke_n the_o child_n of_o the_o peasant_n especial_o in_o russia_n go_v stark_o naked_a as_o well_o the_o girl_n as_o the_o boy_n till_o they_o be_v four_o or_o five_o year_n of_o age._n they_o be_v never_o teach_v to_o go_v but_z as_o soon_o as_o they_o have_v get_v a_o little_a strength_n the_o mother_n set_v they_o down_o at_o the_o threshold_n of_o the_o door_n where_o they_o learn_v by_o degree_n to_o crawl_v along_o and_o get_v up_o by_o themselves_o and_o when_o they_o be_v dirty_a the_o mother_n wash_v they_o in_o cold_a water_n which_o make_v they_o so_o hardy_a that_o i_o have_v see_v they_o slide_v barefooted_a on_o the_o ice_n the_o peasant_n be_v clothe_v in_o winter_n with_o a_o waistcoat_n of_o sheep's-skin_n with_o the_o wool_n and_o in_o summer_n they_o wear_v a_o stuff_n coat_n of_o a_o chimney-sweeper_n colour_n with_o a_o ugly_a sort_n of_o cap_n or_o bonnet_n sometime_o they_o wear_v boot_n but_o most_o usual_o shoe_n which_o they_o make_v of_o the_o bark_n of_o a_o tree_n as_o for_o the_o woman_n their_o habit_n be_v not_o much_o different_a from_o those_o of_o the_o country-woman_n in_o france_n only_o their_o smock_n be_v so_o short_a that_o one_o may_v sometime_o see_v their_o skin_n between_o their_o waistcoat_n and_o petticoat_n in_o russia_n the_o woman_n go_v all_o summer_n in_o their_o smock_n with_o a_o apron_n before_o they_o the_o string_n of_o which_o serve_v they_o for_o a_o girdle_n but_o their_o smock_n reach_v to_o their_o leg_n they_o never_o build_v a_o house_n in_o poland_n without_o a_o stove_n in_o each_o room_n some_o of_o the_o gentleman_n house_n be_v of_o wood_n and_o other_o of_o brick_n and_o all_o so_o contrive_v that_o they_o lodge_v only_o in_o the_o low_a room_n except_o in_o some_o house_n in_o the_o city_n the_o gentleman_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n have_v but_o very_o little_a furniture_n and_o that_o of_o no_o great_a value_n for_o they_o have_v only_o little_a bed_n with_o taffata_n curtain_n and_o some_o turkey_n carpet_n they_o have_v no_o more_o bed_n than_o what_o be_v sufficient_a for_o their_o own_o family_n so_o that_o when_o one_o go_v to_o visit_v they_o he_o must_v either_o carry_v a_o bed_n along_o with_o he_o or_o resolve_v to_o lie_v upon_o the_o floor_n most_o of_o their_o country-house_n be_v of_o wood_n without_o fountain_n garden_n or_o avenue_n because_o the_o polish_v gentleman_n take_v no_o delight_n in_o plant_v tree_n upon_o their_o land_n though_o it_o be_v certain_a poland_n will_v be_v a_o very_a fit_a country_n for_o fruit-tree_n and_o especial_o for_o apple_n and_o pear_n for_o in_o some_o place_n they_o grow_v wild_a and_o prosper_v to_o admiration_n so_o that_o they_o may_v have_v very_o good_a cider_n which_o will_v save_v they_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o corn_n which_o they_o consume_v in_o beer_n but_o they_o take_v very_o little_a pain_n either_o to_o improve_v their_o land_n 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