Selected quad for the lemma: war_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
war_n	say_a	ship_n	vessel_n	2,929	5	10.6889	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A44350	An account of several new inventions and improvements now necessary for England, in a discourse by way of letter to the Earl of Marlborough, relating to building of our English shipping, planting of oaken timber in the forrests, apportioning of publick taxes, the conservacy of all our royal rivers, in particular that of the Thames, the surveys of the Thames, &c. : Herewith is also published at large The proceedings relating to mill'd-lead-sheathing, and the excellency and cheapness of mill'd-Lead in preference to cast sheet-lead for all other purposes whatsoever. : Also A treatise of naval philosophy, / written by Sir Will. Petty. ; The whole is submitted to the consideration of our English patriots in Parliament assembled.	T. H. (Thomas Hale); Petty, William, Sir, 1623-1687. A treatise of naval philosophy.	1691 (1691)	Wing H265; ESTC R28685	111,893	310

must provide for the coming of water to the Rudder which is to be performed by two other Angulations viz. from fifteen parts aft let the sides of the Ship converge into an Angle from the Horizontal saction downwards where the Ship draweth least water at her Launching which will be the height of the Tuck let the bottom superficies be bent in a Circular line And thus we have in gross set down the five Incurvations of the bottom and sides of our Logg and how the butt-ends thereof have been as it were abolished forward on for the easie passage of the Vessel through the water and aft for the quick and effectual pulse of the water upon the Rudder In the next place we come to the like shaping of the remaining part of the Logg which we intend shall swim above the water which is performed as followeth Let it be supposed that the Ship upon a Wind is to stoop upon a certain Angle let the supernatant sides of a Ship so much tumble as they call it as that the said sides may remain perpendicular when the Ship stoops which being done quite round the upper surface the remainder will be the shape and section of the upper Deck Memorandum That all the forementioned Incurvations are to be trimmed and repaired by reconciled lines In the next place we come to ●ollowing or excavating of our Logg which suppose beginning at the middle we do leaving equal thickness every where until the Logg become so light that it swims at the line representing the launching line and consequently we have now acquired the model of a Ship as it appeareth in her launching except the Cabbins and what is usually superstructed ●pon the upper Deck In the next place we are to consider how far ballast and weight of rigging c. will sink the said Ship And secondly how much deep the weight that must be added to fit out a Man of War will depress her for till then we cannot rationally determine the place of the Gun-deck wherefore the next enquiry must be what extent of Sail our Vessel must carry and consequently the length of the Masts and Yards and then of their thickness and weight and from thence the size of the rigging and from thence the Wind-loft and from thence the Cables and Anohors and from thence all the Capsterns and Windless Boats Bitts Catheads and Davits In the next place we are to consider the quality quantity and weight of our ballast so as the Ship may stoop but according to our intention and according to the strength of our Masts and Shrowds Having thus found out our second Water-line which I call the sailing-line as the first was called the launching-line Now we come to the third which is the line of War And this is to be discovered by computing the weight first of the Ordnance which suppose to be in a Man of War one 6 th part of what is between the Sailing-line and the line of Burthen or fourth Line Secondly the weight of Men with three months Victuals in order thereunto we must determine the number of Men for sailing from the Spread of Canvas and the number of Men for fighting from the Amplitude of the Deck and weight of the Ordnance Having found out the said Line and considered the distance of Trunnions of the Guns from the Gun-deck and the distance of the Muzzels of the Guns levelled from the surface of the water we come at length to determine the place of the Gun-deck and consequently of the other Deck Memorandum That the superstructions upon the upper Deck are not only for the Accommodation of Men but also fortifications of the Ship forasmuch as the Guns in the Fore-castle and steerage clear the Deck as those of the Round house do the Quarter deck Having found the dimensions of the Masts we next come to the place of them viz. by what points of the Gun-deck they must pass and here we must consider the reasons of their raking ast as also of the steeving of the Boulsprit and withal the reasons of placing the Top-mast before or behind the Main-mast and of dividing each Mast into three parts and the proportion of the round Tops main Stays the place and fitting of the Shrowd so as to make way for the gibbing of the Yards and setting of the Shrowds loose or tort as the Condition of Sailing of the Vessel requires CHAP. III. 1. THe reason of Ships going against the Wind and in what proportion she maketh way between her being right afore the wind and lying within five points of the wind 2. The whole Doctrine of Steering and Rudders 3. The whole doctrine of Mooring and Anchors 4. Of the Lee-boards their use dimension and place 5. What Sails Masts Yards and Rigging is fittest for every size and sorts of Vessels according to the Seas and service whereunto it is to be applyed 6. Of the Shape Cutting Sowing and Setting in of Sails into the Headropes and Boltropes of the several substance and thickness of Sails and of the Effect and Welling them Easing of Shrowds Looseness of Masts and upper Masts 7. Of the Effects of true Trim shutting up the Ports general Quietness firing of Stern-pieces and the best course upon a Chase. 8. How Top-sails Stooping Weather or Leeward Helm as also how the Keel Gripe and Mizen Sail may be fitted to promote or hinder the Sailing upon occasion 9. What makes a Ship Roll and laboursome in the Sea what makes her wear and stay well and what makes her ride hard or easie at an Anchor what makes her pitch and scend too much what makes her fall easie or hard into the Sea what makes her Leeward or keep a good Wind. 10. Of the just proportion of Sails with more or less that which will make the Ship go worse of Equations between the spread of Sails and the Velocity of the Wind Of the utmost Velocity of a Ship with Wind and Tide Of the proportion of the counter-resistance of winds or tides why some Ships sail better with much and some with less proportionably 11. How to compute the Impediment which Foulness and Weeds do make in a Ships way and in what proportion Smoothness Sope and Tallow doth quicken it 12. How a Ship is to be fitted with Decks to beat it up to windward in foul weather why the Fore-sail must be less than the Main-sail CHAP. IV. WE have hitherto supposed the Ship to be exactly shaped inside and outside of one simple Logg of Wood which being impossible to do otherwise in Speculation it is necessary to come at length to the practical part of Ship-Carpentry which is the Art of imitating the moddel afore-mentioned and of composing a Ship not out of one but several thousand pieces of Wood and Iron Wherefore this Chapter shall comprehend as followeth 1. The History of the Practice of the best Shipwrights in England Holland and Portugal in their building Ships as aforesaid 2. Supposing that a Ship commonly

offered in the same Paper of suggestions Philosophical in support of their present Sentence against Lead-sheathing which is that they were suggestions which seem rather calculated for the giving countenance to an Opinion already espoused than for the raising an Opinion upon that is yet in seeking One being that of Sir Iohn Kempthornes who with some of his Officers lighting upon a piece of Milled-Lead which seemed to them to have taken some wet they conceived it presently to look of a Cancarous and Corroding substance and venomous to Iron qualities not usuaily judged of by the Eye promising the sending up a Sample of it to the Officers of the Navy for their Inspection which if they did the said Officers would not have needed any other Evidence against Lead-sheathing than their Experiments upon this one piece had Sir Iohn Kempthornes conceptions of it met with any Confirmation therefrom wherein your Lordships will easily receive full satisfaction from the said Officers Another That of Sir R. B's who in his Declaration upon this matter chargeth this Eating of the Lead-to the mixture it is prepared with for the making it run thin by which it is rendred of a more blew colour than Lead ordinarily is and with Salt-water creates a kind of Coperas that consumes the Iron-works under water whereas whoever is conversant in the method of this Company in the manufacturing part of their Invention know that the only mystery thereof lies in the application of Lead to Rollers by which it is reduced without any inequalities to what degree of thickness or thinness is demanded without the least other Preparation or Mixture exercised upon the Metal it self but is pressed and brought upon the Ships sides as simple and unaltered as ever it flowed from the Pig The last that of Sir Iohn Narbrough 's Opinion of its being the Copper covering the Rudder-Irons and the Copper nailes the sheathing is fastened with that destroys the Iron-work whereto we hold it unnecessary here to return any thing in opposition more than what the said Officers at the same time present you with of a quite contrary Principle though in maintenance of the same Position from Sir R. B. who expresly declares his having found by experience That it is not the Irons covered with Copper and nailed even with Iron Nails that suffer from the Rust but only those which the Lead together with the Salt water drains and falls upon And this My Lords having been said in Reference to all that the Navy Officers have in their Report thought fit to give for the grounds of this their so positive Determination against Lead-sheathing And wherein this Company have only this to ask that they may not from ought they have already or may yet further say upon this occasion be misunderstood by your Lordships as if they were under any disbelief themselves or aimed at the getting any in others touching the Truth of Fact now discoursed upon there being none more sensible than themselves both of the Reality of this wast of Iron-work by Rust and the ill importance of it in its consequences They now proceed to the giving your Lordships the best assistance they can towards the discovery of what is the true sourse of this Evil and that in the plainness of this following Method viz. 1. By submitting to your Lordships their Opinion and its Reasons That the Sheathing of Ships with Lead neither is nor can as such be the true Cause of this decay of Iron-work 2. By doing the like in reference to the Evils for they are more than one whereto this matter under enquiry ought rightfully to be imputed 3. By conducting your Lordships to that which they take to be the only certain speedy and effectual Expedient of arriving at the Truth in this matter For the First Against the charging this Mischief upon sheathing with Lead be pleased to receive the Measures of this Companies judging therein in the following Considerations 1. That without taking upon us to Discourse as Philosophers of the different Structures Consistences Sweetnesses and Acidities of Bodies and other Difficulties wherewith they have been frequently entertained in their Enquiries on this Subject They have made it their Endeavours to gather the best Information they can by resorting to that purpose to Persons of most allowed Name in Natural Phylosophy and Chymistry without being able hitherto to meet with one that will admit any thing to lye within the whole natur●● of Lead that either singly or from any alteration that can be begotten by its meeting with Salt-water can contribute ought to the decay of Iron by Corrosion as being a Mettal so void of any disposition that way as to subdue that very quality of corroding in other Bodies the most acid and sour of which as we have had the honour more than once of hearing his Majesty himself discourse in Confirmation so do we readily and humbly referr your Lordships not only to the same Royal Advice but to the honourable and learned Gentleman and most eminently so for his researches into those abstruser parts of Natural Knowledge Mr. Boyle or whoever you shall please to consult with herein taking with you the like confideration about the Nails to which some as has been already shewn seem more inclinable to impute this Evil than to the Lead our daily experience shewing them at seven years end as free from Rust as at their first driving and being so Rust-proof in themselves will not any more be admitted with those we have discoursed with as capable of infecting with Rust any other adjacent or even continguous Metal 2. That from beyond the Memory of Man and therefore before the being of this Invention at least within these Dominions universal Practice both in his Majesties Yards and Merchants Buildings has and does at this day make Lead the common security of Iron-work against Rust not only by covering therewith upon all Ships unsheathed and designed on long Voyages the Iron-work about the Rudder but by capping the heads of their Bolts under water with pieces of Lead sized to and nailed over the said Bolts Nor is this all for at this day whatever Merchant-Man or Man of War is appointed for a Voyage where the Worm eats the back of her Stern-post and Beard of her Rudder are sheathed with Copper or Lead and this even where the Ships also are sheathed with Wood the East-India Company it self upon whom we may best depend for cautions wherever preservation of Ships is in question not omitting in that very case to sheath their Rudders with Lead or Copper Which Practice could certainly never have prevailed with our Fathers and been followed with so continued a consent to this Day by us if the vicinity of either of these Metals assisted as is by some imagined by Salt-water had been ever found of so pernicious and certain Effect upon the very Matter they are imployed to secure 3. Nor does what is thus approved of in the general and universal

endeavour to acquit our selves with all faithfulness and Duty to his Majesty and no less submission to your Lordships as becomes My LORDS Your Lordships c. The Lords of the Admiralty's Commission being determined before they had proceeded to make any Report herein and King Charles the second taking in to himself the Office of Lord High Admiral of England which was transacted by his Brother Mr. Pepys being Secretary and Sir Anth. Dean and Mr. Hewer the one always a professed Friend to the Thing and the other not only so but to that time a Partner also for a twelfth share in the Work being made Commissioners of the Navy the Mill'd-Lead Company could not but expect their Lead-sheathing would soon be restored by the Power of these Gentlemen they having throughly Examined the Matter and informed themselves of the great Benefit and Advantage this Sheathing had and might bring to his Majesty's Service as hath been shewn and by the Post they were in it now becoming their Duty also so that they did not much press their Work waiting only to be called for as soon as it should be thought convenient but much time being lost under these Expectations at length Complaining of this Delay to their late Partner Mr. Hewer he advised them not to Petition the King as they intended but to present a New Proposal to the Board to do the Work per Yard square without any Reflection or Notice of the former Proceedings saying they that had been against it must needs be convinced of their mis-information which had caused the Prejudices they had formerly conceived against Lead-sheathing the whole Matter ●eing so clearly stated and this Sheathing so well vindicated in the Company 's Reply which they had had so much time better to examine and consider of and that they would take this way of application to them well and we needed not to doubt the better and speedier success Wherefore the 20 Decemb. 1686. the Company presented the Proposal following which they leave still before the Navy-Board in hopes at one time or other they will find reason and leisure to take the same into further consideration To the Honourable The Principal Officers and Commissioners OF HIS MAJESTY's NAVY A Proposal of Mr. Kent and Partners concerned in the Work of Mill'd-Lead to Sheath his Majesty's Ships with the said Lead for preservation of their Plank against the Worm which way of Sheathing is plainly much better for Sayling cheaper and more durable than any other way hitherto used IT is humbly offered to your Consideration that when this way of Milling Lead for Sheathing of Ships was first invented it was immediately communicaed to the late King and his present Majesty then Lord High Admiral of England and the Usefulness of the Invention by them well weighed and considered and thought to be of such consequence that his Majesty gave the Inventors encouragement and advice to lay the same before the Parliament where a●ter a most strict scrutiny into the Matter in both Houses they obtained in the Year 1670. an Act of Parliament with Terms in it highly expressing the good Opinion they had conceived of this Invention After which by his Majesty's particular direction it was first tryed upon several of his own Ships but the interest several Persons trading in the Materials formerly used in Sheathing had to oppose this Invention did make them very iudustrious to raise Objections against it all which being throughly examined by his late Majesty and a View by him in Person made of the Ship Phoenix after two Voyages to the Streights with the same Sheathing it pleased his Majesty by his Order of 20 th Decemb. 1673. to signifie his pleasure that for the future this way of Sheathing and no other should be used upon his Majesty's Ships by the then Lords of the Admiralty in these words viz. After our hearty Commendations in pursuance of his Majesty's Pleasure signified to us by himself at this Board That in regard of the many and good Proofs which had been given of the usefulness of Sir Philip Howard and Major Watson's Invention of Sheathing his Majesty's Ships with Lead in preference to the doing of it with the Materials and in the manner anciently used and with respect had no less to the charge thereof than the effectual securing the Hulls of his Majesty's Ships against the Worms his Majesty's Ships may for the time to come be sheathed in no other manner than that of Lead without special Order given for the same from this Board These are to authorize you to cause this his Majesty's pleasure ●erein to be duely complyed with And so we remain Your Loving Friends Anglesey Ormond G. Carteret And after two Years further experience the then Navy-Board thought it for his Majesty's Service to Contract with the Mill'd-Lead Partners for the Materials to sheath his Ships at the Rates expressed in their Articles of Agreement during their whole term of their Act of Parliament And thus stood the Matter 'till the close of the Year 1675. at which time as we humbly conceive by the Artifice of the interested Traders was raised a Clamour never heard of before as if this way of Sheathing did occasion a more than ordinary Decay of the Rudder-Irons This immediately put the Partners upon a strict enquiry into the Truth and validity of these Objections and it was not long e're they fully discovered that this decay in the Iron-work proceeded not from the contrariety of the Nature of Lead with the matter of Iron but that the Iron-work lasted or decayed as it was better or worse mixt and wrought by the Smith for such different decays as are charged could never proceed from one common Cause His late Majesty himself was convinced that there was not such corrosive quality in Lead having consulted the Person in England the most skilful in those matters Furthermore Universal Practice both in his Majesties Yards and Merchant Builders has and does at this day make Lead the common security of Iron-work against Rust not only by covering therewith upon all Ships unsheathed and designed for long Voyages the Iron-work about the Rudder but by capping the heads of their Bolts under water with pieces of Lead sized to and nailed over the said Bolts Nor is this all for at this day whatever Merchant Man or Man of War is appointed for a Voyage where the Worm eats the back of her Stem-post and beard of her Rudder are sheathed with Copper or Lead and this even where the Ships also are sheathed with Wood the East India Company it self upon whom we may best depend for Cautions wherever preservation of Ships is in question not omitting in that very case to sheath their Rudders with Lead or Copper which practice certainly could never have prevailed with our Fathers and been followed with so continued a consent to this very day by us of the vicinity of either of these Metals assisted as is by some imagined by salt-water had

reckoned 150 Tun be a fit size to sail in round the World And that the just strength of every part of the same were certainly known and determined 't is desired to know of what size and scantling each correspondent Timber must be of to make a greater or lesser Vessel of equal strength and to compute the difference of strength between greater and smaller Vessels of the common Built 3. How to make practical Equations between the strength of Timber and Irons and between Trenailes and Bolts c. 4. Out of what Data arises the knowledge of the strength of Knees Bolts and Nails 5. That vast Ships of 1500 Tuns do require a different way of Carpentry of Masts and Yards than what is used and particularly in no Case a Mast above 30 inches through and above ¾ the present length is requisite CHAP. V. 1. WHat Alterations in Shipping the use of the Compass and Guns have produced and consequently how to conjecture what was the Shipping of the Ancients in these Countreys 2. How the difference of the Materials for Building the difference of Trades and Commodities and the differences of defensive and offensive Warfare doth occasion differences of Shipping in the several parts of the present World 3. The History of the Improvement of Shipping sailing upon a Wind and Advance of the Shipping Trade for the last Twenty years by the Portugals Genoveses English Netherlands and the inhabitants of Baltick 4. A Description of several Attempts which have been made the●e last twenty years for the improvement of Shipping with the respective success and Sailers of each The SECOND PART Being of NAVAL POLICY CHAP. I. THat the King of England being not only by Right and Custom Soveraign of the Narrow Seas but having also the best Means and most Concernment to be more considerable at Sea than any other Prince or State it is therefore his Interest to know and discover as followeth 1. How many Tunn of Shipping there be in the whole Comercial World from 15 to 1500 Tunns as are able to cross the Seas and how many Ships there be of each Century of times with the said 15 Centuries 2. How many Ordnance belong to them and of what weight 3. How many Seamen there are in all and particularly of such as have served three years at Sea 4. To have Lists of all the Ships and Seamen belonging to any Ports or places within his own Dominions and a ready Method to know where they are at all times at home or at Sea 5. What Harbours and Ports there are in the whole Commercial World unto which Shipping does belong and what Ships they are able to receive what are the special advantages and Inconveniences of each 6. What is the Wages and Rate of Victuals for Seamen in each state 7. To have intelligence of all Privateers Pickeroons and Pirates which are abroad at all times and in a forwardness to go forth From hence only his Majesty can know how to proportion his Navy that is to say his Navy cannot or need not consist of more Tunns of Shipping than are Seamen of his Subjects and one quarter more I say greater it cannot well be and it need not be much bigger than of so many Tunns of Shipping than any two of his Neighbour States have Man to Man with preservation of their Trade And the intelligence last mentioned determins the number and sorts of Ships which are to be always in readiness Moreover the Kings Navy must be of Ships above 600 Tunns but need not have half so many lesser as will suffice in time of Exigence for such may be hired from Merchants CHAP. II. 1. OF the Advantages scituate upon the Sea and Navigable water 2. Of the benefit of a Shipping Trade in General 3. Of the Fishing Trade and how far the Subjects of the King of England are able to mannage it and what have hitherto been the Impediments thereof 4. Whether it were for the benefit of the Common-wealth that Coals were found near London And that good Tobacco and Sugars would grow in England for as much as a parcel of proper fitting ground of twelve mile square would bear as much of these Commodities as do now come from America 5. Of what benefit to the World is the Discovery of new Countries new Passages new Mines of Gold of Silver and of the Longitude it self 6. What increase of Trade doth really signifie and import 7. The effect of depending upon forraign Countries for Hemps Tarr Masts Rozin and Sail-Cloath 8. Of the whole Expence of a Fleet how much of that from forraign Countries and how much is the Domesticks in value 9. The same English men who now work upon exported Commodities as woollen Manufactures Lead Tinn c. did go to Sea in Men of War Quer. Whether they would not take as much Commodities by way of Prize as they now receive in Exchange for their said Exportations 10. Of the Decay of Timber in England Scotland and Ireland with the Causes and Consequences and Remedies thereof CHAP. III. 1. WHether Landmen and not Seamen bred be fitter to Command at Sea 2. Of all the Men in a Fleet of War how many ought to be perfect Seamen how many of five lower degrees and how many may be Landmen 3. How in what time Land Soldiers and other Tradesmen of labour may be made Auxiliary Seamen and how many such may be requisite in Cases ordinary and extraordinary and how the said Men may be encouraged and employed at Land to the publick benefit 4. Of allowing encouragement to Impotent Seamen with the number of them and how to assist such Seamen as are low of employment Of NAVAL OECONOMY or HUSBANDRY The Third PART HAving determined the number of the Tuns of Shipping of which the whole Navy is to consist and how many Ships in number they ought to be as also how many of each size and rate and in what and how ma●● Harbou● they are to be kept so as to be ready to put to Sea upon any Occasion it remains to set forth how the same may be done wtth the least Charge and with the least Expence of forreign Commodities to which purpose the following particulars are to be considered 1. Forasmuch as a Ship doth commonly Reign about thirty years it follows that the 30 th part of Tunns 〈◊〉 Shipping of which the whole Navy consists must be 〈◊〉 built every year the which may probably cost 15 l. 〈◊〉 Ann. with Gunners Boatswains and Carpenters stores 2. The Charge of the English Navy in ordinary has by experience amounted to 20 s. per Tunn per Annum 3. For charge of maintaining a Man of Warr at Sea compleatly fitted victualled and manned with the expence wear and tear of all manner of stores doth amount to 24 l. per Ann. 4. There are Estimates by which Money must be provided for the use of the Navy but by good husbandry the Charge may be defrayed at a more easie Rate wherefore we shall in the next place describe Historically the present way of managing his Majesties Navy in England and afterwards make some animadversions upon each of the three great branches of that Expence which is Wages Victuals and Stores subdividing each of them again into several other branches as the Nature of the thing and Custom requires FINIS * 1 Crook 184. James and Haywards Case Coke 5th report 101. Penruddock's Case and 9th Report 53. Bettons Case cum-multis aliis Octob. 28. 1682. This is a Mistake for she was neglected to be sheathed with 〈◊〉 thô Order'd Navy Office 20. Dec. 1682. vide Answ. pag. 12. Obs. This Sheathing had continued on eleven Years v. Answ. pag. 13. v. Answ. pag. 14. Obs. This different decay cannot happen from the same Cause viz. the Lead sheathing v. Answ. pag. 11. But it seems not so as that any Worm entred against which Sheathing is only intended v. Ans. p. 15 v. Answ. pag. 15. vid. Answ. pag. 11. vid. Answ. Pag. 30. vide Answ. pag. 13. Stript 1678. † All must be equally decayed if the Lead-sheathing were the Cause v. Mr. Medbury's Letter p. 78. † 60 per Cent. was thought fit as encouragement enough to be mentioned though Mr. Pepys who also penned this Memorial with Sir Ant. Dean and Mr. Hewer found by their Calculations the King had and might save by the use of this Sheathing above 150 per Cent. besides the great benefit of securing the Hulls of his Ships against the Worm without hinderance to their sailing Their Calculations the Publisher hath in Mr. Hewer's Hand-writing by him Mr. Boyle Mary Ly●● Lyon Henrietta Mary Phoenix March 10. 1670 1. Dreadnought Iune 1671. Bristol Apr. 1674. Henrietta Phoenix Phoenix The Rudder not being sheathed high enough no fault in the Rudder Irons nor Lead-sheathing Kings-fisher Assistance Mary Plymouth Dreadnought R. Catherine Fairfax St. David Happy Return ● Prince St. George Novem. 30. 1682. Since the R●building of the City and the first Notice of Mill'd Lead the Plumbers to make their Coverings seem cheaper have generally cast much thinner than formerly which hath produced these ill Effects in so short a time tho in more ancient Coverings the same Inequalities and defects proportionably may be seen * The Mill'd-Lead-Shop is since removed to the Mill'd-Lead-sign in Orange-street by Red-Lyon-Square near Holborn where Mr. Hale himself also now lives * No such House to be found