Selected quad for the lemma: water_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	add_v	ounce_n	strain_v	3,612	5	11.1936	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A60282	Natural philosophy improven by new experiments touching the mercurial weather-glass, the hygroscope, eclipsis, conjunctions of Saturn and Jupiter, by new experiments, touching the pressure of fluids, the diving-bell, and all the curiosities thereof : to which is added some new observations, and experiments, lately made of several kinds : together with a true relation of an evil spirit, which troubled a mans family for many days : lastly, there is a large discourse anent coal, coal-sinks, dipps, risings, and streeks of coal, levels running of mines, gaes, dykes, damps, and wild-fire / by G.S.	Sinclair, George, d. 1696.	1683 (1683)	Wing S3855; ESTC R15622	205,371	320

of the Water CE or DE I answer I cannot find the Pressure of the Water CE because it is counterpoised with the upward Pressure of the Water IK And for the same reason I cannot find the weight of the Water DF because it is counterpoised by LM but because there is nothing between H and A to counterpoise the downward Pressure of the Water GA therefore I find that If it be objected that the Water IK cannot counterpoise the Water CE because the one is farder down than the other and consequently under a greater Pressure than the other I answer though IK be stronger than CE yet a compensation is made by the weight of the Tub. For understanding this let us suppose the Water CE and DF to press downward with the weight of six pound and the Water KI and LM to press upward with the weight of ten pound there being four pound in difference Suppose next the Tub to weigh in the Air ten pound and in the Water only six pound If this be then according to the eighth Experiment and eighteenth Theorem four pound weight of the Tub must rest upon the surface IL. And if this be then must the Water IK and LM be four pound weaker with the Tub than without it and must only have six pound of upward Pressure Fig. 9 Pag. 5● Fig. 10 Fig. 1● Pag. 7● Fig. 13 Pag. 81 Fig. 14 Pag. 86 EXPERIMENT XI Figure 15. AMZC is a Water 15 foot deep AB a Glass-tub 14 inches long and full of Mercury BC a Pillar of Water 13 foot 10 inches high thorow whose middle goes a string to the scale of the Ballance K existing in the Air. DE is a Tub full of Mercury 28 inches long with a Pillar of Water above it EF 12 foot and eight inches GH a Tub 42 inches long with a Pillar of Water above it HI 11 foot and six inches high And lastly ADGSM an imaginary surface 15 foot deep This Experiment is brought hither to demonstrate that a heavy Body weighs as much in Water as in Air which is point-blank to the common received opinion and destructive of the 18 Theorem To evince this I must suppose the 14 inches of Mercury in the Tub AB to weigh 14 ounce and the 28 inches of Mercury DE to weigh 28 ounce the 42 inches GH to weigh I mean in the Air 42 ounce Now I say to make a just equipondium between the two Scales K and L there must be 14 ounce put into the Scale L. If after this manner you weigh the Tub and Mercury DE 28 ounces will be required in the Scale L and 42 if you weigh the Tub and Mercury GH For proving this Doctrine I must appeal to Experience which will not fail in this If you reply and say upon supposition the Tub and Mercury GH were a solid piece of brass or iron thus suspended in the Water ought it not to weigh less here than in the Air even as much less as is the weight of the quantity of Water it puts out of its place why then should not the Pipe HG with the Mercury in it do the same seing there is no apparent difference between them as to this But to leave this which will appear afterwards and to let the Reader see the truth of the 18 Theorem I affirm 't is not the weight of the 14 ounces of Mercury AB that burdens the scale of the Ballance K and that makes a counterpoise with the 14 ounces of Stone or Lead that 's in the scale L. What then is it you say I answer 't is 14 ounces of the Pillar of Water BC that does this Neither doth the weight of the 28 ounces of Mercury DE burden the Ballance but only 28 ounces of the Water EF. Neither doth the Ballance support the weight of the 42 ounces of Mercury GH but it is only burdened with 42 ounces of the Water HI The reason is most evident because according to the Principles of the Hydrostaticks already laid down the Cylinder of Mercury AB within the Tub AB rests immediatly upon the imaginary surface of the Water ADG and therefore cannot burden the scale in any wise The same is true of the other two Cylinders of Mercury But in this I find small difficulty The greater is how to make it out that the scale K supports 14 ounces of the Water BC and 28 of the Water EF and 42 of the Water HI To make this seem probable consider first as was noted that this VVater is 15 foot deep and consequently the Pillar of VVater BC 13 foot 10 inches The VVater EF 12 foot eight inches And HI 11 foot and a half Consider secondly though this be true yet we must count the Pillar of VVater ZM 49 foot high The reason is evident because the Pressure of the Air upon the surface of all Waters according to the 25 Theorem is equivalent to 34 foot of Water this then being added to 15 makes 49 and by this reckoning the Water BC is 47 foot ten inches the Water EF 46 foot eight inches And lastly the Water HI 45 foot six inches Thirdly for easie counting I must suppose the whole Cylinder ZM to weigh 42 ounces every 14 inches one ounce and consequently the Water BC to weigh 41 ounces the Water EF to weigh 40 ounces the Water HI 39 ounces Note that in Physical demonstrations 't is not needful to use Mathematical strictness in counting and so leaving out fractions we shall onely use round numbers Consider fourthly that in all Fluids as hath been frequently marked there is a pondus and potentia the Water BC being the pondus and the Mercury AB the potentia the one striving to press down the Tub the other striving to press it up Consider fifthly that by how much the more a Body suspended in a Fluid is pressed up by so much the less the weight that presseth it down is found and contrariwise by how much the less it is pressed up by so much the more the Pressure above is found Consider sixthly the less that a surface of Water is burdened the more able it is counterballance the opposite Pressure and the more it is burdened it is the less able Consider seventhly that the Mercury AB which is evident in all Fluids not only presseth downward and burdens the surface ADG but also presseth upward and therefore actually endeavours to thrust up the Tub and so it is that the Tub is pressed between two namely between the Water CB and the Mercury within it Now from these considerations I say the scale K must support and bear up 14 ounce of the Water BC for seing the Mercury is supported by the surface of VVater on which it rests it cannot by any means burden the ballance with its weight and seing it actually presseth up the Tub according to the seventh consideration it must so much the more counterpoise according to the sixth the opposite Pressure of

burden the Ballance above but must be supported wholly by the Water IKGH upon which the bottom of the Glass rests If it be said that the Glass it self is supported by the Ballance because ' it s heavier in specie than Water therefore the VVater within that rests upon the sides of it must be supported likewise by it I answer the whole weight of the Glass is not supported by the Ballance but only a part the VVater IKGH supporting the other part And this part is just as much as is the weight of VVater that 's expelled by the Glass Now if the said VVater support so much of the Glass because it is the just weight of so much VVater why should it not also support the VVater within the Glass Seing the VVater within the Glass is just the weight of as much VVater as will fill the space EFR I come in the next place to shew that it is the weight of the Lead B that turns the Scales when the VVater comes in at C and fills the half of the sphere For understanding this let us suppose first the weight that 's in the Scale O to weigh six ounces Secondly that the Glass takes 12 ounces to sink it compleatly under the surface AD. Thirdly the weight B to be 18 ounces namely for this cause first that 12 of it may sink the Glass next that the other six may counterpoise the six in the Scale O. Lastly that the VVater within the Glass weighs six ounces I abstract from the weight of the Glass it self which is not considerable seing the most part of it is suppo●ted by the VVater and not by the Ballance Now I say 't is six ounces of the weight B that makes this alteration and turnes the Scales For if 12 ounces sink the Glass below the VVater when ' its full of Air and no Water in it then surely six are sufficient to sink it when it is half full And the reason is because there is a less Potentia or force in six inches of Air by the one half to counterpoise a weight of 12 ounces than in 12 inches of Air. Therefore this Air being reduced from 12 inches to six it must take only six ounces to sink it If this be then the other six ounces that now wants a party to counterpoise them must burden the Ballance and be supported by the Scale and therefore to make a new equipondium again you must make the weight O 12 ounces by adding six to it that it may counterpoise 12 of B the other six being counterpoised by the Air EPF Let us suppose next this Glass to be compleatly full of VVater and the whole Air expelled In this case the Scale O must have 18 ounces in it for making a new equipondium The reason is because there being no Air in the Glass to counterpoise any part of B the whole weight of it must be sustained by the Ballance and therefore in the Scale O there must be 18. Now I enquire whether these 18 ounces are the equipondium of the VVater within the Glass or of the weight of Lead B 'T is impossible it can counterpoise them both seing the VVater is now 12 and B 18. It must then either be the counterballance of the Water or the counterballance of the Lead It cannot be the first because 12 cannot be in equipondio with 18 It must then be the second Or if these 18 ounces in the Scale O be the counterpoise of the Water within the Glass I enquire what sustains the weight of the Lead B The weight of it cannot be sustained by the Water because 't is a body naturally heavier than Water it must therefore be sustained by the Ballance I conclude then that Water cannot weigh in Water If it be objected that this conclusion seems to contradict and oppose the Pressure of the Water that 's been hitherto confirmed with so many Experiments I answer the Pressure of the Water is one thing and Water to weigh in Water is another The first is when one Pillar of Water counterpoises another or when a Pillar of Water counterpoises a Pillar of Mercury or is counterpoised by a Pillar of Air all which is in order to the Natural Ballance wherein bodies weigh only according to altitude The second is when VVater is not counterpoised by VVater or by Mercury or by Air or by any other Fluid but when ' its weighed by a piece of Lead or stone in an Artificial Ballance for knowing how many ounces or pounds it is of as if a man should endeavour to weigh the Water EFR by help of the Ballance above which in effect is impossible EXPERIMENT XVIII Figure 25. MAke a Wooden Ark after this following manner The Planks must be of Oak an inch thick The height 40 inches The breadth 36. Closs on all sides and above and open below And because the form is four-square there must be four Standarts of Timber in each corner one to which the Planks must be nailed Four likewise upon the top crossing the other four at right angles to which the cover must be joyned The sides must be plained and the edges both plained and gripped in all the parts that the joynings m●y be closs Upon the top fasten a strong Iron Ring as at N through which must be fastned a Rope of so many foot or fathom And because the use of this Engine is for Diving under the Water it must therefore be all covered over with Pitch within and without especially in the couplings And because this Instrument cannot sink of its own accord it must have a great weight of Lead appended to it for that cause whereupon the Divers feet must stand while he is in going down The precise quantity and weight of it cannot be determined because it depends upon the quantity of the Ark which if large requires a great weight if of a lesser size requires a lesser weight But whatever the dimensions of the Ark may be the weight of the Leaden-foot-stool can easily be found out by trial This Invention then is for Diving a most excellent Art for lifting up of Guns Ships or any other things that are drowned below the Water And it is in imitation of the Diving bell already found out and made use of with success It is called a Bell because of the form that represents a Church-bell indeed being round wide below and narrower in the top only the matter is of Lead It seems it is of this mettal first because Lead is weighty and will therefore easily sink secondly because it 's easily founded and will by this means being of one piece be free of rifts and leaks thirdly it being of Lead will be of a considerable strength for resisting the force of the VVater that ordinarily breaks in pieces Vessels that are weak I cannot well d●vine and guess the reason why first it is round and next narrower above than below unless because its more easily founded after this way than

one Sensible another Insensible because the Sensible weight of the Cylinder of Water BE remaines still the same even though it should be reclined to G for take it out and weigh it in a Ballance it will be as heavy the one way as the other But it is not so with the Insensible weight seeing the Tub begins no sooner to recline but assoon it begins to diminish and grows less This Insensible weight is nothing else but the sensible weight considered after another manner For look upon the weight of the Pillar of Water BE as it weighs in a pair of Scales it is then Sensible and weighs so many ounces and cannot be more or less but look upon it in reference to the Potentia of the surface that sustains it it is then Insensible as to us for though a man should put his hand below the Water and endeavour to find the weight of the said Pillar yet he shall not find it though that part of the surface upon which it rests doth really if I may so speak find the weight of it And as it is Insensible so is it sometimes more and sometimes less according as the Tub is elevated or reclined now these two being put together gives a very probable ground for this distinction We see thirdly that the Pondus or weight of Fluids doth not only press according to Perpendicular lines but according to lines falling obliquely upon the imaginary surface so doth the weight of the Pillar of Water BE press the surface ABC We see fourthly that Fluid Bodies do counterpoise one another according to Altitude only for put the case the Pipe BE were ten times wider then it is yet will the surface sustain the Water in it provided the Pipe keep still the same position of Altitude namely 50 degrees the reason seems to be this for if the Base of the Pillar become more in Diameter it necessarily requires a larger part of the surface to rest upon which larger part is really stronger than the lesser part as will be shewed afterwards From this Experiment we see lastly an evident reason why the Mercurial Cylinder in the Baroscope runs up and fills the empty space when the Pipe is reclined and why it runs down when the Tub is erected again In effect the reason is the same namely an inequality between the Pondus of the Quick-silver and the Potentia of the surface of the Air for when the Tub begins to recline the Pondus begins to rest upon the side of the Tub within by which means the Potentia of the surface finding the burden less instantly thrusts up the stagnant Mercury to supply that loss seing two Fluids cannot counterpoise one another unless they be in aequilibrio And contrariwise assoon as the Tub begins to be erected the Pondus of the Mercury begins to grow and so overcomes the Potentia of the surface till by falling down it can do no more EXPERIMENT VI. Figure 9. THis Schematism represents a Vessel full o● Water whose first and visible surface is HIK the second which is imaginary is EFG the third ABCD. Fig. 5 Pag. 32 Fig. 6 Pag. 37 Fig. 7 Pag. 46 Fig. 8 Pag. 55 Besides these three in Water conceive a fourth in the Air above the Water namely LMN Upon this aërial surface rests the orifice M of the Tub TM open above Upon the surface EFG is standing the mouth F of the Pipe SF And upon the surface ABCD stands the Pipe RB open at both ends After the orifice B is drowned below the VVater you will find the Liquor rise from B to H. Then close with the pulp of your Finger the mouth R and lift the Pipe so far up till it have the Position of the Pipe SF and you shall see the VVater hing in it between F and O. Lastly bring the said orifice compleatly above the VVater till it have the position of the Tub TM yet shall the VVater still hing in it as MP The first question is what sustains the VVater IO for the part FI is sustained by the ambient VVater I answer it cannot be the pulp of the Finger closing the orifice S for though by taking away the Finger the VVater OI falls down and by putting to the Finger it is keeped up yet this proves not the pulp of the Finger to be the principal and immediat cause I say then the VVater OI is suspended by the weight of the incumbing Air resting upon the surface HIK For understanding this consider as I said before 25. Theorem that the Pressure of the Air upon all Bodies is just equivalent to the weight of 34. foot of VVater Hence then is it that if the Air be able to sustain a Pillar of VVater 34 foot high it must be able to sustain the short Pillar OI that exceeds not four foot The second question is whether the part F be equally burthened with the part E or G for it would seem not seing the VVater OIF is but four foot high whilest upon E or G is resting not only more then a foot of VVater to the top HIK but the whole weight of the Atmosphere upon the said top is resting which is equivalent to the burden of 34 foot of VVater I answer there 's more to be considered than that four foot of VVater which in it self is but of small burden therefore to this we must add the weight of the Air between O and S within the Pipe remember that the orifice S is stopped with the pulp of the Finger which in effect will be as heavy as 31 foot of VVater Put the case then F to be one foot below the first surface HIK and the VVater OI to be three foot then ought the Air OS to have the weight of 31 foot because the surface EFG is able to support a Pillar of 35 foot This I prove because the part E de facto sustains 35 foot because the Air above is equivalent to 34 foot of it and there is a foot of VVater between it and the top namely between E and H. The third question is how it comes to pass that the Water still remains in the Pipe after the orifice M is brought above the surface of the Water for there is here no stagnant Water guarding it as guards the orifice F. I answer that the base M of this Pillar of Water PM as really rests upon the horizontal surface of this Air LMN as a Cylinder of Brass or Timber rests upon a plain Marble Table and after the same manner Remember that the orifice T is stopped all this time with the pulp of the Finger If it be said that the part M is more burdened then the part N seing it sustains four foot of Water which the part N supports not and the Air PT within the Pipe also which is of as much Bensil and Pressure as the Air NY is of For clearing of this difficulty consider that the Pillar PM is shorter now than before for the

see fourthly that the Pressure or Bensil of a Fluid cannot affect the Scale of a Ballance but only the natural weight VVe see fifthly that a body naturally heavier than Water weighs in Water because the stone FG makes the Water about it 10 pound heavier If it be inquired whether bodies that are naturally lighter will weigh in Water I answer if they be of any sensible weight they weigh as well as the other For this cause I except Air. For though they were never so light in respect of Water yet if they have any considerable gravity with them they will make the Water heavier they are among Put the case the Body were a Cube of Timber of six inches weighing sixteen ounces and that a Cube of Water of that quantity weighed 112 ounces Here 's a great inequality between their natural weights yet if that piece of Timber were made to exist in the middle of Water as the Bladder doth it would make it 16 ounces heavier The reason is this these 16 ounces are either supported by a surface of Water or they support themselves This last is impossible If the VVater support them then must they make the said VVater 16 ounces heavier Note that though a Body naturally lighter then VVater as Cork may be said to weigh in Water that 's to say to make it heavier in which sense VVater weighs in Water because if you add a pint to a gallon it makes it heavier yet if you take a piece of Cork and knit it to the Scale of a Ballance by a threed the Cork hanging among the VVater the Scale hanging above in the Air it will not weigh in Water because in this sense no Body weighs in Water but that which is naturally heavier then VVater as Lead or Stone In this sense VVater doth not weigh in Water as will be seen in the 17 Experiment EXPERIMENT IX Figure 13. Take a Glass-pipe 70 inches long or there-about and of any wideness having the upper end H hermetically sealed the lower end C compleatly open and fill it with Mercury and cause a Diver carry it down to the ground of the sea MN where I suppose is standing the Vessel ABDE with stagnant Mercury and drown the end below the surface AB This being done the Mercury falls from the upper end H to the point G and there halts the space HG being empty For understanding this Experiment I shall propose several questions and answere them First what 's the reason why the Mercury subsides and sinks down from H to G I answer as formerly in the like cases inequality of weight between the Pondus of the impending Quick-silver and the Potentia of the surface of the stagnant Quick-silver DCE For while the Tub is compleatly full the weight is so great that the surface DCE is not able to sustain it therefore it must fall down seing motion necessarily followes in Fluids upon inequality of weight It may be inquired secondly why it halts at G 58 inches from AB and comes no further down I answer it halts at G because when it hath fallen down to that point there happens equality of weight between the suspended Pillar and the foresaid surface for whatever weight the said Pillar is of the surface on which it rests is of the same In a word the Pondus of the one and the Potentia of the other are now equal For understanding this consider according to the 25 Theorem that the weight of the Element of Air upon the surfaces of waters is equivalent to the burden of 34 foot of water therefore the first and visible surface of this Water LIK is really as much prest with the burden of the Atmosphere as if it had 34 foot of Water upon it Consider next that between the said surface and the ground MN are 34 foot of Water indeed Consider thirdly that a Pillar of Water 34 foot high is exactly of the same weight with a Pillar of Mercury 29 inches high for if Water be 14 times lighter than Mercury then they cannot be of equal weight unless the one be 14 times higher than the other Now supposing the weight of the Air upon the surface LIK to be equivalent to 34 foot of Water or which is the same thing to 29 inches of Mercury the surface of the stagnant Mercury AB must be as much burdened with the incumbing Water and the Air together as if it had really resting upon it a Pillar of Mercury 58 inches high If this be then it follows by necessity that there must be an equality of weight between the pondus of the Mercury in the Tub and the potentia of the surface DCE Or which is all one thing that the part C on which the Pillar rests is no more burdened than the part D or E. For if 34 foot of Water and 34 foot of VVater be equivalent for weight to 58 inches of Mercury then must the part D and E be as much burdened with the said weight as the part C is burdened with the Pillar within the Tub seing both are of the same height therefore the power and force of the imaginary surface of the stagnant Mercury DCE is of the same strength with the weight of the Pillar GFB And this lets us see the reason why the whole 70 inches cannot be suspended for if the outward Pressure that 's upon AB be but equivalent to the Pressure of 58 it can never make the surface DCE able to support 70. To make it evident if any doubt that the Mercury is suspended by the weight of the Water and the weight of the Air superadded let a Diver bring up this Engine to the top of the Water and he will find the one half to have fallen down namely from G to F the other half FB remaining And if it were possible to convey this Experiment to the top of the Air the Bearer would see the remaining half to fall down likewise and become level with AB for where no Pressure of Air is there can be no Mercury suspended This falling down is not all at once but by degrees and keeps a proportion with the Pressure of the Air that grows less and less from the ground to the top From this Experiment we see first the great Pressure and weight the Elements of Air and Water are under seing this Water that 's but 34 foot deep sustains the Mercury between G and F 29 inches as much between F and E being kept up by the Pressure of the Air. We see secondly that this Pressure is according to Arithmetical Progression as 1 2 3 4 5. because in going down the first 14 inches the Mercury rises one inch in going down the second 14 inches it rises two in going down the third 14 inches it rises three and so forward We see thirdly though a VVater were 100 fathom deep yea 1000 yet the Pressure of the Air above is found at the bottom for supposing this Experiment were 100 fathom deep yet

by the Beam We see eighthly that the higher a surface be it is the weaker and the lower it be it is the stronger because when the two plain bodies are pulled up 17 foot they fall asunder We see ninthly the vanity of the common opinion that maintains two plain bodies to cleave closs together for fear of vacuity and that neither Humane nor Angelick strength is able to break this union without the rupture and fracture of them both It may be enquired upon supposition that the inferior plain had four holes cut thorow the middle square-wise as ABCD in the 18 Figure what Phenomena would follow Before I answer consider that this Figure represents the inner face of the Brass-plate CDNO of the 17 Figure which as was supposed is four inches from side to side and consequently contains 16 square inches Now imagine the under plain CDNO while it is united to the uppermost to have four square inches cutted out of it as ABCD. These things being rightly conceived and understood I say when the said holes are cutted thorow the beam TV that now sustains 350 pound shall by this means only sustain 250 pound To make this evident consider that the under plain as was said contains 16 square inches Next that the top of the inferior Water upon which the plain rests contains as many and that every inch of the Water weighs 25 pound seing the whole as was supposed before weighs 400 pound Now I say the beam must support only 250 pound of the Water IKLM because these holes being made the top of the inferior Water comes through them and presseth up the face of the superior plain with 100 pound and so easeth the beam of so much I affirm next that though the inferior Water NOPQ be in it self 400 pound and consequently able to support the inferior plain with the weight R albeit they weighed so much yet the said holes being cut out it is not able to support more burden than 300. The reason is because of 16 parts that did actually bear up before there are only 12 now that sustains And every one of these twelve being but able to support 25 pound it necessarily follows that the greatest weight they are able to sustain is 300 pound I affirm thirdly that if a fifth hole were cut through the under plain would fall from the upper because in this case the inferior Water is not able to support 350 pound as before seing of 16 parts there are five wanting and eleven remaining cannot support more weight than 275 pound Moe questions of this kind might be proposed as first what would come to pass if the the upper plain had as many holes cut through it answering to the four of the nether Secondly what would folow if the nether plain were intire and four bored through the upper But I shall supersede and leave these to be gathered by the judicious Reader From this Experiment we see first that the broader and larger a surface of a Fluid be it 's the more able to sustain a burden and the narrower it be 't is the less able Secondly that each part of a surface is able to sustain so much weight and no more and no less Before I put a close to this Experiment it will be needful to answer an objection proposed by Doctor More in his Antidote against Atheism against the Pressure of the Air which in effect militats by parity of reason against the Pressure of the VVater likewise He argues thus If the Air were indowed with so much Pressure as is commonly affirmed then it ought to compress squeez or strain together any soft body that it environs as v. g. Butter Put the case then there were a piece of Butter four inches broad every way and one inch thick containing 16 square inches upon every side as may be represented by the Figure 19. In this case there is a far greater Pressure upon the two faces than upon the four edges and therefore it ought to be comprest and strained together to the thinness of a sheet of Paper For answer let us suppose the piece of Butter to be 30 or 40 foot below the surface of a Water where it ought to suffer far more Pressure than above in the Air. Next that it lies Horizontal with one face upward and the other downward Thirdly that the upper face supports a Pillar of Water 200 pound weight and consequently that the under face is prest up with as much And lastly that every edge is burdened with 50. It may be represented with the help of the fancy in the 19 Figure where AB is a piece of Butter four inches square and one inch thick Only take notice that nothing here is represented to the sight save one of the four edges namely AB the other three and the two faces being left to the fancy Yet the upper face may be represented by FHKM and the under by NOPQ These things being rightly understood it is wondered why the two great and heavy Pillars of Water the one EGILFHKM that presseth downward and the other NOPQRSTV that presseth upward do not strain together the sides of the Butter seing the Pressure of the Water BC and the Pressure of the Water DA are far inferior to them for strength even by as much difference as four exceeds one Though this objection seem somewhat yet it is really nothing which I make evident after this manner First I grant that the upper face FHKM is burdened with 200 pound and the nether face NOPQ with as much Secondly that the edge B is only burdened with 50 pound as is the edge A. The other two edges sustains each one as much Secondly though this be yet I affirm the two sides to be no more burdened than the edges that 's to say the Pressure upon the sides is equal to the Pressure upon the edges which I prove thus The Pressure upon the part M is equal to the Pressure upon the part K but the Pressure upon the edge B is equal to the Pressure upon the part M therefore the Pressure upon B is equal to the Pressure upon K. The major Proposition is evident because the Pillar of Water LM is of the same weight with the Pillar of Water IK The Minor is also evident because the Pillar BC is of the same weight with the Pillar LM Now if the Pressure upon the edge B be equal to the Pressure upon M and K it must be likewise equal to the Pressure upon H and F. If this be then the edge of the Butter B must be no more prest than the side FHKM therefore the Water BC can no more yeeld to the VVater EFGHIKLM and suffer the Butter to be squeezed out at B than the VVater LM can yeeld to the VVater EFGHIK and suffer the Butter to be squeezed out at M. If any man shall insist and say that the upper face bears the weight of four Pillars which weighs 400 pound but the

that honorable and worthy Person Mr. Boyl whose conclusions and trials I never much called in question but finding this opposite and contrary to what I have demonstrated I shall crave liberty to say amicus Socrates amicus Plato sed magis amica veritas and shall therefore examine it as briefly as may be The words of the Publisher are as follows The Author of this Invention is the Noble Robert Boyl who was pleased to comply with our desires of communicating it in English to the curious in England as by inserting the same in the Latine Translation of his Hydrostatical Paradoxes he hath gratified the Ingenious abroad And it will doubtless be the more welcome for as much as no body we know of hath so much as attempted to determine how much Water may weigh in Water and possibly if such a Problem had been proposed it would have been judged impracticable The Method or Expedient he made use of to perform it as near as he could may easily be learned by the ensuing accompt of a Trial or two he made for that purpose which among his Notes he caused to be registred in the following words A Glass-bubble of about the bigness of a Pullets egg was purposely blown at the flame of a Lamp with a somewhat long stem turned up at the end that it might the more conveniently be broken off This Bubble being well heated to rarify the Air and thereby drive out a good part of it was nimbly sealed at the end and by the help of the Figure of the stem was by a convenient Weight of Lead depressed under Water the Lead and Glass being tyed by a string to a Scale of a good Ballance in whose other there was put so much weight as sufficed to counterpoise the Bubble as it hung freely in the midst of the Water Then with a long Iron Forceps I carefully broke off the seal'd end of the Bubble under Water so as no Bubble of Air appear'd to emerge or escape through the Water but the Liquor by the weight of the Atmosphere sprung into the un-replenish'd part of the Glass-Bubble and fill'd the whole cavity about half full and presently as I foretold the Bubble subsided and made the Scale 't was fastned to preponderate so much that there needed 4 drachms and 38 grains to reduce the Ballance to an equilibrium Then taking out the Bubble with the Water in it we did by the help of a flame of a Candle warily applyed drive out the Water which otherwise is not easily excluded at a very narrow stem into a Glass counterpoised before and we found it as we expected to weigh about four drachms and 30 grains besides some little that remained in the Egg and some small matter that might have been rarified into vapors which added to the piece of Glass that was broken off under Water and lost there might very well amount to 7 or 8 grains By which it appears not only that Water hath some weight in Water but that it weighs very near or altogether as much in Water as the self same portion of Liquor would weigh in the Air. The same day we repeated the Experiment with another sealed Bubble larger then the former being as big as a great Hens-egg and having broken this under Water it grew heavier by 7. drachms and 34 grains and having taken out the Bubble and driven out the Water into a counterpois'd Glass we found the transvasated Liquor to amount to the same weight abating 6 or 7 grains which it might well have lost upon such accompts as have been newly mentioned Thus he Figure 24. THe design then of this Experiment is to prove that Water weighs in Water but it seems there is here a very great mistake which I shall make out after this manner For which cause let this Schematism 24 represent the Experiment already described The Glass-bubble then is EPFR The stem is HC the weight that sinks the Glass is B. The surface of Water under which it is drowned is AD. The Ballance to which the Glass is knit by a string is NO And lastly EFR is the Water that came in and filled the half of the Bubble Now I say it is not the weight of the Water EFR that turnes the Scales above and makes an alteration in the Ballance but ' its only the weight of the Lead B that does it For evincing this consider that all heavy bodies are either lighter in specie than Water as cork or of the same specifick weight with it as some Wood is or last●y heavier in specie than Water as Lead or Gold Now 't is certain that bodies of the first sort cannot weigh in Water and the reason is because they being naturally lighter their whole weight is supported by the Water and therefore not one part of them can be born up by a Ballance above A piece of Cork that weighs 12 ounces in the Air weighs nothing in Water because as soon as it toucheth the surface the whole weight of it is supported and therefore cannot affect the Ballance above But bodies of the third sort as is clear from experience and reason does really weigh in Water And the reason is because they being naturally heavier than water their whole weight cannot be supported by it and therefore some part of them must burden the Ballance to which the body is knit A piece of Lead that weighs 12 ounces in the Air will not lose above 2 ounces when ' its weighed in Water or may be less But here there is no difficulty The question then is in order to bodies of the same specifick weight with Water as some Wood is or as Water is I say of such also that they cannot weigh in Water and the reason is because they being ●ust of the same weight must have their whole weight supported by it even as one foot of Water supports the whole weight of the foot above it It may be evidenced after this manner Take a piece of Wood that 's lighter in specie than Water and add weight to it by degrees till it become of the same weight with Water Knit it with a string to a Ballance ond weigh it in Water and you will find the whole weight supported by the Water And the reason is because being left to it self it can go no further down than till the upper part of it be level with the surface of the Water Now the whole weight being thus supported not one ounce of it can burden the Ballance In a word the Ballance can never be burdened unless the body that 's knit to it have an inclination to go to the ground when left to it self which a body of the same weight with Water can never have I conclude then if a body of the same weight with Water cannot weigh in Water neither can Water weigh in Water seing Water is of the same weight with Water And Therefore the Water EFR that 's now within the Bubble cannot in anywise

hazard or danger would follow thereupon If it be inquired whither the greatest hazard is from the ingress of the Water or from the egress of the Air I answer ther 's no danger from the coming in of the Water from above because as it comes in it falls down and so mingles with the rest below But if the Air should go out the Ark fills presently full of Water and drowns the man that is in it The next thing considerable in this Diving Instrument is the foot-stool of Lead CD that 's not only useful for a man to set his feet upon when he dives but especially for sinking of the Ark. For this being made of Timber and full of Air cannot of ' its own accord go down unless it be pulled and forced by some weight It may either be broad and round or square if square a large foot over from side to side or 16 inches will determine the breadth By this means it will happen to be pretty thick seing a great quantity of Lead is required In each corner there must be a hole for four chords by which it is appended to the mouth of the Ark. Between it and the roof within must be the height of a man and more The weight of it cannot be well determined without trial seing it depends upon the dimensions of the Ark. First then try how much weight will bring the top EFGH level with the surface of the Water When this is found add a little more weight till it begin to sink and this will surely take it to the ground though it were 40 fathom 'T is to be observed that when the top EF is level with the surface there is here a just counterpoise namely between the Lead foot-stool on the one part as a pondus and the Ark on the other part as a potentia for with what force the Ark endeavours to pull up the Lead with the same force strives the Lead to pull down the Ark. Hence it is that as a small weight will turn a pair of Scales when they are in equilibrio so a small weight added to the foot-stool will sink the Ark. Though it may seem difficult to determine the just weight of the foot-stool without trial as I said yet I purpose to essay it For this cause consider that there is no Vessel of VVood almost if it be once full of Water but the orifice of it will ly level with the surface of the VVater wherein it sweems This proposition is so evident from experience that it needs no confirmation From this I gather that as much weight of Lead or Stone will bring the top of the Ark EFGH level with the surface of the VVater as is the weight of the Water that fills it If you suppose then the Ark to be 36 inches broad and 40 inches high it must contain 30 cubique foot of Water Now supposing each square foot of this Water to weigh 56 pound 30 foot must weigh 1680 pound This is gathered from trial and experience for after exact search I found a cubique foot of Water in bulk about 16 pints of our measure to weigh 56 pound Take then a piece of Lead of that weight and you will find it make a just counterpoise with the Ark. If any be desirous to know the quantity of it I answer if lead be 13 times naturally heavier then Water you will find that a piece of Lead about 16 inches every way will do it If it be objected that when a mans body is within the Ark the weight of the foot-stool must be less even as much less as is the weight of the man whom I suppose to weigh 224 pound or 14 stone I answer the whole weight of the man is not to be deduced from the foot-stool but the one half only and the reason is because a mans body being of the same specifick and natural weight with Water it cannot preponderat or weigh in VVater because magnitudes only naturally heavier then VVater weigh in VVater as Lead or Stone therefore seing the one half of the man is within the Ark and the other without among the Water that part only must weigh that 's invironed with Air. This may seem a plausible answer and might do much to satisfy these that are not very inquisitive yet being examined it will be found unsufficient Therefore I say there 's not one part of the mans body that weighs within the Ark or makes it heavier Yet I affirm that when the mans body is within the Ark a less weight will sink it then when his body is out of it even as much less than before as is the just weight of the one half of the man For example if 1680 pound be the just counterpoise of it without the Man then after the Man is in it it will take only 1568 pound to counterballance it supposing the one half of the man to weigh 112 pound or seven stone yet it is not the weight of the man that makes this difference For understanding what 's the cause of this alteration consider that when a mans body is within the Ark there is less Air in it then while his body is out of it even as much less in quantity as the bulk of the parts are that are within If this be then must the Ark become heavier not because the mans body makes it heavier but because there is less Air in the Ark then before and therefore there arises an inequality between the weight of the foot-stool and the weight or rather lightness of the Ark. For if 1680 pound of Lead was the just counterballance of it when it had 30 cubique foot of Air within it it must exceed when there is less Air in it But there occures here two difficulties the first is what 's the reason why as much weight must be deduced from the foot-stool as is the the precise weight of the one half of the man Secondly how shall we come to the true knowledge of that weight that is to know distinctly how many pounds or ounces it is of For answer let us suppose that the one half of the man is just as heavy as so much Water equal in bulk to his own half This may be granted without scruple seing a mans body is judged to be of the same specifick and natural weight with Water and though there should be some small difference yet it will not make or produce any insufficiency in the argument for these demonstrations are not Mathematical but Physical Therefore as much Water in bulk as is equal to that part of the man that is within the Ark must be as heavy as the half of the man Now supposing the half of the man to weigh 112 pound and consequently that Water to weigh as much I affirm the said Water to contain 3456 cubique inches but 3456 cubique inches makes exactly two cubique feet which I gather thus Seven pound of Water requires 216 cubique inches because a Cube

top branch of the Peach-leaf'd Willow in a Glass-viol among 12 ounces of pure Spring Water with three small buds upon the top thereof scarce yet discernable The first ten or twelve dayes little white specks appeared upon the sides of the Willow like small drops of Quick-silver or like the first Bubbles that arise upon the fermentation of Ale or Wine but no consumption of the Water all this time Indeed the Gemms which stood three inches above the Water did visibly swell about the twelfth day About the fifteenth day I perceived small white roots within the Water upon several places of the Plant and observed the Liquor grow somewhat thick and decay in bulk considerably Having perceived this I took another Glass of the same bigness with that wherein the Willow grew and having filled both top-full with Spring Water I observed clearly the consumption of the Water wherein the Plant stood to be so great that during May Iune and a great part of Iuly every week at least an ounce and an half or two ounces of it were insensibly spent whereas the other Water standing by in an open Vessel of the same size made not waste of one spoonful in a whole moneth About the middle of August the Water turned very thick and green like that whereon Duck-weed useth to grow and the fair white roots were all obscured from the sight although the Vessel by the multitude of roots was not capable of the third part of Water it received at first At this time the branches were advanced to half the bigness and a much greater length than the whole stock at its first planting and the leaves of as fresh a verdure as any Willow in the fields Thus having observed that a tree of four ounces weight could in three moneths time and little more consume insensibly seven or eight times its own weight of pure Water without the warm preservation of the earth and by its own proper digestion to thicken the remnant of the Water that it might serve for lorication of the tender fibres of the roots I took the Glass the Tree and all and threw them over a Window supposing it needless to recruit the Water any more and judging it impossible without the warm guard of the earth that the naked Tree could be preserved in Winter yet it had the good fortune to fall among some thick Herbs in the corner of a little Garden where after it had lien all Winter it was found and brought back to me the branches fairly budding in April the whole Tree fresh and green yet very little Water was left in the Glass by reason as I judged it had fallen upon its side Then I endeavoured to keep Water about it but the Stock filling the neck of the Viol and the Roots the whole body thereof the starved Plant died in May after it had lived a whole year without earth From this it would seem that this kind of Tree and it may be many moe doth dissipat insensibly six times more Liquor than it doth assimilat and by consequence that a great quantity of moisture is necessary for maintainance of great Woods Neither is there any way so advantagious for draining moist ground where there are no living Springs as that of planting abundance of Timber which will best agree with that kind of soyl for by this means what was formerly noisome and superfluous is now converted partly into the useful aliment of the Timber and partly sent abroad in insensible exhalations which according to the nature of the emitting Plants prove either very noisome or wholsome to the Neighbour-Inhabitants Great care therefore would be had in the choise of such Trees as are to be planted in such moist ground as are near to mens dwellings or places of concurse They are not fools who prefer Firs and Lime-trees in their Avenues to Oak and Elme Let the effects of the Atomical exhalations of Alder and Oak upon fine Linnen and white Skins be more particularly noticed Having spoken somewhat of the aliment and growth of Plants I shall in the next place give a short hint at the motion of their aliment especially of Trees That the alimentary juice of Plants is much thinner than that of Animals no man I suppose will deny seing that is conveyed thorow the trunck or body of the Plants by inperceptible pores but this for the most part is sent thorow all the members through patent and manifest Vessels But how the nourishing and vital juice in Plants doth move and by what passages hath not yet been made known by any that I have seen I made once a few Observations for trying of the motion of the aliment of Trees which bred in me this conjecture The nutritive juice of Trees is transmitted both to the roots and branches through the heart or pitch and woody pores of the Timber and when it is come to the extream parts it returns again from the tops of the roots and branches between the bark and timber into these forenamed interior passages and so back to the extremities again and that continually so long as the life remains And because the substance of that skin or bark which invests the fibres of the root is more open and porous than that which is upon the outward branches therefore it seems that so much as is superadded to the stock of the former aliment from the earth is conveyed to the heart and pitch by means of and together with that part of the retrograd juice which returns from nourishing and enlivening the timber of the root-branches for it is an easie Experiment to make the top of any Tree become root by laying it down and receives the impressions of the life of the Tree common to the whole mass of alimentary juice like the I hyll in Animals mixed with the blood of the Veni-cave before it come to the heart This motion is not to be thought alwayes alike swift or of equal celerity for the vital juice of the Tree becomes so thick and oleagenous in the Winter that the motion thereof to the outward is scarce discernable though the preparation of the Gemmes both for leaves and flowers are observed by the curious and can be distinguished even in the coldest seasons and the returns inward are in so small quantities that they are rather like vapours than liquid juice Indeed some Trees when their root-branches are cut even in Winter will yeeld no small quantity of an acid liquor which by addition of the recent Leffas from the earth smells evidently of the Matrix from which it did proceed Moreover the passages especially from the branches to the Trunk are so straitned and contracted that the bark cleaveth to the Timber as every Wood-man knows But so soon as the warm Spring hath attenuated the ever-flowing juice in the whole Tree then doth it become turgid and more aqueous over all the passages and channels both in the trunk and among the tunicles and particular skinnes are so

vivens in Animals Albeit I doubt not but the red Spirit or Blood in most Terrestrial Animals is the first product of the Primigenial juice and therefore not improperly named the true Callidum Innatum of these Creatures by the Noble and Ingenious Harvey in his Book de Generatione Neither do I scruple to yeeld that the Heart and appendent Vessels are the first formed and perfected parts in the hotter kind of Animals yet I am confident to affirm that in many of the colder and moister kinds of Aquaticks if not in all neither the redness and heat of the Vital Spirits nor the formation of the Heart Liver c. are previously requisite to the structure and existence of the other parts seing the light of life which at first inhabited the clear and Cristalin radical moisture before the formation of any particular part doth alwayes move in every living creature according to their particular exigency without any absolute dependency upon any one part or member excepting singular conditions wherein they may be stated as to its substance light and motion there being in some Animals a simple undulation in others a slow creeping but in the more perfect an impetuous running or rather flying of the Vital Spirits necessarily required for illumination and vivification of the whole For confirmation I shall give you this singular Experiment About the middle of March the sperm of Frogs according to the number of Prolifick Eggs therein contained sends forth a multitude of small round Creatures covered with a black and moveable Frock which about the end of March and beginning of April by the Gyrations of a Tail behind like a Rudder do slowly move their bodies in the Water At this time having opened severals of them I found nothing apparent to the naked eye but a clear th●n Membran under the fore-named black Frock within which were contained a clear Water and some small Fibres like Intestines and in the fore-part a small orifice like a mouth About the middle of April its motion is more vigorous and the Tripes within are most evident lying in a very fine circular order but as yet there is no Vestige of Heart Blood or Liver c. About the middle of May the feet formed like small threeds appear thorow the black Coat within the Breast the Heart is then visible of a white and Fibrous substance the Liver is white and the Gall therein easily discerned But which is the head of this Experiment the Vital Spirit in form of a clear and pure Water is manifestly received by the Nervous Heart and by the contraction thereof transmitted to all the Body thorow white transparent Vessels which being full of this Liquor do represent the Lymphatick rather than the Sanguiferous Veins Last of all do the Pneumatick Vesicles which in this Amphibium supply the place of the Lungs arise in the Breast after whose production the Lympid and Crystalin Liquor while the Heart is turgid therewith seems to be red and fiery but in the other Vessels it is of a faint pale colour untill about or near the end of Iune the Frock being cast off and a perfect Frog formed the whole Vessels are full of Blood or a red substance very thin and clear the Liver and Pneumatick Vesicles c. become red and Rosy so that the Blood in this Amphibium which in the more perfect Animals is first compleat seems to be the last part in attaining its perfection That Salmonds and great Trouts have an aqueous liquor which runs thorow their Arteries and Veins before their Blood attain the true consistency and saturat tincture I am certain whether it hold in many others I suspect but dar not affirm Hence it may be if mens observations were frequent in all kind of Anatomical inspections in several Embryo's of every species it would be found evident that the Blood in all these called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath its immediat original from a simple homogeneous and uniform liquor and doth by gradual and frequent influences of the vital ferment of the heart receive at length the full tincture essence and subsistence requisite for vivification and illumination of the whole members Whether this Experiment doth not sufficiently impugn the universality of the hearts first living the original of the Gall from the fervour and ebullition of the Blood the production of the Blood by the Liver and many other ancient errors let any judge who will but take pains to make and compare Harveys trials de ovo with this of the Porwigl or Gyrinus ab ovo Yea if the aqueous liquor be not one with the vital Spirit and subsequent Blood then my eyes and taste are altogether erroneous Moreover it were to be wished that Physitians would not simply stand upon the Galenick suppositions of the four alledged Components of the Blood nor any such or equivalent fancies of the latter Chymists but that they would seriously examine the first original and rise thereof from the Primigenial juice or liquamen the progress and perfection of its tinctures how many renovations or new tinctures it is capable of the vast difference between the Blood of old and young Animals though it may be they are both univocal substances while in their integrity within the Vessels with the specifick discriminations not only of that of any one Aquatick from any Volatil or Terrestrial but likewise of any one Species living in the same Element with these that enjoy the same Aliments but of a different Species And lastly the variety of particular constitutions and singular properties of individual Animals radicated in the fountain of life or first original of the Blood If these things and many more were truly inquired after though the Cook be sometimes necessitated to throw away some of the Broth with the Scum I doubt not but the Neoterick Invention of Transfusion of Blood would prove altogether ridiculous and the ancient mistake of too much Profusion of this treasure by Phlebotomy might suffer some reasonable checks from infallible Experience and sound reasons not here to be mentioned There are truths in Natural Philosophy which I doubt not but sound reason and experience will convince the vain world of in due time OBSERVATION XXIII THis Observation is concerning the aliment and growth of Plants The inquisitive wits of this and the last age having rejected the old opinion of the earths nourishing of Plants or being converted into their aliment have made many laudable Experiments for finding out the materials and means of their growth and vegetation such as Sir Francis Bacon's Observe of Germination Helmonts of a Willow and the Noble Mr. Boyl's of a Gourd c. For though a Tree be cut down and the root thereof wax old in the earth and the stock die in the ground yet through the sent of Water it will bud as Iob speaketh Chap. 14.7 8 9. I shall add a short remark of a Willow growing without earth Upon the 13 of April 1662 I set a