john_n galeas_n the_o true_a heir_n of_o this_o dukedom_n but_o a_o weak_a prince_n have_v under_o that_o pretence_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o same_o this_o duke_n fear_v that_o he_o may_v be_v put_v out_o of_o possession_n by_o ferdinand_n king_n of_o naples_n who_o son_n alfonsus_n daughter_n isabel_n be_v marry_v to_o john_n galeas_n endeavour_v to_o give_v ferdinand_n his_o hand_n full_a of_o work_n that_o he_o may_v not_o be_v at_o leisure_n to_o think_v of_o he_o know_v also_o that_o ferdinand_n and_o his_o son_n alfonsus_n be_v much_o hate_v by_o their_o subject_n for_o their_o tyranny_n and_o impiety_n a_o expedition_n be_v therefore_o undertake_v against_o naples_n 1494._o which_o prove_v the_o occasion_n of_o continual_a misery_n to_o italy_n for_o the_o space_n of_o forty_o year_n for_o so_o long_o it_o be_v the_o cockpit_n for_o the_o french_a german_n and_o spaniard_n and_o at_o last_o lose_v a_o great_a part_n of_o its_o ancient_a liberty_n naples_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v fatal_a to_o italy_n that_o the_o wise_a italian_n either_o can_v or_o will_v not_o prevent_v this_o expedition_n which_o be_v design_v two_o year_n before_o charles_n have_v at_o the_o beginning_n all_o the_o success_n imaginable_a for_o the_o italian_a troop_n be_v in_o a_o very_a ill_a condition_n and_o there_o be_v no_o body_n who_o dare_v oppose_v he_o florence_n and_o the_o pope_n side_v with_o he_o the_o latter_a declare_v charles_n king_n of_o naples_n king_n alfonsus_n stir_v up_o by_o his_o own_o conscience_n abdicate_v himself_o transfer_v all_o his_o right_n and_o title_n upon_o his_o son_n ferdinand_n but_o his_o force_n be_v soon_o beat_v and_o disperse_v charles_n make_v his_o solemn_a entry_n into_o naples_n with_o loud_a acclamation_n 1495._o immediate_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n submit_v to_o he_o except_o the_o isle_n of_o iseria_fw-la and_o the_o city_n of_o brundisi_n and_o gallipoli_n the_o conquest_n of_o so_o fair_a a_o kingdom_n and_o that_o within_o five_o month_n time_n strike_v a_o terror_n into_o the_o turkish_a emperor_n himself_o be_v in_o fear_n at_o constantinople_n and_o greece_n be_v ready_a to_o rebel_v as_o soon_o as_o the_o french_a shall_v land_v on_o that_o side_n but_o the_o face_n of_o affair_n be_v quick_o change_v for_o the_o french_a by_o their_o ill_a behaviour_n quick_o lose_v the_o favour_n of_o the_o neapolitan_n the_o king_n mind_v nothing_o but_o game_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v his_o example_n be_v careless_a in_o maintain_v their_o conquest_n beside_o this_o it_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o thing_n of_o such_o consequence_n by_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o europe_n french_a that_o the_o emperor_n the_o pope_n king_n ferdinand_n of_o arragon_n venice_n and_o milan_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n to_o drive_v the_o french_a out_o of_o italy_n charles_n therefore_o fear_v lest_o his_o retreat_n may_v be_v cut_v off_o take_v his_o way_n by_o land_n into_o france_n have_v leave_v thing_n but_o in_o a_o indifferent_a state_n of_o defence_n in_o naples_n in_o his_o march_n he_o be_v meet_v by_o the_o confederate_a army_n near_o the_o river_n of_o taro_n where_o a_o battle_n be_v fight_v in_o which_o though_o there_o be_v more_o kill_v on_o the_o confederate_a side_n than_o of_o the_o french_a naples_n yet_o he_o march_v forward_o with_o such_o precipitation_n as_o if_o he_o have_v lose_v the_o battle_n charles_n be_v no_o soon_o return_v into_o france_n but_o ferdinand_n soon_o retake_v without_o great_a trouble_n the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n to_o the_o great_a dishonour_n of_o the_o french_a who_o be_v not_o able_a to_o maintain_v themselves_o there_o a_o whole_a year_n of_o who_o very_o few_o return_v alive_a into_o france_n not_o long_o after_o charles_n die_v without_o issue_n 1498._o §_o 16._o xii_o he_o succeed_v lewis_n xii_o former_o duke_n of_o orleans_n who_o not_o to_o lose_v britainy_a marry_v anna_n widow_n of_o the_o late_a king_n he_o make_v war_n soon_o after_o on_o milan_n pretend_v a_o right_a to_o that_o dukedom_n by_o his_o grandmother_n side_n and_o have_v conquer_v the_o same_o within_o 21_o day_n 1499._o lewis_n the_o black_a be_v force_v to_o fly_v with_o his_o child_n and_o all_o his_o treasure_n into_o germany_n milan_n but_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o milan_n grow_v quick_o weary_a of_o the_o french_a their_o free_a conversation_n with_o the_o woman_n be_v especial_o intolerable_a to_o they_o and_o therefore_o recall_v their_o duke_n who_o have_v get_v together_o a_o army_n of_o swiss_n be_v joyful_o receive_v and_o regain_v the_o whole_a country_n except_o the_o castle_n of_o milan_n and_o the_o city_n of_o novara_n but_o lewis_n send_v timely_a relief_n the_o duke_n '_o s_z swiss_n soldier_n refuse_v to_o fight_v against_o the_o french_a so_o that_o the_o duke_n endeavour_v to_o save_v himself_o by_o flight_n in_o a_o common_a soldier_n habit_n be_v take_v prisoner_n and_o keep_v ten_o year_n in_o prison_n at_o loches_n where_o he_o die_v thus_o the_o french_a get_v milan_n and_o the_o city_n of_o genova_n again_o after_o so_o great_a success_n lewis_n begin_v to_o think_v of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n to_o obtain_v which_o he_o make_v a_o league_n with_o ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n naples_n wherein_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o they_o shall_v divide_v the_o kingdom_n betwixt_o they_o so_o that_o the_o french_a shall_v have_v for_o their_o share_n naples_n terre_fw-fr de_fw-fr labour_n and_o abruzze_v and_o the_o spaniard_n poville_n and_o calabria_n each_o of_o they_o get_v his_o share_n without_o any_o great_a trouble_n frederick_n king_n of_o naples_n surrender_v himself_o to_o king_n lewis_n 1501._o who_o allow_v he_o a_o yearly_a pension_n of_o 30000_o crown_n but_o soon_o after_o new_a difference_n arise_v betwixt_o these_o two_o haughty_a nation_n concern_v the_o limit_n for_o the_o french_a pretend_v that_o the_o country_n of_o capitanate_n which_o be_v very_o considerable_a for_o its_o tax_n pay_v for_o sheep_n which_o be_v there_o in_o great_a number_n do_v belong_v to_o abruzze_v whereas_o the_o spaniard_n will_v have_v it_o belong_v to_o poville_n and_o from_o word_n they_o come_v to_o blow_n the_o french_a at_o first_o have_v somewhat_o the_o better_a but_o as_o soon_o as_o gonsalvus_n de_fw-fr cordova_n that_o cunning_a spaniard_n have_v break_v their_o first_o fury_n and_o lewis_n do_v not_o send_v sufficient_a relief_n again_o they_o be_v as_o shameful_o beat_v again_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o they_o have_v be_v before_o lewis_n endeavour_v to_o revenge_v himself_o upon_o the_o spaniard_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v 1503._o but_o though_o he_o attack_v they_o with_o four_o several_a army_n yet_o can_v he_o not_o gain_v any_o thing_n upon_o they_o wherefore_o he_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o ferdinand_n and_o enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o he_o against_o philip_n son-in-law_n to_o ferdinand_n who_o have_v after_o the_o death_n of_o isabel_n take_v from_o he_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n be_v uphold_v by_o his_o father_n maximilian_n and_o back_v by_o henry_n king_n of_o england_n who_o son_n have_v marry_v his_o wife_n sister_n in_o the_o year_n 1507_o the_o city_n of_o genova_n rebel_v against_o lewis_n but_o be_v soon_o reduce_v to_o her_o former_a obedience_n then_o the_o war_n begin_v afresh_o in_o italy_n war._n with_o the_o venetian_n who_o be_v too_o much_o addict_v to_o self-interest_n have_v draw_v upon_o themselves_o the_o hatred_n of_o all_o their_o neighbour_n have_v encroach_v upon_o every_o one_o of_o they_o and_o lewis_n especial_o attribute_v to_o they_o his_o loss_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n to_o humble_v this_o proud_a state_n a_o league_n be_v conclude_v at_o cambray_n thâ—â—_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n the_o pope_n the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o spain_n 1508._o lewis_n by_o enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o his_o mortal_a enemy_n have_v more_o regard_n to_o his_o passion_n than_o his_o interest_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o he_o may_v upon_o all_o occasion_n have_v trust_v to_o the_o friendship_n of_o the_o venetian_n but_o now_o he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o fall_v upon_o they_o 1509._o and_o defeat_v they_o in_o a_o great_a battle_n near_o giera_n d'_fw-fr addua_n which_o cause_v such_o a_o terror_n among_o they_o that_o they_o leave_v all_o what_o they_o have_v on_o the_o continent_n within_o twenty_o day_n and_o if_o lewis_n have_v pursue_v his_o victory_n whilst_o they_o be_v under_o this_o first_o consternation_n he_o may_v doubtless_o have_v put_v a_o period_n to_o their_o greatness_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n that_o he_o march_v back_o towards_o milan_n not_o make_v the_o best_a of_o his_o victory_n they_o get_v leisure_n to_o recover_v themselves_o especial_o since_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n be_v not_o in_o earnest_n against_o they_o and_o pope_n julius_n ii_o be_v reconcile_v to_o they_o lewis_n nay_o in_o
year_n and_o the_o church_n benefice_n have_v be_v rather_o bestow_v upon_o favourite_n or_o such_o as_o pay_v well_o for_o they_o than_o such_o as_o deserve_v they_o furnish_v the_o pope_n with_o a_o specious_a pretence_n to_o make_v a_o decree_n that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o emperor_n be_v right_a to_o bestow_v bishopric_n or_o other_o church_n benefice_n upon_o any_o body_n but_o that_o it_o do_v belong_v to_o the_o pope_n the_o emperor_n be_v also_o summon_v to_o appear_v at_o rome_n and_o to_o give_v a_o account_n concern_v his_o mis-behaviour_n and_o in_o case_n of_o failure_n he_o be_v threaten_v with_o a_o excommunication_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o emperor_n have_v declare_v the_o pope_n unworthy_a of_o his_o office_n will_v have_v depose_v he_o so_o the_o pope_n excommunicate_v the_o emperor_n discharge_v all_o his_o subject_n from_o their_o allegiance_n due_a to_o he_o which_o prove_v of_o such_o consequence_n in_o those_o time_n that_o all_o his_o authority_n fall_v to_o the_o ground_n at_o once_o among_o most_o of_o his_o subject_n whereby_o he_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o great_a extremity_n for_o most_o prince_n assemble_v at_o trebes_n where_o they_o depose_v henry_n which_o sentence_n however_o be_v so_o far_o mitigate_v afterward_o that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v leave_v to_o the_o pope_n decision_n henry_n therefore_o accompany_v by_o a_o few_o be_v oblige_v to_o undertake_v a_o journey_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o winter_n into_o italy_n and_o be_v arrive_v at_o canuâ—io_n be_v fain_o to_o stay_v three_o day_n barefooted_a in_o a_o coarse_a woollen_a habit_n in_o the_o outward_a court_n and_o in_o a_o humble_a posture_n to_o beg_v the_o pope_n absolution_n which_o he_o at_o last_o grant_v he_o but_o the_o emperor_n receive_v no_o great_a advantage_n by_o it_o for_o the_o italian_n be_v quite_o disgu_v at_o this_o demeanour_n of_o he_o which_o oblige_v the_o emperor_n to_o make_v use_n of_o his_o former_a authority_n to_o reduce_v they_o to_o obedience_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n by_o instigation_n of_o the_o pope_n do_v elect_v radolph_n duke_n of_o swabia_n their_o king_n but_o the_o bavarian_o franconian_o and_o the_o country_n next_o adjacent_a to_o the_o rhine_n do_v remain_v in_o obedience_n of_o the_o emperor_n henry_n thus_o a_o bloody_a war_n ensue_v wherein_o radolph_n and_o the_o saxon_n be_v vanquish_v in_o two_o battle_n and_o in_o the_o three_o he_o lose_v his_o right_a hand_n and_o life_n 1084._o then_o henry_n call_v together_o a_o assembly_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o have_v depose_v hildebrand_n he_o cause_v another_o to_o be_v choose_v in_o his_o room_n he_o also_o return_v home_n himself_o and_o banish_v hildebrand_n but_o the_o saxon_n persist_v in_o their_o rebellion_n against_o the_o emperor_n who_o be_v again_o excommunicate_v by_o the_o pope_n and_o have_v first_o set_v up_o herman_n duke_n of_o luxenburgh_n and_o after_o his_o death_n ecbert_n marquis_n of_o saxony_n for_o their_o king_n râ—â—els_v but_o to_o no_o purpose_n they_o at_o last_o stir_v up_o the_o emperor_n son_n against_o the_o father_n against_o he_o the_o emperor_n raise_v a_o great_a army_n who_o the_o son_n meet_v and_o in_o a_o deceitful_a manner_n beg_v his_o pardon_n upon_o his_o persuasion_n the_o father_n have_v abandon_v his_o force_n and_o be_v upon_o his_o journey_n to_o the_o diet_n at_o mayence_n accompany_v by_o a_o few_o this_o ancient_a prince_n be_v make_v a_o prisoner_n and_o depose_v 1106._o he_o die_v soon_o after_o in_o great_a misery_n who_o in_o sixty_o two_o battle_n which_o he_o have_v fight_v in_o his_o life_n time_n general_o obtain_v the_o victory_n §_o 5._o v._n as_o soon_o as_o henry_n v._o be_v make_v emperor_n he_o follow_v his_o father_n example_n in_o maintain_v the_o imperial_a dignity_n for_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o have_v settle_v the_o affair_n of_o germany_n he_o march_v with_o a_o army_n towards_o rome_n to_o renew_v the_o ancient_a right_n of_o the_o emperor_n in_o nominate_v of_o bishop_n and_o to_o be_v crown_v there_o the_o pope_n paschal_n ii_o have_v get_v notice_n of_o the_o emperor_n design_n raise_v a_o great_a tumult_n at_o rome_n where_o the_o emperor_n be_v so_o close_o beset_v that_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o fight_v in_o person_n for_o his_o safety_n but_o the_o emperor_n have_v get_v the_o upper_a hand_n make_v the_o pope_n a_o prisoner_n and_o force_v he_o to_o give_v his_o consent_n to_o his_o demand_n and_o this_o their_o agreement_n be_v confirm_v by_o solemn_a oath_n and_o execration_n yet_o no_o soon_o have_v the_o emperor_n turn_v his_o back_n but_o the_o pope_n have_v declare_v the_o agreement_n void_a stir_v up_o the_o saxon_n and_o the_o bishop_n in_o germany_n against_o the_o emperor_n with_o these_o henry_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o very_a tedious_a war_n and_o perceive_v at_o last_o that_o there_o be_v no_o other_o way_n leave_v to_o compose_v these_o difference_n he_o grant_v the_o pope_n demand_n by_o renounce_v his_o right_n to_o nominate_v bishop_n 1122._o at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o worm_n which_o resignation_n as_o it_o great_o diminish_v the_o emperor_n authority_n so_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n it_o strengthen_v the_o power_n of_o the_o pope_n 1125._o this_o emperor_n die_v without_o issue_n he_o succeed_v lotharius_n duke_n of_o saxony_n saxâ—n_n who_o have_v for_o a_o rival_n in_o the_o empire_n cunrad_n duke_n of_o franconia_n who_o he_o quick_o oblige_v to_o beg_v fair_a quarter_n this_o emperor_n have_v twice_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o italy_n do_v with_o great_a glory_n restore_v tranquillity_n to_o that_o country_n and_o because_o he_o use_v to_o flatter_v the_o pope_n he_o be_v in_o great_a esteem_n among_o the_o clergy_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1138._o after_o his_o death_n cunrad_n iii_o obtain_v the_o imperial_a dignity_n who_o be_v oppose_v by_o henry_n duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o bavaria_n and_o his_o brother_n wulff_n which_o occasion_v bloody_a war_n against_o he_o but_o peace_n be_v restore_v among_o they_o he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o the_o holy_a land_n where_o he_o undergo_v great_a calamity_n for_o though_o he_o fight_v his_o way_n through_o the_o saracen_n and_o arrive_v safe_o at_o jerusalem_n yet_o after_o he_o have_v lose_v the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o army_n without_o do_v any_o thing_n of_o moment_n he_o be_v fain_o to_o return_v home_o but_o whilst_o he_o be_v busy_a in_o make_v preparation_n for_o another_o expedition_n into_o italy_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1252._o §_o 6._o frederick_n i._o i._n succeed_v he_o who_o by_o the_o italian_n be_v surname_v barbarossa_n duke_n of_o swabia_n who_o immediate_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n have_v settle_v the_o affair_n of_o germany_n do_v afterward_o reduce_v italy_n under_o his_o obedience_n which_o however_o be_v not_o of_o long_a continuance_n for_o the_o milaneses_n quick_o rebel_v but_o be_v severe_o chastise_v their_o city_n have_v be_v lay_v level_a with_o the_o ground_n he_o be_v also_o in_o continual_a broil_n with_o the_o pope_n against_o who_o and_o his_o associate_n he_o obtain_v several_a victory_n yet_o be_v at_o last_o tire_v out_o with_o so_o many_o war_n he_o make_v peace_n with_o he_o especial_o since_o his_o son_n otto_n have_v be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o the_o venetian_n at_o the_o conclude_a of_o this_o peace_n it_o be_v say_v that_o pope_n alexander_n iii_o do_v set_v his_o foot_n upon_o the_o emperor_n neck_n which_o by_o a_o great_a many_o be_v take_v for_o a_o fable_n this_o emperor_n be_v the_o last_o who_o maintain_v the_o authority_n of_o the_o german_a emperor_n in_o italy_n last_o of_o all_o he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o the_o holy_a land_n against_o saladin_n the_o sultan_n of_o egypt_n who_o have_v take_v the_o city_n of_o jerusalem_n he_o beat_v the_o saracen_n several_a time_n but_o endeavour_v to_o pass_v over_o a_o river_n in_o cilicia_n on_o horseback_n or_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o intend_v to_o wash_v himself_o in_o the_o river_n he_o be_v drown_v 1189._o and_o though_o his_o son_n frederic_n after_o his_o father_n death_n do_v take_v a_o great_a many_o city_n in_o syria_n yet_o the_o whole_a expedition_n have_v a_o very_a bad_a end_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o army_n together_o with_o the_o duke_n frederick_n have_v be_v consume_v by_o the_o plague_n vi._n or_o famin._n frederick_n be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n henry_n vi_o in_o the_o empire_n who_o with_o his_o lady_n constantia_n get_v the_o kingdom_n of_o sicily_n calabria_n and_o apuiia_n this_o emperor_n go_v to_o rome_n to_o receive_v the_o crown_n from_o pope_n celestin_n when_o the_o pope_n sit_v in_o his_o chair_n and_o the_o emperor_n on_o his_o knee_n put_v first_o the_o crown_n upon_o his_o head_n but_o immediate_o strike_v the_o
v._n the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n 327_o he_o make_v war_n upon_o sweden_n p._n 327_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o sweden_n 328_o the_o christian_a religion_n be_v proper_a for_o all_o the_o world_n 370_o be_v not_o contrary_a to_o civil_a government_n 371_o no_o other_o religion_n or_o philosophy_n comparable_a to_o it_o 372_o concern_v the_o outward_a government_n of_o religion_n 372_o the_o consideration_n of_o this_o question_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o religion_n in_o general_n and_o of_o the_o christian_a religion_n in_o particular_a 374_o 375_o first_o propagation_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n and_o by_o what_o method_n it_o be_v establish_v 376_o persecution_n of_o the_o first_o church_n and_o the_o calumny_n raise_v against_o the_o primitive_a christian_n 378_o the_o first_o church_n government_n 379_o constantine_n the_o first_o christian_a emperor_n 382_o can_v not_o quite_o alter_v the_o former_a state_n of_o the_o church_n 382_o of_o preside_v in_o counsel_n 383_o abuse_n in_o counsel_n 384_o riches_n of_o the_o church_n 394_o croisado_n by_o what_o politic_n carry_v on_o 395_o how_o the_o church_n be_v free_v from_o all_o power_n over_o it_o 399_o general_a counsel_n to_o bridle_v the_o pope_n power_n 409_o cardinal_n cajetan_n and_o his_o ill_a conduct_n 418_o calvin_n and_o zwinglius_fw-la 421_o the_o conclave_n 431_o the_o college_n of_o cardinal_n 433_o cardinal_n patroon_n 434_o celibacy_n of_o the_o clergy_n 435_o their_o number_n 436_o ceremony_n 439_o half_a communion_n 440_o union_n make_v at_o cilmar_n betwixt_o sweden_n denmark_n and_o norway_n 478_o christopher_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n make_v king_n of_o sweden_n denmark_n and_o norway_n 482_o church_n land_n reduce_v in_o sweden_n 494_o christina_n queen_n of_o sweden_n 525_o continue_v the_o war_n in_o germany_n 526_o make_v a_o alliance_n with_o france_n 528_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n 527_o and_o afterward_o with_o denmark_n 530_o charles_n gustave_n king_n of_o sweden_n 533_o siege_n of_o copenhagen_n 534_o charles_n ix_o the_o present_a king_n of_o sweden_n 534_o his_o force_n rout_v by_o the_o elector_n of_o 〈…〉_z 534_o d._n the_o dutch_a sail_n to_o the_o east-indies_n 92_o the_o dane_n first_o come_v into_o england_n 102_o dauphine_n unite_v with_o france_n 192_o denmark_n a_o very_a ancient_a kingdom_n 316_o the_o genius_n of_o the_o danish_a naâ—ion_n 328_o neighbour_n of_o denmark_n 330_o dispute_n in_o england_n about_o the_o investiture_n of_o bishop_n 403_o e._n the_o first_o sea_n voyage_n into_o the_o east-indies_n under_o emanuel_n king_n of_o portugal_n 89_o ancient_a state_n of_o england_n 99_o england_n conquer_v by_o the_o roman_n 99_o edward_n the_o confessor_n king_n of_o england_n 103_o edward_n i._n king_n of_o england_n 114_o his_o war_n with_o scotland_n 115_o his_o war_n with_o france_n 116_o edward_n ii_o king_n of_o england_n 116_o edward_n iii_o king_n of_o england_n 117_o his_o pretension_n to_o the_o french_a crown_n 117_o his_o expedition_n into_o france_n 118_o the_o english_a decline_n in_o france_n 201_o 1â—5_n the_o english_a drive_v out_o of_o france_n 202_o 127_o edward_n iu_o of_o the_o house_n of_o york_n king_n of_o england_n 128_o edward_n v._n king_n of_o england_n 130_o edward_n vi_o king_n of_o england_n 139_o elizabeth_n queen_n of_o england_n 141_o she_o assist_v the_o huguenot_n 144_o refuses_n the_o sovereignty_n over_o the_o netherlands_o twice_o offer_v to_o her_o 145_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n 164_o the_o english_a form_n of_o government_n 169_o the_o power_n and_o strength_n of_o england_n 171_o the_o east-india_n company_n in_o holland_n 283_o 270_o england_n and_o france_n declare_v war_n against_o the_o dutch_a 279_o evangelical_n union_n in_o germany_n 301_o erick_n declare_v king_n of_o sweden_n denmark_n and_o norway_n 477_o 321_o of_o episcopal_a jurisdiction_n 384_o concern_v excommunication_n 385_o increase_v of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a sovereignty_n 391_o what_o contribute_v to_o it_o 391_o dispute_n in_o england_n about_o the_o investiture_n of_o bishop_n 403_o erasmus_n favour_n luther_n 416_o excommunication_n and_o inquisition_n 445_o erick_n fourteen_o king_n of_o sweden_n introduce_v the_o title_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n in_o that_o kingdom_n 498_o f._n ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n and_o isabel_n 42_o france_n and_o its_o ancient_a state_n 174_o the_o frank_n come_v out_o of_o germany_n 175_o france_n be_v divide_v 177_o french_a pretension_n upon_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n 187_o french_a pretension_n upon_o milan_n 196_o francis_n i._n king_n of_o france_n 210_o he_o aspire_v to_o the_o empire_n 210_o his_o italian_a war_n 211_o 212_o his_o defeat_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o paviae_n where_o he_o be_v take_v prisoner_n and_o set_v at_o liberty_n upon_o very_o hard_a term_n 212_o francis_n ii_o king_n of_o france_n 218_o the_o nature_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o french_a 247_o the_o government_n of_o france_n 250_o strength_n of_o france_n in_o regard_n to_o england_n and_o the_o other_o neighbour_a prince_n 251_o 252_o frederick_n henry_n i._o prince_n of_o orange_n 274_o frederick_n elector_n palatine_n ill_a success_n 302_o ferdinand_n i_o emperor_n of_o germany_n his_o proclamation_n concern_v church-land_n 302_o frederick_n i._n king_n of_o denmark_n 324_o frederick_n iii_o king_n of_o denmark_n his_o war_n with_o sweden_n 326_o be_v declare_v absolute_a and_o the_o crown_n hereditary_a 327_o battle_n fight_v in_o the_o island_n of_o fuhnen_a 534_o g._n grease_n p._n 6_o gothick_n empire_n and_o its_o downfall_n in_o spain_n 29_o granada_n take_v 43_o gaul_n subdue_v by_o the_o roman_n 174_o by_o the_o barbarian_a nation_n 174_o germany_n divide_v from_o france_n 180_o the_o gabel_n first_o introduce_v into_o france_n by_o philip_n of_o valois_n their_o king_n 192_o the_o treaty_n of_o ghent_n betwixt_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n and_o the_o netherlander_n 264_o germany_n and_o its_o ancient_a condition_n 282_o the_o gvelf_n and_o gibellin_n faction_n in_o italy_n 291_o german_a war_n and_o their_o origin_n under_o mathias_n 300_o gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweden_n his_o death_n 303_o the_o genius_n of_o the_o german_n 306_o form_n of_o government_n in_o germany_n 307_o its_o commodity_n 307_o its_o strength_n and_o weakness_n 308_o its_o neighbour_n 312_o gregory_n pope_n of_o rome_n excommunicate_v the_o emperor_n henry_n iu._n 402_o endeavour_n to_o subject_v the_o emperor_n 403_o the_o german_a prince_n dissatisfy_v with_o the_o pope_n 417_o the_o gothick_n nation_n and_o its_o first_o founder_n 461_o the_o goth_n and_o swede_n unite_v in_o one_o kingdom_n 461_o gustavus_n i._n king_n of_o sweden_n 489_o gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweden_n 511_o make_v peace_n with_o the_o muscovite_n 512_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n against_o the_o pole_n in_o ponâ—ria_n 513_o engage_v in_o the_o german_a war_n 515_o land_n his_o force_n in_o germany_n and_o make_v a_o alliance_n with_o france_n 517_o be_v kill_v 525_o h._n henry_n iii_o king_n of_o england_n 113_o the_o war_n with_o the_o baron_n 114_o henry_n iu_o of_o the_o house_n of_o lancaster_n invade_v england_n 121_o after_o great_a difficulty_n surmount_v become_v king_n of_o england_n 122_o henry_n v._n king_n of_o england_n 122_o he_o invade_v france_n to_o prosecute_v his_o claim_n to_o that_o crown_n 123_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o french_a fight_v near_o agincourt_n 123_o henry_n vi_o king_n of_o england_n 124_o be_v proclaim_v king_n of_o france_n 125_o be_v crown_v in_o paris_n 125_o henry_n vii_o earl_n of_o richmond_n invade_v england_n 131_o be_v make_v king_n and_o unite_v the_o white_a and_o red_a rose_n 132_o henry_n viii_o king_n of_o england_n 133_o his_o divorce_n with_o queen_n catharine_n 135_o he_o abrogate_v the_o pope_n supremacy_n 136_o marry_v anna_n bullen_n 136_o demolish_v the_o monastery_n 137_o cause_n anna_n bullen_n to_o be_v behead_v 138_o his_o other_o wife_n 138_o hugh_n capel_n the_o founder_n of_o the_o present_a royal_a family_n in_o france_n 182_o henry_n ii_o king_n of_o france_n 215_o his_o expedition_n into_o germany_n 216_o his_o project_n to_o unite_v scotland_n with_o france_n miscarry_v 217_o huguenot_n war_n in_o france_n under_o charles_n ix_o the_o first_o second_o three_o four_o and_o five_o 221_o 222_o 223_o 224_o henry_n iii_o king_n of_o france_n 224_o the_o holy_a league_n under_o his_o reign_n 225_o huguenot_n war_n in_o france_n the_o six_o seven_o and_o eight_o 225_o 226_o 227_o henry_n iii_o force_v from_o paris_n by_o the_o league_n 227_o he_o make_v use_v of_o the_o huguenot_n against_o the_o league_n 228_o henry_n iu_o king_n of_o navarre_n come_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n 228_o his_o difficulty_n a_o account_n of_o his_o religion_n 228_o be_v excommunicate_v by_o the_o pope_n 230_o change_n his_o religion_n 231_o be_v assault_v and_o wound_v by_o a_o russian_a 231_o
be_v assassinate_v by_o ravillac_n 234_o henry_n iu_o emperor_n of_o germany_n 286_o his_o trouble_n with_o the_o pope_n 287_o his_o son_n rebel_n against_o he_o 288_o henry_n vii_o emperor_n of_o germany_n poison_v by_o a_o monk_n 294_o henry_n of_o valois_n duke_n of_o anjou_n make_v king_n of_o poland_n 342_o st._n hierom_n dream_n 387_o i._n jesuites_n send_v first_o into_o the_o indies_n under_o john_n iii_o king_n of_o portugal_n 90_o ireland_n conquer_v by_o the_o english_a 111_o john_n king_n of_o england_n 112_o loses_n normandy_n 113_o james_n i._n king_n of_o england_n 146_o the_o independent_o become_v master_n in_o england_n 158_o ireland_n conquer_v by_o the_o parliament_n force_n of_o england_n 160_o constitution_n of_o the_o irish_a nation_n 166_o jesuit_n banish_v out_o of_o france_n by_o king_n henry_n iu_o 231_o the_o spanish_a inquisition_n in_o the_o netherlands_o 257_o the_o long_a inter-regnum_fw-la in_o germany_n 292_o insurrection_n of_o the_o boor_n in_o germany_n under_o charles_n v._n 299_o john_n casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n 349_o john_n pobeiski_n the_o present_a king_n of_o poland_n 352_o constitution_n of_o the_o jewish_a religion_n 369_o ignorance_n contribute_v to_o the_o pope_n authority_n 386_o cause_n of_o this_o ignorance_n 387_o ignorance_n of_o luther_n adversary_n 415_o the_o jesuit_n why_o they_o have_v take_v upon_o they_o the_o education_n of_o the_o youth_n 443_o inquisition_n and_o excommunication_n 445_o l._n lewis_n xi_o king_n of_o france_n 202_o his_o politic_a method_n 203_o lewis_n xii_o king_n of_o france_n 206_o conquer_v milan_n 206_o conquer_v naples_n 207_o loses_n it_o again_o 207_o lewis_n xiii_o king_n of_o france_n 234_o take_v lorraine_n from_o that_o duke_n 237_o lewis_n fourteen_o the_o present_a king_n of_o france_n 238_o be_v force_v to_o leave_n paris_n 240_o his_o difference_n with_o the_o pope_n 243_o his_o war_n in_o flanders_n 243_o 244_o take_v mastricht_n 245_o leopold_n the_o present_a emperor_n of_o germany_n 305_o his_o war_n with_o the_o turk_n 305_o with_o france_n 305_o lithuania_n unite_v to_o poland_n 339_o luther_n give_v a_o great_a blow_n to_o the_o grandeur_n of_o the_o pope_n 412_o pope_n leo_n his_o virtue_n and_o fault_n 413_o luther_n oppose_v indulgency_n and_o afterward_o the_o pope_n power_n 414_o be_v favour_v by_o erasmus_n 416_o i_o will_v conduct_v of_o pope_n leo_n and_o cardinal_n cajetan_n 418_o why_o luther_n doctrine_n be_v not_o spread_v far_o 419_o laity_n debar_v from_o read_v the_o scripture_n 437_o the_o licens_v of_o book_n 444_o battle_n fight_v near_o leipzick_n 520_o battle_n fight_v near_o lutzen_n 524_o a_o second_o battle_n fight_v near_o leipzick_n 530_o m._n macedonian_a empire_n 8_o its_o fall_n 11_o massanello_n rebellion_n at_o naples_n 65_o the_o maid_n of_o orleans_n 200_o 125_o mary_n queen_n of_o england_n 139_o she_o restore_v popery_n 139_o marry_v philip_n of_o spain_n 140_o mary_n queen_n of_o scotland_n 142_o she_o marry_v bothwel_n who_o murder_v her_o husband_n 143_o she_o be_v make_v a_o prisoner_n in_o england_n 143_o be_v behead_v 144_o the_o merringim_a family_n lose_v the_o crown_n of_o france_n 178_o mazarine_n '_o be_v ministry_n under_o lewis_n fourteen_o k._n of_o france_n 238_o mazarine_n banish_v france_n 241_o and_o recall_v by_o the_o queen_n 241_o peace_n of_o munster_n 275_o 239_o mazarine_n death_n 242_o archduke_n matthew_n make_v governor_n by_o the_o netherlander_n 264_o maurice_n son_n to_o william_n prince_n of_o orange_n make_v stadtholder_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n 267_o mathias_n emperor_n of_o germany_n 300_o muscovy_n and_o its_o ancient_a state_n 361_o the_o genius_n of_o the_o muscovite_n 363_o their_o form_n of_o government_n strength_n and_o neighbour_n 365_o what_o commodity_n muscovy_n afford_v 364_o concern_v marriage_n 385_o metropolitan_n 390_o mendicant_n order_n and_o the_o motive_n to_o embrace_v this_o manner_n of_o life_n 396_o be_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o regular_a clergy_n 397_o merit_n of_o good_a work_n 439_o marriage_n make_v a_o sacrament_n 440_o maydeburgh_n take_v by_o the_o imperialist_n 519_o n._n navarre_n conquer_v by_o ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n 46_o normandy_n annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n 108_o the_o norman_a race_n extinct_a 109_o navarre_n take_v and_o lose_v again_o in_o a_o few_o day_n by_o francis_n i._o king_n of_o france_n 210_o the_o edict_n of_o nants_n 232_o peace_n make_v at_o nimwegen_n 305_o 246_o 67_o the_o ancient_a state_n of_o the_o netherlands_o 254_o their_o condition_n under_o the_o emperor_n charles_n v._n 255_o cause_n of_o the_o war_n in_o the_o netherlands_o under_o philip_n ii_o king_n of_o spain_n 256_o they_o be_v foment_v by_o elizabeth_n queen_n of_o england_n 258_o constitution_n of_o the_o unite_a netherlands_o 280_o their_o genius_n 281_o of_o their_o country_n ship_n and_o commerce_n 282_o 283_o their_o strength_n and_o weakness_n 285_o their_o form_n of_o government_n 286_o their_o defect_n 288_o the_o genius_n of_o the_o norwegian_n 328_o battle_n fight_v near_o noringen_n in_o germany_n 327_o o._n the_o original_a of_o civil_a society_n 2_o origin_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o navarre_n and_o arragon_n 3â—_n the_o original_a of_o sell_v office_n in_o france_n 202_o siâ—ge_n of_o ostend_n 271_o order_n of_o friar_n and_o nunâ—_n in_o general_n 396_o p._n the_o persian_a empire_n 4_o philip_n king_n of_o macedon_n 8_o peace_n make_v at_o cambray_n betwixt_o charles_n v._o and_o francis_n i._n 213_o 49_o peace_n make_v at_o crespy_n betwixt_o charles_n v._o and_o francis_n i._o 215_o 52_o peace_n betwixt_o spain_n and_o france_n 53_o treaty_n at_o passaw_n 299_o 52_o philip_n ii_o king_n of_o spain_n 54_o his_o war_n with_o england_n 55_o peace_n make_v at_o vervin_n betwixt_o france_n and_o spain_n 232_o 57_o portugal_n fall_v to_o spain_n 91_o 59_o philip_n iii_o king_n of_o spain_n 59_o philip_n iu_o king_n of_o spain_n 91_o portugal_n fall_v off_o from_o spain_n 64_o 92_o pyrenean_n treaty_n 242_o 65_o peace_n with_o portugal_n 66_o peace_n make_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n 66_o peace_n make_v at_o nimwegen_n 246_o 67_o the_o phillippine_n island_n 74_o the_o kingdom_n of_o portugal_n and_o its_o origin_n 81_o the_o first_o project_n of_o sail_v into_o the_o east-indies_n 88_o the_o portuguese_n banish_v the_o moor_n and_o jew_n 88_o peace_n betwixt_o holland_n and_o portugal_n 93_o the_o humour_n of_o the_o portuguese_n 94_o a_o persecution_n raise_v on_o the_o christian_n of_o japan_n 96_o strength_n of_o portugal_n 97_o peter_n penny_n 101_o peace_n make_v betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o french_a 119_o of_o no_o long_a continuance_n 120_o another_o peace_n with_o france_n under_o r._n ii_o k._n of_o eng._n 170_o the_o powder_n plot_n under_o james_n i._o king_n of_o england_n 147_o pharamont_n the_o first_o king_n of_o france_n 175_o pippin_n proclaim_v king_n of_o france_n 178_o the_o parisian_a massacre_n 223_o pignerol_n buy_v from_o the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n by_o lewis_n xiii_o king_n of_o france_n 236_o peace_n of_o munster_n 275_o 239_o peace_n make_v at_o aixla_n chapelle_n 244_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n governor_n of_o the_o netherlands_o 265_o protestant_n and_o the_o rise_v of_o that_o name_n 298_o protestant_a league_n at_o smalkald_n 298_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o protestant_n in_o germany_n 312_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o its_o origin_n 333_o twelve_o vaivode_n or_o governor_n in_o poland_n 333_o the_o pole_n defeat_v in_o moldavia_n 346_o poland_n invade_v by_o gustavus_n adolfus_fw-la k._n of_o sweden_n 347_o the_o pole_n defeat_v by_o the_o cosack_v 349_o poland_n invade_v by_o gustavus_n adolf_n a_o second_o time_n 350_o poland_n invade_v by_o ragezi_n prince_n of_o transilvania_n 351_o the_o genius_n of_o the_o polish_v nation_n 352_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n its_o strength_n and_o weakness_n form_n of_o government_n its_o commodity_n revenue_n 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it_o be_v call_v by_o virtue_n of_o which_o they_o have_v hitherto_o enjoy_v the_o free_a exercise_n of_o religion_n at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o henry_n and_o the_o spaniard_n at_o veruins_n veruins_n with_o condition_n that_o such_o place_n as_o be_v take_v since_o the_o year_n 1559_o shall_v be_v restore_v on_o both_o side_n a_o peace_n be_v thus_o conclude_v and_o henry_n resolve_v to_o be_v even_o with_o the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n who_o under_o his_o predecessour_n reign_n have_v take_v saluzze_n and_o during_o the_o intestine_a war_n have_v raise_v great_a trouble_n in_o dauphine_n and_o provence_n in_o hope_n to_o snatch_v away_o a_o piece_n of_o the_o dismember_a kingdom_n and_o though_o the_o duke_n come_v in_o person_n into_o france_n and_o promise_v to_o the_o king_n to_o give_v he_o some_o other_o place_n in_o exchange_n of_o the_o former_a yet_o be_v he_o not_o in_o earnest_n in_o hope_n to_o be_v uphold_v by_o spain_n or_o that_o the_o marshal_n de_fw-fr byron_n with_o who_o he_o keep_v private_a intelligence_n shall_v renew_v the_o civil_a commotion_n but_o the_o king_n fall_v upon_o he_o alps_n and_o take_v from_o the_o duke_n all_o what_o he_o be_v possess_v of_o on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o alps_n at_o last_o by_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n a_o agreement_n be_v make_v that_o the_o duke_n shall_v give_v to_o france_n in_o exchange_n for_o saluzze_v la_fw-fr bresse_n bugey_n valromay_n en_fw-fr gex_n the_o italian_a prince_n be_v very_o ill_o satisfy_v with_o this_o peace_n 1600._o since_o there_o be_v no_o door_n leave_v for_o france_n to_o enter_v italy_n italy_n be_v leave_v to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o spaniard_n but_o henry_n be_v tire_v with_o so_o long_a and_o tedious_a war_n be_v resolve_v at_o last_o to_o enjoy_v the_o sweet_a fruit_n of_o peace_n after_o so_o many_o year_n trouble_n but_o soon_o after_o a_o dangerous_a conspiracy_n be_v discover_v byron_n contrive_v by_o the_o marshal_n de_fw-fr byron_n who_o intend_v with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o spaniard_n to_o depose_v the_o king_n and_o to_o dismember_v the_o kingdom_n by_o set_v up_o a_o great_a many_o petty_a principality_n have_v agree_v with_o the_o rest_n to_o have_v for_o his_o share_n the_o dukedom_n of_o burgundy_n and_o he_o refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o the_o king_n mercy_n which_o he_o be_v willing_a to_o grant_v he_o in_o consideration_n of_o his_o great_a desert_n be_v condemn_v 1602._o and_o his_o head_n cut_v off_o the_o king_n be_v now_o at_o peace_n do_v employ_v all_o his_o thought_n how_o france_n may_v recover_v itself_o after_o such_o tedious_a war_n and_o that_o good_a ordinance_n may_v be_v establish_v but_o especial_o that_o his_o revenue_n may_v be_v increase_v he_o establish_v for_o this_o purpose_n all_o sort_n of_o manufactory_n manufactury_n and_o especial_o that_o of_o silk_n which_o afterward_o draw_v great_a riches_n into_o that_o kingdom_n but_o even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o peace_n he_o be_v continual_o trouble_v with_o his_o queen_n who_o be_v jealous_a about_o his_o mistress_n and_o the_o spaniard_n be_v always_o plot_v both_o against_o his_o person_n and_o crown_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n henry_n have_v a_o design_n to_o oppose_v the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n austria_n by_o keep_v it_o within_o the_o bound_n of_o spain_n and_o the_o hereditary_a country_n in_o germany_n and_o it_o be_v say_v that_o for_o that_o purpose_n he_o concert_v measure_n with_o the_o northern_a crown_n with_o holland_n with_o the_o protestant_a prince_n of_o germany_n with_o the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n the_o swiss_n and_o even_o the_o pope_n himself_o to_o put_v this_o design_n in_o execution_n he_o take_v the_o opportunity_n of_o those_o difference_n which_o be_v then_o on_o foot_n concern_v the_o succession_n in_o the_o country_n of_o juliers_n which_o that_o it_o
1479._o john_n ii_o a_o project_n of_o sail_v to_o the_o east_n indies_n emanuel_n moor_n and_o jew_n banish_v out_o of_o portugal_n the_o first_o sea_n into_o the_o east_n indies_n 1497._o the_o reason_n why_o the_o venetian_n oppose_v the_o portuguese_n settle_v themselves_o there_o the_o progress_n of_o the_o duke_n â—f_fw-fr albuquerque_n in_o the_o east_n indies_n the_o discovery_n of_o brasil_n in_o america_n john_n iii_o the_o jesuit_n send_v to_o the_o indies_n sebastian_n his_o fatal_a expedition_n into_o africa_n henry_n portugal_n unite_v to_o spain_n the_o dutch_a sail_n to_o the_o east_n indies_n 1620._o 1630._o the_o portuguese_n shake_v off_o the_o yoke_n of_o spain_n the_o duke_n of_o braganzâ—_n proclaim_v king_n john_n iu._n 〈◊〉_d league_n between_o portugal_n and_o holland_n a_o war_n break_v cut_v betwixt_o they_o a_o peace_n in_o 1661._o alfonsus_n vi._n 1668_o 1666._o don_n pedro._n the_o humour_n of_o the_o portuguese_n fruitfulness_n of_o portugal_n brasile_n africa_n the_o east_n indies_n a_o horrible_a persecution_n raise_v on_o the_o christian_n of_o japan_n and_o the_o occasion_n of_o it._n the_o strength_n of_o portugal_n how_o it_o stand_v with_o regard_n to_o spain_n to_o france_n to_o holland_n the_o ancient_a sit_v of_o england_n the_o roman_n conquer_v england_n the_o saxon_n come_v into_o britainy_a â—450_n 689._o the_o saxon_a king_n in_o england_n the_o saxon_a heptarchy_n peter_n 〈◊〉_d the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n 818_o dancs_n first_o come_v into_o england_n 1002._o the_o dane_n drive_v out_o but_o return_v again_o king_n edmund_z treacherous_o murder_v canute_n the_o dane_n king_n of_o england_n 1017._o harald_n hardiknut_n edward_n the_o consessor_fw-la 1066._o wâ—lliam_n the_o conqueror_n willam_n conquer_v england_n october_n 14_o 1066._o the_o corfew_n bell._n edgar_z atheling_n make_v a_o attempt_n his_o son_n robert_n rebel_n he_o act_v as_o a_o conqueror_n robert_n rebel_n again_o 1088._o william_n rufus_n 1100._o henry_n i._n robert_n make_v a_o lesient_a in_o england_n normandy_n annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n the_o norman_a race_n extinct_a stephen_n maud_n make_v war_n on_o he_o henty_n ii_o hâ—s_n son_n with_o the_o french_a and_o scot_n join_v in_o a_o war_n against_o he_o 1189._o ireland_n conquer_v richard_n i._n he_o make_v a_o expedition_n into_o the_o holy_a land_n in_o his_o return_n â—e_n be_v take_v prisoner_n 1199._o john_n his_o nephew_n arthur_n oppose_v he_o the_o king_n of_o france_n dispossess_v he_o of_o normandy_n the_o dauphin_n invite_v by_o the_o baron_n invade_v england_n 1216._o henry_n iii_o the_o dauphin_n be_v force_v â—ome_o again_o a_o war_n with_o the_o baron_n he_o quit_v his_o pretension_n on_o normandy_n for_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n edward_n i._n the_o cause_n of_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o scot_n a_o war_n with_o scotland_n 1307._o with_o france_n 1297._o he_o banish_v the_o jew_n edward_n ii_o vnsuccessfull_a 〈◊〉_d his_o war_n with_o scotland_n 〈…〉_z 1327._o edward_n iii_o his_o pretension_n to_o the_o french_a crown_n he_o be_v successful_a against_o scotland_n his_o expedition_n into_o france_n 1340._o the_o battle_n near_o crecy_n 1346._o the_o scotch_a defeat_v he_o take_v calais_n 1356._o the_o battle_n near_o poitiers_n a_o dishonourable_a peace_n to_o france_n another_o war_n with_o france_n 1377._o richard_n ii_o a_o peace_n with_o france_n trouble_n at_o home_n the_o occasion_n of_o his_o ruin_n henry_n duke_n of_o lancaster_n invade_v england_n 1399._o henry_n iu._n of_o the_o house_n of_o lancaster_n he_o have_v great_a difficulty_n which_o he_o surmount_v henry_n v._n he_o invade_v france_n to_o prosecute_v his_o claim_n of_o the_o crown_n the_o battle_n vear_v aguicourt_n 1419._o 1420._o the_o administration_n of_o france_n to_o be_v in_o henry_n during_o charles_n life_n and_o after_o his_o death_n the_o crown_n to_o descend_v to_o he_o 1422._o henry_n vi._n proclaim_a king_n of_o france_n 1423._o 1424._o the_o maid_n 〈◊〉_d orleans_n he_o be_v crown_v in_o paris_n 1432._o the_o english_a decline_n in_o france_n 1435._o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n leave_v the_o english_a and_o be_v reconcile_v to_o charles_n 1436._o the_o occasion_n of_o the_o trouble_n in_o england_n 1449._o the_o english_a drive_v out_o of_o france_n the_o occasion_n of_o this_o sudden_a loss_n 1460._o edward_n iu._n of_o the_o house_n of_o york_n a_o bloody_a battle_n betwixt_o edward_n and_o henry_n henry_n take_v out_o of_o prison_n and_o set_v on_o the_o throne_n edward_n return_v into_o england_n henry_n a_o second_o time_n prisoner_n 147â—_n and_o murder_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n edward_n v._n richard_n iii_o 1483._o murder_v his_o nephew_n he_o have_v his_o wife_n henry_n earl_n of_o richmond_n invade_v england_n 1485._o henry_n vii_o he_o unite_z the_o white_a and_o red_a rose_n lambert_n symnel_n he_o make_v a_o expedition_n inâ—â—_n france_n perkin_n warbeck_n he_o marry_v his_o daughter_n margaret_n to_o the_o king_n of_o scotland_n henry_n viii_o he_o enter_v into_o league_n with_o ferdinand_n and_o the_o pope_n 1512._o his_o expedition_n against_o france_n a_o second_o a_o invasion_n of_o the_o scot_n he_o make_v a_o second_o war_n against_o france_n the_o divorce_n of_o henry_n viii_o the_o fallâ—_n of_o woolsey_n 1532._o he_o marry_v anna_n bullen_n he_o abrogate_v the_o pope_n supremacy_n monastery_n demolish_v protestant_n and_o papist_n execute_v war_n with_o scotland_n he_o enter_v into_o a_o league_n with_o the_o emperor_n against_o france_n 1550._o anna_n bullen_n behead_v his_o other_o wife_n edward_n vi._n 155â—_n lady_n jane_n grey_n proclaim_v queen_n mary_n restore_v popery_n marry_v philip_n of_o spain_n lady_n jane_n etc._n etc._n behead_v the_o reason_n why_o philip_n intercede_v for_o the_o lady_n elizabeth_n the_o battle_n of_o st._n quintin_n calais_n lose_v 1558._o elizabeth_n philip_n desire_v she_o in_o marriage_n papist_n and_o paritaus_n poreign_a seminary_n marry_o queen_n of_o scotland_n the_o queen_n of_o scot_n marry_v bothwell_n who_o murder_v her_o husband_n she_o be_v make_v a_o prisoner_n in_o england_n 1572._o 1586._o behead_v 1587._o queen_n elizabeth_z assist_v the_o huguenot_n 1562._o 1559._o the_o sovereignty_n of_o the_o netherlands_o twice_o offer_v she_o 1595._o the_o armado_n defeat_v essex_n heheaded_a 1600_o she_o be_v jealous_a of_o her_o power_n at_o sea_n james_n i._n cobham_n conspiracy_n 1603._o the_o powder_n plot._n 1604._o 1626._o foreign_a plantation_n charles_n i._n 1626._o war_n with_o spain_n war_n with_o france_n a_o peace_n conclude_v with_o both_o cause_n of_o the_o intestine_a commotion_n in_o england_n the_o different_a conduct_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n and_o king_n james_n as_o to_o the_o state_n the_o occasion_n that_o be_v take_v from_o religion_n the_o conduct_n of_o charles_n 1_n trouble_n in_o scotland_n and_o england_n 1637._o 1567._o 1617._o 1633._o the_o scotch_a covenant_n a_o letter_n intercept_v wherein_o the_o scot_n desire_v succour_n from_o france_n the_o parliament_n be_v factious_a and_o favour_n the_o scot_n the_o parliament_n of_o england_n direct_o oppose_v the_o king_n 1642._o the_o rebellion_n begin_v their_o behaviour_n the_o king_n make_v a_o prisoner_n the_o independent_o become_v master_n the_o king_n be_v sentence_v to_o death_n and_o execute_v 1648._o ireland_n conquer_v charles_n ii_o râ—â—ted_v the_o scot_n conquer_v cromwell_n make_v protector_n 1652._o 1660._o king_n charles_n ii_n restauration_n 1660._o war_n with_o holland_n 1665._o 1674._o constitution_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n constitution_n of_o the_o scotch_a nation_n of_o the_o irish_a the_o condition_n of_o great_a brittainy_a the_o form_n of_o the_o government_n in_o england_n the_o power_n and_o strength_n of_o england_n with_o relation_n to_o other_o state_n to_o the_o northern_a crown_n to_o spain_n to_o france_n to_o holland_n the_o most_o ancient_a stare_n of_o france_n gaul_n subdue_v by_o the_o roman_n by_o the_o barbarous_a nation_n that_o the_o frank_n come_v out_o of_o germany_n the_o origin_n of_o the_o french_a language_n pharamont_n the_o first_o king_n clodion_fw-la merovaeus_fw-la childerick_n clovis_n i._n 496._o france_n be_v divide_v clotarius_fw-la two_o 614._o dagobert_n charâ—es_v martell_n 714._o 732._o pipin_n proclaim_v king_n the_o merovingian_n family_n lose_v the_o crown_n 751._o pipin_n expedition_n he_o assist_v the_o pope_n against_o the_o lombard_n charles_n the_o great_a 774._o he_o be_v proclaim_v emperor_n of_o the_o roman_n lewis_n the_o pious_a he_o divide_v his_o kingdom_n his_o son_n rebel_n 833._o germany_n divide_v from_o france_n charles_n the_o bald._n the_o norman_n make_v a_o irruption_n into_o france_n 912._o ludovicus_n balbus_n ludou._n iii_o and_o carolomannus_n charles_n the_o simple_z the_o decay_n of_o the_o royal_a authority_n the_o excessive_a power_n of_o the_o noble_n eudo_fw-la count_n of_o paris_n crown_v king_n of_o france_n 923._o rudolf_n of_o burgundy_n crown_v king_n 929._o lewis_n outreme_a lotharius_n lewis_n the_o
as_o a_o instruction_n to_o young_a man_n viz._n that_o this_o interest_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o a_o imaginary_a and_o real_a interest_n by_o the_o first_o i_o understand_v when_o a_o prince_n judge_v the_o welfare_n of_o his_o state_n to_o consist_v in_o such_o thing_n as_o can_v be_v perform_v without_o disquiet_v and_o be_v injurious_a to_o a_o great_a many_o other_o state_n and_o which_o these_o be_v oblige_v to_o oppose_v with_o all_o their_o power_n as_o for_o example_n the_o monarchy_n of_o europe_n or_o the_o universal_a monopoly_n this_o be_v the_o fuel_n with_o which_o the_o whole_a world_n may_v be_v put_v into_o a_o flame_n num_fw-la si_fw-la vos_fw-la omnibus_fw-la imperare_fw-la vultis_fw-la sequitur_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la servitutem_fw-la accipiant_fw-la if_o you_o will_v be_v the_o only_a master_n of_o the_o world_n do_v it_o thence_o follow_v that_o all_o other_o shall_v lay_v their_o neck_n under_o your_o yoke_n the_o real_a interest_n may_v be_v subdivide_v into_o a_o perpetual_a and_o temporary_a the_o former_a depend_v chief_o on_o the_o situation_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o country_n and_o the_o natural_a inclination_n of_o the_o people_n the_o latter_a on_o the_o condition_n strength_n and_o weakness_n of_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n for_o as_o those_o vary_v the_o interest_n must_v also_o vary_v whence_o it_o often_o happen_v that_o whereas_o we_o be_v for_o our_o own_o security_n sometime_o oblige_v to_o assist_v a_o neighbour_a nation_n which_o be_v likely_a to_o be_v oppress_v by_o a_o more_o potent_a enemy_n we_o at_o another_o time_n be_v force_v to_o oppose_v the_o design_n of_o those_o we_o before_o assist_v when_o we_o find_v they_o have_v recover_v themselves_o to_o that_o degree_n as_o that_o they_o may_v prove_v formidable_a and_o troublesome_a to_o we_o but_o see_v this_o interest_n be_v so_o manifest_a to_o those_o who_o be_v verse_v in_o state-affair_n that_o they_o can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o it_o one_o may_v ask_v how_o it_o often_o time_n happen_v that_o great_a error_n be_v commit_v in_o this_o kind_n against_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o state_n to_o this_o may_v be_v answer_v that_o those_o who_o have_v the_o supreme_a administration_n of_o affair_n be_v oftentimes_o not_o sufficient_o instruct_v concern_v the_o interest_n both_o of_o their_o own_o state_n as_o also_o that_o of_o their_o neighbour_n and_o yet_o be_v fond_a of_o their_o own_o sentiment_n will_v not_o follow_v the_o advice_n of_o understanding_n and_o faithful_a minister_n sometime_o they_o be_v misguide_v by_o their_o passion_n or_o by_o time-serving_a minister_n and_o favourite_n but_o where_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o care_n of_o minister_n of_o state_n it_o may_v happen_v that_o these_o be_v not_o capable_a of_o discern_v it_o or_o else_o be_v lead_v away_o by_o a_o private_a interest_n which_o be_v opposite_a to_o that_o of_o the_o state_n or_o else_o be_v divide_v into_o faction_n they_o be_v more_o concern_v to_o ruin_v their_o rival_n than_o to_o follow_v the_o dictate_v of_o reason_n therefore_o some_o of_o the_o most_o exquisite_a part_n of_o modern_a history_n consist_v in_o this_o that_o one_o know_v the_o person_n who_o be_v the_o sovereign_n or_o the_o minister_n which_o rule_v a_o state_n their_o capacity_n inclination_n caprice_n private_a interest_n manner_n of_o proceed_v and_o the_o like_a since_o unpon_o this_o depend_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n the_o good_a and_o ill_a management_n of_o a_o state_n for_o it_o frequent_o happen_v that_o a_o state_n which_o in_o itself_o consider_v be_v but_o weak_a be_v make_v to_o become_v very_o considerable_a by_o the_o good_a conduct_n and_o valour_n of_o its_o governor_n whereas_o a_o powerful_a state_n by_o the_o ill_a management_n of_o those_o that_o sit_v at_o the_o helm_n oftentimes_o suffer_v considerable_o but_o as_o the_o knowledge_n of_o these_o matter_n appertain_v proper_o to_o those_o who_o be_v employ_v in_o the_o management_n of_o foreign_a affair_n so_o it_o be_v mutable_a consider_v how_o often_o the_o scene_n be_v change_v at_o court_n wherefore_o it_o be_v better_a learn_v from_o experience_n and_o the_o conversation_n of_o man_n well_o verse_v in_o these_o matter_n than_o from_o any_o book_n whatsoever_o and_o this_o be_v what_o i_o think_v myself_o oblige_v to_o touch_v upon_o in_o a_o few_o word_n in_o this_o preface_n the_o table_n a._n ancient_a state_n of_o mankind_n p._n 1_o the_o assyrian_a empire_n 3_o alexander_n the_o great_a 9_o america_n discover_v 44_o peace_n make_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n 244_o a_o association_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o the_o netherlands_o 259_o the_o duke_n de_fw-fr alva_n be_v send_v into_o the_o netherlands_o 261_o he_o cause_v the_o earl_n of_o egmont_n and_o hoorn_v to_o be_v behead_v 261_o don_n john_n de_fw-fr austria_n make_v governor_n of_o the_o netherlands_o 264_o the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n constitute_v sovereign_a over_o the_o netherlands_o 266_o archduke_n albert_n governor_n of_o the_o spanish_a netherlands_o 269_o avignon_n why_o once_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o pope_n 410_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n most_o zealous_a for_o popery_n 424_o albert_n duke_n of_o meclenburgh_n king_n of_o sweden_n 475_o b._n the_o duke_n of_o braganza_n proclaim_v king_n of_o portugal_n under_o the_o name_n of_o john_n iu._n 65_o 92_o brasil_n first_o discover_v in_o america_n 90_o 〈◊〉_d near_o crecy_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o french_a 191_o 118_o battle_n near_o poitiers_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o french_a p._n 192_o 119_o the_o battle_n of_o st._n quintin_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o french_a 140_o the_o battle_n of_o agincourt_n 198_o brittainy_a unite_v with_o france_n 204_o battle_n of_o pavia_n betwixt_o charles_n v._o emperor_n of_o germany_n and_o francis_n i._o king_n of_o france_n 212_o marshal_v de_fw-fr biron_n conspiracy_n against_o henry_n iv._o king_n of_o france_n 233_o briel_n take_v by_o the_o banish_a netherlander_n 262_o battle_n near_o nieuport_n betwixt_o the_o spaniard_n and_o dutch_n 270_o the_o bohemian_a tumult_n under_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n i._n 301_o the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n offer_v to_o frederic_n elector_n palatine_n 301_o boteslaus_n chrobry_n the_o first_o king_n of_o poland_n 335_o the_o battle_n fight_v near_o warsaw_n in_o poland_n 351_o boris_n goudenaw_n czar_n of_o muscovy_n 362_o of_o make_v bishop_n 383_o battle_n fight_v near_o leipzick_n in_o germany_n 520_o battle_n fight_v near_o lutzen_n in_o germany_n 524_o battle_n of_o norelingen_n in_o germany_n 527_o a_o second_o battle_n fight_v near_o leipzick_n 530_o battle_n fight_v in_o the_o island_n of_o fuhnen_a 534_o c._o carthage_n 12_o constantinople_n the_o imperial_a seat_n of_o the_o eastern_a emperor_n 26_o castille_n make_v a_o kingdom_n 33_o castille_n and_o arragon_n unite_v under_o ferdinand_n and_o isabel_n 42_o charles_n v._n 46_o his_o war_n with_o france_n 47_o charles_n v._o take_v rome_n 48_o charles_n v._o wage_n war_n against_o the_o protestant_n in_o germany_n 52_o charles_n abdication_n 53_o his_o death_n 53_o catalonia_n rebel_n against_o spain_n 63_o charles_n ii_o king_n of_o spain_n 66_o the_o canary_n island_n 73_o the_o corfew_n ball_n 106_o calais_n take_v by_o edward_n iii_o king_n of_o england_n 119_o charles_n i._n king_n of_o england_n 148_o his_o war_n with_o france_n 149_o his_o war_n with_o spain_n 148_o commotion_n in_o england_n and_o the_o true_a cause_n thereof_o 149_o the_o conduct_n of_o king_n charles_n i._n 151_o he_o be_v make_v a_o prisoner_n 158_o he_o be_v sentence_v to_o death_n and_o execute_v 159_o charles_n ii_o son_n of_o king_n charles_n i._o rout_v near_o worcester_n 160_o cromwell_n make_v protector_n of_o england_n 161_o charles_n ii_o restauration_n to_o the_o kingdom_n 162_o his_o war_n with_o holland_n 163_o charles_n surname_v the_o great_a king_n of_o france_n 179_o be_v proclaim_v emperor_n of_o the_o roman_n 179_o the_o carlinian_n family_n extinguish_v in_o france_n 182_o charles_n vi_o king_n of_o france_n 195_o charles_n vii_o king_n of_o france_n 199_o charles_n viii_o king_n of_o france_n 204_o conquer_v naples_n 205_o loses_n naples_n 206_o charles_n ix_o king_n of_o france_n 221_o the_o first_o second_o three_o four_o and_o five_o huguenot_n war_n under_o his_o reign_n 221_o 222_o 223_o 224_o charles_n the_o great_a 282_o charles_n iu_o emperor_n of_o germany_n cause_v the_o golden_a bull_n to_o be_v compile_v 295_o charles_n v._o emperor_n of_o germany_n 297_o he_o resign_v the_o empire_n 299_o christian_n i_o the_o first_o king_n of_o denmark_n out_o of_o the_o owen_n burgh_n family_n 322_o christian_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n 323_o he_o be_v drive_v thence_o and_o afterward_o out_o of_o his_o own_o kingdom_n 324_o christian_n iu_o king_n of_o denmark_n his_o defeat_n near_o kings-luttern_a 325_o the_o siege_n of_o copenhagen_n 326_o christian_a
they_o make_v convert_v 423_o the_o pope_n temporal_a state_n his_o dominion_n force_n how_o he_o stand_v with_o relation_n to_o germany_n spain_n and_o france_n 424_o 425_o popish_a monarchy_n as_o spiritual_a its_o particular_a constitution_n 426_o why_o it_o be_v to_o be_v exercise_v in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o monarchy_n 429_o why_o it_o must_v be_v elective_a 430_o why_o the_o pope_n be_v to_o live_v in_o the_o state_n of_o celibacy_n 431_o popish_a doctrine_n suit_v to_o the_o state_n 436_o penance_n 439_o purgatory_n 441_o prayer_n to_o saint_n 441_o the_o main_a pillar_n of_o the_o popish_a monarchy_n 451_o the_o pope_n inclination_n towards_o the_o protestant_n 452_o no_o peace_n to_o be_v expect_v betwixt_o the_o roman_a catholic_n and_o protestant_n 453_o strength_n of_o the_o protestant_n and_o papist_n 454_o the_o protestant_a religion_n estabished_a in_o sweden_n 495_o r._n room_z a_o warlike_a city_n 13_o it_o be_v military_a institution_n 15_o religion_n of_o the_o roman_n 17_o roman_a king_n expel_v and_o a_o new_a form_n of_o government_n erect_v 19_o defect_n of_o the_o roman_a commonwealth_n 21_o in_o rome_n be_v two_o distinct_a body_n 23_o the_o rom._n monarchy_n can_v not_o be_v of_o long_a continuance_n 25_o rome_n take_v by_o charles_n v._n 49_o the_o roman_n conquer_v england_n 99_o richard_n i._n king_n of_o england_n 111_o his_o expedition_n into_o the_o holy_a land_n 111_o richard_n ii_o king_n of_o england_n 120_o richard_n iii_o king_n of_o england_n 131_o rebellion_n begin_v in_o england_n under_o charles_n i._n 157_o richlieu_n make_v chief_a minist_n of_o state_n under_o lew._n iii_o 235_o rochel_n take_v from_o the_o french_a huguenot_n 235_o rudolf_n earl_n of_o habsburgh_n the_o first_o founder_n of_o the_o present_a house_n of_o austria_n 292_o the_o reformation_n in_o germany_n 297_o the_o roman_a spiritual_a monarchy_n 368_o the_o roman_n and_o their_o politic_a reason_n against_o the_o primitive_a christian_a church_n 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nation_n 165_o spain_n enter_v into_o the_o holy_a league_n in_o france_n 226_o the_o slinger_n in_o france_n 239_o the_o swisser_n and_o the_o first_o original_n of_o their_o commonweal_n 273_o their_o first_o union_n 274_o their_o genius_n 279_o their_o strength_n and_o weakness_n 279_o league_n at_o smalkald_n 298_o stephen_n batori_n make_v king_n of_o poland_n 342_o he_o put_v the_o cosack_n in_o good_a discipline_n 342_o sigismond_n iii_o king_n of_o poland_n 343_o his_o war_n with_o the_o muscovite_n 343_o his_o oversight_n during_o the_o trouble_n in_o muscovy_n 345_o siâ—â—_n venial_a and_o mortal_a 438_o state_n that_o be_v tie_v by_o a_o particular_a interest_n to_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n 448_o 449_o sweden_n the_o most_o ancient_a kingdom_n in_o europe_n 461_o the_o christian_a doctrine_n first_o teach_v in_o sweden_n 464_o celibacy_n of_o clergy_n introduce_v in_o sweden_n 468_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n make_v hereditary_a and_o the_o popish_a religion_n abolish_v 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muscovite_n 348_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o war_n with_o the_o cosack_n under_o his_o reign_n 348_o the_o university_n have_v promote_v the_o popish_a sovereignty_n 442_o w._n have_v betwixt_o france_n and_o spain_n and_o their_o first_o rise_n 44_o war_n betwixt_o charles_n v._o and_o france_n 47_o war_n betwixt_o holland_n and_o portugal_n 93_o william_n the_o conqueror_n 104_o he_o conquer_v england_n 184_o 105_o intestine_a war_n in_o france_n under_o king_n francis_n ii_o 218_o william_n prince_n of_o orange_n 256_o be_v murder_v at_o delft_n 267_o william_n ii_o prince_n of_o orange_n 275_o he_o make_v the_o two_o de_fw-fr wit_n prisoner_n 276_o they_o be_v murder_v 280_o william_n iii_o prince_n of_o orange_n 277_o war_n betwixt_o the_o english_a parliament_n and_o the_o dutch_a 277_o a_o second_o war_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_n 278_o war_n betwixt_o charles_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n and_o the_o swisser_n 276_o war_n betwixt_o france_n and_o the_o swisser_n 277_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n 304_o winifred_n the_o monk_n 393_o war_n betwixt_o the_o muscovite_n and_o swede_n 5â—2_n war_n betwixt_o the_o swede_n and_o pole_n in_o livonia_n 511_o zwinglius_fw-la and_o calvin_n 421_o a_o introduction_n to_o the_o history_n of_o the_o chief_a kingdom_n and_o state_n now_o in_o europe_n chap._n i._n of_o the_o ancient_a monarchy_n and_o more_o especial_o of_o the_o roman_a out_o of_o who_o ruin_n arise_v several_a kingdom_n and_o state_n §_o 1._o no_o man_n of_o common_a sense_n imagine_v that_o at_o the_o first_o propagation_n of_o mankind_n mankind_n there_o be_v such_o government_n as_o be_v among_o we_o at_o this_o time_n but_o in_o those_o time_n each_o father_n without_o be_v subject_a to_o any_o superior_a power_n govern_v his_o wife_n child_n and_o servant_n as_o a_o sovereign_n nay_o it_o seem_v very_o probable_a to_o i_o that_o even_o to_o the_o time_n of_o the_o deluge_n there_o be_v no_o magistracy_n or_o any_o civil_a constitution_n but_o that_o the_o government_n be_v lodge_v only_o in_o each_o father_n of_o his_o family_n for_o it_o be_v scarce_o to_o be_v imagine_v that_o such_o abominable_a disorder_n can_v have_v be_v introduce_v where_o the_o power_n of_o magistrate_n and_o law_n be_v exercise_v and_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o after_o once_o the_o rule_n of_o government_n be_v constitute_v we_o do_v not_o find_v that_o mankind_n in_o general_n do_v run_v into_o the_o same_o enormity_n of_o which_o god_n almighty_a be_v oblige_v to_o purge_v the_o world_n by_o a_o universal_a punishment_n though_o the_o root_n of_o the_o evil_n be_v remain_v as_o well_o after_o as_o before_o the_o deluge_n it_o seem_v also_o that_o for_o a_o considerable_a time_n after_o the_o deluge_n this_o paternal_a government_n continue_v in_o the_o world_n §_o 2._o society_n but_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o father_n of_o family_n leave_v this_o separate_a way_n of_o live_v and_o join_v in_o a_o mutual_a civil_a society_n seem_v to_o 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better_a success_n the_o
administration_n of_o the_o whole_a society_n be_v commit_v to_o he_o who_o appear_v most_o considerable_a for_o his_o wisdom_n and_o valour_n it_o be_v also_o very_o probable_a that_o such_o as_o by_o common_a consent_n seek_v out_o new_a habitation_n choose_v a_o leader_n who_o both_o in_o their_o journey_n and_o in_o the_o country_n which_o they_o possess_v themselves_o of_o have_v the_o chief_a direction_n of_o affair_n and_o this_o office_n of_o a_o judge_n head_n or_o leader_n by_o degree_n degenerate_v into_o that_o sort_n of_o government_n which_o aristotle_n call_v heroical_a which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o democracy_n under_o the_o authority_n of_o one_o of_o the_o citizen_n who_o have_v a_o power_n rather_o to_o advise_v than_o to_o command_v the_o rest_n and_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o most_o ancient_a form_n of_o republic_n for_o the_o father_n and_o ruler_n of_o their_o family_n can_v not_o so_o soon_o forget_v their_o liberty_n as_o not_o to_o reserve_n to_o themselves_o a_o share_n in_o the_o government_n by_o which_o their_o consent_n be_v require_v to_o be_v give_v unto_o all_o matter_n which_o be_v to_o be_v decree_v in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a society_n §_o 3._o constitute_v but_o at_o what_o time_n precise_o these_o society_n be_v first_o institute_v and_o which_o of_o they_o be_v to_o be_v esteem_v the_o most_o ancient_a be_v not_o easy_a to_o be_v determine_v for_o though_o common_o the_o assyrian_a empire_n be_v take_v for_o the_o first_o monarchy_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o from_o hence_o to_o be_v conclude_v that_o the_o same_o be_v the_o first_o civil_a society_n since_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o this_o empire_n acquire_v its_o greatness_n by_o swallow_v up_o lesser_a state_n and_o those_o war_n which_o the_o assyrian_a king_n wage_v against_o other_o state_n do_v abundant_o testify_v that_o beside_o the_o assyrian_a there_o be_v also_o other_o civil_a society_n even_o at_o that_o time_n in_o the_o world_n and_o here_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o as_o all_o human_a affair_n do_v not_o come_v immediate_o to_o perfection_n so_o be_v the_o first_o institution_n of_o civil_a society_n very_o simple_a and_o imperfect_a imperfect_a till_o by_o degree_n the_o supreme_a civil_a power_n together_o with_o such_o law_n and_o constitution_n as_o be_v requisite_a for_o the_o maintain_n of_o a_o civil_a society_n be_v institute_v the_o first_o commonwealth_n also_o be_v very_o small_a and_o their_o territory_n of_o a_o very_a little_a extent_n so_o that_o it_o be_v easy_a for_o the_o citizen_n to_o assemble_v either_o to_o consult_v or_o to_o defend_v themselves_o against_o a_o foreign_a power_n it_o be_v evident_a out_o of_o history_n that_o the_o deep_a you_o search_v into_o the_o most_o ancient_a time_n the_o more_o separate_a small_a commonwealth_n you_o will_v meet_v withal_o out_o of_o the_o union_n of_o which_o great_a empire_n in_o process_n of_o time_n do_v arise_v some_o of_o those_o unite_n themselves_o by_o common_a consent_n other_o be_v subdue_v by_o the_o more_o powerful_a §_o 4._o among_o these_o great_a empire_n empire_n the_o assyrian_a be_v common_o reckon_v the_o most_o ancient_a the_o reason_n of_o which_o may_v probable_o be_v that_o those_o part_n be_v soon_o and_o more_o inhabit_a than_o other_o place_n which_o be_v late_a possess_v have_v few_o inhabitant_n wherefore_o the_o assyrian_n might_n without_o much_o difficulty_n overcome_v one_o small_a commonwealth_n after_o another_o and_o by_o subdue_a some_o make_v way_n for_o a_o entire_a conquest_n over_o the_o rest_n that_o have_v not_o then_o learned_a the_o advantage_n of_o a_o joint_a power_n and_o confederacy_n the_o vast_a army_n with_o which_o ninus_n and_o semiramis_n the_o first_o founder_n of_o this_o monarchy_n do_v overpower_v far_o distant_a nation_n make_v the_o common_a chronology_n very_o doubtful_a but_o to_o settle_v this_o be_v not_o to_o our_o present_a purpose_n but_o by_o what_o mean_v the_o king_n of_o this_o vast_a empire_n do_v bridle_v the_o conquer_a nation_n aught_o to_o be_v remember_v two_o of_o they_o being_n most_o remarkable_a maintain_v the_o first_o be_v that_o they_o intend_v to_o imprint_v a_o extraordinary_a character_n of_o their_o person_n into_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o people_n they_o always_o keep_v themselves_o very_o close_o in_o their_o palace_n and_o be_v seldom_o to_o be_v see_v by_o any_o but_o their_o near_a servant_n they_o never_o give_v answer_n to_o their_o subject_n petition_n but_o by_o they_o whereby_o they_o possess_v the_o people_n that_o they_o be_v much_o above_o the_o common_a rank_n of_o mankind_n the_o second_o be_v that_o every_o year_n they_o use_v to_o draw_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o soldier_n out_o of_o each_o province_n and_o these_o be_v quarter_v in_o and_o about_o the_o place_n of_o their_o residence_n and_o command_v by_o such_o a_o one_o as_o be_v think_v most_o faithful_a these_o force_n strike_v terror_n both_o into_o the_o subject_n at_o home_o and_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n abroad_o this_o army_n be_v again_o disband_v every_o year_n and_o another_o draw_v out_o of_o the_o province_n that_o the_o general_n by_o the_o authority_n he_o have_v with_o the_o soldier_n may_v not_o be_v in_o a_o condition_n to_o invade_v the_o empire_n fall_n the_o ruin_n of_o this_o empire_n under_o sardanapalus_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o his_o effeminacy_n as_o to_o this_o that_o the_o king_n allow_v too_o much_o power_n to_o the_o governor_n of_o province_n of_o so_o vast_a a_o extent_n these_o grow_v at_o last_o too_o powerful_a for_o the_o king_n themselves_o who_o be_v lull_v asleep_o by_o voluptuousness_n the_o effect_n of_o peace_n and_o plenty_n do_v not_o as_o they_o use_v to_o do_v former_o by_o great_a action_n endeavour_v to_o maintain_v their_o authority_n among_o the_o people_n out_o of_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o assyrian_a empire_n two_o new_a kingdom_n be_v erect_v arbactes_n take_v upon_o himself_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o media_n where_o he_o be_v governor_n as_o the_o lord_n lieutenant_n of_o babylon_n do_v the_o same_o in_o his_o province_n both_o which_o be_v afterward_o reunite_v under_o the_o persian_a monarchy_n §_o 5._o cyrus_n the_o first_o founder_n of_o the_o persian_a empire_n empire_n do_v beside_o what_o former_o belong_v to_o media_n and_o babylon_n also_o conquer_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o lesser_a asia_n this_o prince_n beside_o other_o remarkable_a constitution_n do_v wise_o institute_v this_o as_o a_o most_o necessary_a one_o to_o preserve_v the_o peace_n of_o his_o empire_n maintain_v that_o in_o all_o province_n where_o he_o send_v his_o lord_n lieutenant_n he_o constitute_v governor_n of_o the_o fortress_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o commons_o who_o be_v not_o under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o lord_n lieutenant_n have_v their_o dependence_n immediate_o on_o the_o king_n these_o therefore_o live_v in_o continual_a jealousy_n serve_v as_o a_o bridle_n to_o one_o another_o the_o lord_n lieutenant_n without_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o fortress_n be_v not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o mutiny_n against_o the_o king_n who_o not_o only_o observe_v all_o their_o action_n but_o also_o frequent_o inform_v the_o king_n concern_v their_o behaviour_n from_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o fortress_n nothing_o be_v to_o be_v fear_v because_o be_v of_o mean_a condition_n and_o a_o very_a limit_a power_n they_o be_v not_o capable_a of_o make_v any_o great_a faction_n or_o draw_v any_o considerable_a party_n after_o they_o cambyses_n annex_v egypt_n to_o the_o persian_a empire_n but_o whenever_o the_o king_n of_o persia_n do_v undertake_v to_o extend_v their_o conquest_n further_o it_o always_o prove_v fruitless_a cambyses_n do_v in_o vain_a attack_z the_o aethiopian_n as_o darius_n hydaspes_n do_v the_o scythian_n and_o xerxes_n be_v shameful_o beat_v by_o the_o greek_n but_o the_o follow_a king_n artaxerxes_n longimanus_fw-la darius_n nothus_fw-la and_o artaxerxes_n mnemon_n do_v manage_v their_o affair_n with_o more_o wisdom_n against_o the_o greek_n who_o they_o do_v not_o attack_v but_o leave_v they_o at_o rest_n they_o quick_o see_v intestine_a war_n kindle_v among_o themselves_o wherein_o they_o so_o well_o know_v how_o to_o play_v their_o game_n that_o by_o always_o afford_v assistance_n to_o the_o weak_a side_n they_o rather_o protract_v than_o finish_v these_o intestine_a war_n till_o the_o greek_n quite_o tire_v and_o exhaust_v be_v oblige_v to_o accept_v of_o such_o condition_n of_o peace_n as_o be_v project_v by_o the_o persian_n whereby_o each_o city_n be_v declare_v free_a and_o independent_a of_o one_o another_o greece_n be_v disable_v hereafter_o to_o undertake_v any_o thing_n of_o moment_n notwithstanding_o macedon_n a_o obscure_a nation_n of_o greece_n prove_v the_o ruin_n of_o the_o persian_a monarchy_n through_o a_o defect_n of_o policy_n in_o their_o king_n in_o not_o early_o
insinuate_v himself_o with_o every_o body_n and_o as_o for_o money_n he_o make_v no_o other_o use_n of_o it_o than_o to_o advance_v his_o design_n he_o be_v a_o most_o experience_a warrior_n and_o have_v make_v the_o macedonian_n so_o excellent_a soldier_n that_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n first_o invent_v by_o he_o be_v terrible_a even_o to_o the_o roman_n and_o because_o he_o be_v always_o at_o the_o head_n of_o his_o army_n continual_o exercise_v his_o soldier_n and_o punctual_o pay_v they_o there_o be_v no_o better_a soldier_n in_o his_o day_n than_o the_o macedonian_n be_v arrive_v to_o this_o greatness_n so_o that_o he_o be_v choose_v by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o greece_n their_o general_n against_o the_o persian_n and_o be_v busy_a in_o make_v preparation_n for_o this_o expedition_n he_o be_v barbarous_o murder_v leave_v his_o son_n alexander_n the_o glory_n of_o pursue_v it_o §_o 8._o great_a there_o be_v scarce_o in_o all_o history_n to_o be_v read_v of_o a_o expedition_n more_o famous_a than_o that_o of_o alexander_n the_o great_a wherein_o he_o with_o thirty_o odd_a thousand_o man_n conquer_v so_o vast_a and_o potent_a kingdom_n and_o by_o his_o victorious_a arm_n extend_v his_o empire_n from_o the_o hellespont_n to_o the_o indies_n if_o we_o inquire_v into_o the_o cause_n of_o so_o uncommon_a and_o happy_a progress_v it_o be_v undeniable_a that_o beside_o the_o providence_n of_o god_n almighty_n who_o have_v put_v bound_n to_o all_o kingdom_n upon_o earth_n the_o incomparable_a valour_n of_o alexander_n himself_o have_v a_o great_a share_n in_o the_o same_o who_o have_v a_o army_n of_o choose_a man_n fall_v upon_o his_o enemy_n army_n with_o such_o swiftness_n and_o vigour_n that_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o any_o new_a levy_a force_n though_o never_o so_o numerous_a to_o resist_v he_o yet_o darius_n commit_v a_o grand_a mistake_n when_o he_o offer_v battle_n to_o alexander_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o the_o persian_n never_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o greek_n in_o pitch_a battle_n beside_o this_o the_o persian_n have_v live_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n in_o peace_n have_v few_o experience_a soldier_n among_o they_o so_o that_o the_o great_a the_o number_n be_v of_o such_o undisciplined_a soldier_n the_o soon_o be_v they_o bring_v into_o disorder_n at_o the_o time_n of_o battle_n darius_n be_v ignorant_a of_o that_o great_a art_n of_o protract_v the_o war_n and_o by_o post_v himself_o advantageous_o and_o cut_v off_o the_o provision_n from_o his_o enemy_n to_o take_v off_o the_o edge_n of_o fierce_a alexander_n and_o because_o he_o have_v neglect_v to_o give_v he_o a_o diversion_n at_o home_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o greek_n who_o envy_v his_o greatness_n no_o other_o event_n can_v reasonable_o be_v expect_v than_o what_o afterward_o follow_v §_o 9_o young_a but_o the_o untimely_a death_n of_o alexander_n rob_v both_o he_o and_o his_o young_a child_n of_o the_o fruit_n of_o his_o victory_n for_o these_o be_v young_a lose_v not_o only_o their_o father_n kingdom_n but_o also_o the_o fatal_a war_n carry_v on_o after_o his_o death_n betwixt_o his_o general_n bring_v the_o conquer_a nation_n under_o great_a calamity_n who_o else_o will_v have_v be_v in_o hope_n to_o have_v change_v their_o king_n for_o a_o much_o better_a and_o great_a prince_n but_o that_o it_o seem_v be_v next_o to_o a_o impossibility_n that_o these_o so_o sudden_o conquer_v country_n shall_v so_o soon_o be_v unite_v in_o one_o kingdom_n since_o a_o firm_a union_n betwixt_o so_o many_o nation_n can_v not_o be_v establish_v without_o a_o singular_a prudence_n of_o their_o supreme_a head_n and_o a_o considerable_a time_n we_o find_v also_o that_o a_o sudden_a greatness_n be_v rare_o last_v there_o be_v no_o less_o ability_n require_v to_o maintain_v than_o to_o acquire_v a_o thing_n of_o this_o nature_n the_o conquest_n therefore_o of_o alexander_n be_v of_o so_o vast_a a_o extent_n that_o the_o small_a number_n of_o his_o macedonian_n be_v by_o no_o mean_n sufficient_a to_o keep_v they_o in_o awe_n and_o to_o make_v those_o province_n dependent_a on_o the_o macedonian_a empire_n there_o be_v no_o other_o way_n to_o maintain_v such_o vast_a conquest_n than_o to_o treat_v the_o conquer_a nation_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n with_o his_o native_a subject_n and_o not_o to_o oblige_v they_o to_o recede_v from_o their_o ancient_a law_n and_o custom_n or_o to_o turn_v macedonian_n but_o rather_o for_o he_o to_o turn_v persian_a that_o the_o conquer_v may_v not_o be_v sensible_a of_o any_o other_o change_n but_o what_o they_o find_v in_o the_o person_n of_o their_o king_n alexander_n understand_v this_o very_a well_o wherefore_o he_o not_o only_o use_v himself_o to_o the_o persian_a custom_n and_o habit_n but_o also_o marry_v the_o decease_a king_n daughter_n and_o have_v a_o persian_a guard_n about_o he_o those_o writer_n who_o reprehend_v alexander_n conduct_n in_o this_o matter_n only_o discover_v their_o own_o indiscretion_n but_o to_o settle_v a_o right_a understanding_n betwixt_o the_o conqueror_n and_o conquer_a do_v require_v a_o considerable_a time_n to_o effect_v which_o alexander_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o fit_a man_n in_o the_o world_n as_o be_v endow_v with_o a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a valour_n magnanimity_n liberality_n and_o authority_n if_o he_o have_v leave_v a_o son_n behind_o he_o not_o unworthy_a of_o so_o great_a a_o father_n the_o persian_a throne_n will_v questionless_a have_v be_v entail_v upon_o his_o family_n §_o 10._o alexander_n the_o death_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a be_v the_o occasion_n of_o long_a and_o bloody_a war_n for_o the_o army_n puff_v up_o with_o the_o glory_n of_o its_o great_a action_n esteem_v no_o body_n worthy_a of_o the_o supreme_a command_n and_o the_o general_n refuse_v to_o obey_v one_o another_o be_v grow_v too_o potent_a to_o live_v as_o private_a person_n it_o be_v time_n arideus_n have_v the_o name_n of_o king_n but_o this_o poor_a man_n want_v both_o authority_n and_o power_n to_o bridle_v the_o ambition_n of_o so_o many_o proud_a and_o great_a men._n wherefore_o all_o spur_v on_o by_o their_o hope_n some_o of_o obtain_v the_o whole_a empire_n some_o of_o get_v a_o considerable_a share_n they_o wage_v a_o most_o bloody_a and_o long_a war_n among_o themselves_o till_o their_o number_n be_v reduce_v to_o a_o few_o from_o a_o great_a many_o who_o first_o pretend_v to_o the_o empire_n five_o of_o they_o take_v upon_o themselves_o the_o title_n of_o king_n and_o the_o sovereign_a dominion_n of_o their_o province_n viz._n cassander_n lysimachus_n antigonus_n seleucus_n and_o ptolemy_n but_o only_o the_o three_o last_v transmit_v their_o kingdom_n to_o their_o family_n there_o be_v then_o no_o more_o than_o three_o kingdom_n remain_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o macedonian_n viz._n that_o of_o syria_n egypt_n and_o macedon_n that_o part_n of_o the_o persian_a empire_n which_o lie_v easterly_a beyond_o the_o river_n euphrates_n be_v become_v a_o vast_a new_a kingdom_n under_o the_o name_n of_o the_o parthian_a empire_n the_o abovementioned_a three_o kingdom_n be_v afterward_o swallow_v up_o by_o the_o roman_n empire_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o macedon_n be_v the_o first_o as_o lie_v near_o unto_o italy_n for_o the_o roman_n after_o have_v subdue_v all_o italy_n begin_v to_o extend_v their_o conquest_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o perceive_v that_o philip_n a_o active_a king_n bid_v fair_a for_o the_o conquest_n of_o all_o greece_n they_o do_v not_o think_v it_o advisable_v to_o let_v he_o grow_v more_o powerful_a he_o be_v so_o near_o to_o they_o that_o in_o time_n he_o may_v easy_o prove_v troublesome_a to_o italy_n they_o enter_v therefore_o into_o a_o league_n with_o the_o same_o city_n of_o greece_n which_o be_v attack_v by_o philip_n under_o that_o pretence_n make_v war_n upon_o philip_n and_o have_v drive_v he_o back_o into_o macedon_n restore_v liberty_n to_o all_o greece_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o roman_n at_o the_o same_o time_n divide_v their_o strength_n and_o gain_v their_o affection_n at_o length_n they_o conquer_a perseus_n and_o with_o he_o the_o kingdom_n of_o macedon_n then_o they_o turn_v their_o arm_n against_o syria_n and_o take_v from_o antiochus_n the_o great_a all_o that_o part_n of_o asia_n which_o extend_v as_o far_o as_o mount_n taurus_n and_o though_o this_o kingdom_n do_v hold_v out_o for_o a_o while_n after_o yet_o be_v miserable_o tear_v to_o piece_n by_o the_o dissension_n which_o be_v rise_v in_o the_o royal_a family_n it_o surrender_v itself_o to_o tigranes_n king_n of_o armenia_n but_o he_o be_v conquer_a by_o pompey_n the_o whole_a be_v make_v a_o province_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n egypt_n at_o last_o can_v not_o escape_v the_o hand_n of_o the_o roman_n after_o the_o emperor_n augustus_n have_v defeat_v cleopatra_n and_o her_o gallant_a mark_n antony_n §_o
11._o before_o we_o come_v to_o rome_n carthage_n we_o must_v say_v something_o of_o carthage_n this_o city_n have_v long_o contest_v with_o rome_n for_o the_o superiority_n so_o that_o the_o roman_a government_n do_v not_o think_v itself_o well_o secure_v as_o long_o as_o this_o city_n be_v in_o be_v this_o city_n though_o it_o be_v rather_o fit_v for_o trade_n than_o war_n yet_o have_v acquire_v vast_a riches_n by_o its_o traffic_n and_o be_v vast_o increase_v in_o power_n and_o inhabitant_n force_v not_o only_o the_o next_o adjacent_a country_n in_o africa_n to_o pay_v they_o tribute_n but_o also_o send_v vast_a army_n into_o sicily_n sardinia_n and_o spain_n this_o occasion_v the_o war_n betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o roman_n the_o two_o first_o they_o maintain_v with_o extraordinary_a resolution_n and_o valour_n but_o in_o the_o three_o they_o be_v bring_v to_o utter_v destruction_n if_o they_o have_v avoid_v to_o meddle_v with_o the_o roman_a affair_n they_o may_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v be_v able_a for_o a_o great_a while_n to_o defend_v their_o liberty_n ambition_n therefore_o be_v the_o chief_a cause_n of_o their_o ruin_n since_o the_o constitution_n of_o their_o government_n be_v such_o as_o be_v adapt_v for_o trade_n do_v not_o require_v any_o great_a possession_n except_o a_o few_o land_n for_o the_o use_n of_o their_o citizen_n and_o some_o seaport_n in_o spain_n and_o sicily_n for_o conveniency_n of_o commerce_n and_o ship_n but_o the_o conquest_n of_o large_a country_n be_v more_o hurtful_a than_o profitable_a to_o they_o for_o those_o general_n who_o command_v their_o army_n abroad_o prove_v at_o last_o dangerous_a to_o they_o think_v it_o below_o themselves_o after_o so_o much_o glory_n and_o vast_a riches_n obtain_v to_o be_v put_v in_o the_o same_o rank_n with_o their_o fellow_n citizen_n the_o inhabitant_n beside_o of_o this_o city_n be_v not_o so_o well_o fit_v for_o land-service_n so_o that_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o fill_v up_o their_o army_n with_o mercenary_a soldier_n collect_v out_o of_o several_a nation_n these_o be_v a_o vast_a and_o certain_a charge_n to_o they_o the_o hope_n of_o the_o benefit_n remain_v uncertain_a and_o beside_o this_o their_o faith_n be_v very_o inconstant_a and_o the_o conquer_a place_n can_v scarce_o be_v trust_v to_o those_o who_o faith_n may_v easy_o be_v buy_v by_o money_n after_o their_o first_o war_n with_o the_o roman_n they_o experience_v almost_o to_o their_o utter_a ruin_n how_o dangerous_a it_o be_v to_o wage_v war_n altogether_o with_o foreign_a and_o mercenary_a soldier_n and_o therefore_o they_o can_v not_o possible_o hold_v out_o against_o the_o roman_n who_o fight_v with_o a_o much_o great_a constancy_n for_o their_o native_a country_n than_o these_o foreign_a mercenary_n do_v for_o their_o pay_n it_o be_v a_o capital_a error_n in_o the_o carthaginian_n that_o they_o do_v not_o take_v care_n in_o time_n so_o to_o establish_v their_o power_n at_o sea_n that_o they_o need_v not_o to_o have_v fear_v any_o thing_n from_o the_o roman_n that_o way_n but_o after_o they_o have_v once_o let_v the_o roman_n become_v master_n at_o sea_n they_o can_v not_o but_o expect_v they_o one_o time_n or_o another_o at_o their_o city-gate_n at_o the_o time_n when_o hannibal_n have_v such_o prodigious_a success_n against_o the_o roman_n it_o prove_v also_o a_o fatal_a neglect_n in_o they_o that_o they_o do_v not_o timely_o send_v fresh_a supply_n to_o reinforce_a he_o so_o that_o he_o may_v have_v prosecute_v the_o war_n to_o the_o destruction_n of_o rome_n for_o after_o they_o have_v once_o give_v leisure_n to_o the_o roman_n to_o recollect_v themselves_o they_o conscious_a of_o their_o former_a danger_n never_o rest_v till_o they_o have_v raze_v carthage_n to_o the_o ground_n §_o 12._o city_n it_o be_v worth_a the_o while_n to_o trace_v the_o commonwealth_n of_o rome_n back_n to_o its_o original_a because_o none_o ever_o yet_o equal_v it_o in_o power_n and_o greatness_n and_o because_o young_a student_n be_v first_o enter_v and_o best_o read_v in_o the_o roman_a history_n this_o city_n be_v perfect_o make_v for_o war_n from_o whence_o the_o first_o have_v she_o rise_v and_o afterward_o her_o fall_n its_o first_o inhabitant_n be_v a_o sorry_a rabble_n of_o indigent_a people_n the_o very_a dregs_o of_o italy_n be_v ignorant_a of_o what_o belong_v to_o commerce_n and_o not_o expert_a in_o any_o handycraft_n trade_n for_o the_o carry_v on_o of_o the_o first_o rome_n be_v not_o commodious_o situate_v and_o the_o latter_a be_v at_o that_o time_n unknown_a in_o italy_n that_o small_a parcel_n of_o ground_n which_o at_o first_o they_o have_v possess_v themselves_o of_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o maintain_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o people_n nor_o be_v there_o any_o vacant_a ground_n in_o the_o neighbourhood_n which_o can_v be_v till_v for_o their_o use_n if_o therefore_o they_o will_v not_o always_o remain_v beggar_n nothing_o be_v leave_v they_o but_o their_o sword_n wherewith_o to_o cut_v out_o their_o fortune_n and_o true_o rome_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o den_n of_o wolf_n and_o its_o inhabitant_n like_o wolf_n always_o thirst_v after_o their_o neighbour_n good_n and_o blood_n live_v by_o continual_a robbery_n it_o be_v then_o necessary_a for_o a_o city_n under_o these_o circumstance_n to_o keep_v up_o a_o constant_a stock_n of_o valiant_a citizen_n to_o effect_v this_o the_o better_a populous_a romulus_n command_v that_o no_o child_n shall_v be_v kill_v except_o such_o as_o be_v very_o deform_v which_o barbarous_a custom_n be_v also_o then_o very_o common_a among_o the_o grecian_n beside_o this_o he_o order_v that_o all_o slave_n at_o rome_n together_o with_o their_o liberty_n shall_v have_v the_o privilege_n of_o the_o city_n from_o who_o afterward_o descend_v great_a family_n their_o posterity_n be_v ambitious_a by_o great_a deed_n to_o efface_v the_o memory_n of_o their_o base_a original_a but_o above_o all_o one_o thing_n do_v mighty_o contribute_v towards_o the_o increase_n of_o rome_n that_o romulus_n do_v not_o suffer_v the_o man_n to_o be_v put_v to_o the_o sword_n in_o such_o place_n as_o be_v take_v by_o force_n by_o the_o roman_n nor_o will_v let_v they_o be_v sell_v for_o slave_n but_o receive_v they_o into_o rome_n grant_v they_o the_o same_o privilege_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o citizen_n the_o roman_a writer_n give_v this_o for_o one_o reason_n why_o athens_n and_o sparta_n can_v not_o so_o long_o maintain_v their_o conquest_n as_o rome_n do_v since_o they_o seldom_o naturalize_v stranger_n whereas_o romulus_n frequent_o use_v to_o receive_v the_o same_o as_o citizen_n of_o rome_n in_o the_o evening_n with_o who_o he_o have_v fight_v in_o the_o morning_n for_o war_n can_v be_v carry_v on_o without_o a_o good_a stock_n of_o man_n nor_o can_v conquest_n be_v maintain_v without_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o valiant_a soldier_n upon_o who_o faith_n the_o government_n can_v rely_v in_o case_n of_o a_o attack_z but_o that_o the_o conquer_a place_n may_v not_o be_v leave_v destitute_a of_o inhabitant_n and_o rome_n may_v not_o be_v fill_v up_o with_o too_o much_o rabble_n they_o use_v only_o to_o transplant_v the_o best_a and_o rich_a man_n of_o the_o conquer_a place_n to_o rome_n fill_v up_o their_o place_n with_o the_o poor_a of_o the_o roman_a citizen_n who_o settle_v a_o continual_a good_a correspondence_n betwixt_o the_o conquer_a and_o the_o roman_n serve_v also_o for_o a_o garrison_n in_o these_o place_n by_o these_o mean_v the_o most_o valiant_a and_o rich_a inhabitant_n of_o the_o neighbour_a country_n be_v draw_v to_o rome_n and_o the_o poor_a among_o the_o roman_n obtain_v thereby_o in_o those_o place_n large_a possession_n but_o although_o necessity_n give_v a_o edge_n to_o the_o roman_a valour_n it_o be_v not_o that_o alone_a that_o make_v they_o so_o warlike_a a_o people_n for_o the_o courage_n of_o their_o king_n who_o instruct_v they_o in_o military_a affair_n and_o harden_v they_o to_o danger_n have_v a_o great_a share_n in_o it_o though_o the_o thing_n right_o consider_v it_o be_v not_o always_o adviseable_a to_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o a_o state_n upon_o military_a constitution_n since_o the_o change_n of_o war_n be_v uncertain_a and_o then_o it_o be_v not_o for_o the_o quiet_a of_o any_o state_n that_o martial_a temper_n shall_v prevail_v too_o much_o in_o it_o wherefore_o peaceable_a time_n do_v never_o agree_v with_o the_o roman_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v free_v from_o the_o danger_n of_o foreign_a enemy_n they_o sheathe_v their_o sword_n in_o each_o other_o bowel_n §_o 13._o there_o be_v also_o other_o thing_n worth_a our_o observation_n institution_n which_o do_v great_o advance_v the_o military_a affair_n of_o rome_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a be_v that_o their_o king_n servius_n tullius_n have_v order_v that_o only_o the_o
and_o aznar_n son_n of_o eudo_fw-la duke_n of_o aquitain_n have_v take_v several_a place_n from_o the_o moor_n take_v upon_o himself_o with_o consent_n of_o the_o beforementioned_a garsias_n the_o title_n of_o earl_n of_o arragon_n lewis_n also_o son_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a take_v barcelona_n constitute_v a_o governor_n there_o who_o name_n be_v bernard_n a_o frenchman_n from_o who_o descend_v the_o earl_n of_o barcelona_n about_o the_o time_n also_o of_o the_o abovementioned_a king_n there_o be_v several_a earl_n or_o governor_n of_o old_a castille_n who_o acknowledge_v the_o foresay_a king_n for_o their_o sovereign_n these_o earl_n be_v once_o suspect_v by_o king_n ordonius_n he_o call_v they_o together_o who_o appear_v be_v all_o kill_v by_o his_o order_n wherefore_o the_o old_a castilian_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o his_o son_n favila_n ii_o a_o cruel_a tyrant_n withdraw_a themselves_o from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o leon_n choose_v two_o governor_n under_o the_o name_n of_o judge_n who_o be_v to_o administer_v all_o civil_a and_o military_a affair_n but_o this_o form_n of_o government_n do_v not_o last_v long_o among_o they_o §_o 4._o iu._n after_o favila_n alphonso_n the_o ivth_o obtain_v the_o kingdom_n under_o who_o reign_n ferdinand_n gonsalvo_n earl_n of_o castille_n perform_v great_a thing_n both_o against_o the_o moor_n and_o sanctius_n abareus_n and_o his_o son_n garsias_n king_n of_o navarre_n who_o he_o vanquish_v but_o alfonso_n himself_o be_v unfit_a to_o govern_v the_o kingdom_n surrender_v it_o to_o his_o brother_n ramirus_n ii_o who_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o beforementioned_a ferdinand_n 931._o beat_v the_o moor_n in_o several_a place_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 950_o and_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n ordonius_n iii_n a_o valiant_a prince_n but_o do_v not_o reign_v long_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o his_o brother_n sanctius_n crassus_n sanctius_n he_o be_v banish_v by_o ordonius_n surnamed_n the_o wicked_a 955._o but_o soon_o restore_v by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o moor_n it_o be_v say_v that_o by_o certain_a article_n make_v betwixt_o sanctius_n and_o ferdinand_n earl_n of_o castille_n 965._o it_o be_v agree_v that_o castille_n after_o that_o time_n shall_v not_o be_v oblige_v to_o acknowledge_v any_o dependence_n on_o the_o king_n of_o leon._n iii_o he_o be_v succeed_v by_o ramirus_n who_o 967._o in_o his_o minority_n be_v under_o woman_n tuition_n and_o when_o grow_v up_o prove_v very_o useless_a to_o the_o public_a for_o under_o his_o reign_n partly_o by_o civil_a commotion_n partly_o by_o the_o inroad_n make_v by_o the_o moor_n the_o kingdom_n be_v considerable_o weaken_v and_o in_o great_a danger_n of_o lose_v more_o several_a place_n be_v take_v from_o the_o christian_n ii_o under_o veremund_n ii_o also_o the_o moor_n do_v considerable_a mischief_n in_o those_o part_n 982._o take_v and_o plunder_v beside_o a_o great_a many_o other_o the_o city_n of_o leon_n to_o which_o misfortune_n the_o civil_a commotion_n do_v great_o contribute_v but_o at_o last_o veremund_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o garsias_n earl_n of_o castille_n force_v the_o moor_n out_o of_o his_o kingdom_n he_o succeed_v his_o son_n alfonso_n v._o v._n under_o who_o reign_n there_o be_v great_a intestine_a commotion_n in_o castille_n 999._o whereby_o the_o moor_n be_v encourage_v to_o attack_v it_o with_o such_o vigour_n that_o they_o overthrow_v garsias_n and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n who_o son_n sanctius_n revenge_v himself_o afterward_o upon_o the_o moor_n after_o this_o great_a dissension_n be_v arisen_a among_o the_o moor_n their_o empire_n be_v divide_v into_o several_a part_n each_o governor_n of_o its_o province_n assume_v the_o name_n of_o king_n alfonso_n succeed_v his_o son_n veremund_n iii_o iii_n under_o who_o reign_n there_o happen_v a_o great_a revolution_n in_o spain_n for_o garsias_n earl_n of_o castille_n 1025._o be_v upon_o the_o point_n of_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o king_n sister_n at_o leon_n be_v there_o barbarous_o murder_v by_o some_o of_o his_o vassal_n castille_n therefore_o fall_v to_o sanctius_n king_n of_o navarre_n who_o have_v marry_v the_o sister_n of_o garsias_n he_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o castille_n this_o sanctius_n surnamed_n major_n also_o wage_v war_n against_o veremund_n kingdom_n who_o have_v no_o child_n take_v from_o he_o by_o force_n of_o arm_n a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n whereupon_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v whereby_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o sanctius_n shall_v keep_v what_o he_o have_v take_v before_o but_o that_o his_o son_n ferdinand_n shall_v marry_v sanctia_n the_o sister_n of_o veremund_n she_o be_v heiress_n to_o her_o brother_n and_o to_o succeed_v he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o leon._n in_o this_o manner_n be_v leon_n navarre_n and_o castille_n ii_o unite_v in_o one_o house_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n that_o sanctius_n major_n be_v in_o the_o field_n against_o the_o moor_n major_n a_o great_a misfortune_n happen_v at_o home_o he_o have_v particular_o recommend_v to_o the_o care_n of_o his_o queen_n a_o very_a fine_a horse_n which_o garsias_n her_o elder_a son_n have_v a_o mind_n to_o have_v and_o will_v have_v obtain_v it_o from_o the_o mother_n if_o the_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n have_v not_o oppose_v it_o tell_v they_o that_o his_o father_n will_v be_v great_o displease_v at_o it_o this_o denial_n wrought_v so_o upon_o the_o son_n that_o he_o accuse_v his_o mother_n of_o commit_v adultery_n with_o the_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n the_o matter_n be_v examine_v the_o king_n be_v natural_a son_n ramirus_n proffer_v to_o justify_v the_o innocency_n of_o the_o queen_n in_o a_o duel_n with_o garsias_n and_o the_o king_n be_v uncertain_a what_o to_o do_v a_o priest_n do_v at_o last_o enforce_v the_o confession_n of_o the_o calumny_n cast_v upon_o the_o queen_n from_o garsias_n whereupon_o garsias_n be_v declare_v incapable_a of_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o castille_n which_o do_v belong_v to_o he_o by_o his_o mother_n side_n and_o ramirus_n obtain_v the_o succession_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o arragon_n as_o a_o recompense_n of_o his_o fidelity_n this_o sanctius_n major_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1035._o §_o 5._o thus_o all_o the_o province_n of_o spain_n spain_n which_o be_v possess_v by_o the_o christian_n be_v join_v in_o one_o house_n it_o seem_v a_o easy_a matter_n to_o root_v out_o the_o moor_n divide_v among_o themselves_o and_o to_o restore_v spain_n to_o its_o former_a state_n if_o the_o same_o have_v remain_v under_o one_o head_n but_o the_o division_n make_v by_o sanctius_n major_a occasion_v most_o bloody_a and_o pernicious_a war_n this_o beforementioned_a sanctius_n have_v four_o son_n to_o the_o elder_a garsias_n he_o leave_v navarre_n and_o biscay_n to_o ferdinand_n castille_n to_o gonsalvo_n suprarbe_n and_o ripagorsa_n and_o to_o ramirus_n his_o natural_a son_n arragon_n give_v to_o each_o of_o they_o the_o title_n of_o king_n these_o be_v all_o ambitious_a to_o be_v equal_a in_o power_n and_o greatness_n to_o their_o father_n and_o think_v their_o bound_n too_o narrow_a fall_v quick_o together_o by_o the_o ear_n for_o while_o garsias_n be_v go_v in_o pilgrimage_n to_o rome_n ramirus_n endeavour_v to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o navarre_n but_o the_o other_o return_v home_o chase_v he_o out_o of_o arragon_n there_o arise_v also_o a_o war_n betwixt_o ferdinand_n of_o castille_n and_o his_o brother-in-law_n veremund_n king_n of_o leon_n wherein_o the_o latter_a be_v slay_v in_o battle_n ferdinand_n become_v master_n of_o leon_n which_o do_v by_o right_o of_o succession_n belong_v to_o he_o 1038._o he_o also_o take_v from_o the_o moor_n a_o great_a part_n of_o portugal_n after_o the_o death_n of_o gonsalvo_n the_o three_o son_n of_o sanctius_n major_n ramirus_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o his_o territory_n and_o endeavour_v also_o to_o recover_v by_o force_n of_o arm_n arragon_n from_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n 1045._o not_o long_o after_o ferdinand_n of_o castille_n and_o garsias_n of_o navarre_n wage_v war_n together_o about_o a_o certain_a tract_n of_o ground_n 1053._o wherein_o garsias_n be_v slay_v in_o a_o battle_n by_o his_o death_n ramirus_n get_v a_o opportunity_n of_o recover_v arragon_n ferdinand_n surnamed_n the_o great_a die_v in_o the_o year_n 1065_o divide_v the_o empire_n to_o the_o great_a detriment_n of_o spain_n among_o his_o three_o son_n the_o elder_a sanctius_n have_v castille_n alfonso_n leon_n garsias_n gallicia_n and_o a_o part_n of_o portugal_n with_o the_o title_n of_o king_n iii_o sanctius_n wage_v war_n with_o ramirus_n of_o arragon_n 1067._o who_o he_o slay_v in_o a_o battle_n but_o be_v beat_v back_o again_o by_o sanctius_n son_n of_o ramirus_n and_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n afterwards_o have_v drive_v alfonso_n out_o of_o his_o territory_n and_o take_v garsias_n prisoner_n he_o take_v
possession_n of_o the_o territory_n belong_v to_o his_o brother_n but_o be_v slay_v in_o the_o siege_n of_o camora_n which_o city_n he_o endeavour_v to_o take_v from_o his_o sister_n then_o alfonso_n his_o brother_n vi._n who_o have_v hitherto_o dwell_v with_o the_o moorish_a king_n of_o toledo_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o castille_n and_o leon._n 1073._o and_o take_v from_o the_o moor_n beside_o some_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o toledo_n which_o be_v in_o those_o day_n esteem_v impregnable_a 1085._o but_o the_o moor_n in_o spain_n have_v receive_v fresh_a reinforcement_n out_o of_o africa_n get_v new_a courage_n and_o fall_v upon_o the_o christian_n defeat_v they_o in_o two_o battle_n till_o alfonso_n get_v a_o entire_a victory_n over_o they_o oblige_v the_o moorish_a king_n of_o corduba_n to_o pay_v he_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n nevertheless_o he_o be_v afterward_o again_o overthrow_v in_o a_o battle_n fight_v with_o the_o moor_n where_o he_o lose_v his_o only_a son_n sanctius_n who_o death_n he_o revenge_v soon_o after_o upon_o they_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1109._o vrraca_n his_o daughter_n be_v heiress_n to_o the_o kingdom_n she_o be_v marry_v to_o alfonso_n king_n of_o arragon_n vii_o which_o marriage_n under_o pretence_n of_o too_o near_o a_o consanguinity_n and_o adultery_n commit_v by_o the_o queen_n be_v afterward_o dissolve_v again_o viii_o but_o because_o alfonso_n will_v nevertheless_o keep_v castille_n as_o the_o dowry_n of_o the_o queen_n it_o cause_v great_a intestine_a war_n and_o division_n for_o alfonso_n viii_o son_n of_o vrraca_n by_o raymond_n of_o burgundy_n her_o first_o husband_n who_o be_v come_v out_o of_o france_n to_o assist_v her_o father_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o moor_n be_v proclaim_v king_n of_o castille_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n that_o alfonso_n of_o arragon_n be_v busy_v in_o take_v beside_o some_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o saragossa_n from_o the_o moor_n 1118._o at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v 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be_v agree_v that_o ramirus_n shall_v give_v his_o only_a daughter_n together_o with_o the_o kingdom_n to_o raymond_n earl_n of_o barcelona_n by_o which_o mean_v catalonia_n and_o arragon_n be_v unite_v 1137._o then_o alfonso_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o arragon_n attack_v again_o the_o moor_n take_v from_o they_o the_o city_n of_o almeria_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v a_o great_a seaport_n and_o harbour_n for_o privateer_n raymond_n take_v from_o the_o moor_n tortosa_n lerida_n and_o other_o strong_a hold_v alfonso_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1157._o §_o 6._o iu._n the_o same_o alfonso_n though_o spain_n have_v suffer_v sufficient_o by_o its_o be_v divide_v into_o so_o many_o government_n leave_v to_o his_o son_n sanctius_n castille_n to_o ferdinand_n leon_n and_o gallicia_n sanctius_n who_o do_v nothing_o that_o be_v remarkable_a except_o that_o he_o beat_v twice_o those_o of_o navarre_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1158_o ix_o leave_v his_o son_n alfonso_n ix_o a_o child_n of_o four_o year_n of_o age._n during_o the_o time_n of_o his_o minority_n there_o be_v great_a disturbance_n in_o castille_n occasion_v partly_o by_o the_o division_n among_o the_o nobility_n partly_o by_o the_o war_n with_o ferdinando_n of_o leon_n and_o sanctius_n of_o navarre_n who_o take_v several_a place_n from_o the_o castilian_n but_o come_v to_o his_o ripe_a year_n he_o do_v extricate_v himself_o though_o not_o without_o great_a difficulty_n out_o of_o those_o trouble_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o moor_n who_o always_o keep_v the_o spanish_a king_n in_o exercise_n he_o suffer_v extreme_o so_o that_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o they_o because_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o leon_n at_o the_o same_o time_n fall_v upon_o he_o at_o last_o there_o be_v a_o confederacy_n make_v betwixt_o these_o king_n with_o a_o certain_a agreement_n how_o such_o place_n shall_v be_v dispose_v of_o as_o shall_v be_v take_v from_o the_o moor_n in_o the_o year_n 1210_o a_o most_o memorable_a expedition_n be_v undertake_v against_o the_o moor_n where_o present_v themselves_o a_o great_a many_o foreigner_n who_o come_v to_o signalise_v themselves_o but_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o be_v soon_o tire_v out_o return_v home_o at_o that_o time_n be_v fight_v the_o famous_a battle_n of_o lasa_n where_o 200000_o moor_n be_v slay_v they_o lose_v all_o their_o strength_n in_o this_o battle_n sanctius_n king_n of_o navarre_n break_v first_o through_o a_o chain_n which_o surround_v the_o moorish_a army_n he_o afterward_o bear_v a_o chain_n with_o a_o emerald_n in_o his_o shield_n in_o this_o war_n be_v take_v from_o the_o moor_n beside_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o calatrava_n the_o king_n of_o leon_n take_v alcantara_n alfonso_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1214_o leave_v behind_o he_o his_o son_n henry_n henry_n who_o minority_n occasion_v great_a disturbance_n in_o the_o kingdom_n he_o die_v without_o issue_n in_o the_o year_n 1217._o he_o have_v two_o sister_n the_o elder_a blanch_n be_v marry_v to_o lewis_n viii_o son_n of_o philip_n augustus_n king_n of_o france_n the_o second_o berengaria_n be_v marry_v to_o alfonso_n king_n of_o leon._n the_o crown_n by_o right_a of_o succession_n do_v belong_v to_o the_o elder_a and_o her_o heir_n but_o out_o of_o a_o hatred_n the_o state_n bear_v to_o stranger_n they_o confer_v the_o kingdom_n upon_o ferdinand_n sanctus_n surnamed_n the_o holy_a son_n of_o berengaria_n who_o with_o all_o speed_n imaginable_a possess_v himself_o of_o it_o before_o he_o can_v be_v prevent_v by_o his_o father_n surmount_v all_o the_o difficulty_n which_o be_v raise_v against_o he_o partly_o by_o his_o father_n partly_o by_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n it_o be_v relate_v by_o some_o that_o blanch_n be_v not_o the_o elder_a sister_n but_o that_o some_o of_o the_o castilian_a nobleman_n do_v dispute_v the_o right_n of_o berengaria_n to_o the_o crown_n because_o the_o pope_n have_v declare_v her_o marriage_n with_o alfonso_n void_a and_o their_o child_n illegitimate_a as_o be_v too_o near_o in_o blood_n 1230._o by_o the_o death_n of_o alfonso_n leon_n and_o castille_n be_v reunite_v under_o ferdinand_n at_o what_o time_n the_o moor_n suffer_v extreme_o in_o their_o affair_n 1230._o king_n james_n of_o arragon_n take_v from_o they_o majorca_n in_o the_o year_n 1232._o minorca_n in_o the_o year_n 1234._o yvica_n in_o the_o year_n 1238._o the_o city_n and_o kingdom_n of_o valencia_n ferdinand_n take_v from_o they_o beside_o other_o place_n in_o the_o year_n 1230_o merida_n and_o badajoz_n in_o the_o year_n 1236_o 1240._o the_o city_n and_o kingdom_n of_o corduba_n murcia_n surrender_v itself_o to_o the_o protection_n of_o castille_n in_o the_o year_n 1243_o 1248._o jaen_n sevile_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o andalusia_n but_o whilst_o he_o be_v make_v preparation_n to_o carry_v the_o war_n into_o africa_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1252._o §_o 7._o x._o the_o history_n of_o the_o next_o follow_v year_n be_v full_a of_o trouble_n and_o division_n alfonso_n it_o be_v true_a be_v famous_a in_o foreign_a country_n for_o his_o wisdom_n and_o great_a skill_n in_o astronomy_n so_o that_o it_o be_v report_v of_o he_o that_o he_o use_v to_o say_v that_o if_o god_n will_v have_v advise_v with_o he_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o creation_n of_o the_o world_n the_o world_n shall_v have_v be_v make_v more_o uniform_a yet_o he_o be_v unfortunate_a at_o home_n and_o hate_v by_o his_o subject_n the_o first_o occasion_n of_o which_o be_v that_o he_o be_v desirous_a to_o fill_v his_o treasury_n which_o be_v exhaust_v he_o cause_v the_o current_a coin_n to_o be_v diminish_v which_o enhance_v the_o price_n of_o every_o thing_n and_o whilst_o to_o prevent_v this_o he_o set_v certain_a rate_n on_o all_o commodity_n 1256._o which_o occasion_v a_o general_a scarcity_n of_o all_o thing_n the_o
people_n not_o be_v willing_a to_o sell_v at_o his_o rate_n he_o be_v by_o some_o of_o the_o elector_n choose_v roman_a emperor_n but_o because_o his_o child_n be_v then_o very_o young_a and_o great_a division_n arise_v among_o his_o noble_n he_o delay_v for_o a_o great_a many_o year_n to_o go_v thither_o and_o to_o receive_v the_o imperial_a crown_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1275_o a_o fancy_n take_v he_o all_o on_o a_o sudden_a to_o go_v and_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o empire_n though_o rudolf_n of_o habsburgh_n be_v already_o get_v into_o the_o imperial_a throne_n but_o his_o journey_n be_v end_v in_o provence_n he_o return_v from_o thence_o home_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o pope_n who_o afterward_o excommunicate_v he_o and_o oblige_v he_o also_o to_o renounce_v the_o title_n of_o emperor_n after_o the_o death_n of_o ferdinand_n his_o elder_a son_n sanctius_n the_o young_a brother_n do_v aim_n at_o the_o succession_n though_o ferdinand_n have_v leave_v child_n behind_o he_o this_o raise_v a_o jealousy_n betwixt_o the_o father_n and_o son_n who_o rise_v in_o open_a rebellion_n against_o his_o father_n be_v assist_v by_o the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o state_n which_o commotion_n however_o cease_v with_o the_o death_n of_o alfonso_n 1284._o under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n many_o battle_n be_v fight_v against_o the_o moor_n with_o various_a success_n v._n in_o the_o year_n also_o 1282_o happen_v the_o sicilian_a vesper_n vesper_n by_o which_o mean_v peter_n king_n of_o arragon_n obtain_v the_o kingdom_n of_o sicily_n he_o have_v before_o a_o pretence_n to_o it_o as_o have_v marry_v constantia_n the_o daughter_n of_o manfred_n against_o this_o sanctius_n the_o son_n of_o ferdinand_n his_o elder_a brother_n raise_v several_a disturbance_n which_o he_o overcome_v all_o by_o his_o wisdom_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1295._o during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o minority_n of_o his_o son_n ferdinand_n iu._n iv_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n be_v overwhelm_v with_o trouble_n after_o he_o come_v to_o age_n he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o the_o moor_n take_v from_o they_o gibraltar_n and_o die_v in_o the_o flower_n of_o his_o age._n 1312._o under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n james_n king_n of_o arragon_n be_v present_v with_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sardinia_n 1297._o by_o the_o pope_n who_o pretend_v to_o have_v a_o right_n of_o dispose_v of_o it_o and_o those_o of_o pisa_n be_v then_o in_o possession_n of_o the_o same_o be_v afterward_o beat_v out_o by_o the_o arragonian_n the_o minority_n also_o of_o alfonso_n xi_o xi_o be_v full_a of_o trouble_n at_o that_o time_n the_o moor_n have_v again_o receive_v a_o great_a reinforcement_n out_o of_o africa_n 1324._o the_o castilian_n nevertheless_o obtain_v a_o most_o signal_n victory_n over_o they_o in_o the_o year_n 1340_o in_o which_o battle_n it_o be_v say_v 200000_o be_v slay_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o moor_n and_o but_o only_o 25000_o spaniard_n at_o that_o time_n alzira_n be_v take_v and_o a_o peace_n conclude_v with_o the_o king_n of_o granada_n under_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v tributary_n to_o castille_n 1350._o this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o siege_n of_o gibraltar_n which_o he_o have_v lose_v before_o his_o son_n pieter_n surname_v the_o cruel_a cruel_a reign_v very_o tyrannical_o he_o draw_v the_o hatred_n of_o most_o of_o his_o subject_n upon_o himself_o by_o part_v from_o his_o queen_n blanch_n who_o he_o afterward_o though_o innocent_a for_o the_o sake_n of_o a_o concubine_n cause_v to_o be_v murder_v this_o occasion_v a_o plot_n against_o he_o which_o he_o suppress_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o bloodshed_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o a_o war_n arise_v betwixt_o he_o and_o pieter_n iv._o king_n of_o arragon_n who_o assist_v the_o rebel_n in_o castille_n who_o have_v set_v up_o for_o their_o king_n henry_n the_o king_n brother_n beget_v on_o a_o concubine_n call_v eleonora_n gusman_n with_o he_o also_o join_v a_o great_a many_o french_a volunteer_n so_o that_o fall_v upon_o pieter_n of_o castille_n 1366._o he_o force_v he_o to_o flee_v into_o aquitain_n but_o he_o have_v raise_v there_o a_o considerable_a army_n return_v into_o spain_n defeat_v henry_n and_o oblige_v he_o to_o flee_v into_o france_n but_o do_v not_o desist_v from_o his_o tyranny_n whereby_o he_o quite_o lose_v the_o affection_n of_o his_o subject_n and_o henry_n have_v gather_v another_o army_n in_o france_n return_v into_o castille_n where_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o castilian_n he_o vanquish_v pieter_n and_o in_o the_o flight_n kill_v he_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n 1369._o §_o 8._o ii_o out_o of_o the_o race_n of_o this_o henry_n ii_o surname_v the_o bastard_n spring_v afterward_o prince_n who_o prove_v very_o mischievous_a to_o spain_n henry_n himself_o do_v at_o first_o labour_n under_o great_a difficulty_n the_o neighbour_a nation_n attacking_z he_o every_o where_o yet_o he_o surmount_v they_o and_o at_o last_o make_v peace_n with_o they_o all_o but_o the_o favour_n of_o his_o noble_n he_o buy_v with_o money_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1379._o ii_o his_o son_n john_n endeavour_v to_o obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o portugal_n of_o ferdinand_n its_o king_n who_o daughter_n he_o have_v marry_v but_o the_o portuguese_n out_o of_o a_o hatred_n against_o the_o castilian_n set_v up_o for_o their_o king_n john_n natural_a son_n to_o pieter_n king_n of_o portugal_n who_o maintain_v himself_o against_o the_o castilian_n rout_v they_o near_o to_o aliunbaret_fw-la which_o victory_n the_o portuguese_n mighty_o boast_v of_o in_o their_o history_n castille_n be_v at_o that_o time_n in_o great_a danger_n the_o english_a side_v with_o the_o portuguese_n under_o the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n who_o have_v marry_v constantia_n the_o daughter_n of_o pieter_n surname_v the_o cruel_a pretend_v to_o the_o right_n of_o that_o crown_n bear_v also_o the_o title_n and_o arm_n but_o the_o business_n be_v at_o last_o compose_v by_o marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o the_o english_a duke_n to_o the_o prince_n of_o castille_n after_o which_o also_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o portugal_n 1390._o john_n die_v by_o a_o fall_n from_o his_o horse_n his_o son_n henry_n iii_o iii_o be_v a_o sickly_a prince_n under_o who_o minority_n great_a division_n arise_v in_o the_o kingdom_n during_o the_o time_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o do_v nothing_o remarkable_a except_o that_o he_o restore_v the_o revenue_n which_o the_o noble_n have_v alienate_v from_o the_o crown_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1407_o ii_o leave_v behind_o he_o john_n ii_o a_o child_n of_o two_o month_n old_a the_o tuition_n of_o this_o prince_n be_v beside_o his_o mother_n commit_v to_o ferdinand_n his_o uncle_n to_o who_o the_o state_n do_v offer_v the_o kingdom_n which_o he_o generous_o refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o he_o obtain_v afterward_o the_o crown_n of_o arragon_n this_o king_n be_v under_o the_o tuition_n of_o his_o mother_n grow_v very_o effeminate_a only_o addict_v to_o voluptuousness_n have_v no_o genius_n nor_o inclination_n for_o public_a business_n commit_v the_o whole_a management_n to_o his_o favourite_n alvarez_n de_fw-fr luna_n a_o ambitious_a man_n which_o occasion_v great_a jealousy_n in_o his_o noble_n against_o he_o this_o king_n take_v his_o favourite_n part_n against_o the_o nobility_n a_o open_a war_n ensue_v betwixt_o they_o the_o rebel_n be_v head_v by_o his_o own_o son_n and_o the_o city_n of_o toledo_n declare_v against_o the_o king_n at_o last_o the_o king_n be_v tire_v with_o the_o many_o inconvenience_n cut_v this_o favourite_n head_n off_o 145â—_n but_o die_v himself_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n a_o war_n break_v out_o betwixt_o the_o spaniard_n and_o those_o of_o granada_n wherein_o the_o first_o signalise_v themselves_o to_o their_o advantage_n in_o the_o year_n 1420_o king_n alfonso_n of_o arragon_n be_v adopt_v by_o joan_n queen_n of_o naples_n but_o a_o difference_n arise_v betwixt_o joan_n and_o alfonso_n she_o declare_v the_o say_a adoption_n void_a and_o null_a receive_v in_o his_o stead_n lewis_n duke_n of_o anjou_n which_o afterward_o occasion_v bloody_a war_n betwixt_o france_n and_o spain_n yet_o alfonso_n at_o last_o keep_v the_o upper_a hand_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o naples_n 1442._o and_o leave_v the_o same_o to_o his_o natural_a son_n ferdinand_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n succeed_v john_n his_o son_n henry_n iu._n iu._n the_o scandal_n to_o the_o spanish_a nation_n he_o be_v incapable_a of_o beget_v child_n to_o take_v away_o this_o suspicion_n hire_v one_o bertrand_n corva_n who_o for_o this_o service_n be_v make_v earl_n of_o ledesma_n to_o lie_v with_o the_o queen_n who_o have_v bring_v forth_o a_o daughter_n call_v joan_n henry_n cause_v she_o to_o be_v proclaim_v heiress_n to_o the_o crown_n what_o confirm_v this_o the_o more_o be_v that_o
the_o queen_n afterward_o have_v another_o bastard_n beget_v by_o another_o person_n to_o remove_v this_o shame_n and_o to_o exclude_v joan_n from_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o crown_n the_o noble_n of_o spain_n enter_v into_o a_o association_n and_o put_v the_o image_n of_o henry_n upon_o a_o scaffold_n they_o there_o formal_o accuse_v he_o and_o afterward_o have_v take_v off_o his_o ornament_n throw_v it_o from_o the_o scaffold_n at_o the_o same_o time_n proclaim_v alfonso_n brother_n of_o henry_n their_o king_n from_o hence_o arise_v most_o pernicious_a intestine_a war_n which_o end_v in_o bloody_a battle_n during_o these_o trouble_n alfonso_n die_v about_o the_o same_o time_n 1468._o ferdinand_n son_n of_o john_n ii_o king_n of_o arragon_n who_o his_o father_n have_v declare_v king_n of_o sicily_n propse_v a_o marriage_n with_o isabel_n henry_n sister_n to_o who_o the_o rebellious_a castilian_n have_v offer_v the_o crown_n and_o force_v henry_n to_o confirm_v the_o right_n of_o isabel_n to_o the_o crown_n whereupon_o the_o nuptial_n be_v celebrate_v 1469._o but_o private_o yet_o will_v henry_n by_o make_v this_o concession_n void_a have_v afterward_o set_v up_o again_o the_o title_n of_o joan_n who_o he_o have_v promise_v in_o marriage_n to_o charles_n duke_n of_o aquitain_n brother_n to_o lewis_n xi_o king_n of_o france_n but_o he_o die_v sudden_o henry_n at_o last_o be_v reconcile_v to_o ferdinand_n and_o isabel_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1472._o §_o 9_o unite_v from_o this_o match_n of_o ferdinand_n who_o the_o castilian_n call_v the_o v._o or_o the_o catholic_n with_o isabel_n spring_v the_o great_a fortune_n and_o power_n of_o spain_n it_o under_o his_o reign_n arrive_v to_o that_o pitch_n of_o greatness_n which_o ever_o since_o have_v make_v it_o both_o the_o terror_n and_o the_o envy_n of_o europe_n this_o ferdinand_n also_o meet_v with_o some_o obstacle_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n the_o state_n of_o castille_n have_v limit_v his_o power_n within_o too_o narrow_a bound_n and_o joan_n the_o late_a king_n henry_n suppose_a daughter_n have_v contract_v a_o match_n with_o alfonso_n king_n of_o portugal_n who_o enter_v castille_n with_o a_o puissant_a army_n cause_v she_o to_o be_v proclaim_v queen_n but_o the_o portuguese_n be_v sound_o beat_v the_o whole_a design_n vanish_v and_o joan_n retire_v into_o a_o monastery_n the_o civil_a commotion_n be_v total_o suppress_v the_o next_o care_n of_o ferdinand_n be_v to_o regulate_v such_o disorder_n as_o be_v creep_v into_o the_o government_n in_o the_o former_a reign_n wherefore_o he_o cause_v that_o law-book_n to_o be_v compile_v which_o from_o the_o city_n of_o toro_n where_o it_o first_o be_v publish_v be_v call_v leges_fw-la tauri_n in_o the_o year_n also_o 1478_o the_o famous_a spanish_a inquisition_n be_v first_o institute_v by_o he_o against_o the_o moor_n and_o jew_n inquisition_n who_o have_v once_o profess_v themselves_o christian_n do_v afterward_o return_v to_o their_o idolatry_n and_o superstitious_a worship_n this_o court_n of_o inquisition_n be_v esteem_v a_o inhuman_a and_o execrable_a tribunal_n among_o other_o nation_n and_o carry_v the_o great_a injustice_n with_o it_o in_o order_v the_o child_n to_o bear_v the_o gild_n of_o their_o parent_n nor_o permit_v any_o body_n to_o know_v his_o accuser_n to_o clear_v himself_o against_o they_o but_o the_o spaniard_n ascribe_v to_o this_o inquisition_n the_o benefit_n which_o they_o enjoy_v of_o one_o religion_n the_o variety_n of_o which_o have_v bring_v great_a inconvenience_n upon_o other_o state_n it_o be_v true_a by_o those_o mean_n you_o may_v make_v hypocrite_n not_o sincere_a christian_n after_o he_o have_v order_v his_o affair_n at_o home_n 1497._o and_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n take_v upon_o he_o the_o government_n of_o arragon_n he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o the_o moor_n of_o granada_n 1481._o which_o last_v ten_o year_n wherein_o the_o spaniard_n be_v rout_v near_o mallaga_n 1483._o but_o quick_o revenge_v themselves_o upon_o their_o enemy_n take_v from_o they_o one_o place_n after_o another_o till_o they_o at_o last_o besiege_v the_o city_n of_o granada_n with_o 50000_o foot_n and_o 12000_o horse_n take_v and_o have_v force_v the_o king_n boabdile_n to_o a_o surrender_n they_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o moor_n in_o spain_n 1492._o after_o it_o have_v stand_v there_o for_o above_o 700_o year_n and_o to_o prevent_v the_o possibility_n of_o their_o ever_o increase_a again_o in_o spain_n he_o banish_v 170000_o family_n of_o jew_n and_o moor_n out_o of_o spain_n by_o which_o mean_n the_o kingdom_n nevertheless_o be_v despoil_v of_o vast_a riches_n and_o of_o a_o great_a number_n of_o inhabitant_n after_o this_o he_o take_v from_o they_o mazalquivir_fw-fr oran_n pennon_n de_fw-fr velez_n and_o mellilla_n situate_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o barbary_n ferdinand_n also_o make_v use_n of_o this_o opportunity_n to_o teach_v his_o noble_n who_o be_v grow_v overpowerfull_a their_o due_a respect_n and_o obedience_n to_o the_o king_n and_o take_v upon_o himself_o the_o sovereign_a disposal_n of_o all_o the_o spanish_a order_n of_o knighthood_n which_o be_v grow_v to_o that_o excess_n of_o riches_n and_o power_n in_o spain_n that_o they_o be_v formidable_a to_o its_o king_n much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n christopher_n columbus_n 1494._o a_o genovese_n discover_v america_n after_o his_o offer_n have_v be_v refuse_v by_o the_o king_n of_o portugal_n and_o england_n discover_v and_o after_o he_o have_v be_v seven_o year_n solicit_v at_o the_o court_n of_o castille_n for_o a_o supply_n to_o undertake_v the_o voyage_n at_o last_o 17000_o ducat_n be_v employ_v in_o equip_v three_o vessel_n out_o of_o which_o stock_n such_o prodigious_a conquest_n and_o riches_n have_v accrue_v to_o spain_n that_o ever_o since_o it_o have_v aim_v at_o the_o universal_a monarchy_n of_o europe_n how_o easy_o the_o spaniard_n do_v conquer_v these_o vast_a country_n and_o with_o what_o barbarity_n they_o use_v the_o inhabitant_n be_v too_o long_o to_o be_v relate_v here_o not_o long_o after_o a_o war_n be_v kindle_a betwixt_o spain_n and_o france_n which_o have_v be_v the_o occasion_n of_o unspeakable_a misery_n in_o europe_n after_o these_o two_o warlike_a nation_n be_v free_v from_o that_o evil_n which_o have_v hitherto_o divert_v they_o from_o meddle_v with_o foreign_a affair_n the_o french_a have_v rid_v themselves_o from_o the_o english_a and_o the_o spaniard_n from_o the_o moor_n for_o when_o charles_n viii_o spain_n king_n of_o france_n undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n ferdinand_n do_v not_o judge_v it_o for_o his_o interest_n to_o let_v the_o french_a by_o conquer_a this_o kingdom_n to_o become_v master_n of_o italy_n especial_o since_o by_o marry_v his_o daughter_n he_o be_v in_o alliance_n with_o england_n portugal_n and_o the_o netherlands_o and_o beside_o the_o then_o king_n of_o naples_n descend_v from_o the_o house_n of_o arragon_n and_o though_o france_n late_o enter_v with_o he_o into_o a_o confederacy_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o french_a give_v up_o roussilion_n to_o spain_n hope_v thereby_o to_o bring_v over_o ferdinand_n to_o their_o party_n nevertheless_o when_o he_o perceive_v that_o by_o all_o his_o intercession_n he_o can_v not_o dissuade_v he_o from_o undertake_v of_o this_o expedition_n he_o enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o the_o pope_n emperor_n venice_n and_o milan_n against_o france_n he_o also_o send_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o neapolitan_n gonsalvus_n ferdinand_n de_fw-fr câ—rdua_n afterward_o surname_v the_o grand_a captain_n under_o who_o conduct_n the_o french_a be_v beat_v out_o of_o the_o neapolitan_a territory_n whilst_o he_o himself_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o languedock_n in_o the_o year_n 1500_o the_o moor_n live_v in_o the_o mountain_n near_o granada_n rebel_v and_o be_v not_o without_o great_a difficulty_n appease_v afterward_o a_o agreement_n be_v make_v betwixt_o ferdinand_n and_o lewis_n xii_o king_n of_o france_n concern_v the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n under_o pretence_n to_o make_v war_n from_o thence_o against_o the_o turk_n which_o be_v soon_o conquer_v by_o their_o joint_a power_n they_o divide_v it_o according_a to_o their_o agreement_n but_o because_o each_o of_o they_o will_v have_v have_v this_o delicious_a morsel_n for_o himself_o they_o fall_v at_o variance_n concern_v the_o limit_n and_o some_o other_o matter_n which_o intervene_v betwixt_o two_o nation_n that_o have_v a_o animosity_n against_o one_o another_o wherefore_o they_o come_v quick_o to_o blow_n and_o gonsalvus_n rout_v the_o french_a near_o ceriniola_n take_v the_o city_n of_o naples_n beat_v they_o again_o near_o the_o river_n liris_n or_o garigliano_n and_o take_v cajeta_n drive_v the_o french_a a_o second_o time_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n but_o gonsalvus_n be_v not_o reward_v by_o ferdinand_n according_a to_o his_o desert_n
and_o especial_o to_o withdraw_v the_o pope_n from_o the_o confederacy_n the_o emperor_n general_n march_v direct_o against_o rome_n which_o they_o take_v by_o storm_n where_o charles_n of_o bourbon_n be_v slay_v and_o for_o several_a day_n together_o plunder_v the_o city_n and_o commit_v great_a outrages_a the_o pope_n himself_o be_v besiege_v in_o the_o castle_n of_o st._n angelo_n and_o charles_n at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o the_o pope_n be_v enclose_v his_o own_o force_n cause_v prayer_n to_o be_v make_v for_o 40_o day_n together_o v._n for_o his_o deliverance_n at_o last_o force_v by_o famine_n he_o be_v force_v to_o surrender_v and_o to_o renounce_v the_o abovementioned_a league_n 1527._o the_o condition_n on_o which_o francis_n have_v obtain_v his_o liberty_n be_v that_o francis_n shall_v surrender_v the_o dukedom_n of_o burgundy_n to_o renounce_v the_o sovereignty_n over_o flanders_n and_o artois_n quit_v all_o his_o pretence_n upon_o naples_n and_o milan_n to_o marry_v the_o emperor_n sister_n eleonora_n and_o to_o give_v his_o two_o son_n as_o pledge_n for_o the_o performance_n of_o these_o article_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o get_v into_o his_o own_o kingdom_n he_o protest_v against_o the_o treaty_n which_o be_v extort_a from_o he_o during_o his_o imprisonment_n and_o make_v a_o league_n with_o the_o pope_n england_n venice_n the_o suiss_n and_o florence_n send_v a_o army_n into_o italy_n under_o the_o command_n of_o odet_n de_fw-fr foix_n lord_n of_o lautree_n this_o occasion_v not_o only_o that_o very_o gross_a word_n pass_v betwixt_o these_o two_o prince_n but_o they_o also_o give_v one_o another_o the_o lie_n and_o a_o challenge_v pass_v betwixt_o they_o but_o lautree_n who_o have_v at_o first_o great_a success_n be_v destroy_v with_o his_o army_n by_o sickness_n in_o the_o siege_n of_o naples_n cambray_n a_o peace_n be_v at_o last_o conclude_v at_o cambray_n in_o the_o year_n 1529_o by_o virtue_n of_o which_o francis_n pay_v for_o his_o son_n 2550000_o rixdollar_n renounce_v his_o pretension_n to_o flanders_n artois_n milan_n and_o nalpe_n and_o marry_v eleonora_n sister_n to_o the_o emperor_n out_o of_o which_o marriage_n if_o a_o son_n shall_v be_v bear_v he_o be_v to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o burgundy_n in_o the_o year_n 1530_o charles_n be_v crown_v by_o pope_n clement_n viii_o at_o bononia_n whereby_o he_o obtain_v from_o the_o emperor_n that_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o florence_n shall_v be_v make_v a_o principality_n and_o the_o say_a city_n be_v by_o force_n oblige_v to_o admit_v this_o change_n alexander_n de_fw-fr medicis_n be_v constitute_v duke_n to_o who_o the_o emperor_n marry_v his_o natural_a daughter_n margaret_n in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o bishop_n of_o vtrecht_n resign_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o that_o city_n and_o the_o province_n of_o overyssel_a into_o the_o hand_n of_o charles_n and_o the_o province_n of_o geldren_n zutphen_n groningen_n the_o twente_n and_o drente_a also_o fall_v into_o his_o hand_n in_o the_o year_n 1535_o he_o go_v with_o a_o puissant_a army_n into_o africa_n take_v tunis_n and_o goletta_n restore_v the_o kingdom_n of_o tunis_n to_o muleassa_n who_o be_v banish_v before_o by_o haradin_n barbarossa_n but_o in_o goletta_n he_o leave_v a_o garrison_n in_o the_o year_n 1537_o another_o war_n break_v out_o betwixt_o charles_n and_o francis_n for_o the_o latter_a can_v not_o digest_v the_o loss_n of_o milan_n and_o be_v advise_v by_o the_o pope_n that_o whenever_o he_o intend_v to_o attack_v milan_n he_o shall_v first_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o savoy_n and_o francis_n sforzia_n die_v at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o fall_v upon_o charles_n duke_n of_o savoy_n and_o under_o pretence_n that_o he_o defraud_v his_o mother_n of_o her_o dowry_n drive_v he_o quite_o out_o of_o savoy_n and_o conquer_v a_o great_a part_n of_o piedmont_n but_o the_o emperor_n who_o be_v resolve_v to_o annex_v the_o duchy_n of_o milan_n to_o his_o family_n come_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n and_o at_o the_o head_n of_o his_o army_n enter_v provence_n take_v aix_n and_o some_o other_o place_n but_o his_o army_n be_v much_o weaken_a with_o sickness_n for_o want_v of_o provision_n he_o be_v force_v to_o retire_v again_o in_o the_o netherlands_o the_o imperialist_n take_v st._n paul_n and_o monstrevil_n kill_v great_a number_n of_o the_o french_a 1538._o through_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n paul_n iii_o a_o truce_n of_o 10_o year_n be_v conclude_v at_o nissa_n in_o provence_n after_o which_o these_o two_o prince_n have_v a_o friendly_a interview_n at_o aigues_n mortes_n and_o in_o the_o next_o follow_v year_n the_o emperor_n against_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o friend_n venture_v to_o take_v his_o way_n through_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o france_n be_v desirous_a with_o all_o possible_a speed_n to_o compose_v the_o disorder_n which_o be_v arisen_a at_o ghent_n yet_o have_v he_o before_o by_o the_o connestable_a anna_n montmorancy_n cajolled_a francis_n into_o a_o belief_n that_o he_o will_v restore_v to_o he_o the_o duchy_n of_o milan_n which_o however_o he_o never_o intend_v to_o perform_v in_o the_o year_n 1541_o he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o algiers_n in_o africa_n at_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o year_n against_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o pope_n and_o other_o of_o his_o friend_n who_o persuade_v he_o to_o stay_v till_o next_o spring_n he_o there_o land_a his_o army_n with_o good_a success_n but_o a_o few_o day_n after_o such_o prodigious_a storm_n and_o rains_n do_v fall_v which_o disperse_v his_o ship_n and_o spoil_v the_o firelock_n of_o the_o soldier_n that_o the_o emperor_n be_v oblige_v with_o the_o loss_n of_o one_o half_a of_o his_o army_n 1542._o to_o return_v into_o spain_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v francis_n break_v with_o he_o again_o under_o pretence_n that_o his_o ambassador_n caesar_n fregosus_n and_o anthony_n rinco_n which_o he_o have_v send_v through_o the_o milanese_n by_o the_o way_n of_o venice_n to_o go_v to_o the_o ottoman_a port_n be_v upon_o the_o river_n po_n murder_v by_o order_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o milan_n wherefore_o william_n duke_n of_o cleves_n enter_v brabant_n on_o one_o side_n the_o duke_n of_o orleans_n on_o the_o other_o side_n take_v luxemburgh_n and_o some_o other_o place_n the_o dauphin_n besiege_v perpignan_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n the_o famous_a pirate_n barbarossa_n do_v by_o the_o instigation_n of_o francis_n great_a mischief_n on_o the_o seacoast_n of_o calabria_n destroy_v nissa_n in_o provence_n by_o fire_n charles_n see_v himself_o at_o once_o attack_v in_o so_o many_o place_n setting_z aside_o the_o difference_n which_o be_v arisen_a about_o the_o divorce_n betwixt_o henry_n and_o his_o aunt_n catherine_n make_v a_o league_n with_o henry_n king_n of_o england_n wherein_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o emperor_n shall_v force_v his_o way_n through_o champagne_n whilst_o henry_n enter_v into_o picardy_n that_o so_o they_o may_v by_o join_v their_o force_n ruin_n the_o whole_a power_n of_o france_n the_o emperor_n therefore_o with_o a_o army_n of_o 50000_o man_n beat_v the_o duke_n of_o cleves_n in_o the_o netherlands_o force_v he_o to_o surrender_v guelderland_n and_o after_o have_v recover_v the_o place_n in_o luxemburgh_n take_v before_o by_o the_o french_a enter_v into_o campaigne_n take_v by_o force_n lygny_n and_o disier_n francis_n keep_v with_o his_o army_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n marne_n and_o not_o dare_v to_o fight_v the_o imperialist_n content_v himself_o to_o ravage_v the_o country_n which_o they_o be_v to_o march_v through_o to_o endeavour_v to_o cut_v off_o their_o provision_n nevertheless_o the_o imperial_a army_n find_v a_o sufficient_a quantity_n at_o espernay_n and_o chasteau_n thierry_n this_o occasion_v such_o a_o terror_n and_o confusion_n in_o paris_n that_o the_o citizen_n be_v for_o leave_v the_o city_n if_o the_o king_n by_o his_o presence_n have_v not_o encourage_v they_o to_o stay_v and_o if_o on_o the_o other_o side_n king_n henry_n have_v act_v according_a to_o the_o agreement_n they_o may_v easy_o have_v get_v the_o french_a army_n betwixt_o they_o and_o in_o all_o likelihood_n will_v have_v put_v a_o period_n to_o the_o french_a greatness_n but_o henry_n be_v detain_v at_o the_o sieges_n of_o bologne_n and_o monstrevil_n send_v word_n to_o the_o emperor_n that_o he_o will_v not_o stir_v further_o till_o he_o have_v make_v himself_o master_n of_o these_o two_o place_n charles_n then_o begin_v to_o suspect_v the_o king_n of_o england_n who_o he_o perceive_v mere_o to_o be_v for_o his_o own_o interest_n and_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o trust_v any_o long_o consider_v also_o with_o himself_o what_o vast_a charge_n he_o be_v at_o in_o this_o war_n and_o how_o thereby_o his_o design_n be_v retard_v which_o he_o
provide_v with_o all_o necessary_n be_v lose_v by_o the_o unskilfulness_n and_o cowardice_n of_o the_o governor_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o tunis_n to_o the_o great_a prejudice_n of_o the_o christian_n fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o turk_n at_o home_n philip_n have_v a_o war_n with_o the_o marans_n of_o granada_n who_o rebel_a against_o he_o be_v support_v by_o the_o algerines_n and_o can_v not_o be_v subdue_v but_o with_o great_a difficulty_n and_o if_o the_o turk_n have_v be_v quick_a enough_o in_o give_v they_o timely_a assistance_n it_o may_v have_v prove_v very_o dangerous_a to_o spain_n this_o rebellion_n do_v not_o end_v till_o the_o year_n 1570_o after_o it_o have_v continue_v for_o three_o year_n 1592._o there_o be_v also_o some_o commotion_n among_o the_o arragonian_n who_o pretend_v to_o take_v part_n with_o anthony_n perez_n who_o stand_v upon_o his_o privilege_n against_o the_o process_n that_o be_v make_v he_o for_o have_v upon_o the_o king_n order_n murder_v escovedo_n a_o intimate_a friend_n of_o don_n john_n of_o austria_n philip_n by_o this_o intend_a to_o purge_v himself_o of_o the_o infamy_n of_o the_o fact_n and_o at_o once_o to_o revenge_v himself_o upon_o perez_n who_o have_v be_v unfaithful_a to_o he_o in_o some_o love_n intrigue_n aim_v at_o that_o himself_n which_o he_o have_v undertake_v to_o procure_v for_o the_o king_n and_o though_o this_o do_v not_o much_o redound_v to_o the_o honour_n of_o philip_n yet_o by_o this_o he_o take_v a_o opportunity_n to_o retrench_v the_o privilege_n of_o the_o arragonian_n in_o the_o year_n 1568_o philip_n cause_v his_o son_n charles_n to_o be_v kill_v under_o pretence_n that_o he_o have_v endeavour_v to_o kill_v his_o father_n and_o not_o long_o after_o the_o queen_n isabel_n also_o charles_n stepmother_n die_v not_o without_o suspicion_n of_o have_v be_v poison_v but_o a_o great_a many_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o some_o love_n intrigue_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o their_o death_n which_o be_v the_o more_o probable_a because_o the_o say_v isabel_n be_v intend_v for_o the_o bride_n of_o charles_n have_v be_v take_v by_o the_o father_n in_o spite_n of_o his_o son_n spain_n henry_n king_n of_o portugal_n die_v there_o be_v several_a pretender_n to_o that_o crown_n among_o who_o be_v philip_n 1579._o as_o be_v bear_v of_o isabel_n emanuel_n king_n of_o portugal_n daughter_n who_o maintain_v his_o right_n by_o the_o sword_n and_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n conquer_v the_o kingdom_n force_v anthony_n the_o bastard_n who_o have_v cause_v himself_o to_o be_v proclaim_v king_n to_o fly_v into_o england_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o france_n 1595._o where_o he_o die_v a_o exile_n in_o paris_n only_o the_o island_n of_o tercera_n hold_v out_o for_o some_o time_n long_o which_o the_o french_a intend_v to_o relieve_v be_v total_o rout_v by_o the_o spaniard_n and_o thus_o philip_n become_v master_n both_o of_o the_o east_n and_o west_n indies_n the_o two_o great_a mine_n of_o riches_n in_o the_o world_n nevertheless_o the_o french_a english_a and_o hollander_n have_v find_v out_o a_o way_n to_o ease_v he_o of_o these_o prodigious_a revenue_n for_o philip_n just_a before_o his_o death_n do_v confess_v that_o the_o war_n with_o the_o netherlands_o only_o have_v cost_v he_o 564_o million_o of_o ducat_n and_o true_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o trust_v to_o his_o vast_a riches_n he_o be_v thereby_o prompt_v to_o his_o ambitious_a design_n and_o to_o undertake_v more_o than_o prove_v beneficial_a to_o he_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1598._o §_o 12._o iii_o philip_n the_o iiid_n father_n have_v leave_v he_o the_o kingdom_n in_o peace_n with_o france_n but_o the_o dutch_a war_n grow_v every_o day_n the_o heavy_a upon_o the_o spaniard_n the_o spaniard_n do_v hope_v that_o after_o philip_n ii_o in_o his_o latter_a day_n have_v marry_v his_o daughter_n clara_n eugenia_n to_o albert_n archduke_n of_o austria_n giving_z her_z the_o netherlands_o for_o a_o dowry_n the_o dutch_a will_v become_v more_o pliable_a and_o reunite_v themselves_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o province_n in_o the_o netherlands_o as_o have_v now_o a_o prince_n of_o their_o own_o and_o not_o liable_a to_o the_o spanish_a government_n but_o because_o the_o hollander_n do_v by_o no_o mean_n like_o this_o bait_n and_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o ostend_n give_v a_o taste_n to_o the_o spaniard_n both_o of_o their_o strength_n and_o firm_a resolution_n that_o they_o be_v resolve_v to_o stand_v it_o out_o with_o they_o the_o spaniard_n resolve_v to_o make_v peace_n with_o they_o especial_o since_o the_o hollander_n have_v find_v out_o the_o way_n to_o the_o east_n indies_n where_o they_o make_v great_a progress_n france_n also_o enjoy_v a_o peaceable_a government_n under_o henry_n iu._n and_o increase_a in_o power_n it_o be_v fear_v that_o if_o the_o french_a shall_v fall_v upon_o spain_n with_o fresh_a force_n which_o have_v be_v tire_v out_o by_o this_o tedious_a war_n it_o may_v prove_v fatal_a to_o spain_n they_o be_v also_o in_o hope_n that_o the_o fear_n of_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n cease_v the_o hollander_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n may_v fall_v into_o division_n among_o themselves_o or_o at_o least_o that_o peace_n and_o plenty_n may_v abate_v their_o courage_n the_o spaniard_n do_v sufficient_o show_v their_o eagerness_n for_o a_o peace_n with_o holland_n by_o set_v the_o treaty_n on_o foot_n in_o the_o hague_n by_o send_v ambrose_n spinola_n himself_o among_o other_o thither_o as_o ambassador_n and_o by_o grant_v and_o allow_v they_o the_o east_n india_n trade_n whereas_o the_o hollander_n carry_v it_o very_o high_a and_o will_v not_o abate_v a_o ace_n of_o their_o proposal_n holland_n at_o last_o a_o truce_n for_o twelve_o year_n be_v conclude_v with_o holland_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v 1609._o philip_z banish_v 900000_o marans_n the_o offspring_n of_o the_o ancient_a moor_n who_o have_v profess_v themselves_o christians_o only_o for_o a_o show_n out_o of_o spain_n because_o they_o intend_v to_o raise_v a_o rebellion_n and_o have_v underhand_o crave_v assistance_n from_o henry_n iv._o in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o spaniard_n take_v the_o fortress_n of_o aâ—acâ—e_a situate_v on_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n as_o they_o have_v likewise_o possess_v themselves_o before_o of_o the_o harbour_n of_o final_a 1602._o near_a genova_n in_o the_o year_n 1619._o those_o of_o the_o valtelin_n do_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o grison_n the_o spaniard_n side_v with_o the_o former_a in_o hope_n to_o unite_v they_o with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o milan_n but_o france_n take_v part_n with_o the_o grison_n the_o business_n be_v protract_v for_o a_o great_a many_o year_n till_o at_o last_o matter_n be_v restore_v to_o their_o former_a state_n this_o difference_n do_v rouse_v up_o all_o italy_n and_o the_o pope_n himself_o take_v part_n with_o the_o grison_n though_o protestant_n assist_v they_o in_o the_o recovery_n of_o the_o valtelin_n the_o war_n be_v break_v out_o in_o germany_n the_o spaniard_n send_v ambrose_n spinola_n out_o of_o the_o netherlands_o into_o the_o palatinate_n part_n of_o which_o be_v subdue_v by_o they_o philip_n iii_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1621._o §_o 13._o iu._n his_o son_n philip_n iv._o at_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o his_o reign_n make_v great_a alteration_n in_o the_o court_n send_v away_o the_o creature_n of_o the_o duke_n de_fw-fr lerma_n the_o favourite_n of_o his_o father_n he_o himself_o foresee_v what_o be_v likely_a to_o befall_v he_o do_v timely_o obtain_v a_o cardinal_n cap_n fear_v the_o king_n shall_v aim_v at_o his_o head_n with_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n the_o truce_n with_o holland_n be_v expire_v the_o war_n be_v rekindle_v in_o which_o spinola_n be_v force_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o bergen_n open_fw-mi zoom_n because_o christian_a duke_n of_o brunswick_n and_o general_n mansfeld_n 1622._o have_v before_o rout_v the_o spaniard_n near_o fleury_n come_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o hollander_n pieter_n heyn_n surprise_v the_o spanish_a silver_n fleet_n with_o a_o booty_n of_o 12_o million_o of_o gilder_n 1628._o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o hollander_n do_v settle_v themselves_o in_o brasile_n take_v the_o city_n of_o olinda_n in_o the_o year_n 1629_o the_o spaniard_n be_v in_o hope_n to_o make_v a_o considerable_a diversion_n and_o to_o put_v the_o dutch_a hard_a to_o it_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o the_o velaw_n and_o take_v amersfort_n whilst_o the_o hollander_n be_v busy_v in_o the_o siege_n of_o hertogenbusk_n bois_n le_fw-fr duc_n but_o the_o hollander_n take_v wesel_n by_o surprise_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o retreat_v with_o all_o speed_n over_o the_o river_n yssel_n for_o fear_n that_o their_o retreat_n shall_v be_v cut_v off_o by_o the_o dutch._n in_o the_o year_n 1639_o
catalonian_o portuguese_n which_o they_o will_v in_o no_o way_n consent_n to_o unanimous_o agree_v to_o shake_v off_o the_o castilian_a yoke_n and_o secret_o sound_v the_o inclination_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o braganza_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o his_o lady_n have_v reâ—olved_v to_o accept_v of_o the_o crown_n they_o break_v loose_a and_o surprise_v the_o garrison_n in_o the_o city_n palace_n and_o fort_n seize_v the_o ship_n kill_v the_o secretary_n of_o state_n vasconcello_n who_o have_v carry_v himself_o very_o proud_o among_o they_o portugal_n and_o proclaim_v the_o duke_n of_o braganza_n king_n under_o the_o name_n of_o john_n iv._o purge_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n within_o eight_o day_n of_o the_o castilian_n and_o that_o with_o the_o loss_n only_o of_o two_o or_o three_o person_n which_o may_v serve_v as_o a_o remarkable_a instance_n to_o convince_v the_o world_n how_o easy_o a_o kingdom_n be_v lose_v where_o the_o people_n inclination_n be_v averse_a to_o the_o supreme_a head_n thus_o the_o spanish_a monarchy_n receive_v a_o great_a blow_n and_o its_o power_n be_v distract_v it_o can_v not_o act_v effectual_o on_o all_o side_n 1642._o they_o also_o lose_v perpignan_n though_o the_o french_a can_v not_o go_v further_o into_o spain_n for_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n besiege_v lerida_n in_o vain_a 1647._o in_o the_o year_n 1641_o the_o prince_n monaco_n drive_v the_o spanish_a garrison_n out_o of_o his_o territory_n put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o france_n 1647._o there_o also_o happen_v a_o most_o dangerous_a rebellion_n at_o naples_n the_o head_n of_o which_o be_v a_o poor_a fisherman_n who_o name_n be_v massanello_n who_o may_v have_v put_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n into_o a_o flame_n if_o the_o french_a have_v be_v at_o hand_n to_o give_v he_o timely_a assistance_n but_o by_o the_o prudent_a management_n of_o the_o governor_n the_o earl_n of_o ognato_n the_o tumult_n be_v appease_v spain_n then_o be_v force_v to_o quench_v the_o flame_n on_o all_o side_n it_o can_v not_o be_v so_o mindful_a of_o holland_n as_o the_o most_o remote_a have_v all_o hand_n full_a to_o resist_v the_o danger_n threaten_v they_o near_a home_n and_o the_o spaniard_n have_v the_o good_a fortune_n to_o reduce_v as_o we_o say_v before_o catalonia_n under_o their_o subjection_n and_o to_o chase_v the_o french_a out_o of_o piombino_n and_o porto_n longone_n 1650._o but_o the_o english_a take_v from_o they_o the_o island_n of_o jamaica_n in_o the_o west_n indies_n at_o last_o france_n be_v reestablish_v in_o its_o former_a tranquillity_n the_o spaniard_n think_v it_o most_o convenient_a to_o make_v peace_n with_o that_o crown_n which_o be_v conclude_v betwixt_o the_o two_o great_a minister_n of_o state_n the_o cardinal_n mazarini_n and_o don_n lewis_n de_fw-fr haro_n treaty_n in_o the_o pyrenean_n mountain_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o france_n get_v roussilion_n and_o several_a considerable_a place_n in_o the_o netherlands_o spain_n have_v thus_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o its_o neighbour_n it_o begin_v in_o earnest_a to_o make_v war_n against_o portugal_n the_o spaniard_n therefore_o enter_v portugal_n with_o a_o great_a force_n take_v from_o the_o portuguese_n several_a place_n but_o be_v also_o at_o several_a place_n sound_o beat_v the_o battle_n near_o entremos_n 1662._o where_o don_n juan_n and_o that_o near_a villa_n viciosa_fw-la where_o caracena_n receive_v a_o fatal_a defeat_n 1665._o be_v most_o famous_a the_o obtain_n of_o which_o two_o victory_n on_o the_o portuguese_n side_n be_v chief_o ascribe_v to_o the_o french_a general_n schomberg_n philip_n iv._o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1665._o §_o 14._o ii_o he_o have_v for_o his_o successor_n his_o son_n charles_n ii_o a_o child_n of_o four_o year_n of_o age_n who_o under_o the_o tuition_n of_o his_o mother_n negligent_o prosecute_v the_o war_n against_o portugal_n 1668._o and_o at_o last_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o england_n be_v force_v to_o make_v peace_n with_o that_o crown_n portugal_n renounce_v his_o right_n to_o the_o same_o because_o the_o french_a at_o that_o time_n make_v a_o grievous_a havoc_n in_o the_o netherlands_o for_o though_o mary_n teresia_n daughter_n of_o philip_n iv._o at_o the_o time_n when_o she_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n have_v renounce_v all_o her_o right_a of_o succession_n to_o her_o paternal_a inheritance_n yet_o the_o french_a take_v the_o opportunity_n of_o their_o flourish_a condition_n and_o the_o decay_a state_n of_o spain_n england_n also_o and_o holland_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o one_o another_o who_o will_v else_o not_o have_v leave_v the_o netherlands_o to_o be_v devour_v by_o they_o they_o enter_v flanders_n with_o a_o vast_a army_n use_v among_o other_o thing_n for_o a_o pretence_n that_o which_o in_o brabant_n be_v call_v jus_fw-la devolutionis_fw-la by_o which_o the_o real_a estate_n of_o private_a person_n fall_v to_o the_o child_n bear_v during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o first_o marriage_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o father_n marry_v again_o the_o french_a take_v in_o this_o war_n without_o much_o resistance_n a_o great_a many_o considerable_a city_n and_o fort_n viz._n charleroy_n tournay_n lisle_n dovay_n oudenarde_n and_o some_o other_o they_o conquer_v also_o the_o whole_a franche_fw-mi compte_n which_o hasten_v the_o peace_n betwixt_o england_n and_o holland_n alliance_n and_o occasion_v the_o triple_a alliance_n as_o it_o be_v call_v make_v betwixt_o england_n sweden_n and_o holland_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o spanish_a netherlands_o in_o the_o follow_a year_n france_n make_v a_o peace_n with_o spain_n at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n chapelle_n restore_v to_o spain_n the_o franche_fw-mi compte_n but_o keep_v what_o place_n he_o have_v take_v in_o flanders_n 1668._o but_o when_o holland_n in_o the_o year_n 1672_o be_v attack_v by_o the_o french_a spain_n side_v with_o the_o dutch_a know_v that_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n must_v draw_v after_o it_o that_o of_o the_o spanish_a netherlands_o so_o it_o come_v again_o to_o a_o open_a war_n wherein_o at_o first_o spain_n lose_v burgundy_n the_o rebellious_a messineses_n throw_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o france_n but_o be_v afterward_o desert_v by_o they_o france_n also_o get_v limburgh_n conde_n 1679._o valencienne_n cambray_n ypres_n st._n omer_n aeth_n and_o ghent_n but_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o nimmegen_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o france_n keep_v the_o franche_fw-mi compte_n and_o most_o place_n take_v in_o the_o netherlands_o restore_v only_o to_o spain_n limburgh_n ghent_n cortryck_a oudenarde_n aeth_n and_o charleroy_n §_o 15._o spaniard_n have_v thus_o give_v a_o brief_a history_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o spain_n we_o will_v also_o add_v something_o concern_v the_o genius_n of_o the_o spaniard_n and_o the_o extent_n of_o their_o territory_n as_o also_o of_o the_o strength_n and_o weakness_n of_o this_o kingdom_n and_o its_o condition_n in_o reference_n to_o its_o neighbour_n the_o spanish_a nation_n therefore_o be_v common_o esteem_v to_o be_v very_o wise_a and_o to_o take_v remote_a prospect_n thorough_o weigh_v a_o thing_n before_o it_o undertake_v it_o whereby_o nevertheless_o the_o spaniard_n be_v overcautious_a and_o exact_a in_o their_o counsel_n do_v often_o lose_v the_o opportunity_n of_o action_n beside_o this_o the_o spaniard_n be_v very_o constant_a to_o their_o resolution_n and_o though_o they_o fail_v once_o in_o a_o attempt_n they_o will_v try_v their_o fortune_n again_o endeavour_v to_o overcome_v its_o frown_n by_o their_o constancy_n they_o be_v very_o fit_a for_o war_n and_o not_o only_o brave_a at_o the_o first_o attack_v but_o also_o will_v hold_v out_o till_o the_o last_o their_o sober_a way_n of_o live_v and_o spare_v body_n make_v they_o fit_a to_o bear_v hunger_n and_o thirst_n and_o to_o be_v very_o watchful_a but_o this_o the_o spaniard_n be_v extreme_o blame_v for_o that_o they_o maintain_v their_o gravity_n by_o high-flown_a word_n and_o a_o proud_a behaviour_n though_o those_o that_o converse_v with_o they_o do_v declare_v that_o this_o gravity_n which_o appear_v so_o odious_a be_v not_o so_o much_o the_o effect_n of_o their_o pride_n as_o of_o a_o melancholy_a constitution_n and_o a_o ill_a custom_n they_o never_o be_v fond_a to_o converse_v much_o with_o foreign_a nation_n they_o be_v in_o general_n very_o zealous_a for_o the_o roman_n catholic_n religion_n and_o abominate_a all_o other_o they_o be_v seldom_o fit_a for_o any_o trade_n or_o business_n where_o any_o hard_a labour_n be_v require_v such_o as_o husbandry_n or_o any_o handycraft_n trade_n wherefore_o these_o be_v chief_o manage_v among_o they_o by_o foreigner_n it_o be_v credible_o report_v that_o in_o madrid_n alone_o there_o be_v above_o 40000_o frenchman_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n merchant_n artist_n handycraftsman_n and_o labourer_n who_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o burgundian_n
this_o reason_n also_o the_o governor_n be_v change_v every_o three_o year_n to_o take_v away_o the_o opportunity_n of_o strengthen_v their_o interest_n too_o much_o who_o after_o their_o return_n into_o spain_n be_v make_v member_n of_o the_o council_n for_o the_o indies_n as_o be_v esteem_v the_o most_o proper_a to_o advise_v concern_v the_o preservation_n of_o that_o country_n the_o three_o sort_n be_v call_v metiff_n who_o be_v bear_v of_o a_o spanish_a father_n and_o a_o indian_a mother_n be_v in_o no_o esteem_n among_o they_o those_o who_o be_v bring_v forth_o of_o the_o marriage_n of_o a_o spaniard_n with_o a_o metiff_n or_o of_o a_o metiff_a and_o a_o spanish_a woman_n be_v call_v quatralvo_n as_o have_v three_o part_n of_o a_o spaniard_n and_o one_o of_o a_o indian_a but_o such_o as_o be_v bear_v of_o a_o metiff_a and_o a_o indian_a woman_n or_o of_o a_o indian_a man_n and_o a_o metiffic_n be_v call_v tresalvo_n as_o have_v three_o part_n of_o a_o indian_a and_o one_o of_o a_o spaniard_n the_o four_o sort_n be_v the_o remnant_n of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o who_o a_o great_a many_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o especial_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o peru_n and_o mexico_n who_o be_v not_o so_o barbarous_a as_o some_o may_v imagine_v there_o have_v be_v find_v among_o they_o such_o excellent_a law_n and_o constitution_n as_o will_v make_v some_o european_n blush_n the_o five_o sort_n be_v the_o moor_n or_o as_o the_o spaniard_n call_v they_o negro_n who_o be_v buy_v in_o africa_n be_v send_v thither_o to_o do_v all_o sort_n of_o drudgery_n these_o be_v general_o very_o handy_a but_o very_o perfidious_a and_o refractory_a wherefore_o they_o must_v always_o be_v keep_v under_o a_o strict_a hand_n such_o as_o be_v bear_v of_o a_o negro_n and_o a_o indian_a woman_n be_v call_v mulat_v yet_o be_v that_o part_n of_o america_n consider_v its_o bigness_n not_o very_o well_o stock_v with_o people_n since_o the_o spaniard_n do_v in_o a_o most_o cruel_a manner_n root_v out_o the_o most_o of_o its_o ancient_a inhabitant_n and_o if_o i_o remember_v well_o hieronymus_n benzonus_n say_v that_o all_o the_o city_n in_o america_n which_o be_v inhabit_v by_o the_o spaniard_n join_v together_o be_v scarce_o to_o be_v compare_v for_o number_n of_o people_n with_o the_o suburb_n of_o milan_n yet_o there_o be_v some_o who_o talk_v large_o concern_v mexico_n viz._n that_o it_o have_v betwixt_o 30_o and_o 40000_o spanish_a citizen_n who_o be_v most_o of_o they_o very_o wealthy_a so_o that_o it_o be_v report_v there_o be_v 18000_o coach_n keep_v in_o that_o city_n the_o spaniard_n be_v not_o easy_o to_o be_v beat_v out_o of_o america_n because_o most_o place_n which_o be_v in_o their_o possession_n be_v hard_a to_o come_v at_o and_o it_o be_v very_o difficult_a to_o transport_v such_o a_o number_n of_o soldier_n out_o of_o europe_n as_o can_v be_v sufficient_a to_o attack_v any_o of_o these_o place_n beside_o this_o the_o great_a difference_n of_o the_o climate_n and_o diet_n can_v not_o but_o occasion_n mortal_a sickness_n among_o they_o but_o in_o peru_n especial_o they_o be_v very_o well_o settle_v there_o be_v scarce_o any_o access_n by_o land_n and_o by_o sea_n you_o be_v oblige_v to_o go_v round_o the_o south_n and_o remote_a part_n of_o america_n or_o else_o to_o come_v from_o the_o east_n indies_n both_o which_o be_v such_o long_a sea-voyage_n which_o a_o army_n can_v scarce_o undergo_v without_o run_v the_o hazard_n of_o be_v destroy_v by_o sickness_n concern_v the_o riches_n of_o america_n america_n it_o be_v true_a the_o spaniard_n at_o their_o first_o come_v thither_o do_v find_v no_o coin_a gold_n or_o silver_n that_o be_v unknown_a in_o those_o day_n to_o the_o inhabitant_n but_o a_o inconceivable_a quantity_n of_o uncoined_a gold_n and_o silver_n and_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n vessel_n make_v without_o iron_n tool_n all_o which_o the_o spaniard_n carry_v into_o spain_n except_o what_o the_o sea_n swallow_v up_o in_o their_o voyage_n which_o be_v very_o considerable_a but_o nowadays_o those_o river_n which_o former_o use_v to_o carry_v a_o golden_a sand_n be_v most_o exhaust_v and_o what_o be_v find_v there_o now_o be_v all_o dug_n up_o out_o of_o the_o mine_n especial_o the_o silver_n mine_n of_o porosi_n in_o peru_n do_v afford_v a_o incredible_a quantity_n of_o silver_n which_o be_v yearly_a together_o with_o some_o other_o commodity_n transport_v in_o a_o fleet_n into_o spain_n nevertheless_o a_o great_a part_n of_o this_o silver_n belong_v to_o italian_a french_a english_a and_o dutch_a merchant_n the_o least_o part_n of_o it_o remain_v in_o spain_n so_o that_o the_o spaniard_n keep_v the_o cow_n but_o other_o have_v the_o milk_n wherefore_o when_o the_o french_a and_o spanish_a ambassador_n at_o rome_n quarrel_v about_o precedency_n 1563._o and_o the_o latter_a to_o represent_v his_o master_n greatness_n speak_v very_o large_o of_o the_o vast_a riches_n of_o america_n the_o frenchman_n answer_v that_o all_o europe_n but_o especial_o spain_n have_v be_v a_o considerable_a loser_n by_o they_o the_o spaniard_n have_v employ_v themselves_o in_o search_v after_o the_o treasure_n of_o america_n be_v thereby_o become_v idle_a and_o have_v dispeople_v their_o own_o country_n the_o king_n of_o spain_n trust_v to_o his_o great_a riches_n have_v begin_v unnecessary_a war_n spain_n be_v the_o fountain_n from_o whence_o vast_a riches_n be_v derive_v to_o other_o nation_n do_v receive_v the_o least_o benefit_n of_o all_o by_o they_o since_o those_o country_n that_o furnish_v spain_n with_o soldier_n and_o other_o commodity_n do_v draw_v those_o riches_n to_o themselves_o former_o there_o be_v also_o emerald_n in_o america_n and_o pearl_n be_v find_v but_o that_o stock_n be_v long_o since_o by_o the_o avarice_n of_o the_o spaniard_n quite_o exhaust_v there_o be_v beside_o this_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o commodity_n in_o america_n which_o be_v use_v in_o physic_n and_o die_a colour_n there_o be_v also_o great_a quantity_n of_o sugar_n and_o hide_n as_o appear_v in_o that_o in_o the_o year_n 1587._o the_o spainsh_fw-mi fleet_n transport_v 35444_o hide_n from_o st._n domingo_n and_o 64350_o from_o new_a spain_n for_o the_o ox_n and_o cow_n which_o be_v first_o transport_v from_o spain_n into_o america_n be_v grow_v so_o numerous_a that_o they_o shoot_v they_o for_o their_o hide_n sake_n only_o throw_v away_o the_o flesh_n which_o be_v scarce_o eatable_a and_o as_o america_n be_v the_o best_a appendix_n of_o the_o spanish_a kingdom_n so_o the_o spaniard_n take_v all_o imaginable_a care_n to_o prevent_v its_o be_v separate_v from_o spain_n they_o make_v among_o other_o thing_n use_v of_o this_o artifice_n that_o they_o will_v not_o allow_v any_o manufactory_a to_o be_v set_v up_o in_o america_n so_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n can_v be_v without_o the_o european_a commodity_n which_o they_o do_v not_o suffer_v to_o be_v transport_v thither_o in_o any_o other_o ship_n but_o their_o own_o §_o 18._o beside_o this_o island_n the_o canary_n island_n be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o spaniard_n from_o whence_o be_v export_v great_a quantity_n of_o sugar_n and_o wine_n it_o be_v credible_o report_v that_o england_n alone_o transport_v above_o 13000_o pipe_n of_o canary_n at_o 20_o l._n per_fw-la pipe_n the_o island_n of_o sardinia_n also_o belong_v to_o the_o spaniard_n sardinia_n which_o isle_n be_v pretty_a large_a but_o not_o very_o rich_a its_o inhabitant_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n barbarian_n sicily_n the_o isle_n of_o sicily_n be_v of_o much_o great_a value_n from_o whence_o great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n and_o silk_n be_v to_o be_v export_v but_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v a_o ill_a sort_n of_o people_n who_o must_v be_v keep_v under_o according_a to_o the_o old_a proverb_n insulani_fw-la quidem_fw-la mali_fw-la siculi_n autom_n pessimi_fw-la unto_o sicily_n do_v belong_v the_o isle_n of_o maltha_n and_o goza_n which_o be_v give_v in_o fief_n from_o charles_n v._o to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o rhodes_n spain_n also_o have_v a_o great_a part_n of_o italy_n in_o its_o possession_n naples_n viz._n the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n who_o be_v capital_a city_n be_v scarce_o bridle_v by_o three_o castle_n the_o sovereignty_n of_o sienna_n and_o a_o great_a many_o strong_a seaport_n and_o the_o seacoast_n of_o tuscany_n viz._n orbitello_n porto_n hercule_n telamone_n monte_fw-fr argentario_n porto_n longone_n and_o the_o castle_n of_o piombino_n beside_o that_o noble_a dukedom_n of_o milan_n milan_n which_o be_v the_o paradise_n of_o italy_n as_o italy_n be_v common_o call_v the_o paradise_n of_o europe_n they_o have_v also_o the_o harbour_n of_o final_a upon_o the_o genovese_n coast_n in_o the_o city_n of_o milan_n trade_n and_o manufactory_a flourish_n extreme_o and_o this_o dukedom_n be_v much_o value_v by_o
gainer_n by_o it_o since_o the_o english_a have_v a_o vast_a trade_n with_o the_o spanish_a seaport_n and_o their_o trade_n in_o the_o levant_n will_v suffer_v extreme_o from_o the_o spanish_a privateer_n but_o also_o holland_n can_v not_o look_v with_o a_o good_a eye_n upon_o these_o conquest_n of_o the_o english_a portugal_n portugal_n by_o itself_o can_v much_o hurt_n spain_n but_o in_o conjunction_n with_o another_o enemy_n it_o be_v capable_a of_o make_v a_o considerable_a diversion_n at_o home_n but_o the_o portuguese_n can_v not_o propose_v any_o considerable_a advantage_n to_o themselves_o thereby_o and_o it_o may_v easy_o happen_v that_o holland_n side_v with_o spain_n may_v take_v from_o hence_o a_o opportunity_n to_o drive_v the_o portuguese_n quite_o out_o of_o the_o east_n indies_n the_o king_n of_o france_n france_n therefore_o be_v the_o capital_a and_o most_o formidable_a enemy_n to_o spain_n who_o want_v not_o power_n not_o only_o belong_v to_o devour_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o netherlands_o but_o also_o aim_v at_o the_o conquest_n of_o other_o part_n of_o spain_n but_o if_o the_o old_a maxim_n of_o policy_n be_v not_o grow_v quite_o out_o of_o date_n it_o be_v to_o be_v hope_v that_o all_o who_o have_v any_o interest_n in_o the_o preservation_n of_o spain_n will_v with_o all_o their_o power_n endeavour_v to_o prevent_v that_o the_o ruin_n of_o spain_n the_o liberty_n and_o possession_n of_o all_o the_o state_n in_o europe_n may_v not_o depend_v on_o the_o pleasure_n and_o will_n of_o one_o single_a person_n family_n but_o what_o revolution_n may_v happen_v in_o spain_n if_o the_o present_a royal_a family_n which_o have_v no_o heir_n yet_o shall_v fail_v be_v beyond_o human_a understanding_n to_o determine_v or_o foresee_v because_o it_o be_v to_o be_v fear_v that_o upon_o such_o a_o occasion_n not_o only_a france_n will_v do_v its_o utmost_a to_o obtain_v it_o but_o also_o because_o several_a state_n which_o be_v annex_v to_o spain_n by_o the_o royal_a family_n may_v take_v a_o opportunity_n to_o withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o same_o chap._n iii_o of_o portugal_n §_o 1._o portugal_n portugal_n which_o comprehend_v the_o great_a part_n of_o that_o province_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v lusitania_n fall_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o spain_n under_o the_o last_o gothick_n king_n roderick_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o moor_n who_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o for_o a_o long_a time_n but_o in_o the_o year_n 1093_o alfonsus_n vi_o king_n of_o castille_n and_o leâ—n_n arm_v himself_o with_o all_o his_o power_n to_o attack_v the_o moor_n and_o crave_v also_o the_o assistance_n of_o foreign_a prince_n among_o other_o also_o come_v one_o henry_n to_o signalise_v himself_o in_o this_o war_n who_o pedigree_n be_v various_o relate_v by_o the_o historian_n for_o some_o will_v have_v he_o descend_v out_o of_o the_o house_n of_o burgundy_n and_o have_v make_v he_o a_o young_a son_n of_o robert_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o father_n be_v robert_n king_n of_o france_n son_n of_o hugh_n capet_n other_o derive_v his_o pedigree_n from_o the_o house_n of_o lorraine_n allege_v that_o the_o reason_n of_o his_o be_v call_v a_o burgundian_n be_v because_o he_o be_v bear_v at_o besanson_n portugal_n to_o this_o henry_n king_n alfonsus_n vi._n give_v in_o marriage_n his_o natural_a daughter_n theresia_n as_o a_o reward_n of_o his_o valour_n give_v unto_o he_o for_o a_o dowry_n under_o the_o title_n of_o a_o earldom_n all_o that_o part_n of_o portugal_n which_o be_v then_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o christian_n which_o comprehend_v that_o part_n of_o the_o country_n where_o be_v the_o city_n of_o braga_n coimbria_n visco_n lamego_n and_o porto_n as_o also_o that_o tract_n of_o ground_n which_o be_v now_o call_v tralos_n montes_n grant_v to_o he_o also_o a_o power_n to_o conquer_v the_o rest_n of_o that_o country_n as_o far_o as_o to_o the_o river_n of_o guadiana_n and_o to_o keep_v it_o under_o his_o jurisdiction_n yet_o with_o these_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v a_o vassal_n of_o spain_n repair_v to_o the_o diet_n of_o that_o kingdom_n and_o in_o case_n of_o a_o war_n be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v with_o 300_o horse_n henry_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1112_o portugal_n leave_v a_o son_n who_o name_n be_v alfonsus_n be_v then_o very_o young_a his_o inheritance_n be_v during_o his_o minority_n usurp_v by_o ferdinand_n potz_n count_n of_o trastamara_n his_o father-in-law_n he_o have_v marry_v his_o mother_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v grow_v up_o he_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o his_o father-in-law_n beat_v he_o out_o of_o portugal_n but_o his_o mother_n he_o put_v in_o prison_n who_o call_v to_o her_o aid_n alfonsus_n vii_o he_o promise_v to_o disinherit_v her_o son_n and_o to_o give_v he_o all_o portugal_n but_o alfonsus_n of_o portugal_n defeat_v the_o castilian_n in_o a_o battle_n by_o which_o victory_n he_o pretend_v to_o have_v free_v himself_o from_o the_o spanish_a subjection_n 1126._o this_o alfonsus_n undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o king_n ismar_n 1139._o who_o have_v his_o kingdom_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n tajo_n who_o be_v join_v by_o the_o force_n of_o four_o other_o petty_a moorish_a king_n draw_v out_o against_o he_o alfonsus_n be_v then_o in_o his_o camp_n near_o cabebas_n des_fw-fr reyes_n proclaim_v king_n thereby_o to_o animate_v his_o soldier_n and_o get_v a_o most_o signal_n victory_n portugal_n take_v the_o five_o standard_n of_o those_o king_n whence_o he_o put_v five_o shield_n in_o the_o arm_n of_o portugal_n and_o retain_v ever_o after_o the_o title_n of_o king_n he_o take_v afterward_o a_o great_a many_o city_n from_o the_o moor_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o netherlands_n fleet_n the_o city_n of_o lisbon_n in_o the_o year_n 1147._o 1179._o this_o alfonsus_n be_v take_v prisoner_n near_o badajoz_n by_o ferdinand_n king_n of_o egypt_n who_o give_v he_o his_o freedom_n without_o any_o other_o ransom_n than_o that_o he_o be_v to_o restore_v to_o he_o some_o city_n which_o he_o have_v take_v from_o he_o in_o gallicia_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v very_o glorious_o and_o great_o enlarge_v the_o limit_n of_o his_o kingdom_n 1185._o he_o die_v in_o the_o 91st_o year_n of_o his_o age._n §_o 2._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n sanctius_n i._n who_o build_v a_o great_a many_o city_n and_o fill_v they_o with_o inhabitant_n he_o take_v from_o the_o moor_n the_o city_n of_o selva_n be_v assist_v in_o that_o expedition_n by_o a_o fleet_n send_v out_o of_o the_o netherlands_o to_o the_o holy_a land_n he_o be_v during_o his_o whole_a reign_n always_o in_o action_n with_o the_o moor_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1212._o ii_o after_o he_o reign_v his_o son_n alfonsus_n surname_v crassus_n who_o do_v nothing_o worth_a mention_v but_o that_o with_o the_o help_n of_o the_o netherlander_n who_o go_v to_o the_o holy_a land_n he_o take_v from_o the_o moor_n the_o city_n of_o alcassar_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1223._o his_o son_n sanctius_n ii_o surname_v capellus_n succeed_v he_o who_o be_v very_o careless_a and_o rule_v by_o his_o wife_n be_v exclude_v from_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n by_o the_o portuguese_n who_o confer_v it_o on_o alfonsus_n his_o brother_n sanctius_n die_v a_o exile_n in_o toledo_n the_o portuguese_n have_v make_v this_o observation_n concern_v he_o 1246._o that_o he_o be_v the_o only_a portuguese_n king_n who_o die_v without_o leave_v either_o legitimate_a child_n or_o bastard_n behind_o he_o iii_o alfonsus_n the_o brother_n of_o sanctius_n part_v from_o his_o lady_n mathildis_n countess_n of_o boulogne_n she_o be_v somewhat_o ancient_a and_o barren_a and_o marry_v beatrice_n daughter_n to_o alfonsus_n x._o king_n of_o castille_n with_o who_o he_o have_v for_o a_o dowry_n the_o county_n of_o algarbia_n but_o the_o pope_n be_v dissatisfy_v with_o this_o divorce_n excommunicate_v both_o he_o and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n he_o reign_v very_o laudable_o and_o unite_v a_o great_a many_o city_n to_o his_o kingdom_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1279._o the_o extraordinary_a virtue_n of_o his_o son_n dionysius_n dionysius_n especial_o justice_n liberality_n and_o constancy_n be_v high_o extol_v by_o the_o portuguese_n he_o have_v also_o adorn_v the_o kingdom_n with_o a_o great_a many_o public_a building_n among_o which_o be_v the_o academy_n of_o conimbria_n first_o found_v by_o he_o there_o be_v a_o old_a proverb_n concern_v he_o use_v among_o the_o portuguese_n el_n rey_n d._n denys_n qui_fw-fr fiz_fw-fr quanto_fw-la quin_fw-la king_n dionysius_n who_o do_v whatsoever_o he_o please_v he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1325_o his_o son_n alfonsus_n iv._o iu._n surname_v the_o brave_a be_v very_o glorious_a for_o his_o achievement_n both_o in_o peace_n and_o war_n but_o he_o banish_v his_o bastard_n brother_n who_o be_v
great_o belove_v both_o by_o his_o father_n and_o the_o people_n and_o cause_v d._n agnes_n de_fw-fr castro_n a_o very_a beautiful_a lady_n who_o be_v without_o his_o consent_n marry_v to_o his_o son_n pieter_n barbarous_o to_o be_v murder_v which_o so_o exasperate_v pieter_n that_o he_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o the_o father_n do_v considerable_a mischief_n till_o at_o last_o the_o business_n be_v compose_v pieter_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1357._o his_o son_n pieter_n be_v common_o call_v the_o cruel_a though_o some_o will_v have_v this_o rather_o to_o have_v be_v speak_v to_o his_o praise_n as_o have_v be_v a_o exact_a observer_n of_o justice_n never_o spare_v any_o offender_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1368._o his_o son_n ferdinand_n contend_v with_o henry_n the_o bastard_n ferdinand_n who_o have_v murder_v his_o brother_n pieter_n surname_v the_o cruel_a king_n of_o castille_n about_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n because_o his_o mother_n beatrice_n have_v be_v daughter_n of_o sanctius_n iv._o king_n of_o castille_n and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o some_o city_n of_o that_o kingdom_n declare_v for_o he_o he_o wage_v war_n against_o the_o forementioned_a henry_n but_o he_o be_v too_o strong_a for_o he_o he_o can_v not_o maintain_v his_o pretension_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o make_v peace_n 1373._o however_o the_o war_n break_v out_o afresh_o again_o betwixt_o they_o because_o ferdinand_n have_v protect_v some_o who_o be_v banish_v out_o of_o castille_n for_o high_a treason_n neither_o will_v upon_o demand_n surrender_v they_o to_o revenge_v this_o henry_n make_v a_o inroad_n into_o portugal_n and_o find_v no_o resistance_n overran_a the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o country_n after_o the_o death_n of_o henry_n ferdinand_n make_v a_o peace_n with_o his_o son_n john_n but_o the_o same_o be_v soon_o violate_v again_o by_o the_o portuguese_n who_o encourage_v the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n that_o marry_v constantia_n daughter_n of_o pieter_n king_n of_o castille_n to_o pretend_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o castille_n he_o come_v with_o a_o good_a army_n into_o portugal_n but_o the_o english_a be_v quick_o grow_v weary_a of_o the_o war_n in_o spain_n and_o live_v very_o disorderly_a in_o portugal_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v on_o both_o side_n at_o last_o ferdinand_n marry_v his_o daughter_n beatrice_n to_o john_n of_o castille_n under_o condition_n that_o such_o child_n as_o be_v bear_v of_o their_o body_n shall_v succeed_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o portugal_n which_o be_v afterward_o the_o occasion_n of_o bloody_a war_n this_o ferdinand_n who_o by_o his_o frequent_a war_n have_v prove_v very_o pernicious_a to_o portugal_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1383_o be_v the_o last_o of_o the_o true_a race_n of_o the_o king_n of_o portugal_n §_o 3._o after_o the_o death_n of_o ferdinand_n great_a trouble_n arise_v in_o portugal_n interregnum_fw-la most_o of_o the_o portuguese_n not_o be_v able_a to_o brook_v live_v under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o castilian_n who_o they_o mortal_o hate_v it_o be_v it_o be_v true_a agree_v on_o in_o the_o article_n of_o marriage_n make_v betwixt_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n and_o beatrice_n daughter_n of_o ferdinand_n that_o her_o mother_n eleonora_n shall_v have_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n in_o portugal_n till_o such_o child_n as_o shall_v be_v bear_v of_o this_o marriage_n shall_v be_v of_o age_n but_o this_o eleonora_n leave_v all_o to_o the_o management_n of_o the_o count_n of_o ancira_n her_o much_o suspect_a favourite_n she_o draw_v upon_o herself_o the_o hatred_n of_o the_o portuguese_n john_n therefore_o natural_a son_n of_o pieter_n king_n of_o portugal_n private_o murder_v he_o whereby_o he_o get_v both_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o people_n and_o increase_v the_o hatred_n against_o the_o queen_n dowager_n but_o some_o of_o the_o portuguese_n be_v much_o dissatisfy_v at_o these_o proceed_n beg_v the_o king_n of_o castille_n castille_n to_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o crown_n of_o portugal_n which_o he_o may_v in_o all_o likelihood_n have_v obtain_v if_o he_o have_v be_v quick_a enough_o either_o by_o fair_a mean_n or_o by_o force_n to_o have_v put_v himself_o into_o full_a possession_n of_o the_o same_o but_o he_o be_v uncertain_a in_o his_o resolution_n give_v by_o his_o delay_n time_n and_o opportunity_n to_o the_o adverse_a party_n to_o strengthen_v itself_o wherefore_o he_o come_v without_o a_o army_n into_o portugal_n his_o mother-in-law_n resign_v to_o he_o the_o government_n but_o he_o find_v but_o a_o indifferent_a reception_n among_o the_o portuguese_n they_o be_v very_o averse_a to_o he_o because_o he_o use_v very_o rare_o to_o speak_v or_o converse_v with_o they_o nevertheless_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o some_o city_n do_v side_n with_o he_o but_o most_o out_o of_o a_o hatred_n to_o the_o castilian_n choose_v for_o their_o leader_n john_n the_o bastard_n a_o wise_a and_o brave_a man_n and_o much_o belove_v by_o the_o people_n the_o castilian_n thereupon_o besiege_v lisbon_n but_o their_o army_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n destroy_v by_o the_o plague_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o leave_v it_o without_o have_v get_v any_o advantage_n 1385._o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o portuguese_n declare_v this_o john_n their_o king_n bastard_n who_o very_o courageous_o attack_v those_o place_n which_o have_v declare_v for_o the_o castilian_n and_o subdue_v the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o the_o castilian_n then_o enter_v with_o a_o army_n into_o portugal_n but_o be_v entire_o rout_v by_o this_o new_a king_n near_a aliubarotta_fw-it which_o victory_n be_v yearly_o celebrate_v to_o this_o day_n among_o the_o portuguese_n after_o this_o battle_n all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o city_n do_v without_o more_o ado_n surrender_v themselves_o to_o the_o new_a king_n the_o portuguese_n also_o call_v unto_o their_o aid_n the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n unto_o who_o they_o have_v promise_v the_o crown_n of_o castille_n they_o enter_v into_o that_o kingdom_n with_o a_o army_n but_o the_o english_a have_v suffer_v extreme_o by_o sickness_n the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n think_v it_o most_o convenient_a to_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o castilian_n whereupon_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o son_n of_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n shall_v marry_v his_o only_a daughter_n catharine_n which_o he_o have_v by_o constantia_n daughter_n to_o pieter_n king_n of_o castille_n a_o truce_n be_v also_o make_v betwixt_o portugal_n and_o castille_n at_o that_o time_n but_o the_o war_n soon_o break_v out_o again_o 1399._o at_o last_o a_o everlasting_a peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o both_o kingdom_n so_o that_o john_n have_v the_o good_a fortune_n to_o maintain_v himself_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o portugal_n and_o reign_v with_o great_a applause_n after_o he_o be_v quiet_o settle_v in_o the_o throne_n he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o africa_n and_o take_v the_o city_n ceuta_n who_o son_n also_o first_o find_v out_o the_o isle_n of_o madera_n 1415._o this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1433_o 1420._o and_o leave_v a_o memory_n that_o be_v to_o this_o day_n dear_a to_o the_o portuguese_n §_o 4._o edward_n his_o son_n edward_n be_v a_o very_a virtuous_a prince_n but_o do_v not_o reign_v long_o for_o at_o that_o time_n portugal_n be_v overrun_v with_o the_o plague_n he_o get_v the_o infection_n by_o a_o letter_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1438._o during_o his_o reign_n his_o brother_n undertake_v a_o most_o unfortunate_a expedition_n into_o africa_n where_o be_v themselves_o take_v prisoner_n before_o tangier_n they_o promise_v to_o restore_v to_o the_o moor_n ceuta_n for_o a_o ransom_n leave_v don_n ferdinand_n as_o a_o hostage_n behind_o they_o but_o the_o state_n of_o portugal_n refuse_v to_o stand_v to_o the_o contract_n the_o hostage_n be_v force_v to_o end_v his_o day_n in_o prison_n v._n alfonsus_n son_n to_o this_o 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be_v then_o make_v earl_n of_o flanders_n and_o endeavour_v a_o second_o time_n to_o regain_v normandy_n be_v slay_v in_o that_o war._n it_o be_v relate_v by_o some_o though_o other_o contradict_v it_o that_o this_o king_n be_v the_o first_o who_o admit_v the_o commons_o unto_o the_o grand_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n unto_o which_o the_o nobility_n and_o bishop_n only_o be_v admit_v before_o it_o come_v to_o be_v divide_v into_o the_o high_a and_o low_a house_n his_o son_n william_n be_v by_o the_o carelessness_n of_o a_o drunken_a master_n of_o a_o ship_n drown_v at_o sea_n with_o a_o great_a many_o other_o person_n of_o quality_n of_o both_o sex_n as_o they_o be_v come_v back_o from_o normandy_n to_o england_n he_o endeavour_v to_o settle_v the_o crown_n upon_o his_o daughter_n maud_n and_o her_o heir_n she_o be_v at_o first_o marry_v to_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iv._o by_o who_o she_o have_v no_o child_n and_o afterward_o to_o geoffrey_n plantagenet_n son_n to_o fulk_n earl_n of_o anjou_n her_o father_n make_v the_o state_n of_o england_n take_v oath_n of_o fealty_n to_o she_o in_o his_o life_n time_n extinct_a he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1135_o and_o with_o he_o end_v the_o male_a race_n of_o the_o norman_a royal_a family_n in_o england_n §_o 7._o stephen_n after_o the_o death_n of_o henry_n stephen_n earl_n of_o boulogne_n henry_n sister_n son_n do_v by_o great_a promise_n obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o england_n notwithstanding_o that_o both_o he_o and_o the_o state_n have_v take_v the_o oath_n to_o acknowledge_v maud_n for_o their_o sovereign_n which_o they_o endeavour_v by_o a_o great_a many_o frivolous_a pretence_n to_o prove_v to_o be_v of_o no_o force_n the_o better_a to_o establish_v himself_o in_o the_o throne_n he_o gain_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o state_n with_o present_n and_o discharge_v the_o people_n of_o several_a tax_n give_v authority_n to_o the_o nobility_n to_o build_v fortify_v castle_n which_o afterward_o prove_v very_o mischievous_a to_o he_o he_o also_o marry_v his_o son_n eustace_n to_o constantia_n the_o daughter_n of_o ludovicus_n crassus_n king_n of_o france_n this_o king_n reign_n be_v overwhelm_v with_o continual_a trouble_n for_o the_o scot_n at_o first_o and_o afterward_o a_o great_a many_o of_o his_o noble_n trust_v in_o their_o strong_a castle_n raise_v great_a disturbance_n yet_o he_o bridle_v the_o insolence_n of_o the_o scot_n give_v they_o a_o signal_n overthrow_n he_o but_o his_o great_a contest_v be_v with_o the_o empress_n maud_n for_o she_o land_n in_o england_n be_v receive_v by_o a_o great_a many_o and_o king_n stephen_n in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o chester_n be_v take_v prisoner_n but_o she_o refuse_v to_o restore_v to_o the_o londoner_n king_n edward_n law_n they_o side_v with_o her_o enemy_n and_o besiege_v she_o very_o close_o in_o the_o city_n of_o oxford_n from_o whence_o she_o narrow_o escape_v and_o king_n stephen_n also_o get_v a_o opportunity_n to_o get_v out_o of_o prison_n these_o trouble_v continue_v till_o henry_n son_n of_o maud_n come_v to_o the_o nineteen_o year_n of_o his_o age_n who_o be_v lord_n of_o four_o large_a dominion_n as_o have_v inherit_v anjou_n by_o his_o father_n normandy_n by_o his_o mother_n side_n guienne_n and_o poictou_n by_o his_o wife_n eleonora_n daughter_n and_o heiress_n of_o william_n the_o last_o duke_n of_o guienne_n he_o also_o endeavour_v to_o obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o england_n for_o which_o purpose_n he_o land_v with_o a_o army_n in_o england_n but_o he_o obtain_v his_o end_n without_o any_o great_a opposition_n for_o eustace_n king_n stephen_n son_n die_v sudden_o a_o agreement_n be_v make_v betwixt_o they_o whereby_o stephen_n adopt_v he_o and_o constitute_v he_o his_o heir_n and_o successor_n and_o die_v not_o long_o after_o in_o the_o year_n 1124._o
henry_n ii_o ii_o therefore_o succeed_v he_o who_o among_o other_o memorable_a action_n demolish_v such_o fortify_v castle_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o bishop_n as_o be_v build_v with_o the_o consent_n of_o king_n stephen_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v near_o eighteen_o year_n in_o peace_n and_o quietness_n he_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o have_v his_o son_n henry_n crown_v the_o better_a to_o secure_v the_o succession_n he_o receive_v he_o as_o his_o copartner_n in_o the_o government_n but_o he_o be_v marry_v to_o margaret_n the_o daughter_n of_o lewis_n the_o young_a king_n of_o france_n this_o prove_v the_o cause_n of_o great_a disturbance_n afterward_o for_o some_o persuade_v young_a henry_n that_o his_o father_n have_v abdicate_v himself_o from_o the_o government_n have_v commit_v thereby_o the_o same_o to_o his_o management_n france_n envy_v that_o a_o king_n of_o england_n shall_v have_v such_o vast_a possession_n in_o france_n the_o scot_n wish_v for_o nothing_o more_o than_o to_o have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o commit_v depredation_n in_o england_n wherefore_o the_o french_a and_o scot_n he_o join_v with_o young_a henry_n fall_v upon_o henry_n ii_o all_o at_o one_o time_n but_o be_v as_o vigorous_o repulse_v by_o he_o the_o scot_n especial_o suffer_v the_o most_o in_o this_o war_n and_o lose_v all_o huntingtonshire_n a_o peace_n be_v also_o conclude_v with_o france_n adela_n daughter_n of_o lewis_n king_n of_o france_n be_v promise_v in_o marriage_n to_o richard_n second_o son_n of_o henry_n but_o the_o old_a king_n as_o it_o be_v report_v fall_v in_o love_n with_o she_o private_o keep_v her_o company_n and_o therefore_o oppose_v the_o consummation_n of_o the_o marriage_n betwixt_o she_o and_o his_o son_n richard_n this_o so_o exasperate_v richard_n who_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o elder_a brother_n henry_n be_v now_o the_o next_o heir_n to_o the_o crown_n that_o he_o make_v head_n against_o his_o father_n and_o philip_n augustus_n king_n of_o france_n take_z hold_v of_o this_o opportunity_n take_v the_o city_n of_o muns_z king_n henry_n see_v himself_o beside_o this_o desert_v by_o his_o friend_n 1189._o wife_n and_o child_n die_v in_o few_o day_n of_o grief_n conquer_v this_o henry_n also_o conquer_v ireland_n and_o unite_v it_o to_o england_n which_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n govern_v under_o the_o title_n of_o lord_n of_o ireland_n till_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n viii_o who_o after_o he_o have_v withdraw_v himself_o from_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o pope_n to_o nettle_n he_o the_o more_o assume_v the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o ireland_n because_o the_o pope_n pretend_v to_o the_o sole_a right_a to_o bestow_v the_o title_n of_o king_n in_o christendom_n and_o that_o none_o ought_v to_o take_v it_o upon_o he_o without_o his_o consent_n wherefore_o the_o pope_n afterward_o to_o make_v his_o pretence_n the_o more_o plausible_a free_o give_v the_o same_o title_n to_o mary_n queen_n of_o england_n henry_n also_o have_v some_o difference_n with_o thomas_n backet_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n who_o pretend_v it_o be_v derogatory_n to_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n that_o the_o priest_n according_a to_o the_o king_n command_n shall_v be_v subject_a to_o the_o civil_a judicature_n there_o be_v a_o fabulous_a relation_n concern_v this_o archbishop_n thomas_n that_o he_o ride_v a_o horseback_n one_o time_n through_o a_o village_n the_o country_n fellow_n cut_v off_o the_o tail_n of_o his_o horse_n and_o that_o their_o child_n afterward_o be_v bear_v with_o such_o tail_n §_o 8._o i._n richard_n i._n who_o succeed_v his_o father_n henry_n in_o the_o kingdom_n do_v out_o of_o a_o preposterous_a zeal_n undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o the_o holy_a land_n land_n with_o 35000_o man_n be_v accompany_v by_o philip_n augustus_n king_n of_o france_n in_o this_o war_n he_o take_v the_o island_n of_o cyprus_n which_o he_o give_v to_o guido_n lusignanus_fw-la who_o in_o consideration_n thereof_o resign_v his_o right_n to_o jerusalem_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1192_o he_o be_v present_a at_o the_o take_n of_o ptolemais_n where_o the_o standard_n of_o duke_n leopold_n of_o austria_n be_v set_v up_o first_o he_o pull_v it_o down_o again_o put_v his_o own_o in_o the_o place_n but_o when_o they_o be_v in_o great_a hope_n of_o gain_v jerusalem_n philip_n return_v home_o engage_v himself_o by_o a_o solemn_a oath_n that_o he_o will_v not_o injure_v richard_n in_o any_o of_o his_o dominion_n hugo_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n afterward_o follow_v his_o example_n which_o great_o encourage_v saladin_n and_o richard_n understanding_n that_o the_o french_a be_v fall_v into_o normandy_n he_o also_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o saladin_n and_o take_v his_o way_n by_o land_n incognito_o prisoner_n be_v discover_v in_o his_o journey_n through_o austria_n where_o duke_n leopold_n remember_v the_o affront_n do_v to_o he_o near_o ptolemais_n take_v he_o prisoner_n and_o deliver_v he_o to_o the_o emperor_n who_o after_o fifteen_o month_n imprisonment_n make_v he_o pay_v 100000_o pound_n for_o his_o ransom_n after_o his_o return_n home_o he_o find_v every_o thing_n in_o confusion_n the_o french_a have_v not_o only_o ravage_v normandy_n and_o other_o province_n belong_v to_o he_o but_o also_o his_o brother_n have_v make_v a_o pretention_n to_o the_o crown_n but_o he_o oblige_v the_o latter_a to_o implore_v his_o pardon_n and_o beat_v the_o french_a back_n into_o their_o own_o country_n 1199._o he_o die_v not_o long_o after_o of_o a_o wound_n which_o he_o receive_v in_o a_o siege_n of_o some_o inconsiderable_a place_n in_o france_n john_n after_o his_o death_n his_o brother_n john_n take_v upon_o he_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n he_o who_o be_v oppose_v by_o arthur_n earl_n of_o the_o lesser_a britainy_a his_o elder_a brother_n son_n who_o find_v himself_o alone_a not_o strong_a enough_o seek_v for_o aid_n of_o the_o king_n of_o france_n who_o be_v ready_a upon_o all_o occasion_n to_o create_v trouble_n in_o england_n he_o take_v a_o great_a many_o city_n in_o normandy_n and_o anjou_n wherefore_o king_n john_n be_v oblige_v to_o make_v a_o dishonourable_a peace_n with_o he_o give_v in_o marriage_n to_o lewis_n king_n philip_n son_n blanch_n daughter_n of_o alfonsus_n king_n of_o castille_n and_o of_o his_o sister_n eleonora_n to_o who_o he_o give_v as_o a_o dowry_n all_o the_o city_n which_o philip_n have_v take_v from_o he_o except_z angiers_z then_o he_o marry_v isabel_n daughter_n and_o heiress_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o angoulesme_fw-fr who_o be_v promise_v before_o to_o hugh_n earl_n of_o march_n he_o to_o revenge_v this_o affront_n join_v his_o force_n with_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o prince_n arthur_n of_o britainy_a and_o fall_v into_o touraine_n and_o anjou_n but_o king_n john_n fall_v upon_o they_o unaware_o rout_v the_o enemy_n and_o take_v prince_n arthur_n prisoner_n who_o die_v not_o long_o after_o a_o prisoner_n in_o rouen_n but_o constantia_n the_o mother_n of_o arthur_n make_v her_o complaint_n to_o philip_n king_n of_o france_n who_o vassal_n king_n john_n be_v on_o the_o score_n of_o such_o province_n as_o he_o be_v possess_v of_o in_o france_n and_o the_o king_n of_o france_n summon_v king_n john_n to_o appear_v before_o he_o and_o to_o answer_v for_o the_o death_n of_o arthur_n but_o he_o not_o appear_v normandy_n it_o be_v declare_v that_o king_n john_n have_v forfeit_v what_o fief_n he_o be_v possess_v of_o in_o france_n and_o king_n philip_n take_v from_o he_o normandy_n 316_o year_n after_o rollo_n the_o norman_a have_v conquer_v the_o same_o but_o the_o french_a afterward_o attack_v also_o angiers_n where_o they_o be_v repulse_v with_o great_a loss_n by_o king_n john_n whereupon_o a_o truce_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o they_o for_o two_o year_n during_o which_o time_n he_o rout_v the_o scot_n and_o suppress_v the_o rebel_n in_o ireland_n and_o wales_n the_o truce_n be_v expire_v the_o war_n begin_v afresh_o with_o france_n and_o king_n john_n army_n be_v rout_v he_o make_v another_o truce_n with_o france_n but_o this_o ill_a success_n have_v much_o diminish_v his_o authority_n among_o his_o noble_n who_o also_o hate_v he_o because_o he_o have_v impose_v heavy_a tax_n upon_o they_o wherefore_o they_o with_o joint_a consent_n demand_v from_o he_o the_o restitution_n of_o their_o ancient_a privilege_n but_o perceive_v that_o he_o only_o intend_v to_o give_v they_o fair_a word_n for_o deed_n england_n they_o call_v to_o their_o aid_n lewis_z son_n of_o philip_n king_n of_o france_n who_o land_v with_o a_o great_a army_n in_o england_n be_v receive_v with_o a_o general_a applause_n and_o whilst_o king_n john_n endeavour_v to_o make_v head_n against_o he_o 1216._o he_o die_v overwhelm_v with_o trouble_n §_o 9_o iii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n henry_n iii_o who_o tender_a age_n wrought_v compassion_n on_o most_o and_o extinguish_v the_o hatred_n which_o have_v be_v
conceive_v against_o his_o father_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o pembroke_n to_o who_o tuition_n he_o be_v commit_v have_v total_o rout_v the_o french_a near_o lincoln_n and_o destroy_v the_o french_a force_n at_o sea_n again_o that_o be_v send_v to_o their_o assistance_n lewis_n do_v renounce_v all_o his_o pretension_n upon_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n and_o retire_v into_o france_n this_o king_n reign_n be_v very_o long_o but_o also_o very_o troublesome_a occasion_v chief_o by_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o foreigner_n into_o england_n who_o creep_v into_o all_o place_n of_o profit_n for_o the_o pope_n send_v at_o one_o time_n 300_o italian_n who_o be_v admit_v into_o church_n benefice_n do_v so_o lay_v about_o they_o that_o their_o yearly_a rent_n amount_v to_o 60000_o mark_n of_o silver_n which_o be_v a_o great_a revenue_n than_o the_o crown_n have_v at_o that_o time_n and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o prodigality_n of_o the_o king_n though_o constant_o burden_v the_o people_n with_o tax_n he_o be_v always_o in_o great_a want_n of_o money_n he_o marry_v beside_o this_o the_o daughter_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o provence_n who_o have_v abundance_n of_o poor_a kindred_n they_o enrich_v themselves_o out_o of_o the_o treasury_n of_o the_o king_n this_o cause_v at_o last_o baron_n a_o open_a war_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o principal_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o which_o henry_n resign_v to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n money_n all_o his_o pretension_n upon_o normandy_n anjou_n poictou_n touraine_n and_o man_n in_o consideration_n of_o the_o sum_n of_o 300000_o pound_n pay_v he_o by_o the_o french_a king_n and_o he_o be_v himself_o take_v prisoner_n in_o the_o first_o battle_n but_o his_o son_n prince_z edward_z gather_v another_o army_n and_o kill_v the_o general_n of_o the_o rebel_n simon_n of_o monfort_n earl_n of_o leicester_n deliver_v thereby_o his_o father_n and_o suppress_v the_o whole_a rebellion_n he_o do_v nothing_o worth_a mention_v abroad_o except_o that_o he_o undertake_v two_o expedition_n into_o france_n both_o which_o prove_v fruitless_a he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1272._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n edward_n i._n who_o be_v at_o that_o time_n in_o the_o holy_a land_n and_o though_o he_o do_v not_o come_v into_o england_n till_o a_o year_n after_o his_o father_n death_n yet_o take_v quiet_a possession_n of_o the_o crown_n this_o king_n entire_o unite_v the_o principality_n of_o wales_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n the_o last_o prince_n lyonel_n be_v slay_v in_o a_o battle_n under_o his_o reign_n also_o begin_v a_o bloody_a war_n and_o a_o implacable_a hatred_n be_v raise_v betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o scotch_a nation_n which_o for_o 300_o year_n after_o cause_v abundance_n of_o bloodshed_n betwixt_o both_o nation_n the_o occasion_n be_v thus_o scot_n after_o the_o death_n of_o alexander_n iii_o king_n of_o scotland_n who_o die_v without_o heir_n there_o be_v several_a that_o pretend_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o scotland_n wherefore_o king_n edward_n take_v upon_o he_o the_o arbitration_n of_o this_o matter_n that_o crown_n have_v depend_v on_o his_o predecessor_n and_o the_o scot_n be_v still_o oblige_v to_o do_v homage_n to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n the_o matter_n be_v examine_v it_o so_o prove_v that_o john_n balliol_n earl_n of_o galloway_n and_o robert_n bruce_n be_v find_v to_o have_v the_o best_a title_n to_o that_o crown_n but_o these_o two_o have_v contest_v for_o the_o same_o during_o the_o space_n of_o six_o whole_a year_n edward_n send_v under_o hand_n to_o bruce_n tell_v he_o that_o he_o will_v decide_v the_o difference_n concern_v the_o crown_n of_o scotland_n in_o favour_n of_o he_o if_o he_o will_v swear_v fealty_n to_o england_n which_o bruce_n refuse_v answer_v that_o he_o be_v not_o so_o fond_a of_o the_o crown_n as_o to_o purchase_v the_o same_o with_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o liberty_n of_o his_o native_a country_n but_o john_n balliol_n receive_v the_o same_o offer_n be_v make_v king_n of_o scotland_n there_o be_v about_o that_o time_n a_o capital_a quarrel_n in_o scotland_n betwixt_o the_o earl_n of_o fife_n and_o the_o family_n of_o alberneth_n who_o have_v kill_v the_o earl_n brother_n and_o the_o king_n of_o scotland_n have_v by_o his_o sentence_n absolve_v the_o latter_a the_o earl_n therefore_o appeal_v to_o the_o english_a court_n whither_o king_n balliol_n be_v call_v to_o appear_v and_o to_o sit_v with_o the_o king_n in_o parliament_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o this_o matter_n come_v under_o debate_n he_o be_v admonish_v to_o rise_v from_o his_o seat_n and_o to_o give_v a_o account_n concern_v his_o sentence_n he_o pretend_v to_o answer_v by_o his_o advocate_n which_o be_v deny_v he_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o answer_v in_o person_n from_o the_o same_o place_n where_o other_o use_v to_o plead_v their_o cause_n which_o both_o he_o and_o the_o scot_n resent_v as_o so_o signal_n a_o affront_n that_o no_o soon_o be_v he_o return_v home_o but_o he_o renounce_v his_o oath_n to_o king_n edward_n pretend_v the_o same_o to_o have_v be_v unjust_a and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o his_o power_n to_o make_v such_o a_o promise_n and_o renew_v the_o ancient_a alliance_n with_o france_n he_o denounce_v war_n against_o england_n scotland_n king_n edward_n therefore_o enter_v scotland_n with_o a_o army_n take_v the_o best_a strong_a hold_v and_o force_v the_o scot_n and_o their_o king_n to_o swear_v fealty_n to_o he_o their_o king_n he_o send_v a_o prisoner_n into_o england_n leave_v considerable_a force_n in_o scotland_n which_o be_v nevertheless_o soon_o after_o beat_v out_o of_o scotland_n by_o the_o scot_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o a_o gentleman_n of_o a_o mean_a fortune_n who_o name_n be_v william_n wallis_n but_o king_n edward_n soon_o return_v kill_v 40000_o scot_n in_o a_o battle_n near_o torkirke_n and_o force_v they_o to_o swear_v fealty_n to_o he_o a_o three_o time_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o oath_n robert_n bruce_n who_o 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as_o be_v the_o late_a king_n father_n be_v brother_n son_n yet_o prevail_v with_o the_o state_n who_o under_o pretence_n of_o the_o salic_a law_n and_o the_o hatred_n they_o bear_v to_o a_o foreign_a sovereign_n be_v beside_o this_o encourage_v thereunto_o by_o the_o earl_n of_o artois_n set_v he_o upon_o the_o throne_n edward_n be_v afterward_o summon_v by_o philip_n to_o come_v in_o person_n and_o to_o do_v homage_n for_o the_o dukedom_n of_o aquitain_n go_v thither_o in_o person_n he_o be_v then_o but_o young_a and_o england_n full_a of_o intestine_a commotion_n notwithstanding_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v very_o prejudicial_a to_o his_o pretension_n and_o king_n edward_n appear_v in_o the_o church_n at_o amiens_n with_o the_o crown_n upon_o his_o head_n his_o sword_n and_o spur_n on_o be_v order_v to_o lay_v they_o aside_o and_o to_o take_v the_o oath_n upon_o his_o knee_n which_o so_o exasperate_v edward_n that_o france_n afterward_o feel_v the_o effect_n of_o it_o not_o long_o 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not_o know_v what_o have_v happen_v the_o day_n before_o be_v upon_o their_o march_n to_o the_o french_a camp_n 1346._o in_o this_o battle_n no_o quarter_n be_v give_v on_o either_o side_n much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n king_n david_n of_o scotland_n enter_v england_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 60000_o man_n to_o make_v a_o diversion_n in_o behalf_n of_o france_n defeat_v but_o he_o be_v defeat_v in_o a_o great_a battle_n and_o himself_o take_v prisoner_n the_o english_a have_v no_o less_o success_n the_o same_o year_n in_o britainy_a and_o guienne_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v king_n edward_n take_v the_o city_n of_o calais_n calais_n which_o he_o fill_v with_o english_a inhabitant_n prince_n edward_n son_n to_z edward_z iii_o 1356._o who_o his_o father_n have_v send_v with_o a_o army_n into_o guienne_n behave_v himself_o very_o valiant_o make_v great_a havoc_n wherever_o he_o come_v john_n king_n of_o france_n draw_v out_o a_o army_n against_o he_o of_o 60000_o man_n though_o the_o prince_n be_v not_o above_o 8000_o strong_a upon_o this_o the_o king_n think_v he_o have_v catch_v the_o bird_n in_o the_o net_n will_v not_o accept_v of_o any_o condition_n though_o never_o so_o advantageous_a but_o prince_n edward_n have_v post_v his_o man_n betwixt_o the_o bush_n and_o vineyard_n from_o thence_o so_o gall_v the_o french_a horse_n with_o his_o long_a bow_n that_o they_o be_v repulse_v put_v all_o the_o rest_n in_o confusion_n king_n john_n himself_o be_v take_v prisoner_n as_o also_o his_o young_a son_n and_o above_o 1700_o person_n of_o quality_n be_v slay_v poitiers_n this_o battle_n be_v fight_v about_o two_o league_n from_o poitiers_n at_o last_o after_o king_n edward_n have_v with_o three_o army_n overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o france_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n at_o bretaigny_n france_n not_o far_o from_o chartres_n the_o condition_n of_o this_o peace_n be_v that_o england_n beside_o what_o it_o have_v before_o in_o france_n shall_v be_v put_v in_o possession_n of_o poictou_n zaintogne_n rochel_n pais_fw-fr d'_fw-fr aulnis_fw-la angoumois_n perigord_n limoisin_n quercy_n agenois_n and_o bigorre_n with_o a_o absolute_a sovereignty_n over_o the_o same_o beside_o this_o the_o city_n of_o calais_n the_o county_n of_o oye_n guisnes_n and_o ponthieu_n and_o three_o million_o of_o crown_n be_v to_o be_v give_v as_o a_o ransom_n for_o the_o king_n and_o that_o king_n john_n shall_v give_v his_o three_o young_a son_n his_o brother_n and_o thirty_o other_o person_n of_o quality_n as_o hostage_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o say_a sum_n but_o that_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o english_a shall_v restore_v all_o the_o other_o place_n which_o they_o have_v take_v from_o the_o french_a and_o renounce_v their_o right_n and_o title_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n the_o peace_n be_v thus_o conclude_v prince_n edward_n to_o who_o his_o father_n have_v give_v the_o dukedom_n of_o aquitain_n 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aquitain_n except_o bourdeaux_n and_o bayonne_n the_o king_n be_v so_o trouble_v at_o the_o loss_n both_o of_o so_o brave_a a_o son_n and_o his_o conquest_n in_o france_n that_o he_o die_v within_o ten_o month_n after_o his_o son_n 1377._o §_o 12._o ii_o he_o succeed_v richard_n ii_o son_n of_o that_o brave_a prince_n edward_n who_o be_v but_o eleven_o year_n of_o age_n when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n be_v despise_v by_o the_o french_a who_o burn_v several_a place_n on_o the_o english_a coast_n the_o scot_n also_o make_v a_o inroad_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o england_n and_o the_o war_n be_v carry_v on_o with_o various_a fortune_n france_n after_o several_a truce_n expire_v a_o peace_n be_v at_o last_o conclude_v there_o be_v also_o great_a commotion_n in_o the_o kingdom_n under_o this_o king_n reign_n home_n for_o in_o kent_n and_o other_o neighbour_a county_n there_o be_v a_o insurrection_n of_o the_o rabble_n occasion_v by_o the_o insolence_n of_o one_o of_o the_o receiver_n of_o the_o poll_n tax_n this_o rabble_n intention_n be_v to_o have_v murder_v both_o the_o nobility_n and_o clergy_n except_o the_o mendicant_a friar_n but_o be_v soon_o restrain_v by_o the_o king_n valour_n but_o there_o be_v continual_a discontent_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o lord_n the_o king_n be_v resolve_v to_o rule_v according_a to_o his_o pleasure_n and_o to_o maintain_v his_o favourite_n against_o the_o lord_n who_o be_v for_o remove_v his_o favourite_n and_o bring_v his_o royal_a power_n into_o a_o more_o narrow_a compass_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o parliament_n but_o it_o be_v the_o king_n custom_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o parliament_n be_v dissolve_v to_o reverse_v all_o that_o be_v conclude_v upon_o before_o yet_o once_o the_o parliament_n get_v he_o at_o a_o advantage_n when_o it_o force_v he_o to_o permit_v most_o of_o his_o favourite_n to_o be_v either_o kill_v or_o banish_v and_o oblige_v he_o by_o a_o oath_n to_o promise_n that_o he_o will_v administer_v the_o government_n according_a to_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o lord_n not_o long_o after_o a_o conspiracy_n among_o the_o lord_n be_v discover_v against_o he_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o pay_v for_o it_o with_o their_o head_n the_o king_n seem_v at_o last_o to_o have_v master_v his_o enemy_n but_o he_o be_v nevertheless_o ruin_v at_o last_o which_o be_v occasion_v thus_o ruin_n henry_n duke_n of_o lancaster_n accuse_v the_o duke_n of_o norfolk_n as_o if_o he_o have_v speak_v ill_o of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o latter_a give_v the_o lie_n to_o the_o former_a they_o challenge_v one_o another_o but_o the_o duel_n be_v prevent_v by_o the_o king_n authority_n who_o banish_v they_o both_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n henry_n of_o lancaster_n retire_v into_o france_n raise_v there_o a_o faction_n against_o the_o king_n by_o invite_v all_o dissatisfied_a person_n to_o he_o who_o promise_v to_o set_v he_o on_o the_o throne_n of_o england_n england_n he_o land_v but_o with_o a_o 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minister_n of_o france_n who_o be_v more_o intent_n to_o maintain_v his_o private_a interest_n and_o greatness_n against_o the_o dauphin_n than_o to_o make_v head_n against_o the_o english_a a_o congress_n be_v propose_v to_o be_v hold_v betwixt_o the_o two_o king_n but_o this_o design_n be_v frustrate_v by_o the_o cunning_a of_o the_o dauphin_n who_o give_v the_o duke_n hope_v of_o a_o entire_a reconciliation_n to_o be_v make_v betwixt_o they_o both_o and_o monterau_n be_v name_v for_o the_o place_n where_o they_o shall_v meet_v the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n be_v there_o questionless_a by_o instigation_n of_o the_o dauphin_n miserable_o murder_v for_o this_o reason_n his_o son_n duke_z philip_z be_v resolve_v to_o revenge_v his_o father_n death_n declare_v open_o for_o the_o english_a and_o by_o his_o mediation_n obtain_v that_o king_n henry_n shall_v marry_v the_o princess_n catharine_n and_o during_o the_o life_n of_o his_o wife_n father_n administer_v the_o government_n in_o his_o name_n but_o after_o his_o death_n shall_v succeed_v he_o in_o the_o throne_n the_o nuptial_n be_v afterward_o celebrate_v at_o troy_n in_o champagne_n 1420._o after_o the_o treaty_n have_v be_v confirm_v by_o solemn_a oath_n on_o both_o side_n he_o which_o be_v also_o ratify_v by_o the_o three_o estate_n assemble_v in_o paris_n where_o the_o dauphin_n be_v summon_v to_o appear_v to_o answer_v concern_v the_o death_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n but_o he_o not_o appear_v sentence_n be_v give_v against_o he_o that_o he_o shall_v for_o ever_o be_v banish_v out_o of_o france_n there_o be_v also_o some_o who_o design_v to_o make_v he_o away_o and_o he_o be_v force_v to_o go_v from_o place_n to_o place_n but_o his_o common_a place_n of_o residence_n be_v bourge_n wherefore_o they_o use_v to_o call_v he_o by_o way_n of_o ridicul_v the_o king_n of_o bourges_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o english_a take_v one_o place_n after_o another_o from_o he_o at_o last_o king_n henry_n be_v upon_o 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he_o the_o dauphin_z charles_n vii_o also_o declare_v himself_o king_n of_o france_n with_o who_o side_v the_o brave_a among_o the_o french_a and_o a_o great_a many_o scot_n be_v send_v to_o his_o assistance_n but_o philip_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n and_o john_n duke_n of_o britainy_a hold_v to_o the_o confederacy_n with_o the_o english_a which_o be_v renew_v at_o that_o time_n and_o then_o they_o begin_v to_o fall_v upon_o one_o another_o with_o great_a fury_n for_o the_o french_a receive_v a_o great_a defeat_n near_o crevant_n in_o burgundy_n 1423._o and_o be_v sound_o beat_v near_o vernevil_n 1424._o in_o the_o year_n 1425_o the_o french_a have_v besiege_v st._n jaques_n the_o beuveron_n with_o forty_o thousand_o man_n the_o garrison_n be_v reduce_v to_o great_a extremity_n pray_v with_o a_o loud_a voice_n to_o st._n george_n of_o salisbury_n the_o besieger_n hear_v the_o name_n of_o salisbury_n very_o frequent_o among_o the_o besiege_a suppose_a that_o the_o earl_n of_o salisbury_n be_v come_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n whereat_o the_o french_a be_v so_o terrify_v that_o they_o run_v away_o for_o fear_n of_o his_o name_n this_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o english_a for_o a_o while_n be_v master_n wherever_o they_o come_v but_o before_o orleans_n the_o career_n of_o their_o fortune_n be_v first_o stop_v for_o tho_o during_o that_o siege_n they_o beat_v the_o french_a who_o come_v to_o cut_v off_o their_o provision_n which_o battle_n be_v common_o call_v the_o battle_n of_o the_o fleming_n and_o the_o city_n will_v have_v surrender_v itself_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n which_o the_o english_a will_v not_o accept_v of_o yet_o do_v they_o not_o only_o lose_v in_o that_o siege_n the_o brave_a earl_n of_o salisbury_n but_o also_o the_o french_a orleans_n be_v encourage_v by_o a_o maid_n call_v joan_n that_o be_v bear_v in_o lorraine_n beat_v the_o english_a from_o before_o orleans_n this_o maid_n do_v several_a great_a exploit_n against_o the_o english_a and_o lead_v herself_o in_o person_n king_n charles_n to_o his_o coronation_n in_o rheims_n at_o last_o she_o be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o the_o english_a in_o a_o encounter_n who_o carry_v she_o to_o rouen_n where_o they_o burn_v she_o for_o a_o witch_n but_o because_o the_o english_a perceive_v that_o after_o the_o coronation_n of_o charles_n a_o great_a many_o city_n side_v with_o he_o they_o also_o call_v over_o their_o king_n henry_n out_o of_o england_n and_o crown_v he_o king_n of_o france_n in_o paris_n paris_n about_o the_o same_o time_n a_o truce_n be_v conclude_v by_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n 1432._o for_o six_o year_n but_o it_o last_v not_o long_o for_o the_o french_a during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o truce_n possess_v themselves_o of_o several_a place_n which_o they_o have_v bring_v over_o to_o their_o side_n by_o cunning_a insinuation_n pretend_v that_o any_o thing_n gain_v without_o open_a violence_n do_v not_o violate_v the_o truce_n and_o king_n charles_n maxim_n be_v not_o to_o fight_v with_o the_o english_a france_n but_o to_o strive_v to_o get_v advantage_n over_o they_o rather_o by_o policy_n than_o open_a force_n but_o that_o which_o give_v a_o great_a blow_n to_o the_o english_a be_v that_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n have_v take_v a_o distaste_n at_o the_o english_a upon_o some_o slight_a occasion_n be_v reconcile_v to_o king_n charles_n there_o be_v some_o small_a difference_n arisen_a betwixt_o the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n to_o compose_v which_o a_o meeting_n be_v appoint_v at_o st._n omer_n but_o the_o time_n be_v near_o at_o hand_n a_o dispute_n arise_v which_o of_o they_o shall_v appear_v there_o first_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o he_o who_o shall_v come_v first_o do_v thereby_o yield_v the_o precedency_n to_o the_o other_o wherefore_o the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n refuse_v to_o come_v first_o allege_v that_o he_o be_v regent_n of_o france_n ought_v not_o in_o that_o quality_n to_o give_v preference_n to_o a_o vassal_n of_o france_n but_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n stand_v upon_o his_o right_n of_o be_v sovereign_n of_o the_o place_n where_o they_o be_v to_o meet_v 1435._o so_o that_o the_o meeting_n be_v set_v aside_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n break_v quite_o off_o with_o the_o english_a charles_n and_o afterward_o assist_v king_n charles_n against_o they_o the_o death_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n prove_v another_o misfortune_n to_o the_o english_a for_o the_o duke_n of_o somerset_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o york_n both_o pretend_v to_o his_o place_n and_o though_o the_o latter_a do_v obtain_v it_o yet_o do_v the_o first_o always_o oppose_v his_o design_n so_o that_o before_o the_o new_a regent_n arrive_v paris_n which_o have_v be_v seventeen_o year_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o english_a and_o a_o great_a many_o other_o city_n do_v surrender_v themselves_o to_o king_n charles_n 1436._o yet_o do_v the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n beat_v the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n 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and_o afterward_o persuade_v the_o king_n to_o ratify_v the_o same_o this_o match_n be_v mighty_o oppose_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n the_o king_n uncle_n who_o allege_v that_o her_o father_n have_v only_o the_o bare_a title_n of_o king_n and_o duke_n and_o that_o beside_o this_o great_a injury_n be_v do_v thereby_o to_o the_o first_o bride_n viz._n to_o the_o daughter_n of_o the_o count_n of_o armagnac_n notwithstanding_o this_o the_o match_n go_v forward_o and_o to_o obtain_v the_o bride_n of_o the_o french_a anjou_n and_o maine_n be_v give_v they_o as_o a_o recompense_n the_o king_n be_v thus_o lead_v away_o by_o the_o queen_n and_o his_o favourite_n her_o first_o design_n be_v to_o revenge_v herself_o upon_o the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n who_o she_o accuse_v of_o male_a administration_n and_o after_o she_o have_v get_v he_o commit_v to_o prison_n cause_v he_o private_o to_o be_v murder_v the_o death_n of_o so_o innocent_a a_o man_n do_v afterward_o fall_v heavy_a upon_o 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which_o afterward_o prove_v fatal_a both_o to_o jane_n and_o the_o author_n for_o after_o the_o death_n of_o edward_n the_o duke_n of_o northumberland_n cause_v jane_n to_o be_v proclaim_v queen_n in_o the_o city_n of_o london_n 155â—_n but_o marry_o elder_a sister_n of_o edward_n do_v immediate_o lay_v claim_n to_o the_o crown_n in_o her_o letter_n to_o the_o privy_a council_n queen_n and_o letter_n prove_v ineffectual_a they_o begin_v to_o come_v to_o blow_n but_o most_o of_o the_o nobility_n unto_o who_o mary_n promise_v not_o to_o make_v any_o alteration_n in_o religion_n do_v side_n with_o she_o and_o a_o part_n of_o the_o army_n and_o fleet_n most_o of_o the_o privy_a counsellor_n and_o the_o city_n of_o london_n take_v her_o part_n proclaim_v her_o queen_n northumberland_n himself_o be_v now_o willing_a to_o go_v with_o the_o tide_n do_v proclaim_v mary_n queen_n in_o cambridge_n notwithstanding_o which_o he_o
her_o reign_n the_o english_a trade_n be_v first_o establish_v in_o turkey_n and_o the_o east_n indies_n the_o fine_a coin_n as_o also_o the_o manufacture_n of_o serges_n and_o bay_n be_v settle_v in_o england_n about_o the_o same_o time_n this_o queen_n also_o bring_v first_o into_o reputation_n the_o english_a naval_a strength_n sea_n which_o she_o be_v so_o jealous_a of_o that_o though_o she_o support_v the_o netherlander_n against_o the_o spaniard_n yet_o will_v she_o never_o consent_v that_o the_o netherlander_n shall_v so_o augment_v their_o sea_n force_n as_o that_o thereby_o they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o contest_v with_o england_n at_o sea_n this_o maxim_n which_o seem_v so_o necessary_a for_o england_n be_v not_o regard_v by_o king_n james_n he_o be_v a_o lover_n of_o peace_n and_o king_n charles_n i._o have_v always_o his_o hand_n full_a with_o his_o rebellious_a subject_n be_v not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o observe_v it_o wherefore_o the_o dutch_a power_n at_o sea_n can_v neither_o by_o cromwell_n nor_o by_o charles_n ii_o be_v bring_v down_o again_o this_o most_o glorious_a and_o by_o her_o subject_n extreme_o belove_a queen_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1602_o have_v before_o appoint_v james_n vi_o king_n of_o scotland_n for_o her_o successor_n §_o 23._o i._n after_o the_o death_n of_o elizabeth_n james_n vi_o king_n of_o scotland_n be_v with_o a_o unanimous_a applause_n proclaim_v king_n of_o england_n his_o title_n to_o this_o crown_n be_v derive_v from_o margaret_n daughter_n of_o henry_n vii_o who_o be_v marry_v to_o james_n iv._o king_n of_o scotland_n who_o son_n james_n v._o leave_v one_o only_a daughter_n who_o be_v mother_n of_o james_n vi_o he_o at_o first_o show_v himself_o pretty_a favourable_a to_o the_o papist_n fear_v lest_o they_o may_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n raise_v some_o commotion_n against_o he_o conspiracy_n notwithstanding_o which_o immediate_o after_o his_o coronation_n the_o lord_n cobham_n grace_n and_o other_o enter_v into_o a_o conspiracy_n against_o he_o their_o main_a design_n be_v to_o root_v out_o the_o line_n of_o james_n 1603._o and_o to_o put_v in_o his_o place_n the_o marchioness_n d'_fw-fr arbelle_n she_o be_v also_o descend_v from_o the_o abovesaid_a margaret_n daughter_n of_o henry_n vii_o this_o lady_n be_v after_o the_o death_n of_o her_o father_n marry_v to_o archibald_n douglass_n by_o who_o she_o have_v margaret_n who_o be_v marry_v to_o maâ—thias_n earl_n of_o lenox_n and_o this_o arbella_n be_v the_o daughter_n of_o charles_n lenox_n the_o three_o son_n of_o this_o earl_n be_v by_o the_o intercession_n of_o spain_n to_o have_v be_v marry_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n and_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o popish_a religion_n be_v again_o to_o be_v introduce_v into_o england_n but_o the_o whole_a plot_n be_v discover_v the_o ringleader_n be_v punish_v yet_o not_o with_o that_o severity_n as_o the_o heinousness_n of_o their_o crime_n do_v deserve_v though_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v all_o the_o jesuit_n and_o popish_a priest_n be_v by_o a_o severe_a proclamation_n plot._n banish_v out_o of_o england_n in_o the_o year_n 1605_o some_o popish_a villain_n have_v hire_v a_o vault_n under_o the_o parliament_n house_n which_o be_v fill_v up_o with_o a_o great_a many_o barrel_n of_o gunpowder_n they_o intend_v to_o have_v blow_v the_o king_n the_o prince_n and_o the_o whole_a parliament_n into_o the_o air._n but_o this_o devilish_a design_n be_v discover_v for_o one_o of_o the_o accomplice_n by_o a_o letter_n that_o be_v obscure_o write_v and_o deliver_v by_o a_o unknown_a person_n to_o a_o footman_n of_o the_o lord_n mounteagle_n do_v entreat_v he_o not_o to_o come_v the_o next_o day_n into_o the_o parliament_n house_n which_o cause_v a_o suspicion_n in_o the_o king_n all_o the_o vault_n be_v search_v and_o the_o powder_n find_v hereupon_o the_o parliament_n make_v a_o act_n that_o all_o subject_n by_o a_o solemn_a oath_n shall_v acknowledge_v james_n for_o their_o lawful_a sovereign_n neither_o that_o the_o pope_n have_v any_o authority_n to_o dethrone_v sovereign_n or_o to_o absolve_v subject_n from_o their_o allegiance_n he_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o spain_n 1604._o and_o be_v afterward_o one_o of_o the_o mediator_n of_o the_o truce_n make_v betwixt_o spain_n and_o holland_n his_o son-in-law_n the_o elector_n palatine_n be_v banish_v out_o of_o his_o territory_n he_o assist_v only_o with_o send_v of_o ambassador_n and_o propose_v of_o a_o agreement_n all_o which_o the_o spaniard_n render_v ineffectual_a 1626._o his_o son_n prince_n charles_n be_v send_v into_o spain_n to_o marry_v the_o infanta_n where_o the_o marriage_n contract_n be_v conclude_v and_o confirm_v by_o oath_n but_o the_o nuptial_n be_v defer_v till_o the_o next_o year_n the_o spaniard_n be_v willing_a to_o gain_v time_n and_o to_o see_v how_o thing_n will_v be_v carry_v on_o in_o germany_n for_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n but_o when_o after_o the_o prince_n return_n into_o england_n the_o english_a will_v needs_o have_v the_o restitution_n of_o the_o elector_n palatine_n insert_v in_o the_o article_n the_o match_n be_v break_v off_o and_o though_o the_o parliament_n vote_v a_o subsidy_n to_o be_v employ_v towards_o the_o restore_n of_o the_o elector_n palatine_n yet_o the_o design_n come_v to_o nothing_o under_o this_o king_n there_o be_v a_o period_n put_v to_o the_o difference_n and_o war_n betwixt_o england_n and_o scotland_n which_o hitherto_o have_v create_v abundance_n of_o trouble_n to_o this_o island_n and_o that_o nothing_o of_o jealousy_n may_v remain_v betwixt_o these_o two_o nation_n about_o preference_n in_o the_o royal_a title_n he_o introduce_v the_o name_n of_o great_a britain_n which_o comprehend_v both_o the_o kingdom_n there_o be_v also_o set_v on_o foot_n a_o treaty_n to_o unite_v both_o kingdom_n into_o one_o body_n but_o it_o do_v not_o succeed_v because_o the_o scot_n will_v not_o be_v inferior_a to_o the_o english_a under_o this_o king_n reign_n colony_n be_v establish_v in_o virginia_n plantation_n bermudos_n and_o ireland_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o english_a have_v extend_v their_o dominion_n but_o there_o be_v some_o who_o believe_v that_o this_o have_v weaken_v the_o english_a at_o home_n and_o that_o in_o all_o probability_n it_o will_v have_v be_v more_o profitable_a for_o england_n to_o have_v employ_v those_o people_n in_o manufacture_n and_o fish_n of_o herring_n which_o produce_v such_o vast_a riches_n to_o the_o dutch_a in_o the_o very_a sight_n of_o the_o english_a yet_o some_o be_v also_o of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v good_a for_o the_o public_a repose_n that_o the_o unruly_a multitude_n do_v not_o grow_v too_o numerous_a in_o england_n the_o east_n india_n trade_n be_v also_o great_o promote_v at_o that_o time_n but_o the_o english_a can_v not_o come_v there_o in_o competition_n with_o the_o dutch_a these_o have_v be_v before_o hand_n with_o they_o this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1625._o §_o 24._o his_o son_n charles_n i._o succeed_v he_o i._n who_o after_o the_o spanish_a match_n be_v break_v off_o marry_v henrietta_n daughter_n of_o henry_n iu._n 1626._o he_o equip_v out_o a_o great_a fleet_n against_o the_o spaniard_n spain_n the_o english_a land_v near_o cadiz_n but_o be_v repulse_v with_o loss_n return_v without_o do_v any_o thing_n and_o all_o commerce_n be_v prohibit_v betwixt_o spain_n and_o england_n france_n he_o also_o break_v with_o france_n and_o because_o the_o french_a merchant_n have_v be_v ill_o treat_v by_o the_o english_a all_o commerce_n be_v also_o prohibit_v betwixt_o these_o two_o nation_n the_o english_a thereupon_o endeavour_v to_o send_v aid_n unto_o the_o city_n of_o rochel_n and_o land_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o rhee_n besiege_v the_o fort_n of_o st._n martin_n which_o be_v valiant_o defend_v by_o one_o toyras_n the_o english_a be_v repulse_v with_o great_a loss_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v they_o undertake_v to_o relieve_v rochel_n but_o in_o vain_a both_o whereupon_o charles_n conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o france_n in_o the_o year_n 1629_o and_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v with_o spain_n have_v by_o this_o war_n wage_v against_o these_o two_o nation_n which_o be_v not_o so_o easy_a to_o be_v attack_v by_o one_o at_o the_o same_o time_n gain_v no_o reputation_n to_o the_o dissatisfied_a subject_n and_o vast_a debt_n under_o this_o king_n arise_v very_o violent_a division_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o parliament_n which_o produce_v a_o most_o strange_a revolution_n in_o that_o kingdom_n it_o will_v be_v very_o well_o worth_a our_o while_n england_n to_o inquire_v a_o little_a more_o narrow_o into_o the_o true_a cause_n thereof_o that_o wife_n queen_n elizabeth_z hold_v it_o for_o a_o constant_a maxim_n to_o oppose_v the_o grow_a power_n of_o spain_n with_o all_o her_o might_n whereby_o she_o weaken_a spain_n and_o not_o only_o enrich_v her_o subject_n but_o
also_o exercise_v they_o in_o sea_n affair_n wherein_o consist_v the_o chief_a strength_n and_o security_n of_o this_o kingdom_n wherefore_o she_o always_o keep_v a_o good_a correspondency_n with_o all_o such_o as_o be_v enemy_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n she_o assist_v france_n against_o the_o design_n of_o the_o spaniard_n favour_v the_o protestant_a prince_n in_o germany_n uphold_v the_o dutch_a against_o the_o spaniard_n thereby_o the_o better_a to_o weaken_v so_o formidable_a a_o neighbour_n look_v upon_o the_o netherlands_o as_o the_o out-work_n of_o her_o kingdom_n beside_o this_o she_o find_v continual_a employment_n for_o her_o subject_n abroad_o do_v not_o a_o little_a contribute_v towards_o the_o preserve_a the_o health_n of_o the_o state_n for_o by_o this_o mean_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o corrupt_a and_o inflame_a blood_n be_v take_v away_o state_n it_o prevent_v intestine_a disease_n in_o the_o state_n but_o king_n james_n take_v quite_o another_o course_n and_o perceive_v that_o the_o unite_a province_n be_v grow_v strongh_v enough_o not_o only_o to_o support_v themselves_o against_o spain_n but_o also_o to_o dispute_v the_o dominion_n of_o the_o narrow_a sea_n with_o england_n he_o leave_v they_o to_o themselves_o and_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o spain_n establish_v a_o last_a tranquillity_n at_o home_n for_o his_o inclination_n be_v more_o for_o book_n than_o arms._n and_o because_o subject_n in_o general_n be_v apt_a to_o follow_v the_o inclination_n of_o their_o sovereign_n the_o people_n lay_v aside_o all_o warlike_a exercise_n and_o fall_v into_o such_o weakness_n and_o vice_n as_o be_v common_o the_o product_n of_o plenty_n and_o peace_n and_o the_o king_n hope_v when_o these_o nation_n apply_v themselves_o only_o to_o trade_n and_o commerce_n they_o will_v be_v divert_v from_o have_v any_o thought_n of_o oppose_v his_o authority_n he_o make_v it_o also_o his_o main_a endeavour_n to_o unite_v the_o mind_n of_o the_o scot_n and_o english_a by_o naturalise_v the_o english_a in_o scotland_n and_o the_o scot_n in_o england_n and_o by_o join_v the_o great_a family_n by_o marriage_n but_o he_o be_v more_o especial_o careful_a of_o establish_v one_o form_n of_o religious_a worship_n in_o both_o kingdom_n religion_n for_o though_o there_o be_v no_o great_a difference_n in_o the_o article_n of_o faith_n yet_o the_o ceremony_n and_o church_n government_n be_v very_o different_a for_o queen_n elizabeth_n when_o she_o establish_v the_o protestant_a religion_n retain_v many_o ceremony_n which_o be_v ancient_o use_v in_o the_o primitive_a church_n as_o also_o use_v by_o the_o papist_n afterward_o she_o maintain_v also_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o bishop_n yet_o under_o the_o royal_a power_n suppose_v that_o this_o constitution_n be_v most_o suitable_a to_o a_o monarchy_n consider_v that_o the_o bishop_n have_v some_o dependence_n on_o the_o king_n and_o have_v their_o vote_n in_o parliament_n and_o it_o use_v to_o be_v the_o say_n of_o king_n james_n no_o bishop_n no_z king_n but_o this_o constitution_n do_v not_o agree_v with_o those_o of_o the_o reform_a religion_n in_o holland_n switzerland_n and_o france_n partly_o because_o these_o nation_n be_v use_v to_o a_o democratical_a liberty_n and_o therefore_o love_v a_o equality_n in_o the_o church-government_n as_o well_o as_o the_o state_n partly_o because_o they_o have_v suffer_v from_o some_o king_n and_o bishop_n and_o therefore_o both_o be_v equal_o hate_v by_o they_o these_o will_v not_o allow_v of_o any_o superiority_n among_o the_o clergy_n but_o constitute_v the_o outward_a church-government_n by_o presbytery_n class_n and_o synod_n neither_o will_v they_o admit_v any_o ceremony_n believe_v that_o the_o perfection_n of_o the_o reform_a religion_n do_v consist_v in_o not_o have_v so_o much_o as_o anything_o tho'never_o so_o indifferent_a common_a with_o the_o papist_n and_o according_a to_o this_o form_n the_o church_n of_o scotland_n be_v establish_v the_o number_n of_o such_o as_o be_v of_o the_o same_o opinion_n increase_v daily_o in_o england_n who_o be_v common_o call_v presbyterian_o or_o puritan_n and_o the_o capriciousness_n of_o those_o who_o be_v of_o several_a sentiment_n prove_v the_o more_o dangerous_a because_o these_o nation_n be_v of_o a_o melancholy_a temper_n use_v to_o adhere_v steadfast_o to_o their_o opinion_n not_o to_o be_v remove_v from_o they_o king_n james_n be_v beside_o a_o great_a enemy_n of_o the_o puritan_n think_v to_o have_v find_v out_o a_o way_n to_o suppress_v they_o in_o scotland_n by_o insert_v it_o among_o the_o royal_a prerogative_n which_o be_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o the_o parliament_n of_o scotland_n that_o he_o have_v the_o supreme_a power_n both_o in_o spiritual_a and_o temporal_a affair_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n in_o scotland_n as_o in_o england_n by_o this_o mean_n he_o hope_v to_o model_n without_o any_o great_a difficulty_n the_o church_n of_o scotland_n according_a to_o that_o of_o england_n and_o though_o this_o proposition_n be_v oppose_v by_o a_o great_a many_o in_o the_o parliament_n of_o scotland_n yet_o the_o king_n party_n prevail_v and_o a_o new_a form_n of_o church-government_n be_v establish_v in_o scotland_n but_o the_o king_n have_v no_o soon_o turn_v his_o back_n and_o be_v return_v into_o england_n but_o the_o common_a people_n make_v a_o insurrection_n against_o the_o bishop_n in_o scotland_n who_o begin_v to_o introduce_v there_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n §_o 25._o 1_n though_o king_n charles_n i._o be_v of_o a_o more_o warlike_a temper_n than_o his_o father_n yet_o be_v he_o oblige_v though_o against_o his_o will_n according_a to_o the_o maxim_n of_o his_o father_n to_o preserve_v peace_n abroad_o to_o avoid_v the_o danger_n of_o be_v oblige_v to_o depend_v on_o the_o capricious_a humour_n of_o his_o subject_n and_o because_o he_o as_o well_o as_o his_o father_n have_v a_o great_a dislike_n of_o the_o power_n of_o the_o common_a people_n and_o of_o the_o temper_n and_o principle_n of_o the_o puritan_n all_o his_o thought_n be_v bend_v to_o find_v out_o way_n how_o to_o secure_v himself_o from_o the_o danger_n of_o both_o and_o because_o the_o king_n can_v not_o impose_v any_o extraordinary_a tax_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o parliament_n charles_n choose_v rather_o to_o control_v his_o own_o inclination_n which_o be_v bend_v for_o war_n than_o to_o fawn_v upon_o the_o parliament_n in_o hope_n that_o its_o heat_n which_o be_v for_o limit_v the_o king_n power_n will_v by_o degree_n diminish_v if_o it_o be_v not_o call_v together_o for_o a_o considerable_a time_n it_o be_v suppose_v that_o the_o lord_n treasurer_n weston_n do_v confirm_v he_o in_o this_o opinion_n who_o do_v expect_v to_o be_v call_v to_o a_o account_n by_o the_o parliament_n the_o parliament_n use_v ancient_o to_o provide_v a_o certain_a yearly_a revenue_n for_o the_o king_n towards_o maintain_v his_o court_n and_o fleet_n to_o secure_v the_o commerce_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o revenue_n be_v not_o hereditary_a to_o the_o next_o successor_n the_o first_o parliament_n which_o be_v call_v by_o charles_n i._o have_v settle_v the_o custom_n as_o part_v of_o his_o revenue_n but_o when_o he_o afterward_o have_v dissolve_v the_o same_o against_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o male_a content_n his_o revenue_n also_o begin_v to_o be_v call_v in_o question_n it_o be_v their_o opinion_n that_o nothing_o can_v so_o soon_o oblige_v the_o king_n to_o call_v a_o new_a parliament_n as_o if_o what_o be_v necessary_a for_o his_o and_o the_o court_v subsistence_n be_v withhold_v from_o he_o but_o the_o king_n however_o do_v not_o only_o receive_v the_o same_o custom_n as_o his_o predecessor_n have_v do_v but_o also_o augment_v they_o with_o new_a imposition_n to_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o 800000_o l._n by_o which_o mean_v the_o king_n who_o be_v firm_a in_o his_o opinion_n be_v think_v to_o have_v a_o design_n to_o alter_v the_o ancient_a constitution_n of_o the_o government_n and_o to_o maintain_v himself_o without_o a_o parliament_n which_o however_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o impossibility_n by_o the_o generality_n of_o they_o for_o king_n james_n have_v leave_v above_o 1200000_o l._n debt_n which_o be_v since_o increase_v by_o charles_n 400000_o l._n more_o which_o money_n be_v expend_v in_o the_o war_n against_o france_n and_o spain_n it_o be_v therefore_o not_o visible_a how_o he_o can_v extricate_v himself_o out_o of_o these_o debt_n without_o the_o assistance_n of_o a_o parliament_n since_o according_a to_o the_o fundamental_a constitution_n of_o the_o realm_n he_o can_v not_o levy_v any_o tax_n upon_o the_o subject_n and_o to_o force_v they_o to_o pay_v any_o be_v beyond_o his_o power_n have_v no_o force_n on_o foot_n but_o the_o militia_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o bring_v in_o such_o a_o foreign_a force_n as_o can_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v able_a
their_o general_n hamilton_n a_o prisoner_n but_o during_o the_o absence_n of_o cromwell_n the_o parliament_n have_v re-assumed_n the_o treaty_n with_o the_o king_n and_o the_o business_n be_v carry_v on_o so_o far_o that_o there_o be_v no_o small_a hope_n of_o a_o accommodation_n when_o the_o soldier_n head_v by_o ireton_n son-in-law_n to_o cromwell_n break_v off_o the_o treaty_n take_v prisoner_n such_o member_n of_o the_o house_n as_o do_v oppose_v they_o so_o that_o there_o be_v not_o above_o forty_o member_n leave_v in_o the_o parliament_n and_o those_o be_v either_o officer_n or_o at_o least_o favourer_n of_o the_o army_n these_o decree_v that_o no_o treaty_n shall_v be_v set_v on_o foot_n for_o the_o future_a with_o the_o king_n that_o the_o supreme_a power_n be_v to_o be_v lodge_v in_o the_o people_n which_o be_v represent_v by_o the_o house_n of_o commons_o but_o the_o regal_a power_n and_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o house_n of_o lord_n shall_v be_v quite_o abolish_v then_o they_o order_v a_o court_n of_o 250_o person_n to_o be_v erect_v execute_v by_o who_o authority_n the_o king_n be_v to_o be_v summon_v sentence_v and_o punish_v notwithstanding_o that_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o people_n look_v upon_o this_o court_n as_o a_o abominable_a thing_n some_o presbyterian_a minister_n cry_v out_o aloud_o against_o it_o in_o the_o pulpit_n the_o scot_n protest_v against_o it_o and_o the_o dutch_a ambassador_n and_o other_o prince_n do_v their_o utmost_a to_o oppose_v it_o before_o this_o court_n where_o sit_v among_o the_o rest_n a_o great_a many_o of_o very_o mean_a extraction_n the_o king_n be_v accuse_v of_o high_a treason_n tyranny_n and_o of_o all_o the_o murder_n and_o robbery_n commit_v since_o the_o begin_n of_o these_o trouble_n and_o the_o king_n as_o in_o justice_n he_o ought_v to_o do_v refuse_v to_o acknowledge_v its_o authority_n be_v sentence_v to_o be_v behead_v though_o there_o be_v but_o 67_o of_o these_o pretend_a judge_n present_a the_o rest_n abominate_v the_o fact_n have_v absent_v themselves_o among_o who_o be_v fairfax_n but_o the_o king_n have_v be_v miserable_o abuse_v by_o the_o soldier_n be_v behead_v with_o a_o axe_n upon_o a_o scaffold_n erect_v for_o that_o purpose_n before_o whitehall_n 1648._o §_o 29._o conquer_v after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o king_n the_o outward_a show_n of_o the_o supreme_a power_n be_v in_o the_o parliament_n but_o in_o effect_v it_o be_v lodge_v in_o the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n their_o first_o design_n be_v to_o banish_v the_o king_n son_n and_o the_o whole_a royal_a family_n and_o to_o suppress_v all_o such_o as_o adhere_v to_o he_o cromwell_n be_v send_v into_o ireland_n where_o the_o royal_a party_n be_v as_o yet_o pretty_a strong_a which_o island_n be_v reduce_v in_o the_o space_n of_o one_o year_n by_o cromwell_n good_a fortune_n and_o valour_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o scot_n have_v proclaim_v charles_n ii_o thou_o under_o very_o hard_a condition_n their_o king_n who_o also_o arrive_v there_o safe_o out_o of_o france_n whither_o he_o be_v go_v for_o shelter_n be_v crown_v king_n of_o scotland_n the_o parliament_n thereupon_o recall_v cromwell_n out_o of_o ireland_n and_o have_v make_v he_o general_n for_o they_o have_v depose_v fairfax_n who_o they_o mistrust_v send_v he_o into_o scotland_n where_o he_o beat_v the_o scot_n several_a time_n but_o especial_o give_v they_o a_o entire_a defeat_n near_o leith_n take_v among_o other_o place_n the_o castle_n of_o edinborough_n which_o be_v hitherto_o esteem_v impregnable_a the_o king_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n have_v gather_v a_o fly_a army_n enter_v england_n in_o hope_n that_o a_o great_a many_o english_a will_v join_v with_o he_o but_o he_o be_v deceive_v in_o his_o hope_n very_o few_o come_n to_o he_o and_o cromwell_n overtake_v he_o with_o his_o army_n near_o worcester_n râ—â—ted_v his_o force_n be_v rout_v and_o disperse_v so_o that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o change_v his_o clothes_n in_o his_o flight_n and_o after_o a_o great_a many_o danger_n be_v miraculous_o save_v and_o escape_v by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o merchant-ship_n into_o france_n the_o king_n be_v thus_o drive_v out_o of_o the_o island_n the_o scot_n be_v entire_o subdue_v under_o the_o conduct_n of_o general_n monk_n who_o be_v send_v thither_o by_o cromwell_n who_o have_v impose_v upon_o they_o very_o hard_a condition_n conquer_v according_a to_o their_o desert_n entire_o subject_v they_o to_o the_o english_a this_o do_v the_o parliament_n begin_v to_o take_v into_o consideration_n how_o to_o disband_v part_n of_o the_o army_n and_o to_o quarter_v the_o rest_n in_o the_o several_a county_n but_o cromwell_n send_v away_o that_o parliament_n which_o have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o so_o much_o trouble_n and_o constitute_v a_o new_a parliament_n consist_v of_o 144_o member_n most_o of_o they_o be_v fanatic_n and_o enthusiast_n among_o who_o cromwell_n have_v put_v a_o few_o cunning_a fellow_n who_o be_v entire_o devote_v to_o his_o service_n do_v make_v the_o rest_n dance_v after_o his_o pipe_n these_o have_v first_o let_v these_o silly_a wretch_n go_v on_o in_o their_o own_o way_n till_o by_o their_o fantastical_a behaviour_n they_o have_v make_v themselves_o ridiculous_a and_o hate_a by_o every_o body_n than_o offer_v the_o supreme_a administration_n of_o affair_n to_o cromwell_n protector_n who_o have_v accept_v of_o the_o same_o under_o the_o title_n of_o a_o protector_n select_v a_o privy_a council_n wherein_o be_v receive_v the_o head_n of_o the_o several_a sect_n thus_o they_o who_o have_v show_v so_o much_o aversion_n to_o the_o royal_a power_n and_o hatch_v out_o a_o monarch_n of_o their_o own_o who_o without_o control_n rule_v the_o three_o kingdom_n of_o england_n scotland_n and_o ireland_n at_o pleasure_n cromwell_n to_o have_v a_o fair_a pretence_n to_o keep_v on_o foot_n his_o sea_n and_o land_n force_n which_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o his_o power_n 1652._o begin_v a_o war_n with_o the_o dutch_a who_o seem_v to_o despise_v this_o new_a monarch_n but_o fortune_n be_v so_o favourable_a to_o cromwell_n in_o this_o war_n that_o he_o take_v above_o 1700_o merchant_n man_n from_o the_o dutch_a and_o beat_v they_o in_o five_o sea_n engagement_n in_o the_o last_o of_o which_o the_o dutch_a lose_v martin_n tromp_n and_o twenty_o seven_o man_n of_o war._n the_o hollander_n than_o be_v oblige_v to_o beg_v for_o peace_n and_o to_o accept_v of_o such_o condition_n as_o be_v propose_v to_o they_o among_o which_o one_o be_v that_o the_o province_n of_o holland_n shall_v exclude_v the_o prince_n of_o orange_n for_o ever_o from_o succeed_v in_o his_o father_n place_n another_o be_v that_o they_o shall_v not_o receive_v the_o banish_a king_n charles_n ii_o into_o their_o territory_n which_o some_o allege_v as_o a_o reason_n that_o he_o be_v always_o ready_a afterward_o to_o revenge_v himself_o upon_o they_o 1660._o though_o at_o his_o return_n into_o the_o kingdom_n they_o endeavour_v with_o abundance_n of_o flattery_n to_o make_v amends_o for_o the_o former_a affront_n it_o be_v very_o likely_a also_o that_o the_o king_n be_v suspicious_a that_o the_o dutch_a have_v foment_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o his_o father_n and_o the_o parliament_n cromwell_n acquire_v so_o much_o glory_n by_o this_o war_n that_o most_o prince_n send_v their_o ambassador_n to_o he_o as_o if_o he_o have_v be_v a_o lawful_a sovereign_n and_o desire_v his_o friendship_n he_o be_v no_o less_o fortunate_a in_o discover_v several_a plot_n which_o be_v make_v against_o he_o for_o which_o purpose_n he_o entertain_v his_o spy_n every_o where_o even_o near_o the_o king_n person_n have_v beside_o this_o a_o cunning_a way_n to_o draw_v the_o people_n over_o to_o his_o party_n and_o to_o suppress_v such_o as_o envy_v his_o fortune_n he_o send_v also_o a_o fleet_n into_o the_o mediterranean_a wherewith_o he_o curb_v the_o pirate_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o barbary_n another_o be_v send_v into_o the_o west_n indies_n where_o his_o design_n against_o st._n domingo_n and_o hispaniola_n miscarry_v but_o jamaica_n he_o take_v from_o the_o spaniard_n notwithstanding_o that_o a_o great_a many_o of_o his_o man_n be_v take_v off_o by_o sickness_n and_o he_o do_v considerable_a mischief_n to_o the_o spaniard_n by_o ruine_v their_o silver_n fleet._n he_o send_v some_o auxiliary_a troop_n to_o the_o french_a in_o flanders_n who_o in_o recompense_n surrender_v to_o he_o dunkirk_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1658_o have_v be_v as_o great_a and_o formidable_a as_o ever_o any_o king_n of_o england_n he_o be_v a_o great_a master_n in_o the_o art_n of_o dissimulation_n know_v how_o to_o make_v his_o advantage_n of_o religious_a pretence_n wherefore_o he_o give_v liberty_n of_o conscience_n to_o all_o sectary_n whereby_o he_o not_o only_o get_v their_o favour_n but_o also_o by_o divide_v the_o people_n into_o
several_a opinion_n he_o prevent_v their_o easy_o join_v against_o he_o §_o 30._o restauration_n after_o the_o death_n of_o cromwell_n this_o unlawful_a and_o violent_a form_n of_o government_n can_v not_o be_v of_o a_o long_a continuance_n for_o though_o his_o son_n richard_n succeed_v he_o in_o the_o protectorship_n this_o be_v the_o title_n use_v by_o cromwell_n have_v refuse_v the_o name_n of_o king_n yet_o be_v he_o in_o no_o way_n capable_a to_o bear_v such_o a_o weight_n wherefore_o he_o be_v soon_o depose_v by_o the_o parliament_n which_o be_v divide_v within_o itself_o monk_n who_o be_v then_o governor_n of_o scotland_n take_v this_o opportunity_n and_o march_v with_o a_o army_n out_o of_o scotland_n into_o england_n possess_v himself_o of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n dissolve_v the_o military_a parliament_n and_o recall_v king_n charles_n ii_o into_o his_o kingdom_n 1660._o this_o king_n do_v restore_v the_o ancient_a form_n of_o government_n in_o the_o kingdom_n both_o in_o spiritual_a and_o temporal_a matter_n for_o his_o subject_n be_v ready_a to_o gratify_v he_o in_o most_o respect_n as_o have_v be_v teach_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o frog_n who_o despise_v to_o have_v a_o block_n for_o their_o king_n get_v afterward_o a_o stork_n for_o their_o master_n this_o king_n who_o judge_v that_o the_o greatness_n of_o england_n do_v chief_o depend_v on_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o commerce_n which_o be_v dispute_v by_o no_o body_n but_o the_o dutch_a do_v in_o all_o probability_n bend_v all_o his_o thought_n that_o way_n viz._n how_o to_o make_v these_o proud_a merchant_n more_o pliable_a his_o hope_n be_v ground_v upon_o what_o he_o have_v see_v cromwell_n do_v against_o they_o wherefore_o he_o begin_v a_o war_n with_o holland_n 1665._o which_o be_v carry_v on_o at_o first_o with_o equal_a loss_n on_o both_o side_n but_o the_o english_a at_o last_o take_v a_o resolution_n to_o tire_v out_o the_o dutch_a without_o come_v to_o a_o engagement_n they_o venture_v at_o a_o bold_a stroke_n and_o to_o the_o great_a dishonour_n of_o the_o english_a enter_v the_o river_n of_o thames_n fire_v some_o ship_n at_o chattam_n this_o oblige_v the_o king_n to_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o they_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o swedeland_n though_o the_o great_a success_n of_o the_o french_a arm_n in_o flanders_n may_v probable_o have_v contribute_v a_o great_a deal_n towards_o it_o yet_o it_o seem_v as_o if_o ever_o since_o he_o have_v keep_v up_o a_o resolution_n of_o revenge_a himself_o upon_o they_o he_o be_v also_o again_o exasperate_v by_o the_o rabble_n in_o holland_n who_o affront_v he_o afterward_o he_o therefore_o in_o the_o year_n 1672_o attack_v the_o dutch_a at_o sea_n whilst_o the_o king_n of_o france_n make_v war_n against_o they_o by_o land_n but_o this_o war_n do_v not_o succeed_v according_a to_o his_o expectation_n for_o the_o dutch_a do_v not_o only_o take_v from_o the_o english_a a_o great_a number_n of_o merchant-ship_n but_o also_o the_o english_a can_v not_o master_v the_o dutch_a in_o any_o of_o these_o sea_n fight_v partly_o because_o the_o french_a will_v not_o fall_v on_o in_o good_a earnest_n partly_o because_o the_o dutch_a act_v very_o circumspect_o not_o give_v any_o opportunity_n to_o the_o english_a to_o make_v a_o descent_n either_o on_o holland_n or_o zealand_n it_o be_v possible_a that_o the_o king_n intention_n may_v perhaps_o have_v be_v frustrate_v by_o some_o intrigue_n at_o home_n and_o because_o the_o english_a nation_n begin_v to_o grow_v very_o jealous_a of_o the_o great_a success_n of_o france_n the_o king_n be_v oblige_v to_o make_v a_o separate_a peace_n with_o holland_n 1674._o and_o afterward_o be_v receive_v as_o a_o mediator_n betwixt_o the_o party_n then_o engage_v in_o war_n against_o one_o another_o §_o 31._o nation_n the_o english_a nation_n be_v very_o populous_a and_o fruitful_a there_o be_v some_o who_o have_v reckon_v that_o in_o england_n be_v 9913_o parish_n in_o each_o parish_n 80_o family_n which_o make_v 778183_o family_n and_o seven_o person_n reckon_v to_o each_o family_n amount_v to_o 6470800_o soul_n among_o which_o number_n it_o may_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v above_o a_o million_o of_o man_n capable_a of_o bear_v of_o arms._n this_o nation_n be_v also_o very_o fit_a to_o settle_v colony_n in_o foreign_a country_n because_o the_o english_a as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v in_o the_o least_o settle_a in_o a_o place_n they_o quick_o marry_v and_o remain_v there_o for_o their_o life_n time_n whereas_o other_o nation_n if_o they_o go_v into_o far_o distant_a country_n go_v only_o with_o a_o intent_n to_o get_v a_o little_a money_n which_o they_o afterward_o love_v to_o spend_v in_o their_o native_a country_n the_o english_a be_v also_o courageous_a brave_a not_o fear_v death_n for_o in_o former_a time_n their_o land_n force_n be_v much_o superior_a to_o the_o french_a and_o ever_o since_o the_o time_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n when_o they_o first_o begin_v to_o apply_v themselves_o in_o earnest_a to_o the_o sea_n they_o have_v not_o be_v inferior_a in_o skill_n and_o courage_n to_o any_o nation_n in_o the_o world_n except_o that_o the_o dutch_a may_v be_v compare_v with_o they_o in_o sea_n affair_n but_o this_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v of_o the_o english_a valour_n that_o they_o common_o be_v very_o furious_a and_o brave_a at_o the_o beginning_n yet_o great_a hardship_n famine_n and_o other_o inconvenience_n they_o be_v not_o so_o well_o able_a to_o endure_v with_o patience_n as_o be_v use_v to_o live_v in_o great_a ease_n and_o plenty_n in_o their_o own_o country_n wherefore_o maurice_n prince_n of_o orange_n use_v to_o put_v the_o english_a that_o be_v send_v to_o his_o assistance_n upon_o desperate_a erterprise_n before_o as_o he_o use_v to_o say_v they_o have_v digest_v the_o english_a beef_n they_o be_v also_o very_o dexterous_a in_o woollen_a and_o silk_n manufactury_n and_o be_v general_o great_a improver_n of_o other_o art_n and_o mystery_n yet_o they_o be_v also_o somewhat_o highminded_a incline_v themselves_o to_o diversion_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o they_o do_v not_o so_o much_o work_n as_o otherwise_o they_o may_v and_o yet_o they_o expect_v to_o be_v pay_v for_o their_o idle_a hour_n as_o well_o as_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o they_o sell_v their_o ware_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n than_o other_o and_o that_o they_o envy_v such_o french_a handycraftsman_n who_o live_v among_o they_o and_o be_v seldom_o divert_v from_o their_o daily_a labour_n by_o any_o pleasure_n they_o be_v general_o of_o a_o melancholy_a temper_n make_v they_o very_o ingenious_a and_o when_o they_o apply_v themseleu_n to_o any_o science_n they_o make_v great_a progress_n in_o the_o same_o if_o they_o hit_v the_o right_a way_n but_o by_o the_o same_o rule_n because_o there_o happen_v often_o to_o be_v a_o ill_a mixture_n of_o this_o melancholy_a temper_n abundance_n of_o fanatic_n and_o enthusiast_n be_v to_o be_v find_v among_o they_o who_o have_v form_v to_o themselves_o opinion_n out_o of_o ill-grounded_a principle_n adhere_v so_o steadfast_a to_o they_o that_o they_o be_v not_o by_o any_o way_n to_o be_v remove_v from_o they_o wherefore_o there_o be_v not_o any_o nation_n under_o the_o sun_n where_o more_o different_a and_o more_o absurd_a opinion_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v withal_o in_o religion_n than_o in_o england_n the_o loose_a sort_n of_o people_n be_v addict_v to_o thieve_v and_o rob_v upon_o the_o highway_n wherefore_o the_o hangman_n be_v always_o busy_a in_o england_n this_o nation_n also_o love_v to_o eat_v and_o drink_v extreme_o well_o though_o there_o be_v some_o who_o will_v have_v it_o that_o the_o english_a have_v get_v their_o way_n of_o drink_v so_o plentiful_o from_o the_o netherlander_n in_o the_o war_n of_o the_o low-countries_n and_o from_o thence_o have_v bring_v that_o ill_a custom_n over_o into_o england_n which_o before_o they_o say_v be_v 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among_o they_o for_o it_o be_v a_o custom_n that_o each_o family_n use_v to_o select_v one_o for_o the_o head_n of_o the_o family_n unto_o who_o they_o almost_o pay_v more_o respect_n than_o to_o the_o king_n himself_o and_o if_o any_o one_o of_o the_o family_n have_v receive_v a_o injury_n he_o make_v complaint_n thereof_o to_o the_o head_n of_o his_o family_n and_o if_o the_o head_n of_o the_o same_o family_n do_v resolve_v to_o revenge_v the_o injury_n the_o whole_a family_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o their_o head_n fall_v upon_o the_o family_n of_o the_o aggressour_n with_o fire_n and_o sword_n which_o abominable_a custom_n king_n james_n vi._n do_v endeavour_v to_o abolish_v beside_o this_o they_o be_v easy_o stir_v up_o to_o rebellion_n very_o obstinate_a in_o defend_v their_o opinion_n to_o the_o utmost_a their_o fruitfulness_n in_o child_n make_v they_o seek_v other_o country_n since_o their_o country_n can_v scarce_o maintain_v they_o all_o at_o home_n there_o be_v another_o 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they_o grow_v careless_a of_o warlike_a exercise_n and_o especial_o when_o cromwell_n subdue_v they_o their_o ancient_a glory_n be_v quite_o obscure_v the_o scot_n be_v also_o often_o very_o ingenious_a and_o well_o verse_v in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n and_o at_o that_o time_n when_o all_o liberal_a science_n be_v suppress_v in_o europe_n by_o a_o long_a barbarism_n the_o same_o be_v keep_v up_o in_o scotland_n which_o do_v furnish_v several_a other_o nation_n with_o learned_a man_n who_o instruct_v they_o in_o these_o science_n but_o as_o the_o scot_n which_o live_v in_o the_o low_a country_n on_o the_o southside_n be_v well_o civilise_v so_o those_o who_o inhabit_v the_o mountain_n who_o be_v call_v highlander_n as_o also_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o orkney_n and_o western_a island_n be_v very_o raw_a and_o uncivilise_v §_o 33._o irish_a the_o irish_a be_v common_o esteem_v to_o be_v a_o foolhardy_a and_o ill_a sort_n of_o people_n very_o lazy_a yet_o pretty_a hard_a in_o undergo_a the_o fatigue_n of_o war._n they_o be_v very_o obstinate_a and_o never_o to_o be_v bend_v from_o their_o opinion_n after_o ireland_n be_v conquer_v by_o king_n henry_n ii_o abundance_n of_o english_a settle_v themselves_o in_o that_o kingdom_n who_o number_n increase_v from_o time_n to_o time_n to_o that_o degree_n that_o scarce_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o island_n remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n and_o because_o most_o of_o the_o irish_a adhere_v to_o the_o popish_a religion_n they_o do_v not_o only_o rebel_v under_o queen_n elizabeth_n but_o also_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n charles_n i._o enter_v into_o a_o most_o horrid_a conspiracy_n against_o the_o english_a live_v among_o they_o of_o who_o it_o be_v say_v they_o murder_v 200000_o within_o the_o space_n of_o six_o month_n but_o when_o the_o english_a have_v recollect_v themselves_o they_o again_o kill_v about_o 100000_o of_o they_o cromwell_n have_v once_o a_o mind_n to_o have_v root_v out_o the_o whole_a nation_n as_o be_v quite_o incorrigible_a and_o past_a hope_n of_o any_o amendment_n wherefore_o he_o send_v some_o thousand_o to_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n under_o condition_n that_o none_o of_o they_o shall_v return_v into_o the_o english_a dominion_n he_o use_v also_o to_o plague_v they_o every_o way_n so_o that_o they_o be_v become_v a_o miserable_a nation_n §_o 34._o brittainy_a concern_v those_o country_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n be_v a_o rich_a and_o fertile_a country_n abound_v in_o every_o thing_n either_o for_o the_o necessity_n or_o pleasure_n of_o mankind_n except_o oil_n and_o wine_n and_o such_o other_o commodity_n as_o do_v not_o grow_v in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n be_v of_o the_o growth_n of_o that_o country_n but_o else_o they_o have_v great_a number_n of_o very_o fine_a horse_n and_o good_a cattle_n especial_o the_o best_a sheep_n of_o all_o europe_n which_o make_v the_o best_a part_n of_o the_o native_a riches_n of_o england_n bear_v so_o good_a a_o sort_n of_o wool_n that_o a_o incredible_a quantity_n of_o the_o best_a cloth_n be_v make_v in_o england_n and_o from_o thence_o every_o year_n transport_v into_o foreign_a part_n these_o sheep_n feed_v in_o great_a flock_n in_o the_o country_n without_o as_o much_o as_o a_o shepherd_n there_o be_v no_o wolf_n to_o be_v meet_v withal_o in_o england_n the_o reason_n of_o which_o as_o it_o be_v report_v be_v that_o king_n edgar_n about_o the_o year_n 940_o do_v order_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o wolf_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o the_o prince_n of_o wales_n to_o he_o as_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o wolf_n be_v quite_o destroy_v in_o england_n though_o it_o be_v also_o very_o probable_a that_o the_o great_a english_a mastiff_n have_v be_v very_o instrumental_a in_o this_o point_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o for_o fierceness_n and_o strength_n they_o surpass_v all_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o world_n a_o great_a quantity_n also_o of_o lead_n but_o especial_o of_o the_o fine_a tin_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o england_n which_o surpass_v in_o goodness_n all_o other_o in_o that_o kind_n the_o sea_n also_o be_v very_o profitable_a to_o the_o english_a since_o it_o produce_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o fish_n which_o be_v daily_o catch_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n though_o by_o the_o negligence_n and_o laziness_n of_o the_o ancient_a english_a who_o do_v not_o apply_v themselves_o industrious_o to_o fish_v they_o have_v lose_v a_o great_a part_n of_o that_o advantage_n but_o the_o netherlander_n from_o ancient_a time_n have_v make_v use_n of_o this_o advantage_n and_o get_v vast_a riches_n by_o the_o fishery_n of_o herring_n and_o cod_n give_v only_o a_o small_a gratuity_n to_o the_o english_a in_o case_n they_o have_v occasion_n to_o dry_v their_o net_n on_o their_o shore_n though_o oftentimes_o the_o english_a envy_v the_o netherlander_n will_v force_v they_o to_o pay_v more_o than_o ordinary_a which_o have_v several_a time_n serve_v as_o a_o pretext_n for_o a_o war_n betwixt_o both_o nation_n beside_o this_o the_o sea_n be_v extreme_o advantageous_a to_o england_n for_o thereby_o the_o english_a be_v separate_v from_o their_o neighbour_a nation_n can_v easy_o be_v attack_v whereas_o they_o may_v easy_o invade_v other_o and_o because_o this_o island_n be_v situate_v almost_o in_o the_o very_a middle_n of_o europe_n in_o a_o narrow_a sea_n where_o all_o ship_n which_o either_o go_v east_n or_o westward_n must_v pass_v by_o and_o have_v beside_o this_o a_o very_a deep_a coast_n and_o commodious_a harbour_n it_o lie_v most_o convenient_a for_o commerce_n and_o trade_n which_o the_o english_a carry_v on_o in_o most_o part_n of_o the_o world_n and_o the_o dutch_a hitherto_o have_v be_v the_o only_a obstacle_n that_o they_o be_v not_o become_v master_n of_o the_o whole_a trade_n of_o the_o world_n for_o it_o prove_v very_o disadvantageous_a to_o the_o english_a that_o they_o love_v to_o eat_v and_o drink_v well_o and_o that_o in_o great_a quantity_n and_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o love_n of_o ease_n they_o be_v â—ain_o to_o employ_v double_a the_o number_n of_o seaman_n in_o their_o ship_n of_o what_o the_o dutch_a do_v and_o beside_o this_o they_o will_v not_o be_v content_v with_o a_o small_a gain_n whereas_o the_o dutch_a live_v very_o spare_o do_v not_o refuse_v the_o penny_n and_o therefore_o be_v easy_a to_o be_v deal_v withal_o than_o the_o english_a they_o import_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o raw_a silk_n into_o england_n which_o be_v wrought_v in_o the_o country_n mighty_o increase_v their_o riches_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n they_o do_v with_o their_o woollen_a manufacture_n now_o whereas_o before_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n viii_o they_o use_v to_o transport_v most_o of_o their_o wool_n into_o the_o netherlands_o where_o it_o be_v wrought_v
two_o son_n charles_n and_o carolomannus_n who_o divide_v the_o kingdom_n betwixt_o they_o but_o carolomannus_n die_v quick_o after_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n fall_v to_o charles_n great_a this_o charles_n be_v just_o surname_v the_o great_a he_o have_v carry_v the_o french_a monarchy_n to_o the_o high_a pitch_n of_o its_o greatness_n none_o of_o his_o successor_n have_v be_v able_a to_o attain_v to_o the_o like_a though_o some_o of_o they_o have_v aim_v at_o it_o for_o have_v rout_v desiderius_n the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o lombard_n who_o endeavour_v to_o recover_v what_o be_v former_o take_v from_o aistulphus_n he_o conquer_v the_o kingdom_n and_o bring_v it_o under_o his_o subjection_n 774._o he_o also_o subdue_v germany_n have_v rout_v tassilo_n who_o have_v take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o bavaria_n he_o also_o wage_v war_n against_o the_o saxon_n for_o the_o space_n of_o 32_o year_n who_o he_o at_o last_o bring_v under_o his_o obedience_n oblige_v they_o to_o 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not_o for_o stay_v for_o their_o father_n death_n rebel_n but_o rebel_a against_o he_o and_o make_v he_o after_o he_o be_v desert_v by_o every_o body_n their_o prisoner_n the_o bishop_n who_o be_v by_o he_o keep_v under_o strict_a discipline_n after_o they_o have_v condemn_v he_o force_v he_o to_o resign_v the_o government_n 833._o but_o the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n quick_o repent_v restore_v he_o to_o his_o throne_n and_o he_o also_o pardon_v his_o son_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 840_o have_v before_o his_o death_n make_v a_o new_a division_n of_o the_o kingdom_n betwixt_o his_o son_n the_o effect_n of_o which_o appear_v soon_o after_o to_o the_o world_n when_o lotharius_n the_o elder_a brother_n who_o also_o have_v the_o title_n of_o emperor_n undertake_v to_o take_v from_o his_o brother_n their_o portion_n against_o who_o the_o two_o other_o brother_n lewis_n and_o charles_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n force_v he_o to_o divide_v the_o monarchy_n with_o they_o 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they_o come_v and_o the_o kingdom_n be_v weaken_v to_o that_o degree_n by_o the_o last_o bloody_a battle_n and_o its_o be_v divide_v into_o so_o many_o principality_n for_o the_o son_n of_o lotharius_n have_v also_o share_v their_o father_n province_n among_o themselves_o that_o it_o be_v not_o strong_a enough_o to_o chase_v out_o of_o its_o dominion_n these_o robber_n but_o be_v oblige_v 912._o under_o charles_n surname_v the_o simple_a to_o give_v into_o their_o possession_n the_o province_n of_o neustria_n which_o they_o call_v after_o their_o name_n normandy_n the_o son_n of_o lotharius_n die_v without_o issue_n charles_n the_o bald_a and_o the_o son_n of_o lewis_n share_v their_o part_n betwixt_o they_o out_o of_o which_o charles_n get_v provence_n at_o last_o charles_n obtain_v the_o title_n of_o emperor_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 877._o his_o son_n lewis_n surname_v balbus_n balbus_n succeed_v he_o who_o die_v soon_o after_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o his_o two_o son_n 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jew_n be_v banish_v out_o of_o france_n they_o have_v be_v accuse_v of_o poison_v the_o fountain_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1322._o he_o succeed_v the_o three_o brother_n charles_n iv._o iu._n surname_v the_o handsome_a under_o who_o reign_n all_o the_o italian_n and_o lombard_n who_o be_v usurer_n do_v exact_a upon_o the_o people_n be_v banish_v the_o kingdom_n a_o war_n also_o be_v begin_v in_o aquitain_n against_o the_o english_a but_o these_o difference_n be_v quick_o compose_v by_o the_o intercession_n of_o queen_n isabel_n sister_n of_o charles_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1328._o §_o 9_o after_o the_o death_n of_o this_o king_n valois_n france_n be_v for_o a_o great_a many_o year_n together_o tear_v in_o piece_n by_o very_o unfortunate_a and_o bloody_a war_n which_o have_v almost_o prove_v fatal_a to_o this_o kingdom_n ground_n for_o a_o contest_v arise_v about_o the_o succession_n betwixt_o philip_n of_o valois_n philip_n the_o handsom_n brother_n son_n and_o edward_z iii_o king_n of_o england_n the_o abovementioned_a philip_n the_o handsom_n daughter_n be_v son_n the_o former_a pretend_v a_o right_a by_o virtue_n of_o the_o salic_a law_n which_o exclude_v the_o female_n from_o the_o succession_n but_o the_o latter_a though_o he_o do_v not_o deny_v the_o salic_a law_n yet_o do_v he_o allege_v that_o this_o law_n do_v not_o bar_v from_o the_o succession_n the_o son_n bear_v of_o the_o king_n daughter_n and_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o he_o be_v near_a a_o kin_n to_o the_o decease_a king_n than_o philip_n neither_o can_v any_o precedent_n be_v bring_v where_o a_o son_n of_o the_o king_n daughter_n have_v be_v exclude_v from_o the_o succession_n to_o admit_v his_o brother_n son_n yet_o the_o estate_n of_o france_n declare_v for_o philip_n partly_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o robert_n earl_n of_o artois_n partly_o because_o they_o be_v unwilling_a to_o depend_v on_o england_n and_o though_o king_n edward_n do_v dissemble_v at_o first_o this_o affront_n and_o come_v in_o person_n to_o do_v homage_n to_o philip_n for_o his_o province_n which_o he_o be_v possess_v of_o in_o france_n yet_o not_o long_o after_o he_o begin_v to_o show_v his_o resentment_n the_o french_a have_v oblige_v he_o at_o the_o time_n when_o he_o perform_v the_o ceremony_n of_o homage_n to_o lay_v aside_o his_o crown_n sceptre_n and_o spur_n beside_o the_o state_n of_o england_n do_v persuade_v he_o not_o so_o easy_o to_o let_v fall_v his_o pretension_n and_o robert_n earl_n of_o artois_n be_v fall_v out_o with_o philip_n about_o some_o pretension_n concern_v the_o county_n of_o artois_n do_v stir_v up_o king_n edward_n to_o undertake_v a_o war_n against_o france_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n while_o philip_n have_v defeat_v the_o fleming_n who_o be_v rise_v in_o rebellion_n against_o that_o earl_n to_o that_o degree_n that_o of_o 16000_o man_n not_o one_o escape_v the_o sword_n england_n in_o the_o year_n 1336_o the_o english_a begin_v to_o make_v war_n against_o france_n which_o be_v carry_v on_o for_o some_o year_n with_o equal_a advantage_n on_o both_o side_n and_o be_v interrupt_v by_o several_a truce_n till_o at_o last_o edward_n land_v with_o a_o army_n in_o normandy_n and_o outbraving_a the_o french_a approach_v to_o the_o very_a gate_n of_o paris_n but_o edward_n make_v soon_o after_o his_o retreat_n through_o picardy_n towards_o flanders_n be_v overtake_v by_o philip_n near_o albeville_n crecy_n where_o a_o bloody_a battle_n be_v fight_v betwixt_o they_o the_o french_a force_n be_v extreme_o tire_v by_o a_o long_a march_n give_v the_o english_a a_o easy_a victory_n beside_o this_o some_o genoese_a foot_n retreat_v immediate_o their_o bow_n have_v be_v render_v useless_a by_o the_o rainy_a wether_n which_o the_o duke_n d'_fw-fr alenzon_n perceive_v and_o think_v it_o to_o have_v be_v do_v by_o treachery_n fall_v with_o a_o body_n of_o horse_n in_o among_o they_o which_o cause_v the_o first_o confusion_n the_o english_a also_o make_v use_n of_o four_o or_o five_o piece_n of_o great_a cannon_n against_o the_o french_a which_o be_v never_o see_v before_o in_o france_n cause_v a_o great_a terror_n in_o the_o french_a army_n several_a french_a lord_n also_o be_v not_o well_o satisfy_v with_o the_o king_n be_v glad_a to_o see_v he_o defeat_v this_o victory_n be_v the_o more_o remarkable_a because_o according_a to_o the_o french_a historian_n the_o english_a be_v not_o above_o 24000_o strong_a whereas_o the_o french_a be_v above_o 100000._o out_o of_o which_o number_n 30000_o foot_n soldier_n be_v slay_v and_o 1200_o horseman_n among_o who_o be_v the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n this_o king_n though_o he_o be_v blind_a yet_o charge_v the_o enemy_n on_o horseback_n betwixt_o two_o of_o his_o friend_n who_o have_v tie_v his_o horse_n to_o they_o and_o they_o be_v all_o three_o find_v dead_a together_o the_o next_o day_n
there_o be_v a_o great_a slaughter_n make_v among_o some_o french_a troop_n who_o not_o know_v what_o have_v pass_v the_o day_n before_o be_v on_o their_o march_n to_o join_v the_o french_a camp_n after_o this_o battle_n the_o english_a take_v calais_n calâ—is_n philip_n have_v in_o vain_a attempt_v its_o relief_n with_o 15000_o men._n this_o unfortunate_a king_n 1347._o however_o receive_v this_o one_o comfort_n that_o the_o dukedom_n of_o dauphine_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n by_o a_o gift_n of_o hubert_n the_o last_o duke_n france_n with_o condition_n that_o the_o elder_a son_n of_o the_o king_n of_o france_n shall_v bear_v the_o title_n of_o dauphin_n this_o hubert_n have_v conceive_v a_o mortal_a hatred_n against_o the_o then_o earl_n of_o savoy_n have_v before_o put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o france_n but_o when_o afterward_o by_o a_o unfortunate_a accident_n he_o kill_v his_o only_a son_n he_o retire_v into_o a_o monastery_n give_v to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n the_o possession_n of_o his_o country_n 1349._o this_o king_n philip_n also_o buy_v roussilion_n and_o montpelier_n and_o be_v the_o first_o who_o impose_v that_o so_o much_o abominate_v tax_n in_o france_n upon_o salt_n gabell_n call_v the_o gabell_n whereby_o the_o subject_n be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v for_o the_o sun_n and_o sea_n water_n at_o so_o dear_a a_o rate_n wherefore_o king_n edward_n use_v to_o call_v he_o in_o jest_n the_o author_n of_o the_o salic_a law_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1356._o §_o 10._o john_n his_o son_n and_o successor_n john_n be_v more_o unfortunate_a in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o english_a than_o his_o father_n english_a for_o the_o truce_n be_v expire_v the_o war_n begin_v afresh_o wherein_o prince_n edward_n make_v a_o inroad_n with_o 12000_o man_n out_o of_o aquitain_n destroy_v all_o roundabout_a he_o king_n john_n intend_v to_o cut_v off_o his_o retreat_n overtake_v he_o with_o all_o his_o force_n near_o maupertuis_n two_o league_n from_o poitiers_n poitiers_n the_o prince_n offer_v the_o king_n satisfaction_n for_o the_o damage_n sustain_v which_o he_o refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o attacked_a prince_n edward_n in_o his_o advantageous_a post_n he_o be_v surround_v with_o hedge_n and_o vineyard_n but_o the_o english_a by_o the_o help_n of_o their_o bow_n soon_o break_v through_o his_o vanguard_n and_o afterward_o the_o whole_a army_n which_o consist_v of_o 50000_o man_n put_v they_o in_o disorder_n kill_v upon_o the_o spot_n as_o it_o be_v relate_v by_o the_o french_a historian_n 6000_o french_a among_o who_o be_v 1200_o gentleman_n the_o king_n and_o his_o young_a son_n be_v both_o make_v prisoner_n the_o three_o elder_a have_v the_o good_a fortune_n to_o escape_v 1356._o during_o the_o father_n imprisonment_n charles_n the_o dauphin_n take_v upon_o he_o the_o administration_n of_o affair_n but_o the_o people_n which_o have_v be_v sore_o oppress_v hitherto_o be_v unwilling_a to_o obey_v it_o cause_v great_a disorder_n in_o the_o kingdom_n the_o peasant_n rise_v up_o against_o the_o nobility_n and_o the_o citizen_n of_o paris_n make_v heavy_a complaint_n the_o soldier_n for_o want_n of_o pay_v live_v at_o discretion_n and_o make_v a_o miserable_a havoc_n in_o the_o country_n charles_n of_o navarre_n add_v fuel_n to_o the_o fire_n in_o hope_n to_o make_v his_o own_o advantage_n by_o these_o troublesome_a time_n and_o do_v not_o stick_v to_o make_v pretension_n to_o the_o crown_n yet_o matter_n be_v compose_v with_o he_o at_o last_o and_o the_o estate_n of_o france_n refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o such_o condition_n as_o be_v propose_v by_o the_o english_a the_o king_n of_o england_n enter_v france_n with_o a_o great_a army_n and_o overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o yet_o can_v not_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o any_o fortify_v place_n then_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o bretigny_n a_o league_n from_o chartres_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o french_a be_v to_o surrender_v to_o the_o english_a beside_o what_o they_o be_v possess_v of_o before_o poictou_n xaintonge_n rochel_n pais_fw-fr d'aulnis_fw-la angoumois_n perigord_n limosin_n quercy_n agenois_n and_o bigorre_n with_o the_o sovereignty_n over_o they_o beside_o this_o calais_n and_o the_o county_n d'oye_n guisnes_n and_o ponthieu_n and_o three_o million_o of_o liver_n as_o a_o ransom_n for_o the_o king_n person_n this_o peace_n be_v very_o hard_o for_o france_n france_n and_o continue_v not_o long_o king_n john_n force_v by_o necessity_n be_v oblige_v to_o do_v another_o thing_n little_o become_v his_o grandeur_n for_o he_o sell_v his_o daughter_n to_o galeas_n viscount_n of_o milan_n 1360._o for_o 600000_o crown_n give_v she_o in_o marriage_n to_o the_o say_a viscount_n this_o king_n present_v his_o young_a son_n philip_n surname_v the_o hardy_a with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o burgundy_n it_o be_v vacant_a by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o last_o duke_n from_o this_o philip_n descend_v the_o famous_a duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o territory_n at_o last_o devolve_v to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n this_o king_n die_v in_o england_n whither_o he_o be_v go_v to_o make_v satisfaction_n for_o his_o son_n who_o be_v a_o hostage_n there_o have_v make_v his_o escape_n some_o say_v that_o he_o go_v to_o see_v a_o lady_n there_o with_o who_o he_o be_v much_o in_o love_n 1364._o §_o 11._o wise_a king_n john_n be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n charles_n v._o surname_v the_o wise_a who_o prudent_o make_v amends_o for_o the_o rashness_n of_o his_o grandfather_n and_o father_n never_o engage_v himself_o in_o battle_n with_o the_o english_a but_o by_o protract_v the_o war_n and_o secret_a intrigue_n endeavour_v to_o tire_v out_o their_o courage_n the_o disband_v soldier_n have_v mutineer_v and_o be_v become_v so_o insolent_a that_o no_o body_n dare_v oppose_v they_o these_o he_o send_v into_o spain_n where_o pieter_n surname_v the_o cruel_a and_o henry_n i._o fight_v for_o the_o crown_n of_o castille_n these_o force_n have_v put_v the_o pope_n in_o such_o a_o fear_n that_o in_o their_o march_n he_o present_v they_o with_o 200000_o liver_n and_o a_o good_a store_n of_o indulgence_n to_o divert_v they_o thereby_o form_v take_v their_o way_n near_o avignon_n prince_n edward_n also_o engage_v himself_o in_o this_o war_n but_o get_v nothing_o by_o it_o but_o a_o sickly_a body_n and_o great_a want_n of_o money_n wherefore_o he_o pretend_v to_o lay_v a_o tax_n upon_o his_o subject_n in_o guienne_n to_o pay_v off_o his_o soldier_n they_o complain_v thereof_o to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n who_o have_v well_o prepare_v himself_o and_o be_v inform_v that_o the_o prince_n languish_v under_o a_o mortal_a disease_n summon_v he_o to_o appear_v in_o paris_n pretend_v that_o the_o peace_n make_v at_o bretigny_n be_v of_o no_o force_n since_o the_o english_a have_v not_o perform_v the_o condition_n and_o have_v since_o that_o time_n commit_v hostility_n wherefore_o he_o insist_v upon_o his_o former_a right_n of_o sovereignty_n over_o aquitain_n and_o prince_n edward_n have_v send_v he_o a_o disdainful_a answer_n king_n charles_n denounce_v war_n against_o the_o english_a english_a a_o great_a many_o fast-day_n and_o procession_n be_v keep_v by_o the_o king_n order_n in_o france_n and_o the_o priest_n make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o represent_v the_o justice_n of_o the_o king_n cause_n and_o the_o injustice_n of_o the_o english_a to_o the_o people_n by_o this_o way_n he_o insinuate_v himself_o into_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o french_a that_o live_v under_o the_o english_a jurisdiction_n and_o persuade_v his_o own_o subject_n to_o be_v more_o free_a in_o pay_v their_o tax_n the_o archbishop_n of_o tholouse_n alone_o do_v by_o his_o cunning_a persuasion_n bring_v over_o to_o his_o party_n above_o fifty_o city_n and_o strong_a castle_n the_o constable_n bertrand_n du_fw-fr guesolin_n do_v also_o great_a mischief_n to_o the_o english_a with_o small_a party_n and_o worsted_n they_o not_o only_o in_o several_a rencounter_n but_o also_o beat_v they_o out_o of_o perigord_n and_o limosin_n but_o in_o guienne_n especial_o the_o english_a affair_n be_v in_o a_o bad_a condition_n after_o the_o spanish_a fleet_n which_o be_v send_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o french_a by_o henry_n king_n of_o castille_n have_v ruin_v the_o english_a near_o rochel_n after_o which_o exploit_n poitiers_n be_v take_v from_o they_o and_o rochel_n upon_o very_o advantageous_a condition_n surrender_v itself_o to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o king_n edward_n be_v detain_v by_o contrary_a wind_n not_o be_v able_a to_o bring_v over_o timely_a relief_n xaintonge_n angoumois_n and_o some_o other_o place_n follow_v the_o example_n of_o the_o former_a the_o english_a not_o long_o after_o with_o a_o army_n of_o 30000_o man_n march_v from_o calais_n across_o the_o country_n as_o far_o as_o guienne_n ravage_v and_o plunder_v by_o the_o way_n wherever_o they_o
come_v yet_o will_v charles_n never_o hazard_v a_o battle_n with_o they_o but_o content_v himself_o to_o annoy_v they_o with_o skirmish_n whereby_o he_o do_v they_o considerable_a mischief_n the_o pope_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n labour_v hard_o to_o make_v peace_n betwixt_o these_o two_o crown_n but_o king_n edward_n happen_v to_o die_v about_o that_o time_n advantage_n king_n charles_n take_v hold_v of_o this_o opportunity_n and_o attacking_z the_o english_a with_o five_o several_a army_n at_o one_o time_n take_v all_o from_o they_o but_o calais_n bourdeaux_n and_o bayonne_n in_o guienne_n and_o cherbury_n in_o normandy_n the_o english_a during_o the_o minority_n of_o their_o king_n be_v also_o pester_v with_o the_o plague_n and_o the_o war_n with_o the_o scot_n be_v not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o send_v sufficient_a relief_n yet_o this_o king_n miscarry_v in_o his_o enterprise_n against_o britainy_a in_o the_o year_n 1379_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iv._o come_v to_o visit_v he_o in_o paris_n where_o he_o constitute_v the_o dauphin_n a_o perpetual_a vicar_n of_o the_o empire_n in_o dauphine_n and_o ever_o since_o say_v the_o french_a the_o german_a emperor_n never_o do_v pretend_v to_o any_o thing_n in_o dauphine_n and_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o aâ—elat_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1380._o §_o 12._o vi._n now_o we_o be_v come_v to_o that_o most_o unfortunate_a reign_n of_o charles_n vi_o at_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o which_o one_o of_o the_o main_a occasion_n of_o mischief_n to_o france_n be_v that_o joan_n queen_n of_o naples_n stand_v in_o fear_n of_o charles_n de_fw-fr duraz_n do_v adopt_v lewis_n duke_n of_o anjou_n declare_v he_o heir_n of_o that_o kingdom_n the_o duke_n willing_o accept_v of_o her_o offer_n raise_v in_o her_o behalf_n a_o army_n of_o 30000_o horse_n have_v employ_v thereunto_o the_o treasure_n leave_v by_o charles_n v._n which_o he_o have_v get_v clandestine_o into_o his_o possession_n with_o this_o army_n be_v make_v himself_o master_n of_o provence_n which_o then_o belong_v to_o joan._n and_o though_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n charles_n de_fw-fr duraz_n have_v kill_v joan_n have_v make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o duke_n of_o anjou_n nevertheless_o pursue_v his_o intend_a expedition_n but_o be_v by_o continual_a march_n and_o the_o cunning_a of_o charles_n lead_v about_o and_o tire_v to_o that_o degree_n that_o he_o die_v in_o great_a misery_n very_o few_o of_o so_o great_a a_o army_n have_v have_v the_o good_a fortune_n to_o return_v into_o france_n 1384._o the_o people_n also_o be_v general_o much_o dissatisfy_v at_o the_o beginning_n because_o those_o who_o have_v the_o tuition_n of_o the_o king_n to_o curry-favour_n with_o the_o people_n have_v promise_v a_o abatement_n of_o the_o heavy_a tax_n but_o the_o same_o be_v not_o long_o after_o again_o introduce_v augment_v and_o devour_v by_o the_o courtier_n great_a trouble_n and_o insurrection_n arise_v both_o in_o paris_n and_o other_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o fleming_n have_v carry_v themselves_o insolent_o towards_o their_o lord_n who_o call_v to_o his_o assistance_n the_o french_a they_o kill_v 40000_o fleming_n together_o with_o their_o general_n arteville_n the_o general_a dissatisfaction_n of_o the_o people_n be_v much_o increase_v afterward_o 1382._o when_o a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n be_v employ_v upon_o a_o expedition_n against_o england_n which_o prove_v fruitless_a both_o the_o money_n and_o man_n be_v lose_v milanâ—_n lewis_n duke_n of_o orleans_n brother_n of_o this_o king_n charles_n marry_v valentina_n the_o daughter_n of_o john_n gaâ—â—acius_n viscount_n of_o milan_n with_o this_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v receive_v immediate_o as_o a_o dowry_n not_o only_o a_o great_a treasure_n of_o money_n and_o jewel_n but_o also_o the_o county_n of_o ast_n and_o in_o case_n her_o father_n shall_v die_v without_o issue_n the_o whole_a country_n shall_v be_v devolve_v on_o valentina_n and_o her_o child_n which_o contract_n have_v not_o only_o furnish_v france_n with_o a_o pretention_n to_o milan_n but_o also_o have_v be_v the_o occasion_n of_o great_a calamity_n after_o this_o another_o misfortune_n happen_v to_o france_n for_o the_o king_n who_o brain_n be_v mighty_o weaken_v by_o debauchery_n in_o his_o young_a year_n 〈…〉_z as_o he_o be_v travel_v in_o britainy_a fall_v upon_o a_o sudden_a distraction_n cause_v partly_o by_o the_o great_a heat_n which_o be_v then_o in_o the_o month_n of_o august_n partly_o because_o as_o it_o be_v report_v a_o tall_a black_a man_n appear_v to_o he_o who_o stop_v his_o horse_n by_o the_o bridle_n say_v stop_v king_n whither_o will_v you_o go_v you_o be_v betray_v soon_o after_o a_o page_n be_v fall_v asleep_o let_v the_o point_n of_o his_o lance_n drop_n upon_o the_o headpiece_n of_o he_o who_o ride_v just_a before_o the_o king_n which_o the_o king_n be_v extreme_o surprise_v at_o interpret_v it_o as_o direct_v against_o he_o and_o though_o this_o madness_n do_v cease_v afterward_o yet_o be_v his_o understanding_n much_o impair_v and_o the_o fit_n will_v return_v by_o interval_n this_o unhappy_a accident_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o that_o fatal_a contest_v concern_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o the_o king_n be_v incapable_a of_o betwixt_o lewis_n duke_n of_o orleans_n the_o king_n brother_n and_o philip_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n his_o uncle_n the_o first_o claim_v it_o on_o the_o account_n of_o proximity_n of_o blood_n the_o latter_a on_o account_n of_o his_o age_n and_o experience_n the_o latter_a be_v most_o approve_v of_o by_o the_o estate_n who_o declare_v he_o regent_n yet_o the_o duke_n of_o orleans_n by_o make_v new_a intrigue_n still_o endeavour_v to_o make_v himself_o the_o head_n of_o the_o kingdam_n which_o cause_v pernicious_a faction_n in_o the_o court._n and_o though_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n die_v 1404._o his_o son_n john_n pursue_v his_o father_n pretension_n the_o hatred_n so_o increase_v betwixt_o both_o party_n that_o notwithstanding_o the_o reconciliation_n make_v betwixt_o they_o 1407._o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n cause_v the_o duke_n of_o orleans_n to_o be_v murder_v by_o some_o ruffian_n at_o night_n in_o the_o street_n of_o paris_n and_o though_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n after_o have_v make_v away_o his_o rival_n and_o force_v a_o pardon_n from_o the_o king_n be_v now_o the_o only_a man_n in_o the_o court_n yet_o be_v the_o animosity_n betwixt_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n and_o the_o son_n of_o the_o murder_a duke_n of_o orleans_n not_o extinguish_v thereby_o which_o divide_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n into_o two_o faction_n one_o side_v with_o the_o burgundian_n the_o other_o with_o the_o family_n of_o orleans_n and_o occasion_v barbarous_a murder_n devastation_n and_o such_o other_o calamity_n which_o be_v the_o common_a product_n of_o civil_a commotion_n at_o last_o the_o burgundian_n faction_n be_v bring_v very_o low_a by_o the_o 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english_a be_v extreme_o tire_v can_v not_o pursue_v the_o victory_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o invasion_n make_v by_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n do_v in_o no_o way_n diminish_v the_o intestine_a division_n but_o rather_o augment_v they_o for_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n perceive_v his_o party_n in_o france_n to_o decline_v begin_v to_o favour_v the_o english_a who_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v land_v again_o in_o normandy_n and_o have_v great_a success_n at_o last_o the_o queen_n who_o have_v hitherto_o have_v a_o share_n in_o the_o government_n add_v fuel_n to_o the_o fire_n for_o the_o constable_n d'_fw-fr armagnac_n have_v now_o the_o sole_a administration_n of_o affair_n and_o be_v only_o balance_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o queen_n take_v a_o opportunity_n by_o the_o free_a conversation_n of_o the_o queen_n to_o put_v such_o a_o jealousy_n in_o the_o king_n head_n that_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o charles_n the_o dauphin_n she_o be_v banish_v the_o court._n
which_o so_o incense_v the_o queen_n that_o she_o have_v conceive_v a_o implacable_a hatred_n against_o her_o son_n side_v with_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o party_n be_v thereby_o great_o strengthen_v thus_o commence_v the_o intestine_a war_n wherein_o both_o party_n be_v so_o exasperate_v against_o one_o another_o that_o they_o have_v little_a regard_n to_o the_o great_a success_n of_o the_o english_a who_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n conquer_v all_o normandy_n and_o rouen_n itself_o 1419._o the_o dauphin_n intend_v at_o one_o blow_n to_o root_v out_o the_o evil_a of_o these_o intestine_a commotion_n cunning_o invite_v the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n to_o come_v to_o a_o agreement_n with_o he_o assassinate_v when_o at_o their_o second_o meeting_n at_o monterau_n he_o cause_v he_o to_o be_v kill_v but_o this_o stroke_n have_v a_o quite_o contrary_a effect_n for_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o nation_n abominate_v the_o fact_n and_o the_o queen_n take_v from_o hence_o a_o opportunity_n total_o to_o ruin_v her_o son_n and_o to_o exclude_v he_o from_o the_o succession_n wherefore_o enter_v into_o a_o league_n with_o the_o murder_a duke_n son_n philip_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o henry_n v._o king_n of_o england_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o he_o be_v to_o marry_v catharine_n the_o daughter_n of_o charles_n vi_o and_o during_o his_o life_n to_o be_v regent_n of_o france_n and_o after_o his_o death_n to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o full_a possession_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n that_o both_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n and_o england_n shall_v be_v unite_v yet_o that_o each_o kingdom_n shall_v be_v rule_v according_a to_o its_o own_o law_n beside_o this_o a_o sentence_n be_v pronounce_v against_o the_o dauphin_n in_o paris_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o murder_n commit_v by_o he_o upon_o the_o duke_n of_o bargundy_n he_o be_v declare_v incapable_a of_o the_o crown_n and_o that_o he_o for_o ever_o shall_v be_v banish_v the_o kingdom_n he_o 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father_n death_n to_o be_v proclaim_v king_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o brave_a among_o the_o french_a nevertheless_o his_o affair_n at_o the_o beginning_n be_v under_o very_o ill_a circumstance_n for_o the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n who_o be_v constitute_v regent_n in_o france_n have_v cause_v young_a henry_n vi_o of_o england_n to_o be_v proclaim_v king_n of_o france_n in_o paris_n france_n in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n and_o britainy_a try_v all_o way_n to_o expel_v he_o quite_o out_o of_o france_n his_o force_n be_v several_a time_n miserable_o beat_v by_o the_o english_a the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o city_n abandon_v he_o so_o that_o the_o english_a use_v to_o call_v he_o in_o derision_n the_o king_n of_o bourge_n because_o he_o use_v common_o to_o reside_v there_o he_o be_v at_o last_o become_v so_o poor_a that_o he_o rare_o can_v dine_v in_o public_a and_o it_o be_v observe_v that_o one_o time_n he_o have_v nothing_o for_o his_o dinner_n but_o a_o piece_n of_o roast_a mutton_n and_o a_o couple_n of_o fowl_n beside_o this_o most_o of_o the_o great_a man_n about_o he_o be_v dissatisfy_v with_o the_o ambitious_a proceed_n of_o the_o constable_n richmond_n have_v leave_v the_o court_n and_o be_v drive_v on_o their_o own_o intrigue_n leave_v the_o only_a comfort_n leave_v to_o charles_n be_v that_o there_o be_v a_o misunderstanding_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n else_o if_o they_o have_v with_o their_o joint_a force_n vigorous_o attack_v charles_n he_o in_o all_o probability_n can_v not_o have_v hold_v out_o long_o against_o they_o the_o occasion_n happen_v thus_o jaqueline_n countess_n of_o hennegau_n holland_n zealand_n and_o friesland_n be_v divorce_v from_o her_o husband_n john_n duke_n of_o brabant_n a_o cousin_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n be_v marry_v again_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n brother_n of_o henry_n v._o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n take_v his_o cousin_n part_n it_o cause_v great_a heartburning_a betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n endeavour_v to_o appease_v they_o yet_o do_v the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n from_o that_o time_n entertain_v a_o grudge_n against_o the_o english_a which_o increase_v afterward_o when_o the_o english_a refuse_v to_o put_v the_o city_n of_o orleans_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n this_o city_n be_v besiege_v by_o the_o english_a be_v reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n the_o french_a which_o attack_v a_o convoy_n which_o be_v go_v to_o the_o english_a camp_n have_v be_v entire_o beat_v which_o engagement_n be_v call_v la_fw-fr journée_fw-fr des_fw-fr haranes_n or_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o herring_n charles_n affair_n be_v then_o become_v so_o desperate_a that_o he_o have_v resolve_v to_o retire_v into_o dauphine_n when_o upon_o a_o sudden_a a_o unlooked_a for_o help_n be_v send_v he_o for_o a_o country_n maid_n bear_v in_o lorraine_n orleans_n who_o name_n be_v joan_n do_v pretend_v that_o she_o be_v send_v from_o god_n to_o relieve_v orleans_n and_o to_o see_v the_o king_n crown_v at_o rheims_n both_o which_o she_o effect_v strike_v thereby_o great_a terror_n into_o the_o english_a whereas_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o french_a be_v great_o encourage_v by_o this_o success_n see_v their_o affair_n from_o henceforward_o mend_v every_o day_n but_o this_o poor_a wench_n follow_v the_o war_n long_o as_o it_o seem_v than_o she_o have_v in_o commission_n be_v take_v prisoner_n make_v a_o sally_n out_o of_o compeigne_n and_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o english_a 1431._o be_v with_o great_a dishonour_n burn_v as_o a_o witch_n at_o rouen_n france_n the_o english_a perceive_v their_o affair_n not_o to_o go_v so_o forward_o as_o former_o resolve_v to_o give_v they_o new_a life_n and_o vigour_n by_o bring_v over_o the_o young_a king_n henry_n and_o have_v he_o crown_v in_o paris_n and_o to_o keep_v fair_a with_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n they_o give_v he_o the_o county_n of_o brie_n and_o champagne_n yet_o all_o this_o prove_v insufficient_a the_o war_n therefore_o have_v be_v thus_o carry_v on_o for_o several_a year_n only_o with_o light_a skirmish_n both_o party_n be_v tire_v out_o a_o treaty_n be_v at_o last_o propose_v by_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n at_o arras_n but_o the_o english_a rigorous_o insist_v upon_o their_o pretension_n which_o be_v very_o hard_o they_o be_v desert_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o make_v a_o separate_a peace_n with_o charles_n upon_o very_o advantageous_a condition_n there_o befall_v also_o the_o english_a another_o misfortune_n by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n 1435._o who_o hitherto_o have_v administer_v the_o affair_n in_o france_n with_o great_a prudence_n after_o this_o the_o city_n of_o france_n surrender_v themselves_o one_o after_o another_o to_o charles_n among_o which_o be_v paris_n which_o submit_v itself_o to_o its_o natural_a lord_n 1436._o but_o because_o the_o english_a have_v make_v miserable_a havoc_n throughout_o france_n and_o the_o french_a soldier_n themselves_o be_v ill_o pay_v have_v commit_v great_a depredation_n without_o any_o order_n or_o discipline_n a_o great_a famine_n ensue_v and_o afterward_o a_o great_a plague_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o the_o wolf_n do_v snatch_v the_o child_n out_o of_o the_o street_n of_o the_o suburb_n of_o st._n anthony_n in_o paris_n the_o war_n have_v be_v thus_o protract_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n a_o truce_n be_v conclude_v for_o some_o year_n the_o king_n to_o be_v rid_v of_o the_o soldier_n send_v they_o into_o alsace_n under_o pretence_n to_o disturb_v the_o council_n at_o basil_n they_o kill_v at_o once_o 4000_o swiss_n but_o have_v lose_v double_a the_o number_n soon_o after_o return_v home_o again_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o english_a be_v degenerate_v from_o their_o former_a valour_n their_o
force_v to_o fly_v into_o italy_n 1524._o notwithstanding_o the_o english_a have_v make_v a_o inroad_n into_o picardy_n francis_n send_v again_o a_o army_n into_o the_o milaneze_n under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o admiral_n bonnivet_n which_o be_v beat_v back_o with_o considerable_a loss_n by_o the_o duke_n of_o bourbon_n this_o bonnivet_n persuade_v the_o king_n to_o go_v in_o person_n into_o italy_n with_o this_o prospect_n that_o if_o thing_n succeed_v well_o he_o shall_v have_v the_o glory_n of_o have_v be_v the_o adviser_n but_o if_o they_o succeed_v ill_a the_o misfortune_n will_v be_v cover_v by_o the_o king_n person_n francis_n therefore_o go_v with_o a_o good_a resolution_n into_o italy_n because_o he_o see_v the_o duke_n of_o bourbon_n who_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n have_v enter_v provence_n have_v besiege_v marseilles_n do_v retreat_n before_o he_o and_o have_v lay_v siege_n to_o pavia_n he_o for_o two_o month_n together_o harass_v his_o army_n in_o that_o siege_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o imperialist_n draw_v their_o force_n together_o and_o march_v against_o he_o who_o be_v encamp_v in_o the_o park_n with_o a_o intention_n either_o to_o sight_v he_o prisoner_n or_o to_o relieve_v pavia_n francis_n engage_v with_o they_o in_o a_o battle_n but_o be_v defeat_v and_o take_v prisoner_n and_o thus_o the_o french_a be_v again_o drive_v out_o of_o italy_n francis_n be_v carry_v into_o spain_n and_o keep_v very_o hardly_o 1525._o so_o that_o he_o fall_v sick_a for_o grief_n which_o hasten_v his_o liberty_n it_o be_v fear_v that_o he_o may_v die_v through_o vexation_n beside_o that_o england_n and_o the_o italian_a prince_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n to_o hinder_v the_o grow_a power_n of_o charles_n the_o condition_n upon_o which_o he_o obtain_v his_o liberty_n we_o have_v touch_v upon_o in_o another_o place_n but_o beside_o this_o francis_n give_v his_o parole_n of_o honour_n if_o the_o say_a condition_n be_v not_o fulfil_v that_o he_o will_v return_v a_o prisoner_n perform_v but_o the_o wise_a sort_n do_v sufficient_o foresee_v that_o francis_n will_v not_o perform_v the_o agreement_n wherefore_o gattinata_n the_o chancellor_n refuse_v to_o sign_v the_o treaty_n allege_v that_o charles_n can_v get_v nothing_o else_o by_o this_o treaty_n but_o the_o implacable_a hatred_n of_o the_o french_a and_o to_o be_v ridicule_v by_o every_o body_n that_o he_o have_v be_v bubble_v and_o disappoint_v in_o his_o covetous_a design_n and_o francis_n have_v obtain_v his_o liberty_n after_o thirteen_o month_n imprisonment_n pretend_a that_o what_o have_v be_v do_v be_v do_v in_o prison_n and_o contrary_a to_o his_o coronation_n oath_n which_o he_o have_v take_v at_o rheims_n that_o the_o kingdom_n be_v not_o in_o his_o disposal_n he_o have_v only_o the_o use_n of_o the_o same_o for_o life_n the_o same_o be_v allege_v by_o the_o estate_n and_o especial_o by_o the_o burgundian_n who_o will_v in_o no_o way_n consent_n to_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n if_o charles_n be_v so_o much_o for_o have_v burgundy_n he_o ought_v to_o have_v take_v care_n to_o have_v be_v put_v into_o possession_n of_o the_o same_o before_o he_o set_v francis_n at_o liberty_n as_o soon_o as_o francis_n have_v get_v his_o liberty_n he_o make_v it_o his_o first_o business_n to_o renew_v the_o league_n with_o england_n and_o the_o italian_a state_n emperor_n and_o the_o new_a treaty_n have_v prove_v fruitless_a which_o be_v set_v on_o foot_n with_o the_o emperor_n both_o king_n denounce_v war_n against_o he_o charles_n afterward_o accuse_v francis_n of_o not_o have_v keep_v his_o parole_n the_o latter_a give_v the_o first_o the_o lie_n send_v he_o also_o a_o challenge_n which_o matter_n be_v look_v upon_o by_o the_o world_n as_o very_o unbecoming_a the_o grandeur_n of_o such_o prince_n italy_n francis_n send_v after_o this_o a_o army_n into_o italy_n under_o the_o command_n of_o odet_n de_fw-fr foix_n lautree_n which_o have_v make_v considerable_a progress_v in_o the_o milaneze_n enter_v the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n and_o have_v take_v a_o great_a many_o place_n there_o lay_v siege_n before_o the_o capital_a city_n itself_o but_o the_o french_a affair_n receive_v the_o first_o shock_n there_o when_o andrew_n doria_n the_o admiral_n leave_v the_o french_a side_n go_v over_o to_o the_o emperor_n he_o be_v dissatisfy_v that_o the_o king_n have_v refuse_v to_o confer_v upon_o he_o the_o government_n of_o his_o native_a city_n genova_n and_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o genovese_n savona_n this_o doria_n be_v deserve_o praise_v for_o that_o when_o he_o may_v have_v be_v lord_n of_o his_o native_a country_n he_o choose_v rather_o to_o procure_v its_o liberty_n which_o it_o enjoy_v to_o this_o day_n but_o doria_n leave_v the_o french_a side_n be_v the_o occasion_n that_o the_o city_n of_o naples_n can_v not_o be_v cut_v off_o of_o their_o communication_n by_o sea_n and_o the_o plague_n begin_v to_o reign_v in_o the_o army_n during_o this_o long_a siege_n which_o devour_v the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o and_o the_o general_n himself_o the_o remnant_n of_o the_o army_n be_v miserable_o treat_v the_o officer_n be_v make_v prisoner_n and_o the_o common_a soldier_n disarm_v the_o french_a be_v also_o oblige_v to_o quit_v milan_n and_o genova_n at_o last_o the_o emperor_n have_v obtain_v his_o aim_n and_o francis_n be_v very_o desirous_a to_o see_v his_o child_n at_o liberty_n again_o cambray_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o they_o at_o cambray_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o 1529._o francis_n pay_v two_o million_o of_o ducat_n as_o a_o ransom_n for_o his_o son_n and_o renounce_v the_o sovereignty_n over_o flanders_n artois_n milan_n and_o naples_n and_o this_o be_v all_o the_o benefit_n which_o this_o king_n and_o his_o predecessor_n have_v reap_v from_o the_o italian_a war_n 1535._o nevertheless_o some_o year_n after_o afresh_o the_o war_n begin_v afresh_o at_o which_o time_n francis_n find_v a_o new_a way_n to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o milaneze_n by_o first_o secure_v to_o himself_o the_o dukedom_n of_o savoy_n wherefore_o he_o make_v pretension_n upon_o charles_n duke_n of_o savoy_n concern_v the_o inheritance_n of_o his_o mother_n descend_v out_o of_o the_o house_n of_o savoy_n and_o for_o some_o other_o reason_n he_o fall_v upon_o he_o and_o take_v most_o of_o his_o strong_a hold_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n die_v francis_n sforza_n duke_n of_o milan_n wherefore_o the_o emperor_n be_v resolve_v to_o annex_v this_o country_n to_o his_o house_n but_o francis_n can_v by_o no_o mean_n digest_v the_o loss_n of_o it_o charles_n therefore_o enter_v provence_n in_o person_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 40000_o foot_n and_o 16000_o horse_n ransack_v aix_n and_o besiege_v marseilles_n which_o however_o he_o can_v not_o take_v his_o army_n be_v in_o a_o month_n time_n great_o diminish_v by_o sickness_n a_o army_n of_o 30000_o man_n also_o enter_v picardy_n from_o the_o netherlands_o which_o take_v guise_n but_o be_v beat_v from_o before_o peronne_n yet_o afterward_o take_v st._n pol_n and_o monstrevil_n francis_n summon_v the_o emperor_n before_o he_o as_o his_o vassal_n concern_v flanders_n and_o artois_n allege_v that_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o these_o province_n be_v inseparable_a from_o the_o crown_n and_o make_v a_o alliance_n with_o the_o turk_n the_o first_o seem_v to_o be_v very_o ridiculous_a to_o most_o people_n the_o last_o very_o unbecoming_a a_o christian_a prince_n the_o french_a however_o reply_v that_o this_o alliance_n be_v eager_o seek_v for_o by_o the_o emperor_n himself_o at_o last_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n year_n the_o truce_n which_o be_v the_o year_n before_o make_v at_o nissa_n in_o provence_n be_v prolong_v for_o nine_o year_n and_o these_o two_o great_a rival_n give_v afterward_o one_o another_o a_o visit_n at_o aigues_n mortes_n and_o when_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o city_n of_o ghent_n rebel_v charles_n have_v such_o a_o confidence_n in_o francis_n that_o he_o take_v his_o journey_n through_o france_n though_o charles_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o have_v cunning_o give_v francis_n some_o hope_n of_o the_o recovery_n of_o milan_n which_o however_o afterward_o he_o will_v not_o acknowledge_v because_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o constable_n montmorency_n the_o king_n have_v not_o take_v from_o he_o any_o security_n under_o his_o hand_n during_o his_o stay_n in_o paris_n which_o some_o allege_v to_o be_v one_o reason_n why_o montmorency_n afterward_o fall_v into_o disgrace_n but_o the_o truce_n be_v break_v again_o truce_n under_o pretence_n that_o the_o governor_n of_o milan_n have_v cause_v to_o be_v kill_v caesar_n fregosus_n and_o anthony_n rinco_n the_o ambassador_n of_o francis_n 1542._o as_o they_o be_v go_v along_o the_o river_n po_n in_o their_o way_n to_o venice_n the_o first_o of_o who_o be_v to_o have_v go_v
from_o thence_o to_o constantinople_n francis_n think_v to_o have_v meet_v now_o with_o a_o fair_a opportunity_n because_o charles_n have_v suffer_v a_o considerable_a loss_n before_o algiers_n he_o therefore_o attack_v the_o emperor_n with_o five_o several_a army_n at_o once_o but_o the_o strong_a of_o all_o which_o lie_v before_o perpignan_n do_v nothing_o the_o second_o take_v some_o place_n in_o the_o country_n of_o luxemburgh_n the_o emperor_n solyman_n also_o make_v a_o great_a diversion_n in_o hungary_n take_v grand_fw-mi and_o some_o other_o place_n the_o great_a pirate_n barbarossa_n arrive_v in_o prevence_n with_o his_o fleet_n but_o do_v more_o mischief_n than_o good_a to_o france_n but_o charles_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n make_v a_o alliance_n with_o henry_n viii_o who_o be_v dissatisfy_v with_o francis_n because_o he_o have_v take_v part_n with_o the_o scot_n and_o will_v not_o renounce_v his_o obedience_n to_o the_o pope_n he_o after_o he_o have_v beat_v the_o duke_n of_o cleves_n who_o depend_v on_o the_o french_a besiege_a landrecy_n with_o a_o great_a army_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o french_a have_v obtain_v a_o most_o signal_n victory_n over_o the_o imperial_a force_n near_o cerisolles_n in_o piedmont_n but_o the_o king_n can_v not_o prosecute_v his_o victory_n be_v oblige_v to_o recall_v his_o troop_n because_o the_o emperor_n and_o henry_n king_n of_o england_n have_v make_v a_o agreement_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 80000_o foot_n and_o 22000_o horse_n to_o fall_v into_o france_n the_o first_o by_o the_o way_n of_o champagne_n the_o second_o by_o the_o way_n of_o picardy_n to_o join_v their_o force_n near_o paris_n to_o ransack_v the_o city_n and_o all_o the_o adjacent_a country_n as_o far_o as_o to_o the_o river_n loire_n the_o emperor_n take_v by_o the_o way_n luxemburgh_n lay_v six_o week_n before_o disier_n get_v abundance_n of_o provision_n in_o espernay_n and_o chasteau_n thierry_n which_o put_v the_o whole_a city_n of_o paris_n into_o a_o great_a consternation_n and_o no_o small_a danger_n seem_v to_o threaten_v that_o city_n if_o king_n henry_n have_v join_v his_o force_n in_o time_n according_a to_o his_o promise_n but_o he_o lose_v his_o time_n in_o the_o sieges_n of_o boulogne_n and_o monstrevil_n 1544._o charles_n hearken_v to_o a_o peace_n which_o be_v conclude_v at_o crespy_n by_o virtue_n of_o this_o peace_n all_o the_o place_n be_v restore_v and_o the_o emperor_n promise_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o orleans_n the_o second_o son_n of_o the_o king_n either_o he_o or_o his_o brother_n daughter_n in_o marriage_n and_o to_o give_v for_o her_o dowry_n either_o milan_n or_o the_o netherlands_o which_o be_v not_o perform_v because_o the_o say_a duke_n die_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v 1546._o francis_n also_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o england_n under_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v have_v liberty_n to_o redeem_v boulogne_n for_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1547._o §_o 18._o ii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n henry_n ii_o to_o who_o fall_v the_o marquisate_n of_o saluzze_n 1548._o as_o a_o fief_n of_o dauphine_n the_o last_o marquis_n gabriel_n die_v without_o issue_n 1549._o he_o severe_o chastise_v the_o city_n of_o bourdeaux_n which_o have_v rebel_v against_o he_o 1550._o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v he_o redeem_v boulogne_n for_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n from_o the_o english_a in_o the_o year_n 1551_o the_o emperor_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o the_o german_a prince_n be_v very_o jealous_a of_o his_o greatness_n henry_n think_v to_o have_v meet_v with_o a_o fit_a opportunity_n to_o break_v with_o he_o he_o begin_v therefore_o in_o the_o netherlands_o and_o piedmont_n and_o have_v make_v a_o alliance_n with_o maurice_n elector_n of_o saxony_n 1552._o he_o march_v with_o his_o army_n towards_o the_o rhine_n and_o surprise_v by_o the_o way_n the_o city_n of_o metz_n toul_n and_o verdun_n and_o will_v have_v do_v the_o same_o with_o strasbourgh_n if_o they_o have_v not_o be_v upon_o their_o guard_n there_o but_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n have_v make_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n without_o include_v the_o king_n and_o some_o prince_n entreat_v he_o not_o to_o advance_v far_o into_o the_o empire_n he_o march_v back_o into_o the_o country_n of_o luxembourgh_n where_o he_o take_v some_o place_n the_o emperor_n then_o besiege_v metz_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 100000_o man_n but_o the_o duke_n of_o guise_n defend_v himself_o so_o brave_o that_o the_o emperor_n be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n with_o great_a loss_n to_o revenge_v this_o affront_n he_o attack_v terouëne_v in_o artois_n with_o great_a fury_n and_o raze_v to_o the_o ground_n this_o fortress_n which_o have_v prove_v hitherto_o so_o troublesome_a to_o the_o netherlands_o the_o same_o he_o do_v to_o hesdin_n both_o the_o garrison_n be_v put_v to_o the_o sword_n on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o french_a take_v sienna_n in_o italy_n and_o several_a place_n in_o the_o island_n of_o corsica_n 1555._o but_o be_v again_o beat_v out_o of_o sienna_n after_o they_o have_v be_v maul_v near_o marciano_n ii_o in_o the_o year_n 1556_o a_o truce_n be_v conclude_v at_o vaucelles_n near_o cambray_n the_o emperor_n be_v desirous_a to_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o his_o son_n to_o who_o he_o have_v surrender_v the_o same_o in_o peace_n but_o the_o truce_n be_v scarce_o confirm_v by_o oath_n when_o the_o french_a upon_o the_o instigation_n of_o pope_n paul_n iv._o break_v the_o same_o again_o who_o have_v some_o difference_n with_o spain_n persuade_v henry_n to_o take_v his_o part_n the_o duke_n of_o guise_n be_v therefore_o send_v into_o italy_n with_o a_o army_n but_o do_v nothing_o worth_a mention_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n king_n philip_n have_v gather_v a_o army_n of_o 50000_o man_n hope_v thereby_o to_o establish_v his_o reputation_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n and_o have_v also_o draw_v england_n into_o the_o war_n he_o besiege_v st._n quintin_n into_o which_o place_n the_o admiral_n gaspar_n coligny_n have_v throw_v himself_o the_o constable_n montmorency_n advance_v with_o a_o army_n to_o the_o relief_n of_o the_o place_n but_o retreat_v again_o in_o sight_n of_o the_o enemy_n they_o fall_v upon_o he_o and_o give_v he_o a_o terrible_a defeat_n 1557._o france_n have_v be_v then_o in_o the_o utmost_a danger_n if_o this_o victorious_a army_n have_v march_v direct_o towards_o paris_n and_o if_o the_o enemy_n design_n upon_o lion_n have_v not_o miscarry_v but_o king_n philip_n fear_v lest_o the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n who_o command_v his_o army_n may_v take_v this_o opportunity_n to_o reconcile_v himself_o to_o france_n upon_o some_o advantageous_a condition_n wherefore_o he_o will_v not_o let_v he_o march_v on_o far_o into_o the_o country_n but_o take_v st._n quintin_n by_o storm_n and_o lose_v his_o time_n in_o the_o take_n of_o han_n chastelet_n and_o noyon_n this_o give_v leisure_n to_o the_o french_a to_o recollect_v themselves_o and_o have_v recall_v the_o duke_n of_o guise_n out_o of_o italy_n they_o retake_v calais_n and_o those_o few_o other_o place_n which_o remain_v under_o the_o english_a thereabouts_o as_o likewise_o thionville_n in_o the_o year_n 1559._o misscarry_v in_o the_o same_o year_n a_o project_n be_v set_v on_o foot_n to_o unite_v the_o kingdom_n of_o scotland_n with_o france_n by_o a_o marriage_n betwixt_o queen_n mary_n and_o the_o dauphine_n francis_n but_o the_o same_o miscarry_v no_o child_n be_v bear_v of_o they_o the_o marshal_n de_fw-fr fermes_n who_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o flanders_n be_v sound_o beat_v near_o gravelingen_n at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o chasteau_fw-fr en_fw-fr cambresis_n which_o prove_v very_o pernicious_a for_o france_n because_o for_o the_o castle_n of_o cambray_n the_o city_n of_o han_n chastelet_n and_o st._n quintin_n there_o be_v not_o only_o 198_o place_n redeliver_v to_o spain_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n restore_v but_o also_o this_o peace_n be_v partly_o the_o occasion_n of_o those_o intestine_a war_n which_o afterward_o miserable_o tear_v in_o piece_n the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n it_o be_v also_o resolve_v in_o france_n not_o to_o intermeddle_v any_o more_o in_o the_o italian_a affair_n and_o to_o dissolve_v the_o alliance_n with_o the_o turk_n after_o this_o peace_n be_v conclude_v henry_n be_v kill_v in_o a_o tournament_n a_o splinter_n of_o a_o break_a lance_n have_v get_v into_o his_o eye_n for_o the_o king_n have_v challenge_v the_o earl_n of_o montgomery_n to_o run_v against_o he_o with_o a_o open_a vizier_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v wound_v he_o lose_v both_o his_o sense_n and_o speech_n and_o die_v within_o eleven_o day_n by_o this_o accident_n the_o wedding_n which_o he_o celebrate_v for_o his_o sister_n margaret_n which_o be_v marry_v to_o chilibert_n
give_v they_o for_o their_o security_n but_o immediate_o war._n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o five_o war_n commence_v at_o which_o time_n also_o a_o three_o faction_n arise_v in_o france_n which_o be_v call_v that_o of_o the_o politician_n they_o pretend_v without_o have_v any_o regard_n to_o the_o religious_a difference_n to_o seek_v the_o public_a welfare_n to_o have_v the_o queen_n remove_v from_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n and_o the_o italian_n and_o those_o of_o guise_n to_o be_v banish_v the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n the_o head_n of_o this_o faction_n be_v those_o of_o the_o house_n of_o montmorency_n who_o intend_v during_o these_o trouble_n to_o play_v their_o own_o game_n these_o be_v afterward_o very_o instrumental_a in_o help_a henry_n iv._o to_o the_o crown_n during_o these_o trouble_n charles_n ix_o die_v leave_v no_o legitimate_a issue_n behind_o he_o §_o 21._o iii_o after_o the_o death_n of_o charles_n ix_o the_o crown_n fall_v to_o henry_n 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war_n by_o the_o take_n of_o rochel_n besiege_v it_o so_o close_a both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n that_o the_o english_a who_o have_v have_v very_o ill_a success_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o rhée_n where_o they_o land_a can_v bring_v no_o succour_n into_o the_o place_n take_v their_o obstinacy_n be_v at_o last_o overcome_v by_o famine_n of_o 18000_o citizen_n there_o have_v be_v not_o above_o 5000_o left_a for_o they_o have_v live_v without_o bread_n for_o thirteen_o week_n with_o this_o stroke_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o huguenot_n be_v break_v montauban_n upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o cardinal_n have_v demolish_v its_o work_n the_o cunning_a duke_n of_o rouen_n also_o at_o last_o make_v his_o peace_n after_o he_o have_v be_v sufficient_o troublesome_a to_o the_o king_n in_o languedoc_n under_o condition_n that_o the_o city_n of_o nismes_n and_o montpelier_n shall_v demolish_v their_o fortification_n but_o for_o the_o rest_n enjoy_v the_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n and_o thus_o the_o ulcer_n which_o have_v settle_v itself_o in_o the_o very_a entrail_n of_o france_n be_v happy_o heal_v up_o war_n it_o be_v relate_v by_o some_o that_o these_o civil_a war_n have_v devour_v above_o a_o million_o of_o people_n that_o 150_o million_o be_v employ_v in_o pay_v of_o the_o soldier_n that_o nine_o city_n 400_o village_n 20000_o church_n 2000_o monastery_n italy_n and_o 100000_o house_n be_v burn_v or_o lay_v level_a with_o the_o ground_n then_o france_n apply_v all_o their_o care_n towards_o foreign_a affair_n 1628._o the_o king_n assist_v the_o duke_n of_o nevers_n in_o obtain_v the_o dukedom_n of_o mantua_n which_o belong_v to_o he_o by_o right_a of_o succession_n but_o who_o the_o spaniard_n endeavour_v to_o exclude_v from_o the_o same_o as_o be_v a_o frenchman_n in_o this_o war_n the_o siege_n of_o casal_n be_v most_o famous_a in_o the_o defence_n of_o which_o place_n the_o french_a give_v incredible_a proof_n of_o their_o bravery_n at_o last_o the_o business_n be_v greatness_n through_o the_o wise_a management_n of_o the_o popish_a nuncio_n mazarini_n who_o then_o lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o his_o future_a greatness_n in_o france_n compose_v and_o the_o duke_n of_o nevers_n afterward_o by_o the_o treaty_n make_v at_o chierasco_n establish_v in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mantua_n and_o montferrat_n the_o king_n also_o buy_v pignerol_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n french_a that_o so_o the_o french_a may_v not_o want_v a_o door_n into_o italy_n france_n have_v also_o before_o take_v part_n with_o the_o grison_n against_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o valteline_n who_o have_v revolt_v be_v assist_v by_o the_o spaniard_n whereby_o he_o prevent_v this_o country_n from_o fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o spaniard_n and_o so_o matter_n be_v restore_v to_o their_o former_a state_n in_o the_o year_n 1631_o france_n make_v a_o alliance_n with_o sweden_n allow_v to_o that_o king_n a_o yearly_a pension_n to_o assist_v he_o in_o 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emperor_n clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o the_o turk_n fear_v lest_o the_o king_n of_o france_n may_v make_v use_n of_o this_o opportunity_n to_o fall_v into_o the_o netherlands_o yet_o those_o force_n which_o be_v send_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o venetian_n into_o candie_n do_v not_o acquire_v so_o much_o glory_n they_o be_v too_o forward_o and_o hot_a in_o the_o first_o onset_n where_o they_o lose_v the_o duke_n of_o beaufort_n in_o the_o year_n 1665_o the_o king_n of_o france_n kindle_v a_o war_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a thereby_o to_o weaken_v their_o naval_a force_n which_o be_v so_o formidable_a to_o he_o and_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n to_o get_v leisure_n to_o conquer_v the_o netherlands_o flanders_n in_o the_o year_n 1667_o he_o enter_v the_o netherlands_o in_o person_n and_o take_v charleroy_n lisle_n tournay_n douai_n courtray_v oudenarde_n and_o some_o other_o place_n pretend_v that_o the_o netherlands_o do_v belong_v to_o he_o in_o right_a of_o his_o 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most_o by_o this_o war_n for_o the_o franche_fw-mi compte_n be_v take_v from_o they_o war._n messina_n receive_v voluntary_o a_o french_a garrison_n and_o the_o dutch_a fleet_n which_o be_v send_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o spaniard_n into_o sicily_n get_v nothing_o but_o blow_n the_o brave_a admiral_n de_fw-fr ruyter_n be_v there_o slay_v though_o afterward_o the_o french_a quit_v messina_n on_o their_o own_o accord_n beside_o this_o the_o french_a take_v from_o they_o these_o strong_a hold_n limburgh_n conde_n valenciennes_n cambray_n yper_n st._n omer_n aire_n and_o several_a other_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n retake_v grave_n but_o in_o the_o battle_n of_o seneffe_n and_o st._n omer_n he_o be_v worsted_n and_o sustain_v a_o considerable_a loss_n before_o mastricht_n at_o last_o france_n end_v this_o war_n very_o glorious_o for_o itself_o nimmegen_n restore_v to_o holland_n what_o it_o have_v take_v from_o those_o province_n but_o keep_v burgundy_n and_o a_o great_a many_o 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genius_n fit_a to_o undertake_v any_o thing_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o learning_n trade_n or_o manufacture_n especial_o in_o those_o thing_n which_o depend_v more_o on_o ingenuity_n and_o dexterity_n than_o hard_a labour_n on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o levity_n and_o inconstancy_n of_o the_o french_a be_v general_o blame_v which_o be_v easy_o to_o be_v perceive_v by_o such_o of_o they_o as_o be_v raw_a and_o unpolished_a and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o glory_n in_o amorous_a intrigue_n oftentimes_o more_o than_o be_v true_a and_o under_o pretence_n of_o freedom_n they_o commit_v great_a debauchery_n §_o 26._o the_o country_n which_o be_v possess_v by_o this_o potent_a nation_n country_n be_v very_o convenient_o situate_v almost_o in_o the_o very_a midst_n of_o the_o christian_a world_n wherefore_o this_o king_n may_v convenient_o keep_v correspondence_n with_o they_o all_o and_o prevent_v europe_n from_o fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o any_o one_o prince_n on_o the_o one_o 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the_o french_a have_v be_v so_o eager_a in_o get_v a_o good_a part_n of_o these_o into_o their_o possession_n in_o which_o they_o have_v be_v successful_a in_o the_o last_o war_n and_o thereby_o have_v mighty_o strengthen_v their_o frontier_n and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n they_o have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o lorraine_n to_o fortify_v themselves_o on_o the_o side_n of_o germany_n and_o by_o degree_n to_o become_v master_n of_o the_o rhine_n the_o ancient_a boundary_a of_o gaul_n which_o seem_v the_o only_a thing_n want_v to_o the_o perfection_n of_o france_n next_o to_o this_o france_n may_v be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o happy_a and_o most_o fruitful_a country_n fertility_n not_o only_o for_o the_o equal_a temperature_n of_o its_o climate_n betwixt_o a_o immoderate_a heat_n and_o a_o excessive_a cold_a but_o also_o because_o it_o produce_v every_o thing_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v requisite_a for_o the_o sustenance_n and_o conveniency_n of_o mankind_n so_o that_o scarce_o a_o spot_n of_o ground_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o france_n but_o what_o produce_v something_a or_o other_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o man._n and_o its_o product_n be_v not_o only_o sufficient_a for_o its_o inhabitant_n but_o also_o plentiful_a enough_o to_o be_v export_v into_o foreign_a part_n the_o commodity_n export_v out_o of_o france_n be_v chief_o wine_n brandy_n vinegar_n salt_n innumerable_a sort_n of_o silk_n and_o woollen_a stuff_n and_o manufacture_n hemp_n canvas_n linen_n paper_n glass_n saffran_n almond_n olive_n caper_n prunello_n chestnut_n soap_n and_o the_o like_a yet_o in_o normandy_n and_o picardy_n grow_v no_o vine_n but_o the_o common_a people_n drink_v cider_n scarce_o any_o metal_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o france_n and_o not_o gold_n or_o silver_n mine_n but_o this_o want_n be_v supply_v by_o the_o ingenuity_n of_o the_o french_a and_o the_o folly_n of_o foreigner_n for_o the_o french_a commodity_n have_v draw_v fleet_n of_o their_o money_n into_o france_n 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nation_n have_v be_v beforehand_o with_o they_o in_o the_o east_n and_o west-indies_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o the_o king_n though_o he_o have_v above_o 100_o capital_a ship_n yet_o can_v set_v out_o so_o great_a a_o fleet_n hitherto_o as_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a as_o some_o think_v want_v able_a seaman_n for_o it_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o man_n out_o a_o fleet_n once_o but_o in_o time_n of_o war_n recruit_n must_v also_o be_v have_v nevertheless_o it_o may_v be_v this_o king_n will_v first_o settle_v his_o maritime_a affair_n and_o afterward_o take_v his_o opportunity_n to_o surprise_v his_o neighbour_n plantation_n france_n have_v very_o few_o plantation_n abroad_o except_o what_o be_v in_o the_o caribby_n island_n the_o isle_n call_v tartuges_n and_o on_o the_o north-side_n of_o hispaniola_n they_o apply_v themselves_o also_o to_o fish_v upon_o the_o great_a sand_n bank_n before_o newfoundland_n and_o catch_v in_o canada_n and_o new_a france_n good_a store_n 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easy_o have_v dissolve_v this_o union_n and_o because_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o netherlands_o grow_v worse_a and_o worse_o every_o day_n the_o spaniard_n have_v take_v one_o after_o another_o the_o city_n of_o bois_n le_fw-fr duc_n breda_n tournay_n valenciennes_n malines_n and_o other_o and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o great_a man_n be_v go_v over_o to_o the_o spanish_a party_n the_o prince_n of_o orange_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n be_v well_o assure_v that_o the_o spaniard_n one_o time_n or_o another_o will_v revenge_v themselves_o upon_o he_o and_o his_o friend_n and_o find_v himself_o not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o maintain_v the_o cause_n against_o they_o he_o persuade_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o netherlands_o that_o they_o shall_v renounce_v all_o obedience_n to_o philip_n who_o have_v violate_v their_o privilege_n confirm_v to_o they_o by_o oath_n and_o make_v the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n their_o sovereign_n with_o who_o he_o have_v underhand_o make_v a_o agreement_n that_o the_o unite_a province_n shall_v fall_v to_o his_o share_n and_o the_o estate_n of_o holland_n zealand_n and_o vtrecht_n be_v then_o for_o make_v he_o their_o sovereign_n except_o the_o city_n of_o amsterdam_n and_o gouda_n and_o questionless_a it_o will_v have_v be_v do_v afterward_o if_o his_o unexpected_a death_n have_v not_o prevent_v it_o §_o 8._o alenson_n the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n have_v obtain_v the_o sovereignty_n raise_v the_o siege_n of_o cambray_n which_o be_v besiege_v by_o the_o spaniard_n and_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v be_v at_o antwerp_n proclaim_v duke_n of_o brabant_n and_o at_o ghent_n earl_n of_o flanders_n but_o his_o power_n be_v confine_v within_o very_o narrow_a bound_n by_o the_o estate_n he_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o friend_n resolve_v to_o make_v himself_o absolute_a he_o propose_v to_o the_o estate_n that_o if_o he_o shall_v die_v without_o issue_n these_o country_n may_v be_v unite_v with_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n which_o be_v deny_v he_o he_o take_v a_o strange_a resolution_n viz._n by_o surprise_v to_o make_v himself_o absolute_a master_n of_o antwerp_n and_o some_o other_o city_n for_o this_o purpose_n several_a thousand_o of_o french_a be_v already_o get_v private_o into_o antwerp_n which_o be_v beat_v out_o by_o the_o citizen_n with_o considerable_a loss_n they_o make_v the_o like_a attempt_n upon_o several_a other_o place_n on_o the_o same_o day_n which_o everywhere_o miscarry_v except_o at_o dendermond_n dunkirk_n and_o dixmuide_v and_o thus_o the_o french_a have_v lose_v at_o once_o all_o their_o credit_n and_o the_o affection_n of_o the_o netherlander_n the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n full_a of_o shame_n and_o confusion_n return_v into_o france_n where_o he_o die_v soon_o after_o the_o french_a intermeddle_v with_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o netherlands_o have_v draw_v with_o it_o another_o evil_n which_o be_v that_o foreign_a soldier_n be_v again_o bring_v into_o the_o netherlands_o which_o be_v against_o the_o agreement_n make_v with_o the_o walloon_n then_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n retook_a dunkirk_n 1583._o newport_n winoxbergen_n menin_n alost_n and_o some_o other_o place_n in_o flanders_n 1584._o ypres_n and_o bruges_n do_v also_o submit_v and_o in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o affair_n of_o the_o estate_n receive_v a_o great_a blow_n by_o the_o death_n of_o william_n prince_n of_o orange_n who_o be_v stab_v in_o his_o palace_n at_o delft_n by_o a_o burgundian_n who_o name_n be_v balthasar_n gerhard_n murder_v by_o who_o death_n the_o netherlands_o be_v without_o a_o head_n be_v leave_v in_o great_a confusion_n §_o 9_o after_o the_o death_n of_o prince_n william_n the_o estate_n do_v make_v maurice_n stadtholider_n son_n of_o the_o decease_a stadtholder_n of_o holland_n zealand_n and_o vtrecht_n and_o he_o be_v but_o eighteen_o year_n of_o age_n they_o constitute_v the_o earl_n of_o hohenloe_n his_o lieutenant_n but_o the_o sovereignty_n they_o proffer_v to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n who_o be_v at_o that_o time_n distract_v with_o intestine_a war_n be_v not_o at_o leisure_n to_o accept_v of_o it_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n take_v advantage_n of_o this_o juncture_n of_o affair_n reduce_v antwerp_n by_o famine_n within_o a_o twelve_o month_n time_n as_o also_o dendermond_n ghent_n brussels_n malines_n and_o nimeguen_n by_o force_n after_o the_o loss_n of_o antwerp_n the_o estate_n who_o be_v for_o submit_v themselves_o to_o any_o body_n but_o the_o spaniard_n confederacy_n offer_v the_o sovereignty_n over_o they_o to_o queen_n elizabeth_n which_o she_o refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o yet_o she_o enter_v with_o they_o into_o a_o more_o strict_a alliance_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o she_o oblige_v herself_o to_o maintain_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o soldier_n at_o her_o own_o charge_n in_o the_o netherlands_o which_o with_o all_o the_o other_o force_n of_o the_o estate_n be_v to_o be_v command_v by_o a_o english_a general_n and_o the_o estate_n do_v surrender_v to_o the_o queen_n as_o a_o security_n for_o the_o charge_n she_o be_v to_o be_v at_o the_o city_n of_o flushing_n briel_n and_o rammaken_v or_o sceburgh_n upon_o walchorn_n which_o be_v afterward_o restore_v to_o the_o estate_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o one_o million_o of_o crown_n 1616._o the_o queen_n send_v robert_n dudley_n 1586._o earl_n of_o leicester_n as_o general_n into_o holland_n leicester_n who_o be_v arrive_v there_o be_v make_v by_o the_o estate_n their_o governor-general_n and_o that_o with_o a_o great_a power_n than_o be_v acceptable_a to_o the_o queen_n but_o he_o do_v no_o great_a feat_n for_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n not_o only_o take_v grave_a and_o venlo_n and_o force_v he_o from_o before_o zutphen_n but_o he_o also_o administer_v the_o public_a affair_n at_o a_o strange_a rate_n to_o the_o great_a dissatisfaction_n of_o the_o estate_n to_o who_o he_o have_v render_v himself_o suspect_v their_o discontent_n be_v much_o augment_v after_o william_n stanley_n who_o be_v by_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n make_v commander_n in_o chief_a in_o deventer_n have_v betray_v that_o city_n to_o the_o spaniard_n the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n attempt_v the_o relief_n of_o sluice_n in_o flanders_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n and_o be_v return_v into_o holland_n where_o he_o by_o several_a suspicious_a undertake_n augment_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o estate_n he_o return_v very_o ill_o satisfy_v into_o england_n where_o by_o command_n of_o the_o queen_n he_o resign_v his_o office_n of_o governor_n §_o 10._o mend_v hitherto_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o unite_a netherlands_o who_o henceforward_o we_o will_v call_v hollander_n have_v be_v in_o a_o very_a ill_a condition_n but_o from_o this_o time_n forward_o they_o begin_v to_o mend_v apace_o and_o become_v more_o settle_v this_o be_v partly_o occasion_v by_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o two_o province_n of_o brabant_n and_o flanders_n which_o be_v reconcile_v to_o the_o king_n upon_o condition_n that_o such_o as_o will_v not_o profess_v themselves_o roman_n catholic_n shall_v leave_v the_o country_n within_o a_o prefix_a time_n a_o great_a many_o of_o these_o flock_v into_o holland_n make_v its_o city_n very_o populous_a especial_o all_o the_o traffic_n of_o antwerp_n be_v transplant_v to_o amsterdam_n which_o render_v that_o city_n very_o rich_a and_o potent_a at_o sea_n beside_o this_o philip_n like_o those_o who_o will_v hunt_v two_o hare_n with_o one_o dog_n 1588._o do_v not_o only_o attempt_v to_o invade_v england_n with_o a_o great_a fleet_n but_o also_o send_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o duke_n of_o parma_n with_o a_o army_n to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o league_n in_o france_n both_o which_o prove_v fruitless_a the_o hollander_n have_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n leisure_n give_v they_o to_o put_v themselves_o into_o a_o good_a posture_n whereas_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n have_v wise_o advise_v the_o king_n that_o he_o shall_v with_o all_o his_o power_n first_o subdue_v the_o hollander_n before_o he_o engage_v in_o another_o war._n for_o maurice_n who_o they_o have_v after_o the_o departure_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n make_v their_o generalissimo_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n have_v restore_v their_o lose_a reputation_n his_o first_o attempt_n be_v upon_o breda_n 1590._o which_o he_o take_v by_o a_o stratagem_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v he_o take_v zutphen_n deventer_n hulst_n and_o nimeguen_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1592._o steenwyck_n and_o coeverden_n in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o death_n of_o the_o brave_a duke_n of_o parma_n prove_v a_o great_a loss_n to_o the_o spaniard_n for_o the_o spanish_a soldier_n grow_v mutinous_a everywhere_o do_v not_o a_o little_a advance_v the_o progress_n of_o the_o hollander_n 1592._o gertrudenbergh_n be_v take_v in_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o spanish_a army_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v groningen_n be_v reduce_v whereby_o the_o
unite_a province_n be_v make_v entire_a and_o secure_v on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o rhine_n in_o the_o year_n 1596_o albert_n archduke_n of_o austria_n netherlands_o arrive_v as_o governor_n of_o the_o netherlands_o who_o begin_v his_o regency_n with_o the_o take_v of_o hulst_n and_o because_o philip_n be_v oppress_v with_o debt_n be_v fain_o to_o shut_v up_o his_o exchequer_n albert_n for_o want_v of_o money_n be_v not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o undertake_v any_o thing_n of_o moment_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v but_o be_v sound_o beat_v near_o tougenhout_n and_o after_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o hollander_n with_o spain_n and_o portugal_n whither_o they_o use_v to_o send_v their_o ship_n under_o foreign_a flag_n have_v be_v quite_o cut_v off_o whereby_o the_o spaniard_n hope_v the_o soon_o to_o reduce_v they_o to_o obedience_n necessity_n and_o the_o desire_n of_o lucre_n teach_v they_o another_o way_n to_o obtain_v vast_a riches_n for_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o hollander_n be_v force_v to_o try_v whether_o they_o can_v sail_v themselves_o into_o the_o east-indies_n and_o to_o attempt_v to_o find_v out_o a_o near_a way_n thither_o round_o about_o the_o north._n but_o this_o design_n not_o succeed_v they_o take_v the_o common_a course_n about_o africa_n and_o have_v with_o incredible_a pain_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o resistance_n make_v by_o the_o portuguese_n settle_v a_o trade_n there_o a_o great_a many_o merchant_n and_o other_o who_o know_v no_o better_a way_n to_o employ_v their_o ready-money_n erect_v several_a society_n to_o trade_n into_o the_o east-indies_n 1602._o all_o which_o be_v by_o virtue_n of_o a_o patent_n grant_v by_o the_o estate_n company_n form_v into_o one_o company_n which_o do_v afterward_o prodigious_o increase_v its_o power_n in_o the_o east-indies_n and_o have_v convey_v unconceivable_a riches_n into_o holland_n in_o the_o year_n 1597_o maurice_n take_v rhinebergh_n meurs_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o place_n of_o overyssel_a which_o be_v as_o yet_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o spain_n §_o 11._o in_o the_o year_n 1598._o they_o find_v out_o another_o decoy_n for_o the_o hollander_n for_o because_o it_o be_v general_o pretend_v that_o they_o will_v not_o live_v under_o spanish_a subjection_n philip_n find_v out_o this_o artifice_n he_o marry_v his_o daughter_n isabel_n clara_n eugenia_n to_o albert_n eugenia_n archduke_n of_o austria_n give_v unto_o she_o as_o a_o dowry_n burgundy_n and_o the_o netherlands_o yet_o with_o this_o condition_n that_o the_o same_o shall_v return_v to_o spain_n if_o no_o heir_n proceed_v from_o this_o match_n which_o the_o spaniard_n be_v very_o well_o assure_v of_o the_o princess_n be_v pretty_a well_o in_o age_n and_o beside_o this_o have_v be_v spoil_v before_o by_o mean_n of_o some_o medicament_n administer_v to_o she_o to_o prevent_v conception_n the_o netherlands_o be_v then_o by_o this_o mean_n according_a to_o outward_a appearance_n free_v from_o a_o foreign_a subjection_n as_o have_v get_v their_o own_o prince_n it_o be_v hope_v the_o hollander_n will_v the_o easy_o reunite_v themselves_o with_o the_o other_o province_n because_o a_o peace_n be_v late_o conclude_v betwixt_o france_n and_o spain_n at_o nervin_n the_o hollander_n have_v thereby_o lose_v their_o chief_a confederate_n but_o the_o hollander_n remain_v steadfast_a in_o their_o former_a resolution_n reject_v all_o proposition_n of_o peace_n make_v by_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o arch_a duke_n albert._n in_o the_o year_n 1600_o newport_n maurice_n fall_v into_o flanders_n with_o a_o intention_n to_o besiege_v newport_n but_o be_v meet_v by_o albert_n where_o a_o bloody_a battle_n ensue_v and_o maurice_n obtain_v a_o most_o glorious_a victory_n who_o be_v otherways_o always_o averse_a to_o field-fights_a and_o will_v never_o have_v resolve_v at_o that_o time_n to_o have_v venture_v the_o whole_a fortune_n of_o holland_n upon_o the_o issue_n of_o a_o battle_n if_o he_o have_v not_o be_v force_v to_o it_o wherefore_o without_o attempt_v any_o thing_n far_o he_o return_v into_o holland_n 1601._o albert_n then_o undertake_v the_o siege_n of_o ostend_n during_o which_o both_o side_n do_v their_o utmost_a till_o ambrose_n spinola_n force_v the_o place_n the_o besiege_v have_v no_o more_o room_n leave_v to_o make_v any_o retrenchment_n it_o be_v say_v side_n that_o the_o hollander_n lose_v within_o the_o town_n above_o 70000_o man_n and_o the_o spaniard_n without_o a_o great_a many_o more_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o spanish_a fleet_n under_o the_o command_n of_o frederick_n spinola_n be_v destroy_v and_o rhinebergh_n grave_a and_o sluice_n take_v by_o maurice_n in_o the_o year_n 1605_o spinola_n retake_v from_o the_o hollander_n lingen_n groll_n and_o rhinebergh_n and_o maurice_n sustain_v some_o loss_n before_o antwerp_n the_o last_o glorious_a action_n in_o this_o war_n be_v that_o of_o james_n heemskirke_n who_o burn_v the_o spanish_a fleet_n in_o the_o harbour_n of_o gibraltar_n where_o he_o himself_o be_v kill_v the_o spaniard_n therefore_o find_v it_o impossible_a to_o reduce_v holland_n by_o force_n which_o they_o find_v increase_v in_o strength_n by_o the_o war_n and_o be_v beside_o this_o jealous_a of_o henry_n iu._n and_o quite_o out_o of_o breath_n by_o this_o tedious_a war_n they_o resolve_v to_o make_v a_o end_n of_o it_o at_o any_o rate_n how_o desirous_a the_o spaniard_n be_v of_o the_o peace_n may_v easy_o be_v conjecture_v from_o hence_o that_o albert_n himself_o propose_v the_o treaty_n to_o be_v at_o the_o hague_n and_o first_o send_v spinola_n himself_o thither_o as_o ambassador_n whereas_o the_o hollander_n carry_v it_o very_o high_a and_o be_v very_o resolute_a the_o business_n meet_v with_o great_a difficulty_n before_o it_o can_v be_v bring_v to_o the_o conclusion_n of_o a_o truce_n of_o twelve_o year_n the_o great_a obstacle_n be_v that_o the_o hollander_n urge_v it_o close_o that_o spain_n without_o any_o exception_n shall_v declare_v they_o a_o free_a people_n which_o the_o spanish_a ambassador_n refuse_v to_o do_v at_o last_o this_o medium_fw-la be_v find_v out_o that_o spain_n and_o the_o archduke_n albert_n do_v declare_v they_o will_v treat_v with_o the_o netherlander_n as_o a_o free_a nation_n and_o they_o be_v not_o satisfy_v also_o with_o this_o the_o precedent_n janin_n who_o be_v send_v thither_o in_o behalf_n of_o france_n answer_v that_o the_o word_n as_o can_v not_o add_v much_o to_o the_o strength_n of_o spain_n nor_o diminish_v they_o and_o that_o it_o be_v their_o business_n to_o secure_v themselves_o and_o their_o state_n by_o arm_n and_o not_o by_o word_n year_n both_o party_n keep_v what_o they_o be_v possess_v of_o and_o the_o hollander_n maintain_v their_o navigation_n into_o the_o east_n indies_n which_o the_o spaniard_n will_v fain_o have_v get_v from_o they_o but_o the_o chief_a cause_n why_o the_o hollander_n at_o that_o time_n when_o their_o affair_n be_v in_o so_o good_a a_o condition_n consent_v to_o a_o truce_n seem_v to_o be_v that_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v jealous_a of_o france_n for_o fear_n lest_o that_o king_n shall_v snatch_v flanders_n away_o upon_o a_o sudden_a which_o must_v needs_o have_v prove_v their_o ruin_n beside_o this_o maurice_n be_v grow_v very_o powerful_a during_o this_o war_n be_v likely_a to_o be_v troublesome_a to_o their_o liberty_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o step_n which_o holland_n make_v towards_o the_o establishment_n of_o a_o free_a commonwealth_n 1609._o §_o 12._o soon_o after_o the_o truce_n be_v conclude_v the_o hollander_n be_v engage_v in_o the_o business_n concern_v the_o succession_n of_o the_o country_n of_o juliers_n juliers_n for_o the_o emperor_n after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o last_o duke_n be_v very_o desirous_a to_o annex_v these_o country_n unto_o his_o house_n have_v send_v the_o archduke_n leopold_n to_o make_v a_o sequestration_n who_o take_v the_o strong_a city_n of_o juliers_n but_o be_v beat_v out_o again_o by_o the_o hollander_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o french_a but_o a_o difference_n arise_v afterward_o betwixt_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o newburgh_n who_o have_v at_o first_o make_v a_o agreement_n betwixt_o themselves_o and_o the_o duke_n of_o newburgh_n have_v call_v to_o his_o assistance_n spinola_n who_o take_v the_o city_n of_o wesel_n the_o hollander_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n side_v with_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o put_v garrison_n into_o rees_n and_o emeric_n whereby_o the_o country_n of_o cleves_n be_v involve_v in_o the_o war_n of_o the_o netherlands_o §_o contra-remonstrants_a 13._o but_o there_o arise_v a_o more_o dangerous_a intestine_a division_n in_o holland_n betwixt_o the_o arminian_n or_o remonstrant_n as_o they_o be_v term_v and_o other_o which_o division_n be_v partly_o occasion_v by_o a_o state-jealousie_n partly_o by_o dispute_n among_o the_o divine_n we_o have_v say_v before_o that_o prince_n william_n do_v
as_o france_n and_o spain_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war._n and_o the_o opinion_n be_v divide_v concern_v this_o business_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o the_o majority_n of_o the_o states-general_n who_o be_v great_a friend_n of_o the_o prince_n that_o the_o prince_n shall_v visit_v in_o person_n these_o city_n to_o try_v whether_o he_o can_v convince_v the_o magistrate_n in_o this_o point_n against_o this_o petition_v some_o of_o the_o city_n in_o holland_n and_o especial_o amsterdam_n fear_v that_o if_o the_o prince_n shall_v come_v in_o person_n to_o they_o he_o may_v by_o change_v the_o magistrate_n and_o other_o alteration_n do_v something_o which_o may_v prove_v prejudicial_a to_o their_o liberty_n the_o prince_n be_v dissatisfy_v at_o these_o proceed_n reply_v that_o this_o be_v do_v to_o affront_v he_o and_o his_o office_n and_o therefore_o desire_v that_o reparation_n shall_v be_v make_v he_o but_o the_o city_n insist_v upon_o their_o former_a resolution_n allege_v that_o it_o be_v according_a to_o their_o privilege_n prince_n then_o the_o prince_n take_v into_o custody_n six_o of_o the_o state_n of_o holland_n who_o he_o suppose_v to_o be_v chief_o against_o he_o among_o who_o the_o chief_a be_v the_o sieur_n the_o wit_n burghermaster_n of_o dort_n who_o he_o send_v all_o together_o prisoner_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o louvesteyn_n he_o also_o private_o order_v some_o troop_n to_o march_v towards_o amsterdam_n to_o surprise_v that_o city_n but_o some_o of_o these_o troop_n have_v lose_v their_o way_n in_o the_o nighttime_n the_o design_n be_v discover_v by_o the_o hamburgher_n post-boy_n and_o the_o amsterdamer_n perceive_v that_o the_o prince_n intend_v to_o force_v they_o to_o a_o compliance_n open_v their_o sluice_n and_o put_v the_o country_n round_o about_o it_o under_o water_n at_o last_o the_o business_n be_v agree_v and_o the_o prince_n have_v this_o satisfaction_n give_v he_o that_o the_o sieur_n bicker_n burghermaster_n of_o amsterdam_n be_v depose_v and_o the_o prisoner_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o louvestein_n be_v set_v at_o liberty_n under_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v be_v discharge_v from_o their_o place_n but_o this_o business_n be_v likely_a to_o have_v be_v the_o occasion_n of_o more_o trouble_n if_o the_o prince_n have_v not_o die_v soon_o after_o iii_o soon_o after_o his_o death_n viz._n in_o the_o year_n 1650_o on_o the_o 13_o day_n of_o november_n his_o princess_n be_v bring_v to_o bed_n of_o william_n iii_o the_o present_a prince_n of_o orange_n in_o the_o year_n 1651_o the_o unite_a province_n hold_v a_o grand_a assembly_n where_o they_o renew_v the_o union_n be_v now_o destitute_a of_o a_o governor_n §_o parliament_n 16._o not_o long_o after_o the_o hollander_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o heavy_a war_n with_o the_o english_a parliament_n which_o at_o the_o beginning_n be_v very_o ambitious_a of_o their_o friendship_n send_v one_o dorislaw_n to_o the_o hague_n who_o before_o he_o have_v his_o public_a audience_n be_v murder_v by_o some_o scot_n who_o be_v all_o mask_v and_o the_o parliament_n have_v receive_v no_o satisfaction_n upon_o this_o account_n begin_v to_o look_v with_o a_o ill_a eye_n upon_o they_o which_o they_o little_o regard_v till_o cromwell_n have_v reduce_v the_o scot_n and_o though_o the_o parliament_n send_v other_o ambassador_n to_o the_o hague_n yet_o the_o dutch_a be_v not_o very_o forward_o but_o be_v for_o protract_v the_o treaty_n till_o the_o ambassador_n have_v be_v affront_v by_o the_o rabble_n depart_v dissatisfy_v whereupon_o the_o parliament_n give_v out_o reprisal_n against_o they_o declare_v withal_o that_o no_o merchandise_n shall_v be_v transport_v into_o england_n except_o in_o english_a bottom_n and_o the_o english_a privateer_n begin_v to_o fall_v every_o where_o upon_o the_o dutch_a merchant-ship_n the_o hollander_n who_o be_v not_o very_o unanimous_a among_o themselves_o do_v resolve_v at_o last_o to_o try_v first_o whether_o the_o business_n may_v be_v compound_v by_o fair_a mean_n and_o if_o that_o do_v not_o succeed_v to_o begin_v the_o war_n in_o good_a earnest_n and_o for_o this_o purpose_n ambassador_n be_v send_v into_o england_n tromp_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o be_v send_v out_o with_o a_o fleet_n to_o secure_v their_o commerce_n and_o meet_v with_o the_o english_a admiral_n blake_n and_o refuse_v to_o strike_v a_o bloody_a engagement_n ensue_v which_o end_v with_o equal_a loss_n on_o both_o side_n the_o hollander_n pretend_v that_o this_o have_v happen_v by_o accident_n both_o party_n however_o make_v great_a preparation_n for_o war_n and_o fight_v twice_o the_o advantage_n remain_v on_o the_o english_a side_n notwithstanding_o they_o be_v beat_v near_o lâ—ghorn_n but_o in_o the_o last_o engagement_n the_o hollander_n have_v lose_v their_o admiral_n tromp_n and_o seven_o and_o twenty_o man_n of_o war_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o cromwell_n 1654._o which_o be_v very_o advantageous_a and_o glorious_a on_o his_o side_n they_o be_v among_o other_o article_n oblige_v for_o the_o future_a never_o to_o make_v any_o one_o of_o the_o house_n of_o orange_n their_o stadtholder_n it_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o dutch_a ship_n be_v not_o large_a enough_o which_o error_n the_o hollander_n correct_v afterward_o swedeland_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o hollander_n be_v grow_v jealous_a of_o the_o great_a success_n of_o the_o swede_n against_o poland_n and_o be_v desirous_a to_o prevent_v the_o swede_n from_o become_v master_n of_o prussia_n they_o stir_v up_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n against_o they_o but_o the_o dane_n have_v be_v worsted_n in_o this_o war_n the_o hollander_n send_v a_o fleet_n to_o relieve_v copenhagen_n which_o be_v besiege_v by_o the_o swede_n a_o bloody_a battle_n be_v fight_v in_o the_o oresound_v betwixt_o the_o swedish_n and_o dutch_a fleet_n wherein_o the_o hollander_n lose_v two_o admiral_n but_o nevertheless_o gain_v their_o point_n in_o relieve_v of_o copenhagen_n and_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v they_o also_o bear_v their_o share_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o funen_n 1660._o till_o at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v before_o copenhagen_n to_o the_o small_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o dane_n who_o accuse_v the_o hollander_n that_o they_o have_v not_o be_v zealous_a enough_o in_o their_o assistance_n against_o the_o swede_n but_o the_o hollander_n be_v afraid_a that_o england_n and_o france_n may_v declare_v for_o sweden_n and_o under_o that_o pretence_n fall_v upon_o they_o beside_o that_o they_o think_v it_o their_o interest_n not_o to_o let_v denmark_n grow_v too_o powerful_a §_o 16â—5_n 17._o holland_n be_v then_o for_o a_o few_o year_n at_o peace_n till_o a_o bloody_a war_n break_v out_o betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o english_a who_o can_v not_o but_o think_v the_o flourish_a trade_n and_o great_a power_n of_o the_o hollander_n at_o sea_n to_o be_v very_o prejudicial_a to_o they_o france_n blow_v up_o the_o coal_n be_v desirous_a to_o see_v these_o two_o mighty_a state_n weaken_v one_o another_o power_n in_o this_o war_n the_o english_a have_v the_o advantage_n in_o the_o first_o and_o three_o engagement_n but_o the_o hollander_n in_o the_o second_o but_o the_o english_a at_o last_o be_v willing_a to_o save_v charge_n do_v resolve_v only_o to_o infest_v the_o hollander_n by_o their_o privateer_n and_o not_o to_o equipp_v a_o fleet_n which_o the_o hollander_n take_v a_o advantage_n of_o venture_v to_o enter_v the_o river_n of_o thames_n and_o have_v land_v near_o chattam_n they_o burn_v several_a ship_n in_o the_o harbour_n this_o oblige_a england_n to_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o they_o which_o be_v by_o mediation_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n conclude_v at_o breda_n in_o this_o war_n holland_n recover_v its_o reputation_n which_o it_o have_v lose_v in_o cromwell_n time_n and_o show_v itself_o not_o to_o be_v inferior_a in_o strength_n at_o sea_n to_o england_n but_o they_o discover_v their_o weakness_n on_o land_n the_o bishop_n of_o munster_n have_v be_v very_o troublesome_a to_o they_o §_o holland_n 18._o at_o last_o in_o the_o year_n 1672_o a_o prodigious_a storm_n fall_v upon_o holland_n which_o at_o first_o threaten_v its_o ruin_n france_n attacking_z it_o by_o land_n and_o england_n by_o sea_n it_o be_v surprise_v to_o see_v how_o the_o french_a in_o a_o few_o day_n time_n take_v the_o province_n of_o gueldres_n overyssel_a and_o vtrecht_n which_o occasion_v so_o general_a a_o consternation_n that_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n they_o may_v have_v take_v amsterdam_n itself_o if_o they_o have_v immediate_o go_v towards_o it_o whilst_o the_o first_o consternation_n last_v some_o lie_v the_o fault_n upon_o rochfort_n who_o have_v receive_v order_n to_o make_v a_o attempt_n upon_o that_o city_n tarry_v two_o day_n at_o vtrecht_n which_o he_o bestow_v in_o receive_v of_o compliment_n the_o amsterdamer_n get_v thereby_o time_n to_o take_v a_o resolution_n for_o
good_a number_n of_o town_n and_o village_n to_o be_v meet_v withal_o the_o swisser_n have_v also_o some_o other_o confederate_n viz._n the_o abbey_n and_o city_n of_o s._n gall_n the_o grison_n the_o vallesin_n the_o city_n of_o rotweil_n munthusen_n bienne_n the_o biel_n geneva_n and_o newburgh_n on_o the_o lake_n there_o be_v also_o among_o they_o several_a city_n and_o some_o county_n which_o be_v either_o subject_n to_o the_o whole_a confederacy_n or_o to_o some_o particular_a commonwealth_n §_o 5._o swisser_n the_o swisser_n be_v also_o oblige_v to_o fight_v against_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n i._o for_o their_o liberty_n he_o have_v stir_v up_o the_o swabian_a league_n against_o they_o 1499._o hope_v by_o this_o way_n to_o chastise_v they_o but_o the_o swisser_n for_o the_o most_o part_n get_v the_o better_a of_o their_o enemy_n till_o through_o the_o mediation_n of_o lewis_n duke_n of_o milan_n a_o peace_n be_v make_v betwixt_o they_o not_o to_o relate_v here_o some_o intestine_a commotion_n among_o they_o scarce_o worth_a mention_v they_o have_v do_v great_a action_n abroad_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o other_o nation_n and_o more_o especial_o under_o the_o french_a for_o lewis_n xi_o have_v whilst_o he_o be_v dauphin_n sufficient_o try_v their_o valour_n in_o the_o engagement_n near_o basil_n seek_v by_o all_o way_n after_o he_o be_v king_n to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o switz_n in_o his_o war_n wherefore_o he_o allow_v they_o a_o certain_a yearly_a pension_n and_o his_o son_n charles_n viii_o make_v use_n of_o the_o swisser_n with_o good_a success_n in_o his_o expedition_n against_o naples_n for_o the_o italian_n when_o they_o see_v the_o swisser_n make_v such_o a_o prodigious_a havoc_n among_o they_o by_o the_o help_n of_o their_o battleax_n and_o large_a back-sword_n they_o be_v so_o surprise_v at_o it_o that_o they_o count_v the_o former_a war_n but_o like_a child_n play_n in_o comparison_n of_o this_o and_o look_v upon_o the_o swisser_n more_o like_v some_o monster_n than_o soldier_n lewis_n xii_o also_o employ_v the_o swisser_n in_o his_o service_n in_o his_o italian_a war_n though_o they_o lose_v great_a part_n of_o their_o reputation_n there_o for_o these_o swisser_n which_o be_v list_v in_o the_o service_n of_o lewis_n menis_n duke_n of_o milan_n refuse_v to_o fight_v against_o their_o countryman_n that_o be_v in_o the_o french_a army_n thereby_o betray_v this_o prince_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o french_a §_o 6._o but_o in_o the_o year_n 1510._o france_n the_o swisser_n leave_v the_o french_a service_n for_o the_o time_n of_o agreement_n with_o france_n be_v expire_v they_o demand_v a_o large_a pension_n and_o which_o lewis_n xii_o refuse_v to_o pay_v they_o think_v it_o unbecoming_a the_o grandeur_n of_o a_o king_n to_o be_v impose_v upon_o by_o these_o highland_n peasant_n as_o he_o use_v to_o call_v they_o he_o have_v therefore_o dismiss_v they_o take_v into_o his_o service_n some_o of_o the_o grison_n and_o german_n in_o their_o stead_n but_o this_o prove_v very_o disadvantageous_a to_o france_n for_o they_o list_v themselves_o under_o pope_n julius_n ii_o and_o do_v great_a service_n against_o france_n they_o attack_v the_o french_a who_o be_v much_o more_o numerous_a 1513._o with_o such_o fury_n near_o novara_n that_o after_o a_o bloody_a fight_n they_o not_o only_o rout_v they_o but_o also_o quite_o beat_v they_o out_o of_o italy_n afterward_o they_o fall_v into_o burgundy_n and_o besiege_v the_o city_n of_o dijon_n where_o the_o duke_n of_o tremoville_n be_v oblige_v to_o make_v a_o very_a dishonourable_a agreement_n with_o they_o and_o be_v glad_a to_o send_v they_o home_o with_o fair_a promise_n of_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n and_o if_o he_o have_v not_o stop_v their_o progress_n they_o will_v certain_o have_v put_v france_n into_o the_o utmost_a danger_n the_o king_n of_o england_n be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n fall_v into_o france_n on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o swisser_n attack_v francis_n i._o 1515_o in_o his_o camp_n near_o marignano_n the_o fight_n last_v two_o day_n and_o after_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o bloodshed_n on_o both_o side_n the_o swisser_n retire_v in_o good_a order_n wherefore_o francis_n i._o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v gain_v their_o friendship_n by_o a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n who_o example_n the_o succeed_a king_n have_v follow_v ever_o since_o their_o ancient_a reputation_n be_v much_o diminish_v of_o late_a year_n partly_o because_o they_o be_v not_o altogether_o so_o furious_a now_o partly_o because_o other_o nation_n have_v find_v out_o a_o way_n to_o bring_v their_o infantry_n into_o a_o better_a condition_n and_o beside_o this_o those_o great_a back-sword_n which_o the_o switz_n use_v to_o handle_v with_o so_o much_o dexterity_n by_o the_o extraordinary_a strength_n of_o their_o arm_n be_v quite_o out_o of_o use_n in_o europe_n §_o 7._o as_o to_o the_o qualification_n of_o these_o country_n soil_n which_o be_v inhabit_a by_o the_o swisser_n they_o be_v very_o different_a for_o in_o the_o mountainous_a part_n scarce_o any_o thing_n else_o but_o pasture_n ground_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v withal_o but_o though_o the_o valley_n and_o flat_a country_n produce_v corn_n and_o wine_n in_o considerable_a quantity_n yet_o among_o so_o vast_a a_o number_n of_o inhabitant_n there_o appear_v no_o great_a plenty_n here_o since_o foreign_a commodity_n can_v be_v import_v without_o great_a difficulty_n and_o what_o be_v deficient_a in_o the_o native_a soil_n be_v not_o repair_v by_o traffic_n and_o manufactory_n it_o be_v therefore_o account_v a_o common_a calamity_n among_o the_o swisser_n if_o once_o in_o some_o year_n the_o plague_n do_v not_o come_v among_o they_o to_o rid_v they_o of_o so_o many_o superfluous_a mouth_n yet_o they_o enjoy_v this_o benefit_n by_o the_o situation_n of_o their_o country_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o high_a mountain_n and_o narrow_a passage_n it_o be_v almost_o inaccessible_a especial_o on_o the_o italian_a side_n and_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o country_n for_o some_o of_o the_o outward_a part_n be_v of_o a_o very_a easy_a aocess_n §_o 8._o nâ—tion_n the_o swisser_n pretend_v to_o be_v downright_o honest_a and_o true_a to_o their_o word_n and_o indeed_o they_o be_v general_o simple_a and_o plain-dealing_a without_o any_o great_a cunning_a or_o by-design_n but_o they_o be_v courageous_a and_o soon_o provoke_v to_o wrath_n they_o be_v steadfast_a in_o their_o resolution_n from_o whence_o they_o doubt_n easy_o recede_v their_o valour_n constancy_n talness_n and_o strength_n of_o body_n have_v so_o recommend_v they_o to_o a_o great_a many_o prince_n that_o they_o choose_v their_o guard_n among_o they_o and_o the_o king_n of_o france_n maintain_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o switz_n foot_n soldier_n they_o be_v very_o forward_o to_o fight_v but_o not_o to_o undergo_v any_o other_o hardship_n or_o labour_n they_o expect_v to_o have_v due_o their_o pay_n if_o that_o fail_v they_o return_v home_o as_o fast_o as_o they_o can_v from_o whence_o come_v the_o proverb_n no_o money_n no_o swiss_n they_o do_v not_o love_v to_o bear_v hunger_n or_o hardship_n in_o other_o country_n because_o they_o have_v enough_o of_o that_o at_o home_n it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o article_n of_o agreement_n make_v with_o france_n that_o that_o crown_n shall_v never_o have_v less_o than_o 6000_o at_o a_o time_n in_o pay_n and_o that_o these_o be_v not_o to_o be_v separate_v that_o in_o case_n these_o article_n shall_v not_o be_v perform_v they_o may_v be_v in_o capacity_n to_o assist_v one_o another_o they_o also_o never_o will_v be_v employ_v in_o any_o sea_n service_n §_o 9_o weakness_n the_o main_a strength_n of_o this_o confederate_a commonwealth_n consist_v in_o the_o number_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n for_o in_o the_o city_n of_o bern_n which_o have_v the_o great_a territory_n pretend_v alone_o to_o be_v able_a to_o send_v into_o the_o field_n 100000_o fight_n men._n and_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v question_v but_o that_o if_o they_o have_v be_v ambitious_a of_o make_v conquest_n at_o that_o time_n when_o their_o glory_n be_v at_o the_o high_a pitch_n or_o have_v not_o want_v conduct_v they_o may_v easy_o have_v bring_v under_o their_o subjection_n the_o franche_fw-mi comte_n and_o a_o great_a part_n of_o lombardy_n but_o the_o reason_n why_o they_o do_v not_o aim_v at_o conquest_n be_v partly_o their_o inclination_n which_o do_v not_o prompt_v they_o to_o encroach_v upon_o their_o neighbour_n partly_o the_o constitution_n of_o their_o government_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v unfit_a for_o great_a and_o sudden_a enterprise_n for_o each_o canton_n by_o itself_o consider_v be_v a_o democracy_n the_o high_a power_n be_v lodge_v in_o the_o guild_v and_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o such_o as_o be_v of_o little_a understanding_n and_o experience_n be_v always_o very_o positive_a in_o their_o opinion_n and_o
archbishop_n of_o mayence_n adolph_n adolph_n earl_n of_o nassau_n who_o be_v his_o kinsman_n be_v choose_v emperor_n the_o archbishop_n be_v in_o hope_n to_o have_v under_o he_o the_o supreme_a management_n of_o the_o affair_n but_o adolph_n not_o be_v willing_a to_o depend_v on_o the_o archbishop_n he_o conceive_v a_o hatred_n against_o he_o some_o do_v think_v it_o unbecoming_a the_o grandeur_n of_o the_o emperor_n that_o he_o engage_v in_o a_o league_n with_o england_n against_o france_n for_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n pay_v to_o he_o by_o the_o english_a but_o this_o may_v admit_v of_o a_o very_a good_a excuse_n since_o beside_o this_o the_o english_a have_v promise_v the_o emperor_n to_o assist_v he_o in_o the_o recovery_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o arclat_a a_o great_a part_n of_o which_o france_n have_v during_o the_o trouble_n in_o germany_n take_v into_o its_o possession_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n france_n side_v with_o albert_n who_o be_v advance_v near_o the_o rhine_n the_o archbishop_n of_o mayence_n do_v assemble_v some_o of_o the_o elector_n who_o be_v dissatisfy_v with_o adolph_n depose_v he_o and_o choose_v albert_n emperor_n in_o his_o stead_n a_o bloody_a battle_n be_v fight_v betwixt_o these_o two_o near_a spire_n wherein_o adolph_n be_v slay_v i._n be_v slay_v the_o imperial_a crown_n remain_v to_o albert_n but_o because_o he_o aim_v at_o nothing_o more_o than_o to_o enrich_v himself_o his_o reign_n be_v both_o very_a unglorious_a and_o unfortunate_a his_o covetousness_n be_v at_o last_o the_o occasion_n of_o his_o death_n for_o his_o nephew_n john_n duke_n of_o swabia_n who_o he_o have_v dispossess_v of_o his_o country_n murder_v he_o near_o rhinefeld_n 1308._o §_o 10._o after_o his_o death_n philip_n king_n of_o france_n endeavour_v to_o obtain_v the_o imperial_a crown_n but_o be_v prevent_v by_o the_o elector_n vii_o who_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o pope_n choose_v henry_n vii_o earl_n of_o luxemburgh_n this_o emperor_n after_o he_o have_v settle_v germany_n undertake_v a_o journey_n into_o italy_n with_o a_o resolution_n to_o suppress_v the_o civil_a commotion_n there_o and_o to_o reestablish_v the_o imperial_a authority_n the_o beginning_n of_o this_o undertake_n prove_v so_o prosperous_a that_o every_o body_n hope_v for_o great_a success_n from_o it_o monk_n but_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o this_o prosperity_n he_o be_v murder_v by_o a_o monk_n who_o have_v give_v he_o a_o poison_a host_n he_o have_v be_v hire_v by_o the_o florentine_n the_o emperor_n enemy_n to_o commit_v this_o fact_n in_o the_o year_n 1313._o the_o elector_n be_v again_o divide_v in_o the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a emperor_n some_o have_v give_v their_o vote_n for_o lewis_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n 〈…〉_z the_o rest_n for_o frederick_n duke_n of_o austria_n the_o first_o be_v crown_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n the_o latter_a at_o bâ—nn_n these_o two_o carry_v on_o a_o war_n against_o each_o other_o for_o the_o imperial_a crown_n during_o the_o space_n of_o nine_o year_n to_o the_o great_a detriment_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n at_o last_o frederick_n be_v make_v a_o prisoner_n in_o a_o battle_n fight_v in_o the_o year_n 1323._o lewis_n become_v sole_a master_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o restore_v its_o tranquillity_n but_o he_o afterward_o go_v into_o italy_n to_o back_o the_o gibelline_n who_o be_v of_o his_o side_n and_o though_o at_o first_o he_o be_v very_o prosperous_a yet_o can_v he_o not_o settle_v his_o affair_n to_o any_o purpose_n pope_n because_o the_o pope_n have_v excommunicate_v he_o wherefore_o also_o the_o pope_n associate_n in_o germany_n maugre_o all_o his_o resistance_n be_v always_o too_o hard_o for_o he_o and_o at_o last_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o pope_n stir_v up_o the_o elector_n against_o he_o who_o choose_v charles_n iv._o marquis_n of_o moravia_n son_n of_o john_n king_n of_o bohemia_n emperor_n in_o his_o stead_n who_o nevertheless_o as_o long_o as_o lewis_n live_v be_v not_o much_o take_v notice_n of_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1347._o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o precede_a emperor_n use_v general_o to_o make_v their_o progress_n through_o the_o empire_n and_o to_o maintain_v their_o court_n out_o of_o the_o revenue_n belong_v to_o the_o empire_n but_o this_o lewis_n iv._o be_v the_o first_o who_o keep_v his_o constant_a court_n in_o his_o hereditary_a country_n and_o maintain_v it_o out_o of_o his_o own_o revenue_n who_o example_n the_o succeed_a emperor_n follow_v the_o revenue_n belong_v to_o the_o empire_n have_v be_v by_o degree_n extreme_o diminish_v §_o 11._o after_o the_o death_n of_o lewis_n iu._n there_o be_v some_o who_o will_v have_v make_v void_a the_o former_a election_n of_o charles_n and_o have_v choose_v in_o his_o stead_n edward_n king_n of_o england_n who_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o accept_v of_o the_o imperial_a dignity_n the_o same_o be_v also_o refuse_v by_o frederick_n marquis_n of_o misnia_n at_o last_o gunther_n earl_n of_o swartzburgh_n be_v elect_v who_o charles_n cause_v to_o be_v poison_v and_o by_o his_o liberality_n establish_v himself_o in_o the_o empire_n during_o his_o reign_n he_o give_v away_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o dependency_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n he_o grant_v to_o france_n the_o perpetual_a vicarship_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o arclat_a and_o in_o italy_n he_o sell_v what_o he_o can_v to_o the_o fair_a bidder_fw-mi but_o he_o be_v not_o so_o careless_a of_o his_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n unto_o which_o he_o annex_v among_o other_o country_n that_o of_o silesia_n he_o be_v a_o great_a favourer_n of_o the_o city_n which_o he_o dignify_v with_o such_o privilege_n that_o they_o may_v the_o better_o be_v able_a to_o maintain_v themselves_o against_o the_o power_n of_o the_o prince_n the_o best_a thing_n that_o ever_o he_o do_v be_v that_o he_o cause_v first_o to_o be_v compile_v the_o golden_a bull_n bull._n wherein_o be_v set_v down_o the_o rule_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o election_n of_o the_o ensue_a emperor_n and_o division_n among_o the_o elector_n prevent_v for_o the_o future_a he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1378._o have_v not_o long_o before_o by_o great_a present_n make_v to_o the_o elector_n prevail_v with_o they_o to_o choose_v his_o son_n wenceslaus_n king_n of_o the_o roman_n wenceslaus_n but_o he_o be_v very_o brutish_a and_o careless_a of_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v depose_v by_o the_o elector_n which_o he_o little_o regard_v but_o retire_v into_o his_o hereditary_a kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n where_o he_o live_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n after_o wenceslaus_n be_v depose_v jodocus_n marquis_n of_o moravia_n be_v choose_v emperor_n but_o he_o happen_v to_o die_v within_o a_o few_o month_n after_o before_o he_o can_v take_v possession_n of_o the_o empire_n bruâ—sâ—ick_n frederick_n duke_n of_o brunswick_n be_v elect_v in_o his_o stead_n who_o in_o his_o journey_n to_o francfort_n be_v by_o instigation_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o mayence_n rupert_n murder_v by_o the_o earl_n of_o waldeck_n at_o last_o rupert_n palatin_n of_o the_o rhine_n be_v choose_v emperor_n who_o reign_v with_o great_a applause_n in_o germany_n but_o his_o expedition_n into_o italy_n prove_v fruitless_a he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1410._o §_o 12._o sigismond_n after_o the_o death_n of_o rupert_n sigismond_n king_n of_o hungary_n brother_n to_o wenceslaus_n be_v make_v emperor_n a_o prince_n endow_v with_o great_a quality_n but_o very_o unfortunate_a in_o his_o war_n have_v before_o he_o obtain_v the_o imperial_a crown_n receive_v a_o great_a defeat_n from_o the_o turk_n near_o cogrelis_fw-la which_o be_v occasion_v by_o the_o too_o much_o heat_n and_o forwardness_n of_o the_o french_a auxiliary_n he_o cause_v john_n huss_n 1393._o notwithstanding_o the_o safe_a conduct_n grant_v he_o to_o be_v burn_v at_o the_o council_n of_o constance_n who_o death_n his_o adherent_n who_o call_v themselves_o hussites_n do_v revenge_n with_o great_a fury_n upon_o bohemia_n and_o germany_n this_o war_n have_v take_v up_o the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1437._o after_o he_o succeed_v his_o son-in-law_n albert_n ii_o ii_o duke_n of_o austria_n and_o king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n who_o do_v not_o reign_v a_o whole_a year_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1439._o whilst_o he_o be_v very_o busy_a in_o make_v preparation_n against_o the_o turk_n iii_o he_o succeed_v his_o kinsman_n frederick_n iii_o duke_n of_o austria_n since_o which_o time_n all_o the_o succeed_a emperor_n have_v be_v of_o this_o house_n during_o his_o reign_n several_a disturbance_n be_v raise_v in_o germany_n which_o be_v neglect_v by_o the_o emperor_n he_o also_o have_v some_o difference_n with_o ladislaus_n son_n of_o albert_n ii_o concern_v austria_n and_o be_v attack_v by_o mathias_n hunniades_n king_n of_o hungary_n which_o war_n
he_o prosecute_v with_o more_o patience_n than_o vigour_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1493._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n maximilian_n i._n i._n who_o have_v the_o good_a fortune_n by_o his_o marriage_n with_o mary_n the_o daughter_n of_o charles_n the_o hardy_a duke_n of_o burgundy_n to_o annex_v the_o netherlands_o to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n as_o he_o be_v very_o fickle_a in_o his_o undertake_n so_o the_o success_n be_v general_o answerable_a to_o it_o and_o various_a and_o his_o war_n with_o the_o swisser_n and_o those_o in_o italy_n against_o the_o venetian_n have_v but_o a_o very_a indifferent_a end_n the_o chief_a thing_n of_o moment_n do_v by_o he_o be_v that_o whereas_o former_o all_o difference_n in_o germany_n be_v decide_v by_o the_o sword_n he_o reestablish_v the_o peace_n of_o the_o empire_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1519._o §_o 13._o v._n he_o succeed_v his_o grandson_n charles_n v._o king_n of_o spain_n and_o sovereign_n of_o the_o netherlands_o under_o who_o reign_n the_o face_n of_o affair_n in_o germany_n be_v remarkable_o change_v which_o be_v occasion_v by_o the_o religious_a difference_n set_v on_o foot_n about_o that_o time_n for_o the_o pope_n have_v cause_v indulgence_n to_o be_v sell_v here_o in_o so_o scandalous_a a_o manner_n that_o the_o wise_a sort_n begin_v to_o be_v ashamed_a of_o it_o 1517._o wherefore_o martin_n luther_n doctor_n of_o divinity_n and_o professor_n in_o the_o university_n of_o wittenbergh_n hold_v a_o public_a disputation_n against_o it_o reformation_n whâ—_n be_v oppose_v by_o other_o all_o the_o neighbour_a country_n be_v alarm_v at_o it_o luther_n at_o first_o do_v submit_v himself_o to_o the_o decision_n of_o the_o pope_n but_o find_v that_o he_o favour_v the_o indulgence_n merchant_n and_o that_o he_o be_v condemn_v by_o he_o he_o appeal_v to_o a_o free_a general_n council_n and_o then_o begin_v to_o go_v far_o to_o examine_v the_o pope_n authority_n and_o have_v lay_v open_a some_o error_n and_o abuse_n which_o be_v creep_v in_o among_o they_o his_o doctrine_n be_v so_o approve_v of_o by_o some_o of_o the_o prince_n and_o free_a imperial_a city_n that_o they_o begin_v to_o banish_v the_o priest_n and_o monk_n out_o of_o several_a place_n and_o to_o reduce_v their_o revenue_n and_o though_o the_o emperor_n do_v declare_v luther_n 1521._o at_o the_o diet_n of_o worm_n a_o outlaw_n and_o endeavour_v by_o several_a proclamation_n to_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o these_o proceed_n and_o innovation_n nevertheless_o the_o emperor_n be_v then_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o france_n and_o therefore_o not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o apply_v himself_o in_o good_a earnest_n to_o the_o suppress_n of_o this_o division_n luther_n party_n grow_v daily_o strong_a perhaps_o he_o be_v afterward_o not_o very_o sorry_a to_o see_v the_o wound_n increase_v that_o he_o may_v make_v the_o better_a benefit_n of_o the_o cure_n there_o have_v be_v a_o proclamation_n publish_v at_o the_o diet_n of_o spiers_n 1529._o which_o be_v in_o no_o way_n agreeable_a to_o the_o lutheran_n prince_n they_o protest_v against_o the_o same_o protestant_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v call_v protestant_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v they_o deliver_v a_o confession_n of_o their_o faith_n to_o the_o emperor_n at_o augsburgh_n and_o enter_v into_o a_o defensive_a alliance_n at_o smalkald_n 1530._o which_o league_n be_v renew_v in_o the_o year_n 1535._o smalkald_n when_o a_o great_a many_o prince_n and_o free_a imperial_a city_n be_v receive_v into_o it_o this_o league_n make_v at_o smalkald_n be_v a_o great_a eyesore_n to_o the_o emperor_n who_o use_v all_o mean_n to_o dissolve_v the_o same_o but_o the_o protestant_n who_o now_o begin_v to_o trust_v to_o their_o own_o strength_n stand_v by_o one_o another_o the_o hostility_n begin_v on_o both_o side_n and_o the_o protestant_n do_v bring_v into_o the_o field_n a_o army_n of_o 100000_o man_n 1546._o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o john_n frederick_n elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o philip_n landgrave_n of_o hesse_n if_o they_o have_v fall_v immediate_o upon_o the_o emperor_n who_o force_n be_v then_o not_o join_v they_o may_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v worsted_n he_o but_o have_v lose_v the_o first_o opportunity_n the_o emperor_n strengthen_v himself_o that_o he_o force_v the_o protestant_n to_o quit_v the_o field_n and_o to_o disband_v their_o force_n he_o also_o cause_v a_o diversion_n to_o be_v give_v the_o elector_n at_o home_n by_o his_o kinsman_n maurice_n which_o have_v such_o influence_n upon_o the_o free_a imperial_a city_n that_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o submit_v themselves_o and_o to_o pay_v considerable_a fine_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o emperor_n fall_v into_o saxony_n and_o have_v defeat_v the_o elector_n near_o michlbergh_n take_v he_o prisoner_n against_o who_o he_o pronounce_v sentence_n of_o death_n which_o however_o he_o change_v into_o a_o imprisonment_n philip_n landgrave_n of_o hesse_n have_v also_o submit_v himself_o be_v contrary_a to_o agreement_n make_v a_o prisoner_n whereby_o the_o protestant_a religion_n in_o germany_n be_v reduce_v to_o great_a extremity_n the_o electorat_a of_o saxony_n be_v give_v to_o maurice_n duke_n of_o saxony_n who_o at_o last_o be_v resolve_v not_o to_o permit_v any_o long_a that_o both_o the_o religion_n and_o liberty_n shall_v be_v quite_o destroy_v neither_o that_o his_o wife_n father_n the_o landgrave_n of_o hesse_n who_o upon_o his_o parole_n have_v surrender_v himself_o to_o the_o emperor_n shall_v be_v detain_v a_o prisoner_n fall_v so_o sudden_o with_o his_o force_n upon_o the_o emperor_n that_o he_o be_v very_o near_o have_v surprise_v his_o person_n at_o inspruck_n 1552._o henry_n ii_o king_n of_o france_n have_v also_o make_v a_o inroad_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o germany_n surprise_v metz_n tully_n and_o verdun_n king_n ferdinand_n therefore_o the_o emperor_n brother_n interpose_v his_o authority_n conclude_v a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o passau_n where_o their_o religion_n be_v secure_v to_o the_o protestant_n till_o matter_n can_v be_v better_o settle_v at_o the_o next_o ensue_a diet_n 1552._o the_o landgrave_n be_v release_v as_o likewise_o john_n frederick_n the_o elector_n who_o be_v dismiss_v out_o of_o prison_n a_o little_a before_o by_o the_o emperor_n 1555._o at_o last_o the_o religious_a peace_n in_o germany_n be_v establish_v at_o the_o diet_n at_o augsburgh_n where_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o neither_o party_n shall_v annoy_v one_o another_o under_o the_o pretext_n of_o religion_n and_o that_o such_o of_o the_o church_n land_n and_o revenue_n as_o the_o protestant_n have_v be_v possess_v of_o before_o the_o peace_n conclude_v at_o passau_n shall_v remain_v in_o their_o possession_n boor_n the_o boor_n also_o in_o germany_n raise_v a_o most_o dangerous_a rebellion_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n v_n of_o who_o there_o be_v kill_v above_o 100000._o 1525._o in_o the_o year_n 1529._o the_o city_n of_o vienna_n be_v besiege_v by_o solyman_n the_o turkish_a emperor_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n 1532._o not_o without_o considerable_a loss_n and_o afterward_o the_o turk_n who_o be_v march_v with_o a_o great_a army_n into_o austria_n be_v beat_v back_o again_o in_o the_o year_n 1534._o the_o anabaptist_n be_v for_o erect_v a_o new_a kingdom_n in_o munster_n in_o westphalia_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o john_n a_o tailor_n of_o leiden_fw-mi and_o one_o knipperdolling_n who_o receive_v the_o dire_a reward_n of_o their_o madness_n resign_v at_o last_o this_o great_a prince_n charles_n v._o surrender_v the_o imperial_a dignity_n to_o his_o brother_n ferdinand_n i._o i._n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n who_o unite_v these_o two_o kingdom_n to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n he_o have_v marry_a anna_n sister_n of_o lewis_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n who_o be_v slay_v in_o the_o battle_n fight_v against_o the_o turk_n near_o mohatz_n he_o reign_v very_o peaceable_o in_o germany_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1564._o ii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n maximilian_n ii_o who_o also_o reign_v in_o peace_n except_o that_o a_o tumult_n happen_v at_o that_o time_n in_o germany_n raise_v by_o one_o william_n grumpach_n and_o his_o associate_n who_o have_v first_o murder_v melchior_n zobel_n the_o archbishop_n of_o wartzburgh_n have_v plunder_v that_o city_n they_o also_o endeavour_v to_o stir_v up_o the_o nobility_n and_o to_o raise_v disturbance_n in_o other_o place_n 1567._o this_o man_n have_v be_v declare_v a_o outlaw_n be_v protect_v by_o john_n frederick_n duke_n of_o saxony_n who_o pay_v dear_o for_o it_o gotha_n one_o of_o his_o best_a strong_a hold_v have_v be_v demolish_v and_o he_o himself_o take_v prisoner_n maximilian_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1576._o ii_o him_n succeed_v his_o son_n rudolph_n ii_o who_o reign_v also_o very_o peaceable_o in_o germany_n except_o that_o the_o
pole_n against_o he_o in_o prussia_n and_o he_o stand_v in_o a_o good_a corespondency_n with_o france_n and_o holland_n who_o be_v very_o jealous_a at_o the_o greatness_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n 1630._o this_o king_n come_v with_o a_o army_n into_o germany_n and_o drive_v the_o imperial_a force_n out_o of_o pomerania_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o imperial_a general_n tilly_n have_v quite_o destroy_v the_o city_n of_o magdeburgh_n and_o be_v upon_o his_o march_n against_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n who_o he_o do_v not_o question_v but_o to_o rout_n quick_o but_o king_n gustavus_n have_v join_v his_o force_n with_o those_o of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n defeat_v tilly_n in_o that_o eminent_a battle_n near_o leipsick_a where_o the_o emperor_n at_o one_o stroke_n lose_v all_o his_o hope_n which_o he_o have_v conceive_v from_o the_o happy_a success_n of_o his_o arm_n during_o the_o space_n of_o twelve_o year_n before_o from_o thence_o he_o march_v on_o to_o the_o rhine_n where_o he_o make_v almost_o miraculous_a progress_v but_o because_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n have_v not_o so_o vigorous_o attack_v the_o hereditary_a country_n of_o the_o emperor_n he_o have_v thereby_o leisure_n give_v he_o to_o raise_v another_o army_n 1632._o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o wallenstein_n against_o who_o the_o king_n lie_v encamp_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n near_o nurenbergh_n and_o afterward_o in_o the_o battle_n of_o lutzen_n dâ—â—th_v though_o his_o side_n gain_v the_o victory_n he_o lose_v his_o life_n after_o his_o death_n his_o general_n and_o confederate_n carry_v on_o the_o war_n continueâ—_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o axel_n oxenstem_n chancellor_n of_o sweden_n with_o indifferent_a good_a success_n but_o have_v receive_v a_o entire_a defeat_n in_o the_o battle_n near_o noringen_n which_o they_o fight_v without_o necessity_n they_o lose_v all_o their_o conquest_n the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n have_v also_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n at_o prague_n 1634._o which_o be_v extreme_o dislike_v by_o the_o protestant_a party_n 1635._o the_o emperor_n be_v now_o again_o in_o hope_n to_o drive_v the_o swede_n by_o force_n out_o of_o germany_n but_o by_o the_o valour_n and_o conduct_n of_o their_o general_n the_o swedish_n affair_n begin_v to_o look_v with_o a_o better_a face_n who_o carry_v the_o war_n again_o into_o the_o very_a hereditary_a country_n of_o the_o emperor_n at_o last_o all_o party_n begin_v to_o incline_v to_o a_o peace_n for_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n be_v tire_v out_o with_o the_o war_n france_n begin_v to_o be_v divide_v at_o home_n by_o commotion_n holland_n have_v make_v a_o separate_a peace_n with_o spain_n and_o the_o swede_n fear_v that_o the_o german_n of_o who_o be_v compose_v the_o great_a part_n of_o their_o army_n may_v at_o last_o grow_v weary_a of_o be_v instrumental_a in_o the_o ruin_n of_o their_o native_a country_n or_o that_o one_o unfortunate_a blow_n may_v chance_v to_o rob_v they_o of_o the_o fruit_n of_o their_o former_a victory_n a_o peace_n be_v therefore_o conclude_v at_o osnabrugge_n with_o sweden_n and_o at_o munster_n with_o france_n france_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o swede_n get_v a_o part_n of_o pomerania_n bremen_n and_o wismas_n and_o five_o million_o of_o crown_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o their_o force_n 1648._o france_n keep_v brisac_n suntgaw_n a_o part_n of_o alsace_n and_o philipsbourg_n by_o this_o peace_n the_o authority_n of_o the_o state_n of_o germany_n and_o the_o protestant_a religion_n be_v establish_v at_o once_o and_o the_o emperor_n power_n confine_v within_o such_o bound_n that_o he_o can_v not_o easy_o hereafter_o attempt_v any_o thing_n against_o either_o of_o they_o especial_o since_o both_o sweden_n and_o france_n have_v a_o free_a passage_n leave_v they_o from_o whence_o they_o may_v easy_o oppose_v he_o 1637._o if_o he_o design_v to_o transgress_v these_o limit_n during_o this_o war_n die_v ferdinand_n ii_o three_o who_o succeed_v his_o son_n ferdinand_n iii_o who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1657._o in_o who_o stead_n be_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v elect_a emperor_n his_o son_n leopold_n §_o 19_o leopold_n after_o the_o westphalian_a peace_n germany_n remain_v in_o peace_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n except_o that_o the_o emperor_n and_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n at_o which_o time_n the_o swede_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o denmark_n fall_v into_o pomerania_n 1659._o but_o these_o difference_n be_v compose_v by_o the_o peace_n make_v at_o oliva_n in_o the_o year_n 1663._o a_o war_n begin_v with_o the_o turk_n turk_n when_o the_o turk_n take_v newâ—eusel_n but_o be_v also_o especial_o near_o st._n godhart_n sound_o beat_v some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o if_o the_o emperor_n have_v at_o that_o time_n vigorous_o pursue_v his_o victory_n he_o may_v have_v beat_v they_o out_o of_o hungary_n since_o the_o turk_n be_v put_v into_o a_o great_a consternation_n by_o the_o persian_n and_o some_o rebellious_a bassa_n and_o the_o venetian_n do_v so_o vigorous_o push_v on_o the_o siege_n of_o canea_n but_o the_o emperor_n be_v so_o forward_o in_o make_v peace_n with_o they_o because_o as_o it_o be_v suppose_v he_o be_v jealous_a of_o france_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1672._o germany_n be_v again_o entangle_v in_o a_o war_n with_o france_n france_n which_o be_v occasion_v by_o the_o great_a progress_v of_o the_o french_a against_o the_o hollander_n who_o be_v relieve_v by_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n for_o though_o in_o the_o year_n before_o the_o emperor_n have_v make_v a_o alliance_n with_o france_n whereby_o he_o have_v promise_v not_o to_o meddle_v in_o the_o war_n if_o france_n shall_v attack_v one_o of_o the_o triple_a alliance_n nevertheless_o he_o send_v his_o force_n towards_o the_o rhine_n under_o pretence_n that_o it_o belong_v to_o he_o as_o be_v emperor_n to_o take_v effectual_a care_n that_o the_o flame_n which_o be_v burn_v in_o the_o neighbour_a country_n may_v not_o prove_v destructive_a to_o germany_n and_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n make_v heavy_a complaint_n that_o the_o french_a have_v make_v great_a havoc_n in_o his_o territory_n of_o cleves_n the_o french_a on_o the_o other_o side_n send_v a_o army_n towards_o germany_n in_o hope_n to_o oblige_v the_o emperor_n not_o to_o concern_v himself_o in_o this_o war_n but_o the_o french_a have_v not_o only_o commit_v great_a outrage_n in_o the_o empire_n but_o also_o take_v into_o possession_n the_o city_n of_o treves_n and_o make_v great_a havoc_n in_o the_o palatinat_a the_o emperor_n persuade_v the_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o declare_v war_n against_o france_n sweden_n be_v also_o afterward_o engage_v in_o the_o same_o war_n nimâ—eâ—â—n_n which_o be_v end_v by_o the_o peace_n make_v at_o nimwegen_n 1679._o whereby_o france_n get_v friburgh_n in_o brisâ—an_n in_o lieu_n of_o philipsburgh_n and_o sweden_n be_v restore_v to_o those_o province_n which_o it_o have_v lose_v during_o the_o war_n §_o 18._o nation_n if_o we_o due_o consider_v the_o genius_n of_o this_o nation_n which_o inhabit_v this_o great_a empire_n it_o be_v most_o evident_a that_o this_o nation_n ever_o since_o the_o memory_n of_o man_n have_v be_v very_o brave_a and_o addict_v to_o war_n and_o that_o germany_n have_v be_v a_o inexhaustible_a source_n of_o soldier_n since_o there_o be_v scarce_o ever_o any_o want_n of_o man_n who_o be_v ready_a to_o serve_v for_o money_n and_o if_o they_o be_v once_o well_o discipline_v they_o be_v not_o only_o good_a at_o the_o first_o onset_n but_o be_v very_o fit_a to_o endure_v the_o hardship_n and_o inconvenience_n of_o a_o long_a war_n there_o be_v not_o in_o any_o other_o nation_n so_o many_o to_o be_v meet_v withal_o that_o be_v ready_a to_o listen_v themselves_o in_o foreign_a service_n for_o money_n neither_o â—is_n there_o any_o country_n in_o christendom_n where_o great_a force_n both_o of_o horse_n and_o foot_n may_v be_v raise_v than_o in_o germany_n but_o beside_o this_o the_o german_n be_v much_o addict_v and_o very_o fit_a for_o commerce_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o handicraft_n trade_n and_o not_o only_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n do_v apply_v themselves_o with_o great_a industry_n to_o the_o same_o but_o also_o if_o a_o countryman_n get_v a_o little_a beforehand_o in_o the_o world_n he_o put_v his_o son_n to_o some_o handycraft_n trade_n or_o another_o though_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o afterward_o run_v into_o the_o war_n they_o be_v general_o very_o free_a and_o honest_a very_o ambitious_a to_o maintain_v the_o so_o much_o praise_v fidelity_n of_o the_o ancient_a german_n they_o be_v not_o easy_o stir_v up_o to_o raise_v tumult_n but_o common_o be_v willing_a to_o remain_v under_o the_o same_o government_n where_o they_o be_v educate_v §_o 19_o though_o the_o
exercise_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n throughout_o his_o kingdom_n his_o son_n harald_n be_v attack_v by_o the_o emperor_n otto_n i._o from_o who_o the_o sea_n betwixt_o jutland_n and_o holland_n have_v get_v the_o name_n of_o otten_n sound_v because_o the_o emperor_n there_o throw_v in_o his_o lance_n to_o mark_v the_o utmost_a limit_n of_o his_o expedition_n oâ—ttâ—_n his_o son_n sven_v otto_n come_v to_o the_o crown_n in_o the_o year_n 980._o who_o be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o the_o jutin_n be_v redeem_v by_o the_o woman_n who_o give_v their_o gold_n and_o silver_n ornament_n for_o his_o ransom_n in_o recompense_n of_o which_o he_o grant_v they_o this_o privilege_n that_o whereas_o they_o use_v only_o to_o have_v a_o small_a portion_n in_o money_n out_o of_o their_o father_n inheritance_n they_o for_o the_o future_a shall_v have_v a_o equal_a share_n with_o the_o males_n he_o also_o conquer_a a_o part_n of_o england_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1012._o his_o son_n canut_n ii_o or_o cnut_n ii_o surname_v the_o great_a be_v king_n of_o denmaâ—k_n norway_n and_o england_n have_v conquer_a the_o latter_a of_o these_o three_o by_o force_n of_o arm_n though_o england_n do_v not_o remain_v long_o under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o dane_n for_o after_o his_o death_n harald_n and_o only_a hardiknut_n reign_v in_o england_n after_o who_o death_n the_o dane_n be_v again_o chase_v out_o of_o england_n beside_o this_o magnus_n son_n of_o s._n olaus_n king_n of_o norway_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o denmark_n which_o kingdom_n however_o after_o his_o death_n sueno_n ii_o obtain_v but_o he_o be_v force_v to_o fight_v for_o it_o against_o harald_n hardrode_n than_o king_n of_o norway_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1074._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n harald_n vii_o who_o reign_v but_o two_o year_n and_o canute_n iu._n this_o king_n do_v give_v great_a power_n to_o the_o bishop_n in_o denmark_n and_o grant_v the_o ten_o of_o all_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o country_n to_o the_o clergy_n at_o which_o the_o jute_n be_v exasperate_v 1087._o slay_v he_o at_o oden_n sea_n but_o the_o clergy_n as_o a_o acknowledgement_n of_o his_o favour_n bestow_v upon_o they_o place_v he_o in_o the_o number_n of_o saint_n and_o his_o memory_n be_v afterward_o celebrate_v with_o full_a cup_n at_o their_o feast_n by_o those_o who_o call_v themselves_o the_o knutgylden_n from_o he_o his_o brother_n olaus_n iv._o succeed_v he_o who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1095._o and_o after_o he_o reign_v his_o brother_n erick_n ii_o who_o take_v jutin_n at_o that_o time_n a_o great_a city_n in_o pomerania_n he_o die_v in_o the_o ille_fw-la of_o cyprus_n in_o his_o pilgrimage_n to_o jerusalem_n §_o 2._o after_o his_o death_n the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v in_o great_a confusion_n especial_o when_o three_o at_o once_o fight_v for_o the_o crown_n viz._n sueno_n iii_n canute_n vi_o and_o waldemar_n i._o these_o after_o they_o have_v wage_v war_n together_o for_o many_o year_n do_v at_o last_o agree_v to_o divide_v the_o kingdom_n into_o three_o part_n but_o canute_n have_v be_v assassinate_v by_o sueno_n and_o sueno_n again_o have_v be_v slay_v in_o a_o battle_n against_o waldâ—mar_n i._n he_o get_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n into_o his_o possession_n he_o subdue_v the_o rugian_o and_o vandal_n 1157._o who_o have_v hitherto_o prove_v very_o mischievous_a to_o denmark_n he_o also_o destroy_v the_o city_n of_o julin_n 1164._o it_o be_v relate_v that_o he_o lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzwick_n and_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n absalon_n bishop_n of_o roshild_n first_o begin_v to_o build_v the_o city_n of_o copenhagen_n waldemar_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1182._o vi._n he_o succeed_v his_o son_n canute_n vi_o who_o wage_v great_a war_n against_o the_o vandal_n and_o at_o last_o force_v their_o prince_n to_o be_v his_o vassal_n take_v upon_o himself_o the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o the_o vandal_n or_o slave_n he_o take_v from_o adolf_n earl_n of_o holstein_n among_o other_o place_n the_o city_n of_o hamburgh_n which_o however_o twenty_o seven_o year_n after_o do_v shake_v off_o the_o danish_a yoke_n he_o have_v also_o conquer_v esthonia_n and_o livonia_n the_o christian_a faith_n be_v establish_v in_o these_o country_n by_o his_o mean_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1202._o after_o he_o reign_v his_o brother_n waldemar_n ii_o who_o at_o the_o beginning_n be_v a_o very_a fortunate_a and_o potent_a prince_n and_o have_v under_o his_o subjection_n beside_o denmark_n the_o country_n of_o esthonia_n livonia_n curland_n prussia_n pomerania_n rugen_n meckâ—enburgh_n holstein_n stormar_n ditmarsen_n and_o wagern_n as_o also_o the_o city_n of_o lubeck_n and_o lavenburgh_n but_o he_o lose_v a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o again_o by_o the_o follow_a occasion_n henry_n earl_n of_o swerin_n have_v undertake_v a_o journey_n to_o the_o holy_a land_n have_v commit_v during_o his_o absence_n his_o lady_n and_o country_n to_o the_o care_n of_o waldemar_n but_o have_v be_v inform_v after_o his_o return_n that_o the_o king_n have_v live_v in_o adultery_n with_o his_o lady_n he_o to_o revenge_v this_o affront_n take_v he_o prisoner_n by_o stratagem_n and_o after_o he_o have_v keep_v he_o three_o year_n in_o prison_n dismiss_v he_o make_v he_o pay_v for_o his_o ransom_n the_o sum_n of_o 45000_o mark_n of_o fine_a silver_n the_o country_n of_o mecklenburgh_n and_o pomerania_n and_o the_o city_n of_o lubeck_n and_o duntzwick_n take_v hold_n of_o this_o opportunity_n revolt_v from_o waldemar_n adolf_n earl_n of_o shavenburgh_n take_v from_o he_o holstein_n and_o stormar_n the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n take_v esthonia_n and_o livonia_n and_o endeavour_v to_o recover_v these_o country_n he_o be_v vanquish_v in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o bornhove_v 1227._o by_o the_o earl_n of_o shavenburgh_n yet_o he_o recover_v reval_n and_o esthonia_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1241._o §_o v._n 13._o his_o son_n erick_n v._o succeed_v he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n though_o he_o have_v also_o give_v some_o part_n of_o it_o to_o his_o other_o son_n viz._n to_o abel_n sleswick_n to_o canute_n bleckingâ—n_n and_o to_o christopher_n laland_n and_o falster_n these_o be_v each_o of_o they_o for_o be_v sovereign_n in_o these_o country_n but_o erick_n pretend_v that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v his_o vassal_n there_o be_v great_a commotion_n in_o denmark_n till_o erick_n be_v miserable_o murder_v by_o his_o brother_n abel_n abâ—l._n and_o abel_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v two_o year_n be_v slay_v by_o the_o friselander_n and_o ditmarsians_n 1250._o who_o succeed_v his_o brother_n christopher_n i._o aganist_n this_o king_n the_o archbishop_n of_o lunden_n raise_v abundance_n of_o trouble_n 1252._o and_o the_o king_n have_v imprison_v he_o i._o he_o be_v by_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n excommunicate_v and_o with_o he_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o at_o last_o the_o king_n be_v by_o they_o poison_v 1259._o as_o it_o be_v think_v with_o the_o host_n after_o he_o reign_v his_o son_n erick_n vi_o vi._n who_o be_v at_o variance_n with_o the_o bishop_n and_o engage_v in_o war_n against_o sweden_n and_o norway_n at_o last_o he_o be_v take_v prisoner_n in_o a_o battle_n by_o erick_n duke_n of_o holstein_n 1286._o and_o be_v barbarous_o murder_v by_o some_o of_o the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n vii_o he_o leave_v the_o crown_n to_o his_o son_n erick_n vii_o who_o immediate_o in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n have_v great_a contest_v with_o the_o king_n of_o norway_n who_o have_v give_v protection_n to_o to_o the_o murderer_n of_o his_o father_n he_o also_o have_v some_o other_o difference_n with_o some_o of_o the_o neighbour_a state_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1319._o he_o succeed_v his_o brother_n christopher_n two_o two_o who_o get_v his_o son_n crown_v in_o his_o life_n time_n this_o king_n be_v banish_v the_o kingdom_n by_o his_o subject_n who_o under_o pretence_n of_o be_v oppress_v with_o tax_n elect_v in_o his_o stead_n waldemar_n duke_n of_o sleswick_n their_o king_n but_o they_o grow_v also_o quick_o weary_a of_o he_o and_o recall_v christopher_n who_o afterward_o in_o a_o battle_n fight_v against_o this_o waldemar_n lose_v his_o son_n erick_n under_o 1332._o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n schonen_fw-mi being_z sore_o oppress_v by_o the_o holsteiner_n who_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o surrender_v itself_o to_o magnus_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o john_n duke_n of_o holstein_n perceive_v that_o he_o can_v not_o maintain_v it_o by_o force_n sell_v all_o his_o right_n and_o title_n to_o it_o for_o 70000_o mark_n fine_a silver_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n denmark_n be_v tear_v into_o so_o many_o piece_n that_o very_o few_o place_n be_v leave_v to_o the_o king_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1333._o
after_o his_o death_n there_o be_v a_o interregnum_fw-la in_o denmark_n during_o the_o space_n of_o seven_o year_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o holsteiner_n have_v bring_v the_o great_a part_n of_o denmark_n under_o their_o subjection_n till_o the_o dane_n make_v a_o insurrection_n against_o they_o endeavour_v to_o chase_v they_o out_o of_o denmark_n and_o for_o this_o purpose_n call_v waldemar_n the_o son_n of_o christopher_n ii_o who_o have_v be_v educate_v at_o the_o court_n of_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n the_o bavarian_a into_o the_o kingdom_n §_o 4._o iii_o waldemar_n iii_o do_v somewhat_o restore_v the_o decay_a state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v partly_o force_v and_o partly_o buy_v the_o holsteiner_n out_o of_o denmark_n he_o sell_v hisponia_n and_o reval_n to_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n for_o 28000_o mark_n fine_a silver_n which_o sum_n he_o bestow_v most_o upon_o a_o journey_n which_o he_o undertake_v into_o the_o holy_a land_n but_o he_o get_v schonen_fw-mi again_o from_o magnus_n sameck_n the_o then_o king_n of_o sweden_n by_o fair_a promise_n and_o by_o a_o agreement_n make_v betwixt_o he_o and_o albert_n king_n of_o swedeland_n gotland_n be_v also_o surrender_v to_o he_o and_o some_o other_o place_n belong_v at_o that_o time_n to_o sweden_n he_o be_v frequent_o at_o war_n with_o the_o hanse_v town_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1375._o after_o he_o reign_v his_o grandson_n olaus_n vi_o vi._n bear_v of_o his_o daughter_n margaret_n and_o hacquin_n king_n of_o norway_n during_o his_o minority_n the_o mother_n have_v the_o supreme_a administration_n of_o affair_n have_v after_o his_o father_n death_n obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o norway_n he_o lay_v also_o claim_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n because_o his_o father_n be_v son_n of_o magnus_n sameck_n king_n of_o sweden_n but_o he_o die_v young_a in_o his_o stead_n the_o dane_n and_o norwegian_n receive_v for_o their_o queen_n margaret_n his_o mother_n and_o she_o have_v declare_v erick_n pomeran_n her_o sister_n daughter_n son_n her_o associate_n in_o the_o government_n enter_v into_o a_o war_n against_o albert_n king_n of_o sweden_n but_o the_o swede_n be_v in_o general_n dissatisfy_v with_o their_o king_n desert_v he_o acknowledge_v margaret_n for_o their_o queen_n albert_n fight_v a_o battle_n against_o margaret_n but_o be_v defeat_v and_o take_v prisoner_n with_o his_o son_n who_o margaret_n do_v not_o release_v till_o after_o seven_o year_n imprisonment_n under_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v either_o pay_v 60000_o mark_n fine_a silver_n for_o his_o ransom_n or_o else_o resign_v his_o pretension_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n and_o he_o have_v perform_v the_o last_o margaret_z cause_v eric_n pomeran_n to_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o estate_n of_o all_o the_o three_o northern_a kingdom_n assemble_v at_o calmar_n 1396._o where_o erick_n have_v be_v declare_v their_o king_n a_o agreement_n be_v make_v among_o they_o that_o these_o three_o kingdom_n for_o the_o future_a shall_v be_v rule_v by_o one_o king_n margaret_n who_o have_v be_v a_o extraordinary_a good_a queen_n to_o denmark_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1412._o after_o who_o death_n erick_n be_v sole_a king_n over_o these_o three_o kingdom_n but_o he_o be_v in_o continual_a broil_n with_o the_o holsteiner_n who_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o hanse_v town_n concern_v the_o duchy_n of_o sleswick_n which_o difference_n be_v at_o last_o compose_v he_o surrender_v to_o his_o cousin_n pomerar_n the_o duke_n of_o pomerania_n the_o island_n of_o rugen_n which_o have_v be_v a_o considerable_a time_n under_o danish_a subjection_n 1438._o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o swede_n be_v grow_v very_o discontent_v because_o erick_n do_v not_o govern_v they_o according_a to_o his_o coronation_n oath_n and_o oppress_v they_o by_o his_o foreign_a officer_n which_o oblige_v they_o to_o stand_v up_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o liberty_n the_o dane_n also_o see_v that_o he_o be_v very_o careless_a of_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o do_v always_o live_v in_o gotland_n do_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o his_o obedience_n allege_v among_o other_o matter_n that_o because_o he_o have_v be_v endeavour_v to_o establish_v his_o cousin_n bogislaus_n duke_n of_o pomerania_n in_o his_o throne_n in_o his_o life_n time_n he_o have_v thereby_o violate_v their_o right_n of_o a_o free_a election_n christopher_n and_o have_v choose_v in_o his_o stead_n christopher_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n 1439._o erick_n sister_n son_n he_o be_v depose_v and_o retire_v into_o pomerania_n where_o he_o end_v his_o life_n christopher_n reign_v till_o the_o year_n 1448._o with_o who_o reign_n the_o dane_n be_v very_o well_o satisfy_v §_o 1_n 5._o after_o his_o death_n the_o dane_n make_v a_o offer_n of_o that_o crown_n to_o adolf_n duke_n of_o sleswick_n and_o earl_n of_o holstein_n but_o he_o be_v very_o ancient_a and_o infirm_a refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o it_o and_o recommend_v to_o they_o christian_a earl_n of_o oldenburgh_n his_o sister_n son_n who_o both_o the_o dane_n and_o norwegian_n declare_v their_o king_n and_o in_o this_o family_n these_o two_o crown_n have_v remain_v ever_o since_o by_o a_o continual_a succession_n this_o king_n soon_o after_o begin_v a_o war_n with_o the_o swede_n who_o have_v make_v one_o charles_n cnutson_n their_o king_n because_o they_o will_v have_v drive_v the_o depose_a king_n erick_n out_o of_o gotland_n but_o king_n christian_n come_v to_o his_o assistance_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o that_o island_n beside_o this_o some_o of_o the_o swedish_n nobility_n who_o be_v dissatisfy_v with_o charles_n cnutson_n have_v side_v with_o christian_a the_o war_n begin_v to_o be_v carry_v on_o very_o vigorous_o betwixt_o these_o two_o nation_n in_o this_o war_n the_o archbishop_n of_o vpsal_n do_v attack_v charles_n with_o such_o success_n that_o he_o oblige_v he_o to_o retire_v into_o prussia_n and_o christian_a be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n 1458._o but_o the_o swede_n be_v again_o dissatisfy_v with_o christian_a recall_v charles_n cnutson_n when_o the_o war_n begin_v afresh_o and_o notwithstanding_o charles_n cnutson_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1470_o 1463._o and_o christian_a come_v with_o a_o great_a army_n into_o swedeland_n yet_o can_v he_o not_o maintain_v himself_o in_o the_o throne_n his_o force_n have_v be_v defeat_v near_o stockholm_n in_o the_o year_n 1471_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n iii_o give_v to_o he_o in_o fief_n ditmarsen_n as_o also_o to_o the_o country_n of_o holstein_n the_o title_n of_o a_o dukedom_n he_o marry_v his_o daughter_n margaret_n to_o james_n iii_o king_n of_o scotland_n give_v she_o for_o a_o dowry_n the_o orkney_n island_n and_o hetland_n which_o have_v hitherto_o be_v dependent_a on_o the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1481._o in_o who_o stead_n the_o dane_n and_o norwegian_n choose_v his_o son_n john_n their_o king_n who_o divide_v the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n with_o his_o brother_n frederick_n this_o king_n john_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v in_o peace_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n john_n do_v at_o last_o enter_v into_o a_o war_n against_o sweden_n and_o have_v defeat_v the_o dalekarl_n force_a steenure_n the_o governor_n to_o surrender_v himself_o and_o the_o city_n of_o stockholm_n and_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n 1497._o but_o in_o the_o year_n 1501_o he_o be_v miserable_o and_o shameful_o beat_v by_o the_o ditmarsians_n who_o he_o will_v have_v bring_v under_o his_o subjection_n and_o afterward_o steen_n stir_v also_o drive_v he_o out_o of_o sweden_n he_o be_v in_o continual_a broil_n with_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n suant_fw-la stir_n who_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o lubecker_n till_o these_o difference_n be_v at_o last_o compose_v soon_o after_o which_o he_o die_v §_o 1513._o 6._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n christian_n two_o who_o draw_v upon_o he_o the_o hatred_n of_o the_o dane_n ii_o partly_o because_o he_o entertain_v a_o woman_n of_o mean_a birth_n in_o the_o netherlands_o who_o name_n be_v duivecke_v to_o be_v his_o mistress_n and_o be_v strange_o lead_v by_o the_o nose_n by_o her_o mother_n sigibirta_n a_o crafty_a old_a woman_n partly_o because_o he_o have_v cause_v torber_n ox_n the_o governor_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o copenhagen_n to_o be_v as_o it_o be_v think_v unjust_o execute_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n great_a difference_n be_v arisen_a in_o sweden_n betwixt_o steen_n stir_v the_o young_a and_o gustave_n trolle_v the_o archbishop_n of_o vpsal_n the_o first_o have_v destroy_v the_o castle_n of_o steka_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o latter_a king_n christian_n come_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o archbishop_n take_v he_o along_o with_o he_o into_o denmark_n where_o they_o lay_v the_o design_n against_o swedeland_n a_o decree_n therefore_o be_v obtain_v from_o the_o pope_n wherein_o he_o have_v condemn_v the_o swede_n to_o
undergo_v great_a penalty_n for_o the_o violence_n offer_v to_o gustave_n trolle_v king_n christian_n to_o put_v this_o decree_n in_o execution_n send_v his_o force_n into_o sweden_n where_o steen_n stir_v be_v slay_v in_o a_o engagement_n the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v put_v into_o confusion_n by_o his_o death_n and_o king_n christian_n come_v at_o last_o in_o person_n force_v christina_n the_o widow_n of_o steen_n stir_v to_o surrender_v the_o city_n of_o stockholm_n at_o last_o a_o general_a amnesty_n have_v be_v publish_v first_o swedeâ—_n he_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n 1520._o but_o when_o the_o swede_n think_v themselves_o most_o secure_a he_o cause_v some_o of_o the_o chief_a man_n under_o pretence_n of_o the_o former_a violence_n commit_v upon_o gustavus_n trolle_v to_o be_v execute_v by_o the_o hangman_n and_o commit_v beside_o great_a cruelty_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n gustavus_n erickson_n who_o have_v be_v a_o prisoner_n in_o denmark_n have_v make_v his_o escape_n arrive_v in_o sweden_n and_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o dalekarl_n who_o he_o have_v stir_v up_o entire_o drive_v the_o dane_n out_o of_o sweden_n which_o ever_o since_o have_v maintain_v its_o liberty_n against_o the_o dane_n by_o this_o time_n the_o hatred_n of_o the_o dane_n against_o christian_n be_v mighty_o increase_v and_o the_o jute_n have_v first_o of_o all_o withdraw_v themselves_o from_o their_o obedience_n to_o he_o kingd_v it_o put_v he_o into_o such_o a_o consternation_n that_o he_o retreat_v with_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n into_o the_o netherlands_o the_o dane_n choose_v in_o his_o stead_n his_o uncle_n frederick_n duke_n of_o holstein_n for_o their_o king_n christian_n have_v raise_v some_o land-force_n do_v endeavour_v to_o regain_v the_o throne_n but_o they_o be_v disperse_v again_o charles_n v._o also_o his_o brother_n in_o law_n be_v so_o entangle_v in_o the_o war_n with_o france_n that_o he_o can_v not_o send_v he_o sufficient_a succour_n at_o last_o he_o come_v with_o a_o fleet_n into_o norway_n where_o he_o surrender_v himself_o to_o dnut_n gyldenstern_n who_o promise_v he_o security_n but_o king_n frederick_n allege_v that_o he_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o keep_v that_o promise_n make_v he_o a_o prisoner_n and_o send_v he_o to_o the_o castle_n of_o sunderburgh_n but_o have_v resign_v his_o title_n to_o the_o kingdom_n 1532._o he_o be_v remove_v to_o the_o castle_n of_o callenburgh_n 1546._o where_o he_o die_v 1559._o §_o 7._o i._n frederick_n i._o enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o hanse_v town_n against_o the_o depose_a king_n christian_n and_o force_v the_o city_n of_o copenhagen_n and_o malmoe_n which_o adhere_v to_o christian_a to_o surrender_v themselves_o to_o he_o he_o also_o grant_v great_a privilege_n to_o the_o nobility_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1533_o the_o year_n after_o he_o have_v make_v christian_n ii_o his_o prisoner_n he_o succeed_v his_o son_n christian_n iii_o iii_o who_o meet_v with_o great_a opposition_n at_o first_o from_o christopher_n earl_n of_o oldenburgh_n and_o the_o lubecker_n who_o pretend_v to_o restore_v the_o imprison_a christian_n to_o the_o throne_n and_o have_v bring_v several_a province_n over_o to_o their_o side_n but_o he_o at_o last_o surmount_v these_o difficulty_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o copenhagen_n and_o because_o the_o bishop_n have_v be_v all_o along_o against_o he_o 1556._o they_o be_v exclude_v from_o the_o general_a agreement_n and_o have_v be_v depose_v in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o protestant_a religion_n be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n establish_v in_o denmark_n and_o norway_n he_o reign_v very_o peaceable_o after_o that_o time_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1558._o §_o 8._o two_o his_o son_n and_o successor_n frederick_n ii_o subdue_v the_o ditmarsians_n then_o he_o enter_v into_o a_o war_n against_o erick_n king_n of_o sweden_n 1560._o which_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o great_a loss_n on_o both_o side_n for_o the_o space_n of_o nine_o year_n at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o stetin_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o emperor_n 1570._o and_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o poland_n he_o reign_v afterward_o very_o peaceable_o in_o denmark_n till_o the_o year_n 1588._o when_o he_o die_v under_o the_o reign_n also_o of_o his_o son_n christian_n iu._n iu_o the_o kingdom_n be_v in_o great_a tranquillity_n till_o the_o year_n 1611._o when_o he_o attack_v the_o swedish_n king_n charles_n ix_o and_o take_v from_o he_o calmar_n and_o elfsburgh_n 1613._o but_o he_o make_v peace_n with_o gustavus_n adolph_n the_o son_n of_o charles_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o he_o restore_v these_o place_n unto_o he_o in_o consideration_n of_o a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n 1625._o he_o be_v entangle_v in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n for_o he_o have_v be_v make_v general_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n he_o thereby_o come_v to_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o emperor_n but_o this_o war_n prove_v very_o disadvantageous_a to_o he_o he_o have_v receive_v a_o great_a overthrow_n near_o king_n luttern_n and_o be_v oblige_v not_o only_o to_o quit_v germany_n but_o the_o imperialist_n also_o enter_v holstein_n and_o jutland_n itself_o yet_o he_o recover_v all_o again_o by_o virtue_n of_o a_o peace_n make_v at_o lubeck_n 1629._o except_o that_o he_o lose_v the_o advantage_n of_o some_o ecclesiastical_a possession_n in_o germany_n which_o he_o intend_v for_o his_o son_n when_o swedeland_n be_v afterward_o engage_v in_o the_o german_a war_n he_o offer_v his_o mediation_n betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o emperor_n in_o hope_n thereby_o to_o recover_v his_o loss_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a possession_n and_o to_o prevent_v that_o the_o swede_n may_v not_o get_v a_o firm_a foot_n in_o germany_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o he_o be_v very_o vexatious_a to_o the_o swede_n endeavour_v by_o all_o way_n and_o mean_n to_o stop_v the_o career_n of_o their_o victory_n in_o germany_n and_o to_o spoil_v their_o trade_n at_o home_n till_o at_o last_o the_o swede_n be_v sore_o vex_v that_o their_o ship_n be_v continual_o detain_v and_o confiscate_v in_o the_o sound_n do_v resolve_v to_o put_v a_o end_n to_o these_o inconvenience_n and_o after_o they_o have_v let_v the_o dane_n know_v that_o they_o will_v no_o long_o suffer_v these_o injury_n fall_v with_o a_o army_n into_o holstein_n and_o jutland_n and_o at_o last_o also_o into_o schonen_fw-mi 1643._o in_o this_o war_n the_o dane_n be_v great_a loser_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n but_o by_o the_o extraordinary_a valour_n of_o their_o king_n they_o maintain_v themselves_o 1645._o till_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o france_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v at_o bromsebroo_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o swede_n get_v gothland_n osel_n and_o jemperland_n and_o holland_n be_v give_v they_o as_o a_o pledge_n for_o the_o space_n of_o thirty_o year_n the_o hollander_n also_o take_v hold_n of_o this_o opportunity_n do_v regulate_v the_o toll_n of_o the_o sound_n which_o hitherto_o have_v be_v raise_v at_o pleasure_n have_v be_v very_o troublesome_a to_o they_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1648._o §_o 9_o iii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n frederick_n iii_o who_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o hollander_n 1657._o attack_v the_o swede_n promise_v himself_o great_a success_n against_o they_o sweden_n at_o that_o time_n when_o he_o suppose_v that_o their_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n have_v quite_o weaken_a his_o strength_n against_o the_o pole_n but_o the_o swedish_n king_n come_v upon_o a_o sudden_a with_o a_o army_n into_o holstein_n and_o jutland_n and_o among_o other_o take_v the_o fortress_n of_o fredericksudde_n by_o storm_n and_o there_o happen_v a_o extraordinary_a hard_a frost_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o year_n 1658._o he_o march_v over_o the_o ice_n first_o into_o funen_n where_o he_o surprise_v the_o danish_a troop_n from_o thence_o take_v his_o way_n over_o largeland_n laland_n and_o falster_n into_o zealand_n this_o prodigious_a success_n oblige_v king_n frederick_n to_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o he_o at_o roshild_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o beside_o some_o other_o advantage_n he_o surrender_v to_o the_o swede_n holland_n bleckingen_n schonen_fw-mi bornholm_n bahus_n and_o drontheim_n in_o norway_n but_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n be_v inform_v that_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o emperor_n the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o the_o hollander_n the_o dane_n have_v resolve_v to_o renew_v the_o war_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o swede_n have_v leave_v the_o country_n or_o shall_v be_v again_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o germany_n or_o poland_n he_o resolve_v to_o be_v beforehand_o with_o they_o and_o return_v into_o the_o isle_n of_o zealand_n take_v cronenburgh_n câ—penhagen_n and_o besiege_a copenhagen_n by_o sea_n and_o land_n in_o the_o
mean_a while_o the_o dutch_a send_v a_o fleet_n to_o relieve_v copenhagen_n against_o who_o the_o swede_n fight_v with_o great_a bravery_n but_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o swede_n do_v in_o vain_a storm_n copenhagen_n 1659._o and_o beside_o this_o lose_v the_o battle_n in_o funen_n bornholm_n revolt_a and_o druntheim_n be_v retake_v and_o though_o the_o dane_n endeavour_v to_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n against_o the_o swede_n hope_v to_o have_v now_o after_o the_o death_n of_o their_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n meet_v with_o a_o opportunity_n to_o revenge_v themselves_o for_o their_o former_a loss_n yet_o accord_v to_o a_o project_n conclude_v upon_o by_o france_n england_n and_o holland_n conclude_v a_o peace_n be_v make_v near_o copenhagen_n almost_o upon_o the_o same_o condition_n with_o that_o conclude_v former_o at_o roshild_n except_o that_o bornholm_n and_o druntheim_n remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o dane_n in_o lieu_n of_o which_o some_o land_n be_v assign_v to_o the_o swede_n in_o schonen_fw-mi a_o peace_n be_v thus_o conclude_v hereditary_a the_o king_n at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o copenhagen_n be_v declare_v a_o absolute_a sovereign_n and_o the_o crown_n hereditary_n whereby_o the_o great_a privilege_n of_o the_o nobility_n be_v abolish_v and_o a_o new_a form_n of_o government_n introduce_v where_o the_o whole_a management_n of_o affair_n depend_v absolute_o on_o the_o king_n pleasure_n this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1670._o v._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n christian_n v._n who_o after_o he_o have_v put_v his_o affair_n into_o a_o good_a posture_n enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o the_o emperor_n holland_n and_o their_o confederate_n and_o see_v that_o the_o swede_n have_v be_v worsted_n in_o the_o country_n of_o brandenburg_n he_o hope_v to_o have_v meet_v with_o a_o good_a opportunity_n to_o break_v with_o sweden_n 1675._o he_o begin_v therefore_o with_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n who_o not_o foresee_v the_o design_n come_v to_o he_o at_o rensburgh_n who_o he_o force_v to_o quit_v all_o his_o advatange_n which_o he_o have_v obtain_v by_o the_o peace_n of_o roshild_n and_o to_o surrender_v into_o his_o hand_n the_o fortress_n of_o tonningen_n which_o he_o cause_v to_o be_v demolish_v and_o afterward_o take_v wismar_n from_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v he_o enter_v schonen_fw-mi where_o he_o take_v helsingburgh_n swedâ—n_n landscrone_n and_o christianstad_n as_o also_o the_o isle_n of_o gotland_n with_o little_a resistance_n but_o he_o have_v detach_v some_o troop_n to_o invest_v halmstad_v they_o be_v surprise_v by_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n who_o rout_v they_o and_o such_o as_o be_v not_o slay_v be_v all_o make_v prisoner_n not_o long_o after_o the_o whole_a danish_a army_n be_v beat_v out_o of_o the_o field_n in_o a_o bloody_a battle_n fight_v near_o lunden_n in_o the_o year_n 1677._o king_n christian_n besiege_v malmoe_n but_o have_v miscarry_v in_o a_o storm_n which_o he_o make_v upon_o the_o place_n he_o be_v force_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n and_o soon_o after_o receive_v another_o overthrow_n in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o landscrone_n betwixt_o he_o and_o charles_n king_n of_o sweden_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o dane_n be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o bahus_n and_o to_o surrender_v christianstadt_n which_o reduce_v to_o extremity_n by_o famine_n but_o at_o sea_n they_o have_v better_a success_n peace_n yet_o by_o virtue_n of_o a_o peace_n make_v betwixt_o they_o they_o restore_v all_o such_o place_n as_o they_o have_v take_v from_o the_o swede_n §_o 10._o nâ—tion_n it_o be_v evident_a out_o of_o ancient_a history_n that_o this_o nation_n have_v be_v former_o very_o warlike_a but_o in_o our_o age_n the_o dane_n have_v lose_v much_o of_o their_o ancient_a glory_n because_o the_o nobility_n have_v be_v rather_o for_o enjoy_v their_o revenue_n in_o plenty_n and_o quietness_n than_o for_o undergo_a the_o fatigue_n of_o war_n and_o the_o commonalty_n have_v follow_v their_o example_n this_o may_v also_o perhaps_o be_v allege_v for_o a_o reason_n that_o they_o have_v seldom_o be_v engage_v in_o any_o war_n but_o with_o sweden_n except_o that_o christian_a iu_o make_v war_n in_o germany_n which_o however_o be_v carry_v on_o chief_o by_o german_a soldier_n which_o can_v not_o be_v of_o any_o long_a continuance_n the_o dane_n often_o want_v opportunity_n to_o keep_v themselves_o in_o exercise_n especial_o since_o they_o have_v the_o conveniency_n of_o make_v use_n of_o the_o german_n who_o they_o list_v for_o money_n and_o the_o number_n of_o inhabitant_n seem_v to_o be_v but_o proportionable_a to_o the_o country_n which_o be_v of_o no_o great_a extent_n since_o the_o king_n have_v be_v declare_v sovereign_a all_o mean_n have_v be_v employ_v to_o improve_v the_o military_a force_n of_o the_o nation_n but_o it_o seem_v that_o the_o national_a force_n without_o the_o help_n of_o the_o german_n will_v not_o be_v of_o any_o great_a consequence_n as_o to_o land-service_n neither_o be_v it_o the_o king_n interest_n to_o put_v his_o nobility_n upon_o martial_a exploit_n or_o that_o they_o shall_v grow_v famous_a in_o war_n for_o fear_v they_o shall_v make_v a_o effort_n to_o recover_v their_o former_a privilege_n the_o norwegian_n undergo_v all_o sort_n of_o hardship_n with_o more_o courage_n and_o vigour_n norwegian_n whereunto_o they_o be_v enure_v by_o their_o climate_n and_o air._n but_o the_o dane_n since_o they_o have_v be_v master_n of_o norway_n have_v always_o endeavour_v to_o keep_v under_o this_o nation_n by_o take_v from_o they_o all_o opportunity_n of_o exert_v their_o vigour_n and_o there_o be_v very_o few_o leave_v of_o the_o ancient_a nobility_n in_o norway_n yet_o the_o norwegian_n be_v now_o adays_o very_o good_a seaman_n and_o the_o dutch_a make_v good_a use_n of_o they_o in_o sea-service_n and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o north-holland_n where_o they_o be_v addict_v to_o fish_v be_v original_o of_o norway_n §_o 11._o soil_n the_o country_n of_o denmark_n be_v of_o no_o great_a extent_n yet_o it_o be_v general_o very_o fertile_a and_o fit_a both_o for_o tillage_n and_o pasturage_n for_o a_o great_a number_n of_o ox_n and_o horse_n be_v yearly_o transport_v out_o of_o denmark_n to_o other_o place_n and_o a_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o corn_n be_v send_v out_o of_o denmark_n into_o norway_n and_o island_n the_o sea_n near_o denmark_n be_v pretty_a well_o stock_v with_o fish_n which_o however_o be_v rather_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n than_o for_o exportation_n there_o be_v little_a or_o no_o manufactory_n there_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v not_o fit_v for_o such_o work_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o commodity_n fit_a for_o exportation_n in_o great_a quantity_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o dane_n be_v oblige_v to_o import_n wine_n salt_n good_a beer_n and_o woollen_a manufacture_n for_o clothes_n they_o have_v begin_v to_o bring_v spice_n themselves_o out_o of_o the_o east-indies_n where_o they_o have_v a_o small_a fort_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o cormandel_n the_o toll_n which_o be_v pay_v by_o foreigner_n in_o the_o sound_n in_o ready_a money_n be_v a_o very_a good_a revenue_n in_o denmark_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o dane_n can_v scarce_o forgive_v the_o swede_n that_o they_o do_v not_o pay_v this_o tributary_n toll_n to_o denmark_n norway_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n a_o very_a raw_a country_n yet_o it_o produce_v several_a commodity_n fit_a for_o exportation_n viz._n dry_a and_o salt_v fish_n in_o great_a quantity_n timber_n board_n mast_n tar_n pitch_n and_o the_o like_a there_o be_v also_o in_o norway_n silver_n copper_n and_o iron_n mine_n but_o it_o produce_v not_o corn_n sufficient_a in_o quantity_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n nor_o to_o brew_v beer_n beside_o it_o want_v also_o the_o same_o commodity_n which_o be_v want_v in_o denmark_n as_o for_o its_o situation_n it_o be_v very_o commodious_a to_o export_v and_o import_n merchandises_n to_o and_o from_o other_o seacoast_n in_o europe_n island_n be_v stock_v with_o fish_n some_o salt_v flesh_n and_o very_o good_a down_o feather_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v fain_o to_o exchange_v for_o such_o commodity_n as_o be_v beside_o fish_n and_o flesh_n requisite_a for_o the_o sustenence_n and_o convenience_n of_o life_n the_o fenock_n island_n do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n live_v on_o their_o sheep_n and_o fish_n beside_o that_o denmark_n can_v raise_v a_o considerable_a army_n of_o its_o native_n defect_n this_o be_v also_o a_o great_a weakness_n to_o this_o kingdom_n that_o not_o only_a norway_n and_o denmark_n be_v separate_v by_o the_o sea_n and_o can_v keep_v correspondency_n together_o but_o by_o that_o way_n but_o also_o that_o this_o kingdom_n be_v divide_v into_o so_o many_o island_n so_o that_o if_o a_o enemy_n once_o become_v master_n
own_o name_n which_o he_o make_v his_o place_n of_o residence_n ii_o who_o young_a son_n lechus_n ii_o to_o obtain_v the_o principality_n murder_v his_o elder_a brother_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o fact_n be_v discover_v he_o be_v banish_v the_o country_n after_o he_o rule_v a_o virgin_n who_o name_n be_v venda_n venda_fw-la the_o only_a daughter_n leave_v of_o the_o child_n of_o cracus_n 750._o who_o have_v vanquish_v one_o ritiger_n a_o german_a prince_n that_o pretend_a marriage_n to_o she_o out_o of_o a_o blind_a superstition_n drown_v herself_o in_o the_o river_n of_o weixel_n after_o her_o death_n the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n return_v again_o to_o the_o governor_n or_o vayvod_n which_o continue_v for_o some_o time_n till_o the_o pole_n elect_v again_o for_o their_o prince_n a_o goldsmith_n call_v premislus_n who_o be_v also_o call_v lescus_n i._o i._n because_o he_o have_v by_o a_o stratagem_n defeat_v the_o moravian_o who_o have_v make_v a_o irruption_n into_o poland_n but_o he_o leave_v no_o issue_n behind_o he_o a_o horse_n race_n be_v institute_v with_o condition_n that_o the_o victor_n shall_v succeed_v in_o the_o government_n one_o of_o the_o competitor_n have_v lay_v iron_n hook_n in_o the_o ground_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o other_o horse_n have_v be_v â—amed_v he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o come_v to_o the_o goal_n but_o the_o fraud_n be_v discover_v he_o be_v kill_v upon_o the_o spot_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o a_o certain_a poor_a fellow_n on_o foot_n have_v run_v the_o race_n and_o be_v the_o next_o to_o the_o impostor_n who_o the_o pole_n declare_v their_o prince_n 776._o his_o name_n be_v lescus_n ii_o and_o as_o some_o say_v be_v slay_v in_o the_o war_n against_o charles_n the_o great_a ii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n lescus_n iii_o 804._o who_o have_v appease_v charles_n the_o great_a iii_o with_o present_n make_v peace_n with_o he_o either_o as_o a_o unequal_a ally_n or_o else_o by_o acknowledge_v himself_o his_o vassal_n i._n he_o leave_v poland_n to_o his_o son_n popiel_n who_o he_o have_v beget_v in_o wedlock_n but_o to_o his_o natural_a son_n he_o give_v the_o neighbour_a country_n of_o pomerania_n mack_n caâ—â—ubia_n with_o some_o other_o ii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n popiel_n ii_o a_o ill_a man_n who_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o his_o lady_n murder_v his_o father_n brother_n it_o be_v report_v that_o out_o of_o their_o dead_a body_n come_v forth_o mouse_n which_o devour_v popiel_n with_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n §_o 3._o 820._o after_o his_o death_n there_o be_v a_o interregnum_fw-la full_a of_o trouble_n till_o the_o pole_n declare_v piastus_n piastus_n a_o country-fellow_n bear_v at_o crusswitz_n their_o prince_n from_o who_o ever_o since_o such_o of_o the_o native_n as_o obtain_v the_o royal_a dignity_n be_v call_v piasti_fw-la his_o posterity_n have_v reign_v for_o a_o long_a time_n in_o poland_n from_o who_o also_o descend_v the_o race_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o lignitz_n and_o brieg_n in_o silesia_n which_o be_v but_o late_o extinguish_v it_o be_v say_v that_o he_o be_v 120_o year_n old_a before_o he_o die_v zicmovitus_fw-la his_o son_n zicmovitus_n begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 895._o a_o warlike_a and_o brave_a prince_n who_o succeed_v his_o son_n lescus_n iu._n iu._n a_o good_a and_o peaceable_a prince_n much_o of_o the_o same_o temper_n be_v his_o son_n zicmovistus_n 902._o who_o begin_v to_o reign_v in_o the_o year_n 921._o zicmovistus_n this_o prince_n have_v but_o one_o son_n who_o be_v blind_a be_v in_o the_o seven_o year_n of_o his_o age_n in_o which_o year_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o those_o time_n his_o head_n be_v to_o be_v shave_v and_o he_o to_o receive_v his_o name_n restore_v to_o his_o sight_n which_o be_v then_o take_v for_o a_o omen_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v enlighten_v with_o the_o christian_a faith_n 〈◊〉_d his_o name_n be_v micislaus_n i._o and_o begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 962._o he_o have_v a_o great_a many_o wife_n and_o no_o child_n occasion_v in_o he_o a_o desire_n to_o turn_v christian_a for_o some_o german_n represent_v to_o he_o that_o if_o he_o leave_v the_o heathenish_a superstition_n he_o will_v certain_o beget_v child_n he_o be_v persuade_v by_o they_o to_o remove_v his_o heathenish_a wife_n which_o he_o do_v and_o marry_v dambrateca_n the_o daughter_n of_o bogislaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n before_o he_o marry_v she_o he_o be_v baptize_v himself_o and_o first_o introduce_v the_o christian_a religion_n into_o poland_n 965._o as_o also_o that_o custom_n which_o have_v obtain_v since_o there_o that_o at_o the_o time_n when_o the_o gospel_n be_v read_v in_o the_o mass_n the_o man_n half_o draw_v their_o scimitar_n to_o signify_v that_o they_o be_v ready_a to_o fight_v for_o the_o christian_a faith_n §_o 4._o 999._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n boleslaus_n chrobry_n who_o be_v by_o the_o emperor_n otto_n iii_o poland_n dignify_v with_o the_o title_n of_o king_n who_o also_o remit_v unto_o he_o all_o the_o pretension_n which_o the_o former_a emperor_n have_v upon_o poland_n and_o this_o in_o consideration_n for_o the_o kind_a entertainment_n which_o he_o have_v receive_v from_o boleslaus_n in_o his_o pilgrimage_n to_o the_o grave_a of_o albart_n bishop_n of_o gnicsen_n which_o be_v then_o very_o famous_a for_o some_o miracle_n be_v visit_v by_o the_o emperor_n to_o fulfil_v his_o vow_n which_o he_o have_v make_v during_o a_o precedent_a sickness_n this_o first_o king_n of_o poland_n behave_v himself_o very_o brave_o in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o red_a russian_n the_o bohemian_n saxon_n and_o prussian_n he_o also_o institute_v twelve_o senator_n as_o his_o assistant_n in_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n ii_o but_o his_o son_n miccislaus_n lose_v for_o the_o most_o part_n his_o father_n conquest_n moravia_n have_v among_o the_o rest_n be_v take_v from_o he_o by_o the_o bohemian_n he_o begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 1025._o and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1034._o leave_v but_o one_o son_n behind_o he_o who_o name_n be_v casimir_n i._n who_o be_v a_o infant_n his_o mother_n rixa_fw-la administer_v the_o government_n for_o a_o while_n but_o the_o pole_n be_v dissatisfy_v with_o she_o she_o flee_v with_o her_o son_n into_o germany_n who_o in_o his_o journey_n in_o france_n assume_v the_o order_n and_o habit_n of_o a_o monk_n during_o his_o absence_n there_o be_v great_a disturbance_n in_o poland_n maslaus_n have_v about_o that_o time_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o masuria_n which_o for_o a_o long_a time_n after_o remain_v independent_a of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n at_o last_o the_o pole_n prevail_v upon_o casimir_n to_o leave_v his_o monastery_n and_o accept_v the_o crown_n and_o to_o persuade_v the_o pope_n to_o absolve_v he_o from_o his_o vow_n they_o promise_v that_o for_o each_o head_n except_o those_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o clergy_n they_o will_v contribute_v yearly_o a_o farthing_n towards_o the_o maintain_n of_o a_o perpetual_a burn_a lamp_n in_o the_o church_n of_o st._n peter_n in_o rome_n and_o cause_v their_o head_n to_o be_v shave_v above_o their_o ear_n like_o monk_n after_o he_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n he_o beat_v maslaus_n and_o the_o prussian_n and_o restore_v the_o kingdom_n to_o its_o former_a tranquillity_n his_o son_n boleslaus_n surname_v the_o hardy_a hardy_a do_v at_o first_o wage_v war_n against_o his_o neighbour_n the_o prussian_n bohemian_n and_o russian_n with_o great_a success_n 1058._o but_o afterward_o give_v himself_o over_o to_o all_o manner_n of_o debauchery_n and_o have_v be_v check_v for_o that_o reason_n by_o stanislaus_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracau_n who_o also_o at_o last_o excommunicate_v he_o he_o cut_v he_o to_o piece_n before_o the_o altar_n then_o he_o be_v excommunicate_v by_o the_o pope_n and_o perceive_v himself_o to_o be_v hate_v by_o every_o body_n leave_v the_o kingdom_n and_o at_o last_o murder_v himself_o §_o 5._o 1082._o he_o succeed_v his_o brother_n vladislaus_n who_o stand_v in_o fear_n of_o the_o pope_n will_v not_o at_o first_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o king_n he_o meet_v with_o great_a trouble_n both_o at_o home_n and_o abroad_o which_o however_o he_o overcome_v at_o last_o iii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n boleslaus_n iii_o a_o brave_a soldier_n 1103._o who_o obtain_v a_o signal_n victory_n over_o the_o emperor_n henry_n v._o in_o a_o battle_n fight_v in_o the_o dogsfield_n near_o breslau_n there_o be_v never_o a_o prince_n in_o poland_n more_o famous_a for_o military_a achievement_n than_o himself_o it_o be_v relate_v of_o he_o that_o he_o fight_v forty_o five_o battle_n all_o with_o good_a success_n except_o the_o last_o of_o all_o fight_v against_o the_o red_a russian_n which_o be_v lose_v by_o the_o cowardice_n of_o the_o vayvod_n of_o cracovia_n unto_o who_o the_o king_n for_o a_o
recompense_n send_v a_o hare-skin_n and_o spinning-wheel_n which_o so_o trouble_v he_o that_o he_o hang_v himself_o but_o the_o king_n also_o be_v so_o trouble_v at_o this_o defeat_n that_o he_o die_v of_o grief_n 1139._o leave_v four_o son_n behind_o he_o ii_o among_o who_o vladislaus_n ii_o obtain_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n with_o the_o name_n of_o a_o prince_n yet_o the_o other_o brother_n also_o share_v several_a great_a province_n among_o themselves_o according_a to_o their_o father_n last_n will._n this_o occasion_v great_a division_n and_o civil_a war_n betwixt_o these_o brother_n and_o vladislaus_n who_o pretend_v to_o dispossess_v the_o rest_n be_v himself_o oblige_v to_o quit_v the_o country_n iu._n after_o he_o boleslaus_n crispus_n his_o brother_n be_v make_v prince_n of_o poland_n 1146._o who_o be_v force_v to_o wage_v war_n against_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n iii_o and_o frederick_n i._n who_o will_v have_v restore_v vladislaus_n at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o they_o by_o virtue_n of_o which_o poland_n remain_v to_o boleslaus_n but_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o surrender_v silesia_n which_o be_v then_o dependent_a on_o poland_n to_o vladislaus_n which_o be_v afterward_o divide_v into_o a_o great_a many_o dukedom_n at_o last_o fall_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n this_o boleslaus_n also_o receive_v a_o great_a overthrow_n from_o the_o prussian_n his_o army_n have_v by_o the_o treachery_n of_o a_o guide_n be_v misâ—ed_v into_o the_o moor_n and_o boggs_n he_o succeed_v his_o brother_n miccislaus_n senior_n iii_o but_o he_o be_v depose_v for_o maladministration_n 1174._o he_o succeed_v his_o brother_n casimir_n 11780._o who_o be_v only_o famous_a for_o that_o he_o chastise_v the_o prussiant_a he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1194._o v._n his_o son_n lescus_n surname_v the_o white_a be_v fain_o to_o contend_v with_o the_o banish_a miccislaus_n for_o the_o kingdom_n with_o various_a success_n till_o miccislaus_n die_v 1213._o who_o son_n vladislaus_n also_o raise_v some_o disturbance_n against_o he_o for_o a_o while_n till_o at_o last_o he_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v he_o in_o the_o quiet_a possession_n of_o poland_n tartar_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o lescus_n the_o tartar_n make_v the_o first_o inroad_n into_o russia_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o prove_v very_o troublesome_a and_o mischievous_a to_o poland_n this_o lescus_n be_v force_v to_o wage_v war_n with_o sventopolek_n who_o he_o have_v constitute_v governor_n of_o pomerania_n he_o have_v make_v himself_o duke_n of_o pomerania_n do_v dismember_v it_o from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n conrade_z also_o the_o brother_n of_o lescus_n have_v get_v the_o possession_n of_o masovia_n and_o cusavia_n who_o be_v not_o strong_a enough_o to_o defend_v himself_o against_o the_o prussian_n who_o be_v fall_v into_o his_o country_n he_o call_v in_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n who_o be_v then_o by_o the_o saracen_n drive_v out_o of_o syria_n unto_o these_o he_o surrender_v the_o country_n of_o culm_n under_o condition_n that_o such_o place_n as_o by_o their_o help_n shall_v be_v conquer_v in_o prussia_n shall_v be_v divide_v betwixt_o they_o which_o afterward_o prove_v to_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o great_a war_n betwixt_o they_o and_o poland_n to_o lescus_n succeed_v his_o son_n boleslaus_n v._n surname_v the_o chaste_a 1226._o under_o who_o reign_n the_o tartar_n commit_v prodigious_a barbarity_n in_o poland_n and_o from_o thence_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o silesia_n where_o in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o lignitz_n they_o slay_v so_o many_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o they_o fill_v nine_o great_a sack_n with_o the_o ear_n which_o they_o have_v cut_v off_o his_o reign_n be_v beside_o this_o full_a of_o intestine_a trouble_n he_o succeed_v his_o cousin_n lescus_n 1279._o surname_v the_o black_a who_o be_v very_o fortunate_a in_o his_o war_n with_o the_o russian_n and_o lithuanian_n he_o also_o quite_o root_v out_o the_o jazygians_n which_o then_o inhabit_v podolia_n but_o the_o civil_a commotion_n and_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n occasion_v great_a disturbance_n in_o the_o kingdom_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1289._o §_o 6._o after_o the_o death_n of_o lescus_n there_o be_v great_a contest_v in_o poland_n concern_v the_o regency_n premislus_n till_o at_o last_o premissus_n lord_n of_o great_a poland_n get_v the_o upper_a hand_n 1291._o who_o also_o reassume_v the_o title_n of_o king_n which_o the_o regent_n of_o poland_n have_v not_o use_v during_o the_o space_n of_o 200_o year_n ever_o since_o that_o the_o pope_n after_o the_o banishment_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o hardy_a have_v forbid_v they_o to_o choose_v a_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o succeed_a prince_n be_v not_o very_o ambitious_a of_o that_o title_n because_o the_o country_n be_v divide_v among_o several_a person_n but_o premislus_n do_v think_v himself_o powerful_a enough_o to_o make_v use_n of_o it_o he_o be_v murder_v by_o some_o brandenburg_n emissary_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v but_o seven_o month_n iii_o after_o he_o be_v elect_v vladislaus_n locticus_n or_o cubitalis_fw-la who_o do_v not_o style_v himself_o king_n but_o only_a heir_n of_o poland_n but_o he_o have_v be_v depose_v for_o maladministration_n wenceslaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n be_v elect_v in_o his_o stead_n 1300._o but_o after_o his_o death_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1309._o locticus_n be_v restore_v who_o wage_v great_a war_n against_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n who_o he_o at_o last_o vanquish_v in_o a_o great_a battle_n under_o his_o reign_n the_o duke_n of_o silesia_n who_o be_v vassal_n of_o poland_n submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1333._o iii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n casimir_n the_o great_a who_o have_v subdue_v all_o russia_n unite_v it_o to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o it_o shall_v enjoy_v the_o same_o law_n and_o liberty_n he_o also_o first_o introduce_v the_o magdeburgh_n law_n and_o constitution_n into_o poland_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o masuria_n do_v then_o first_o submit_v himself_o as_o a_o vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1370._o leave_v no_o issue_n behind_o he_o and_o by_o his_o death_n the_o male-race_n of_o piastus_n lose_v the_o crown_n of_o poland_n §_o 7._o after_o casimir_n the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v devolve_v to_o lewis_n king_n of_o hungary_n lewis_n the_o sister_n son_n of_o casimir_n the_o pole_n be_v not_o well_o satisfy_v with_o he_o because_o he_o favour_v the_o hungarian_n too_o much_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1382._o sigismond_n king_n of_o hungary_n will_v fain_o have_v succeed_v he_o in_o poland_n but_o the_o pole_n refuse_v he_o some_o propose_a zicmovitus_n the_o duke_n of_o masuria_n but_o hedwig_n the_o daughter_n of_o king_n lewis_n for_o who_o the_o pole_n will_v by_o all_o mean_n reserve_v the_o crown_n of_o poland_n will_v not_o accept_v of_o he_o for_o her_o husband_n at_o last_o the_o pole_n crown_v the_o abovementioned_a hedwig_n and_o marry_v she_o to_o jagello_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n iv._o under_o condition_n that_o he_o and_o his_o subject_n shall_v turn_v christian_n and_o lithuania_n shall_v be_v unite_v to_o poland_n in_o one_o body_n poland_n the_o first_o condition_n be_v perform_v immediate_o for_o he_o be_v baptize_v and_o call_v vladislaus_n iu._n but_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o second_o article_n be_v delay_v by_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n after_o under_o pretence_n that_o the_o lithunians_n be_v not_o well_o satisfy_v in_o this_o point_n but_o in_o effect_n because_o they_o be_v unwilling_a to_o surrender_v their_o right_n of_o succession_n to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o lithuania_n till_o at_o last_o this_o union_n be_v perfect_v under_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n sigismundus_n augustus_n this_o jagello_n defeat_v the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n where_o 50000_o man_n have_v be_v slay_v he_o take_v from_o they_o a_o great_a many_o city_n in_o prussia_n but_o they_o afterward_o recover_v themselves_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1434._o v._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n vladislaus_n v._n who_o also_o afterward_o be_v make_v king_n of_o hungary_n where_o he_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n in_o this_o war_n john_n humades_n first_o defeat_v the_o turk_n near_o the_o river_n morava_n and_o vladislaus_n so_o beat_v they_o upon_o the_o frontier_n of_o macedonia_n that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o make_v a_o truce_n for_o ten_o year_n but_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o pope_n who_o send_v the_o cardinal_n julian_n to_o absolve_v the_o king_n from_o his_o oath_n this_o truce_n be_v break_v and_o not_o long_o after_o that_o memorable_a battle_n be_v fight_v near_o varna_n where_o the_o king_n himself_o be_v kill_v 1445._o this_o defeat_n be_v very_o shameful_a and_o
prejudicial_a to_o the_o christian_n §_o 8._o iu._n in_o his_o stead_n casimir_n be_v make_v king_n of_o poland_n a_o great_a part_n of_o prussia_n which_o be_v weary_a of_o the_o government_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n do_v surrender_v itself_o under_o his_o protection_n this_o occasion_v a_o heavy_a war_n betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o pole_n which_o have_v be_v carry_v on_o a_o great_a while_n with_o dubious_a success_n a_o peace_n be_v at_o last_o conclude_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o pole_n get_v pomerellia_n culm_n marienburgh_n stum_n and_o elbing_n the_o rest_n remain_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n under_o condition_n that_o the_o master_n of_o that_o order_n shall_v be_v a_o vassal_n of_o poland_n and_o a_o duke_n and_o senator_n of_o that_o kingdom_n much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n the_o duke_n of_o vallachia_n do_v submit_v himself_o as_o a_o vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n the_o deputy_n of_o the_o province_n first_o appear_v at_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o kingdom_n vladislaus_n the_o son_n of_o this_o casimir_n be_v make_v king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o afterward_o also_o of_o hungary_n though_o his_o own_o brother_n john_n albert_n do_v contend_v with_o he_o for_o the_o latter_a but_o be_v sound_o beat_v be_v oblige_v to_o desist_v from_o his_o pretension_n casimir_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1492._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n john_n albert_n albert._n who_o receive_v a_o signal_n overthrow_v in_o vallachia_n from_o the_o turk_n and_o rebellious_a vallachian_o the_o turk_n also_o fall_v into_o poland_n but_o by_o a_o sudden_a great_a frost_n a_o great_a many_o thousand_o of_o they_o be_v starve_v to_o death_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n the_o dukedom_n of_o plotzkâ—_n in_o the_o country_n of_o masovia_n be_v unite_v to_o poland_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1501._o who_o succeed_v his_o brother_n alexander_n sigismond_n but_o he_o do_v not_o reign_v long_o than_o till_o the_o year_n 1506._o who_o succeed_v sigismond_n one_o of_o the_o most_o famous_a prince_n of_o his_o time_n this_o king_n be_v engage_v in_o three_o several_a war_n against_o the_o muscovite_n wherein_o the_o pole_n always_o be_v victorious_a in_o the_o field_n but_o the_o muscovite_n who_o have_v get_v smolensko_n by_o treachery_n keep_v the_o possession_n of_o that_o place_n the_o war_n which_o he_o wage_v with_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n in_o prussia_n at_o last_o compose_v under_o these_o condition_n that_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n who_o be_v then_o master_n of_o that_o order_n shall_v receive_v the_o eastern_a part_n of_o prussia_n as_o a_o hereditary_a fief_n from_o the_o king_n and_o shall_v acknowledge_v himself_o hereafter_o a_o vassal_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n under_o his_o reign_n also_o the_o whole_a country_n of_o masovia_n be_v reunite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n he_o also_o fight_v very_o successful_o against_o the_o vallachian_o and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1548._o augustus_n leave_v for_o his_o successor_n his_o son_n sigismundus_n augustus_n under_o his_o reign_n livonia_n submit_v itself_o to_o poland_n as_o be_v not_o able_a to_o defend_v itself_o against_o the_o muscovite_n who_o already_o have_v take_v dorpt_v felin_n and_o several_a other_o place_n in_o this_o public_a consternation_n estlad_a and_o reval_n do_v surrender_v themselves_o to_o erick_n king_n of_o swedeland_n but_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n do_v seek_v for_o protection_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n which_o he_o will_v not_o grant_v they_o upon_o any_o other_o term_n than_o that_o they_o shall_v submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n whereupon_o the_o master_n of_o the_o order_n have_v abdicate_v himself_o surrender_v the_o castle_n of_o riga_n and_o some_o other_o place_n to_o the_o pole_n and_o he_o in_o recompense_n of_o his_o loss_n be_v make_v duke_n of_o curland_n and_o semigall_n this_o occasion_v a_o war_n betwixt_o the_o pole_n and_o muscovite_n wherein_o these_o take_v from_o the_o former_a plotzkâ—_n this_o king_n die_v without_o child_n 1552._o and_o by_o his_o death_n the_o male_a race_n of_o the_o jagellonick_a family_n be_v quite_o extinguish_v §_o 9_o after_o his_o death_n there_o be_v great_a contention_n in_o poland_n concern_v the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a king_n and_o at_o last_o by_o the_o majority_n of_o vote_n 1574._o henry_n duke_n of_o anjou_n brother_n of_o charles_n ix_o king_n of_o france_n be_v declare_v king_n of_o poland_n who_o arrive_v there_o be_v crown_v in_o the_o same_o year_n but_o he_o have_v scarce_o be_v four_o monthsin_n poland_n when_o have_v notice_n that_o his_o brother_n the_o king_n of_o france_n be_v dead_a he_o in_o the_o night_n time_n and_o in_o a_o thick_a fog_n for_o fear_v the_o pole_n shall_v detain_v he_o relinquish_v poland_n and_o take_v his_o way_n through_o austria_n and_o italy_n into_o france_n take_v possession_n of_o that_o kingdom_n the_o pole_n be_v extreme_o vex_v at_o this_o affront_n be_v for_o elect_v a_o new_a king_n a_o great_a many_o be_v for_o maximilian_n of_o austria_n batori_fw-la but_o stephen_n batori_fw-mi prince_n of_o transylvania_n have_v be_v declare_v king_n by_o the_o plurality_n of_o vote_n quick_o come_v into_o poland_n and_o exclude_v maximilian_n by_o marry_v anna_n the_o sister_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n this_o king_n reduce_v the_o city_n of_o dantzick_n which_o have_v side_v with_o maximilian_n to_o obedience_n afterward_o he_o fall_v upon_o the_o muscovite_n take_v from_o they_o plotzko_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n at_o last_o he_o make_v peace_n with_o the_o muscovite_n under_o this_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v resign_v to_o he_o the_o whole_a country_n of_o livonia_n in_o lieu_n of_o which_o he_o will_v restore_v to_o they_o such_o place_n as_o he_o have_v take_v from_o they_o in_o muscovy_n this_o king_n adorn_v the_o kingdom_n with_o wholesome_a constitution_n and_o establish_v the_o militia_n of_o horse_n which_o soldier_n be_v pay_v out_o of_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o royal_a revenue_n be_v common_o call_v the_o quartian_n these_o he_o dispose_v upon_o the_o frontier_n to_o defend_v the_o same_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n by_o this_o mean_n that_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o from_o bar_n bracklavia_n and_o kiovia_n extend_v itself_o betwixt_o the_o two_o river_n of_o the_o dniester_n and_o the_o borysthenes_n as_o far_o as_o to_o the_o black_a sea_n be_v fill_v with_o populous_a city_n and_o town_n which_o be_v now_o call_v the_o vkraine_n it_o have_v be_v former_o a_o desolate_a country_n he_o also_o put_v into_o a_o good_a order_n and_o discipline_n the_o cosack_n cosacks_n who_o serve_v for_o foot_n soldier_n give_v to_o they_o techtimorovia_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n borysthenes_n which_o they_o make_v afterward_o their_o magazine_n and_o the_o place_n of_o residence_n of_o their_o governor_n before_o this_o time_n the_o cosack_n be_v only_o a_o wild_a and_o barbarous_a sort_n of_o rabble_n who_o be_v gather_v out_o of_o the_o polish_v russia_n and_o have_v settle_v themselves_o in_o the_o island_n of_o the_o river_n borysthenes_n beneath_o kiovia_n live_v upon_o rob_v and_o plunder_n these_o cosack_n after_o they_o be_v bring_v into_o good_a discipline_n by_o this_o king_n stephen_n have_v be_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n serviceable_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n not_o only_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n but_o also_o by_o their_o cruise_n into_o the_o black_a sea_n have_v do_v great_a mischief_n to_o the_o turk_n for_o they_o have_v have_v courage_n enough_o to_o ransack_v the_o city_n of_o trebisond_n and_o sinope_n nay_o even_o the_o suburb_n of_o constantinople_n with_o other_o place_n this_o brave_a king_n whilst_o he_o be_v make_v preparation_n against_o the_o turk_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1586._o §_o 10._o iii_o after_o his_o death_n sigismond_n son_n to_o john_n king_n of_o swedeland_n be_v make_v king_n of_o poland_n who_o have_v this_o advantage_n that_o his_o mother_n catherine_n have_v be_v sister_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n and_o so_o consequent_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o jagellonick_a race_n some_o of_o the_o pole_n proclaim_v maximilian_n their_o king_n but_o he_o come_v with_o some_o force_n to_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v beat_v and_o take_v prisoner_n and_o before_o he_o obtain_v his_o liberty_n be_v oblige_v to_o renounce_v his_o title_n to_o that_o crown_n after_o the_o death_n of_o john_n king_n of_o sweden_n 1592._o sigismond_n go_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v into_o swedeland_n where_o he_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n but_o have_v afterward_o lose_v that_o crown_n it_o occasion_v a_o war_n betwixt_o poland_n and_o sweden_n
in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o war_n charles_n ix_o king_n of_o sweden_n take_v a_o great_a many_o place_n from_o the_o pole_n in_o livonia_n which_o be_v however_o most_o of_o they_o afterward_o retake_v by_o the_o polish_v general_n and_o chancellor_n zamoiski_n beside_o this_o 1605._o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v vanquish_v in_o a_o great_a battle_n fight_v near_o kirckholm_n and_o riga_n where_o he_o narrow_o escape_v himself_o but_o some_o intestine_a division_n be_v arisen_a betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o nobility_n of_o poland_n king_n charles_n get_v a_o opportunity_n to_o recover_v himself_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n there_o be_v a_o war_n kindle_v betwixt_o the_o muscovite_n and_o pole_n by_o the_o follow_a occasion_n mâ—scâ—vy_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a person_n in_o poland_n who_o pretend_v that_o he_o be_v demetrius_n the_o son_n of_o john_n basilowitz_n grand_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n and_o that_o he_o be_v to_o have_v be_v murder_v by_o the_o order_n of_o boris_n gudenow_n who_o hope_v thereby_o to_o obtain_v the_o succession_n in_o the_o empire_n after_o the_o death_n of_o theodore_n the_o elder_a son_n of_o the_o say_v john_n basilowitz_n but_o that_o another_o have_v be_v kill_v in_o his_o stead_n this_o man_n have_v find_v great_a encouragement_n from_o george_n mniszeck_n the_o vayvod_n of_o sendemir_n promise_v to_o marry_v his_o daughter_n wherefore_o this_o vayvod_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o some_o other_o polish_v lord_n have_v gather_v a_o army_n that_o march_v with_o demetrius_n into_o muscovy_n and_o the_o grand_a duke_n boris_n gudenow_n happen_v to_o die_v sudden_o soon_o after_o 1605._o demetrius_n be_v well_o receive_v by_o the_o russian_n and_o have_v vanquish_v such_o as_o pretend_v to_o oppose_v he_o he_o come_v up_o to_o the_o city_n of_o muscovy_n where_o he_o be_v proclaim_v grand_a duke_n but_o he_o quick_o make_v himself_o odious_a to_o the_o muscovite_n they_o suspect_v he_o to_o be_v a_o impostor_n but_o do_v however_o hide_v their_o resentment_n till_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o polish_v bride_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o muscovite_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o those_o of_o suski_n who_o be_v by_o their_o mother_n side_n descend_v from_o the_o family_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n have_v underhand_o get_v together_o about_o 20000_o men._n 1606._o these_o at_o the_o time_n when_o the_o nuptial_n be_v celebrate_v with_o great_a pomp_n raise_v a_o tumult_n attack_v the_o castle_n and_o cut_v to_o piece_n demetrius_n and_o a_o great_a many_o pole_n who_o be_v come_v along_o with_o the_o bride_n though_o some_o of_o the_o chief_a defend_v themselves_o brave_o and_o escape_v their_o fury_n then_o basilius_n suski_n be_v proclaim_v great_a duke_n in_o the_o public_a market_n place_n muscovy_n who_o cause_v there_o the_o body_n of_o demetrius_n to_o be_v expose_v to_o public_a view_n but_o he_o be_v extreme_o deface_v by_o his_o wound_n his_o face_n can_v not_o be_v discern_v by_o the_o multitude_n immediate_o after_o a_o rumour_n be_v spread_v abroad_o that_o demetrius_n be_v escape_v and_o another_o appear_v soon_o after_o who_o pretend_v to_o be_v the_o same_o demetrius_n whether_o it_o be_v the_o same_o or_o not_o be_v not_o yet_o determine_v this_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o pole_n do_v acknowledge_v he_o as_o such_o they_o be_v very_o desirous_a to_o revenge_v the_o former_a affront_n and_o the_o death_n of_o their_o friend_n this_o old_a or_o new_a demetrius_n do_v march_v with_o a_o great_a army_n compose_v of_o pole_n and_o cosack_n into_o muscovy_n 1086._o where_o he_o several_a time_n beat_v suski_n who_o he_o oblige_v to_o set_v at_o liberty_n the_o captive_a bride_n and_o to_o beg_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o recall_v his_o subject_n but_o the_o bride_n have_v acknowledge_v this_o demetrius_n for_o her_o husband_n he_o get_v a_o great_a part_n both_o in_o muscovy_n and_o poland_n that_o side_v with_o he_o and_o will_v quick_o have_v ruin_v suski_n if_o he_o have_v not_o be_v succour_v by_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n who_o send_v pontus_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr gardie_n with_o some_o force_n to_o his_o assistance_n sigismond_n also_o take_v hold_v of_o this_o opportunity_n 1609._o to_o try_v whether_o he_o can_v at_o least_o recover_v smolensko_n and_o severia_n from_o the_o muscovite_n wherefore_o he_o besiege_v smolensko_n in_o the_o year_n 1609._o which_o however_o he_o can_v not_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o till_o the_o year_n 1611._o when_o he_o take_v it_o by_o storm_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o pole_n which_o have_v hitherto_o side_v with_o demetrius_n be_v recall_v by_o sigismond_n who_o do_v think_v it_o not_o convenient_a that_o so_o considerable_a a_o part_n of_o his_o force_n shall_v be_v under_o the_o command_n of_o another_o by_o the_o removal_n of_o these_o force_n suski_n have_v leisure_n give_v he_o to_o recollect_v himself_o and_o with_o the_o auxilary_n send_v he_o out_o of_o swedeland_n he_o march_v against_o the_o pole_n who_o have_v besiege_v smolensko_n 1610._o but_o be_v defeat_v by_o the_o pole_n near_o clusin_n by_o this_o overthrow_n the_o affair_n of_o the_o muscovite_n be_v again_o put_v into_o a_o very_a dangerous_a condition_n wherefore_o they_o take_v this_o resolution_n to_o avoid_v the_o danger_n which_o threaten_v they_o from_o the_o polish_v side_n they_o depose_v suski_n who_o by_o his_o misfortune_n be_v become_v odious_a to_o they_o and_o offer_v the_o crown_n of_o muscovy_n to_o vladislaus_n the_o prince_n of_o poland_n muscovite_n by_o this_o mean_n they_o hope_v at_o one_o stroke_n to_o ruin_n demetrius_n and_o to_o be_v reconcile_v to_o the_o pole_n in_o hope_n that_o they_o may_v easy_o meet_v with_o a_o opportunity_n hereafter_o when_o they_o have_v once_o rid_v themselves_o of_o the_o present_a danger_n to_o rid_v themselves_o also_o of_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n and_o this_o project_n succeee_v very_o well_o for_o the_o polish_v troop_n immediate_o leave_v the_o party_n of_o demetrius_n suski_n be_v surrender_v to_o the_o pole_n who_o promise_v to_o the_o muscovite_n what_o have_v swear_v before_o allegiance_n to_o vladislaus_n that_o he_o shall_v appear_v in_o person_n in_o muscovy_n in_o the_o year_n 1610._o but_o king_n sigismond_n by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o some_o of_o his_o friend_n refuse_v this_o offer_n think_v it_o more_o for_o his_o purpose_n to_o conquer_v muscovy_n by_o force_n of_o arm_n which_o opportunity_n however_o he_o miss_v of_o since_o he_o do_v not_o immediate_o march_v towards_o the_o city_n of_o muscovy_n sigismond_n which_o he_o may_v have_v take_v at_o the_o first_o assault_n but_o the_o muscovite_n have_v discover_v the_o design_n of_o the_o pole_n do_v unanimous_o revolt_v from_o vladislaus_n especial_o since_o they_o have_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n be_v rid_v of_o demetrius_n who_o have_v be_v murder_v by_o the_o tartar_n that_o be_v his_o guard_n they_o therefore_o attack_v the_o polish_v garrison_n in_o the_o city_n of_o muscovy_n which_o consist_v of_o seven_o thousand_o man_n but_o these_o defend_v themselves_o brave_o and_o beside_o this_o set_v fire_n to_o the_o whole_a city_n which_o before_o have_v 180000_o house_n where_o abundance_n of_o people_n be_v burn_v nevertheless_o the_o muscovite_n recover_v themselves_o and_o besiege_v the_o polish_v garrison_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o muscovy_n if_o king_n sigismond_n immediate_o after_o the_o take_n of_o smolensko_n have_v send_v they_o relief_n as_o he_o easy_o may_v have_v do_v he_o questionless_a may_v have_v establish_v his_o affair_n in_o muscovy_n but_o he_o march_v back_o with_o his_o army_n into_o poland_n and_o send_v to_o their_o relief_n neither_o man_n nor_o money_n the_o garrison_n who_o have_v before_o plunder_v the_o treasury_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n to_o the_o number_n of_o 7000._o leave_v some_o to_o guard_v the_o castle_n fight_v their_o way_n through_o the_o muscovite_n and_o come_v to_o king_n sigismond_n to_o demand_v their_o pay_n and_o though_o sigismond_n begin_v to_o apply_v himself_o in_o good_a earnest_n to_o re-establish_a his_o affair_n in_o muscovy_n yet_o all_o his_o design_n be_v by_o the_o jealousy_n which_o reign_v betwixt_o the_o general_n so_o long_o delay_v till_o the_o pole_n who_o have_v the_o guard_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o the_o city_n of_o muscovy_n be_v force_v by_o famine_n to_o surrender_v it_o thus_o all_o be_v lose_v in_o muscovy_n for_o sigismond_n who_o be_v the_o more_o trouble_v at_o it_o because_o he_o have_v make_v a_o account_n by_o the_o conquest_n of_o muscovy_n to_o open_v his_o way_n into_o swedeland_n beside_o this_o moldavia_n the_o pole_n sustain_v in_o the_o same_o year_n a_o considerable_a loss_n in_o moldavia_n prince_n vladislaus_n do_v undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o muscovy_n but_o to_o no_o great_a purpose_n wherefore_o he_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o they_o for_o fourteen_o year_n 1617._o wherein_o it_o be_v agree_v
that_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n shall_v keep_v in_o their_o possession_n the_o dukedom_n of_o severia_n zernigo_n and_o novogrod_n which_o they_o have_v take_v during_o these_o trouble_n in_o muscovy_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n george_n farenbach_n do_v surrender_v several_a place_n in_o livonia_n to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n gustavus_n adolphus_n but_o it_o be_v suspect_v that_o he_o intend_v to_o betray_v the_o king_n for_o soon_o after_o the_o same_o farenbach_n be_v reconcile_v to_o king_n sigismond_n unto_o who_o he_o restore_v all_o the_o place_n except_o pernau_n in_o the_o year_n 1620._o turk_n the_o pole_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n that_o be_v as_o it_o be_v suppose_v stir_v up_o by_o betlem_n gabor_n prince_n of_o transylvania_n for_o sigismond_n have_v assist_v the_o emperor_n against_o he_o betlem_n gabor_n be_v for_o make_v they_o a_o diversion_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o turk_n therefore_o enter_v moldavia_n with_o a_o intention_n to_o banish_v that_o duke_n who_o side_v with_o the_o pole_n the_o polish_v general_n zolkieuski_n come_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o moldavia_n advance_v too_o far_o into_o the_o country_n and_o as_o he_o be_v march_v back_o be_v total_o rout_v and_o himself_o slay_v upon_o the_o place_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o turk_n march_v with_o their_o whole_a froces_n against_o poland_n who_o be_v meet_v by_o the_o pole_n near_o chocim_fw-la under_o the_o command_n of_o prince_n vladislaus_n the_o polish_v army_n be_v about_o 65000_o strong_a but_o the_o turk_n 392000_o man_n command_v by_o the_o turkish_a emperor_n osman_n in_o person_n the_o turk_n do_v attempt_v three_o time_n to_o take_v the_o polish_v camp_n by_o storm_n but_o be_v as_o often_o repulse_v with_o great_a loss_n but_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o suffer_v extreme_o for_o want_n of_o ammunition_n and_o provision_n and_o be_v mighty_o weaken_v by_o sickness_n and_o the_o mortahty_a among_o their_o horse_n nevertheless_o the_o turkish_a emperor_n make_v a_o very_a honourable_a peace_n with_o they_o after_o he_o have_v lose_v 60000_o man_n in_o these_o several_a storm_n make_v upon_o their_o camp_n and_o a_o great_a number_n in_o his_o march_n back_o to_o constantinople_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n king_n gustavus_n adolphus_n fall_v into_o livonia_n 1621._o take_v the_o city_n of_o riga_n without_o any_o great_a resistance_n we_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o livonia_n except_o dunneburgh_n be_v conquer_a by_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1625._o 1625._o king_n gustavous_a enter_v prussia_n with_o a_o army_n in_o the_o year_n 1626._o where_o he_o take_v the_o city_n of_o marienburgh_n and_o elbing_n beside_o some_o other_o place_n this_o war_n be_v thus_o carry_v on_o without_o any_o general_a engagement_n till_o the_o year_n 1629._o when_o hans_n wrangel_n the_o swedish_n general_n defeat_v the_o pole_n near_o gorzno_n then_o the_o emperor_n send_v some_o force_n to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o pole_n who_o in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o stum_n be_v very_o near_o have_v make_v king_n gustavus_n their_o prisoner_n but_o the_o polish_v affair_n be_v after_o this_o battle_n fall_v into_o great_a confusion_n a_o truce_n be_v conclude_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o france_n and_o england_n till_o the_o year_n 1634._o the_o swede_n be_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n to_o keep_v in_o their_o possession_n elbing_n memel_fw-la braunsberg_n pillâ—u_n and_o what_o else_o they_o have_v take_v in_o livonia_n sigismond_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1632._o §_o 11._o iv._o after_o his_o death_n his_o son_n vladislaus_n iv._o be_v declare_v king_n who_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v obtain_v a_o signal_n victory_n over_o the_o muscovite_n that_o have_v besiege_v smolensko_n for_o he_o not_o only_o force_v they_o to_o raise_v the_o siege_n but_o also_o bring_v the_o muscovite_n army_n into_o such_o straits_n that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o surrender_v themselves_o and_o the_o turk_n who_o will_v have_v make_v a_o diversion_n to_o he_o 1634._o be_v also_o brave_o repulse_v at_o last_o vladislaus_n make_v a_o very_a advantageous_a peace_n on_o his_o side_n with_o the_o muscovite_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o these_o renounce_v all_o their_o pretension_n upon_o the_o two_o large_a dukedom_n of_o smolensko_n and_o ozernichow_n this_o beget_v such_o a_o terror_n among_o the_o turk_n that_o they_o free_o make_v he_o restitution_n for_o the_o damage_n sustain_v in_o their_o last_o inroad_n have_v also_o cause_v the_o bashaw_n who_o command_v these_o force_n 1635._o to_o be_v strangle_v the_o truce_n with_o sweden_n be_v prolong_v at_o stumdorf_n in_o prussia_n for_o 26_o year_n where_o the_o place_n possess_v before_o by_o the_o swede_n in_o prussia_n be_v restore_v to_o the_o pole_n because_o the_o swedish_n affair_n in_o germany_n be_v then_o after_o the_o battle_n of_o norlingen_n in_o a_o very_a ill_a condition_n and_o beside_o this_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a be_v extreme_o dissatisfy_v with_o the_o toll_v that_o be_v pay_v in_o prussia_n in_o the_o year_n 1637._o cosack_n the_o foundation_n be_v lay_v of_o the_o war_n with_o the_o cosack_n which_o have_v bring_v unspeakable_a mischief_n upon_o the_o pole_n the_o business_n happen_v thus_o as_o the_o number_n of_o the_o cosack_n be_v great_o increase_v by_o the_o great_a number_n of_o boor_n which_o frequent_o run_v into_o they_o so_o the_o great_a man_n in_o poland_n have_v purchase_v great_a estate_n in_o the_o vkraine_n who_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o their_o revenue_n will_v be_v considerable_o increase_v if_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o cosack_n be_v reduce_v into_o more_o narrow_a bound_n wherefore_o they_o have_v advise_v the_o king_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v more_o restrain_v for_o the_o future_a the_o polish_v general_n konicepoliski_n do_v cause_v the_o fortress_n of_o hudack_n to_o be_v build_v just_a at_o a_o point_n where_o the_o river_n of_o zwamer_n fall_v into_o the_o dnieper_n or_o borysthenes_n the_o cosack_v endeavour_v to_o prevent_v the_o perfect_a of_o this_o work_n by_o force_n but_o be_v rout_v by_o the_o pole_n be_v oblige_v to_o surrender_v their_o general_n pauluck_v and_o some_o of_o their_o chief_a man_n among_o they_o who_o be_v all_o notwithstanding_o a_o pardon_n be_v promise_v they_o before_o hand_n behead_v beside_o this_o it_o be_v decree_v in_o the_o diet_n that_o all_o their_o former_a privilege_n and_o the_o fortress_n of_o techtimorovia_n shall_v be_v take_v from_o they_o and_o that_o in_o their_o stead_n a_o new_a body_n of_o militia_n shall_v be_v settle_v there_o to_o put_v this_o decree_n in_o execution_n the_o polish_v army_n march_v into_o the_o vkraine_n against_o which_o the_o cosack_v fight_v with_o great_a bravery_n promise_v nevertheless_o that_o they_o will_v be_v faithful_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o polana_n if_o their_o ancient_a privilege_n be_v confirm_v to_o they_o which_o the_o pole_n do_v promise_v they_o burr_n do_v not_o perform_v nay_o do_v even_o treat_v some_o of_o they_o very_o ill_o for_o among_o other_o oppressive_a method_n they_o take_v also_o from_o they_o some_o of_o their_o greek_a church_n their_o general_n chmielinski_n be_v also_o gross_o affront_v for_o which_o he_o can_v obtain_v no_o satisfaction_n for_o the_o king_n have_v grant_v he_o a_o privilege_n to_o build_v some_o mill_n a_o certain_a gentleman_n who_o name_n be_v jarinski_n burn_v the_o same_o have_v also_o ravish_v his_o wife_n and_o afterward_o kill_v both_o she_o and_o her_o son_n §_o 12._o casimir_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n vladislaus_n die_v who_o succeed_v his_o brother_n john_n casimir_n 1647._o then_o chmielinski_n to_o revenge_v himself_o stir_v up_o the_o cosack_n against_o the_o pole_n who_o with_o burn_v plunder_v and_o ravish_v do_v what_o mischief_n they_o can_v to_o the_o polish_v nobility_n and_o the_o senator_n have_v desire_v the_o king_n to_o march_v out_o into_o the_o field_n against_o they_o they_o be_v answer_v by_o he_o that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o have_v burn_v down_o their_o mill_n whereat_o the_o pole_n be_v extreme_o dissatisfy_v bring_v together_o a_o army_n of_o 50000_o man_n which_o be_v defeat_v by_o the_o cosack_n cosâ—â—â—s_n there_o be_v kill_v 10000_o upon_o the_o spot_n and_o beside_o this_o they_o take_v the_o city_n of_o kiovia_n to_o revenge_v this_o affront_n the_o pole_n summon_v the_o seven_o man_n throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o march_v against_o the_o cosack_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o king_n but_o be_v again_o miserable_o beat_v by_o they_o but_o chmielinski_n celebrate_v the_o nuptial_n of_o his_o son_n with_o the_o daughter_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o vallachia_n the_o pole_n surprise_v the_o cosack_n thereabouts_o plunder_v the_o city_n and_o take_v the_o grecian_a patriarch_n prisoner_n the_o cosack_v then_o send_v to_o the_o king_n to_o know_v
whether_o this_o have_v be_v do_v by_o his_o authority_n and_o the_o king_n have_v answer_v no_o but_o that_o it_o have_v be_v do_v by_o the_o nobility_n to_o take_v revenge_n of_o the_o cosack_n these_o join_v with_o the_o tartar_n and_o fall_v into_o poland_n against_o these_o the_o king_n go_v in_o person_n into_o the_o field_n at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o defeat_v they_o in_o a_o battle_n but_o the_o king_n have_v afterward_o make_v a_o agreement_n with_o they_o the_o nobility_n be_v great_o discontent_v with_o the_o king_n proceed_n allege_v that_o the_o king_n have_v grant_v too_o much_o to_o the_o cosack_n whilst_o the_o jealousy_n reign_v in_o poland_n câ—sacks_n the_o muscovite_n fall_v into_o poland_n and_o have_v bring_v the_o cosack_n over_o to_o their_o party_n besiege_v smolensko_n which_o they_o take_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v and_o have_v ravage_v every_o where_o in_o lithuania_n 1653._o they_o take_v wilea_n and_o some_o other_o city_n where_o they_o commit_v great_a barbarity_n in_o the_o year_n 1655._o poland_n another_o storm_n threaten_v the_o pole_n for_o charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o swedeland_n have_v with_o a_o army_n of_o choose_a man_n enter_v that_o kingdom_n first_o conquer_a great_a poland_n and_o masovia_n and_o afterward_o the_o lesser_a poland_n with_o the_o capital_a city_n cracovia_n from_o whence_o he_o march_v into_o prussia_n where_o almost_o all_o the_o city_n surrender_v themselves_o except_o dantzick_n where_o be_v at_o first_o a_o great_a many_o citizen_n that_o favour_v the_o swede_n but_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o some_o minister_n be_v keep_v in_o obedience_n to_o poland_n the_o resistance_n which_o be_v make_v by_o this_o one_o city_n be_v the_o main_a reason_n why_o all_o the_o advantage_n get_v by_o the_o swede_n prove_v fruitless_a at_o last_o and_o that_o they_o can_v not_o maintain_v themselves_o in_o prussia_n notwithstanding_o that_o not_o only_o the_o whole_a militia_n of_o poland_n and_o that_o part_n of_o lithuania_n which_o be_v not_o under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n have_v submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o swedish_n protection_n but_o also_o that_o king_n john_n casimir_n himself_o flee_v into_o silesia_n for_o the_o pole_n have_v recollect_v themselves_o after_o the_o first_o constemation_n be_v over_o and_o be_v join_v by_o the_o tartar_n fall_v upon_o such_o of_o the_o swedish_n force_v as_o be_v disperse_v up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n the_o lithuanian_n also_o revolt_v and_o kill_v all_o the_o swede_n that_o be_v in_o winter_n quarter_n with_o they_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n also_o have_v great_o weaken_v his_o army_n not_o only_o by_o the_o great_a march_n towards_o jeroslavia_n but_o also_o czarneski_n the_o polish_v general_n do_v often_o with_o his_o light-horse_n fall_v upon_o on_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o army_n and_o do_v considerable_a mischief_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o pole_n also_o have_v retake_v warsovia_n where_o they_o have_v make_v the_o swedish_n governor_n wittenbergh_n and_o some_o other_o great_a officer_n prisoner_n contrary_a to_o the_o article_n make_v at_o the_o surrendry_a of_o the_o place_n and_o though_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n have_v be_v join_v before_o by_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburgh_n force_n do_v vanquish_v the_o pole_n and_o tartar_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n which_o last_v three_o day_n and_o be_v fight_v near_o warsovia_n warsaw_n yet_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o europe_n begin_v to_o look_v about_o they_o and_o to_o consult_v about_o a_o diversion_n to_o be_v make_v sweden_n the_o muscovite_n fall_v into_o livonia_n where_o they_o besiege_v riga_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n the_o hollander_n do_v give_v plain_o to_o understand_v that_o they_o be_v not_o willing_a that_o prussia_n shall_v come_v under_o the_o subjection_n of_o swedeland_n and_o the_o dane_n also_o begin_v to_o be_v in_o motion_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n poland_n ragozi_n prince_n of_o transylvania_n enter_v poland_n with_o a_o army_n to_o try_v whether_o perhaps_o he_o can_v obtain_v that_o crown_n for_o himself_o but_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v oblige_v to_o march_v out_o of_o poland_n against_o the_o dane_n ragozi_n make_v a_o bad_a market_n of_o it_o for_o before_o he_o can_v reach_v his_o own_o country_n he_o be_v total_o rout_v and_o olige_v to_o make_v a_o shameful_a accord_n with_o the_o pole_n which_o misfortune_n however_o he_o may_v have_v avoid_v if_o he_o according_a to_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n who_o promise_v to_o keep_v the_o pole_n so_o long_o in_o play_n till_o he_o be_v out_o of_o danger_n will_v have_v take_v his_o march_n direct_o over_o brescie_a pinsk_n and_o so_o further_o towards_o his_o own_o frontier_n but_o ragozi_n will_v by_o all_o mean_n take_v his_o way_n near_o cracaw_n then_o the_o pole_n retake_v cracaw_n and_o thorn_n and_o chase_v the_o swede_n out_o of_o curland_n who_o have_v before_o take_v the_o duke_n of_o that_o name_n prisoner_n the_o pole_n also_o besiege_v riga_n but_o be_v beat_v from_o thence_o by_o the_o swedish_n general_n helmfeld_n 1606._o and_o though_o the_o pole_n by_o the_o peace_n make_v at_o oliva_n recover_v all_o prussia_n again_o yet_o be_v they_o oblige_v to_o renounce_v all_o their_o pretension_n upon_o livonia_n and_o to_o leave_v the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o smolensko_n severia_n and_o kiovia_n neither_o can_v they_o appease_v the_o cosack_n some_o of_o they_o have_v put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n some_o under_o the_o turk_n whereby_o they_o show_v the_o way_n to_o the_o turk_n into_o poland_n neither_o can_v the_o king_n put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o intestine_a division_n and_o jealousy_n wherefore_o at_o last_o tire_v with_o these_o trouble_v john_n casimir_n resign_v the_o crown_n and_o live_v a_o retire_a life_n in_o france_n in_o the_o abbey_n of_o st._n german_a he_o there_o die_v a_o few_o year_n after_o §_o 13._o there_o be_v now_o leave_v none_o of_o the_o royal_a family_n in_o poland_n several_a foreigner_n pretend_v to_o the_o crown_n but_o at_o last_o a_o piastus_n who_o name_n be_v michael_n witsnowizki_n witsnowizki_n be_v declare_v king_n chief_o by_o the_o vote_n of_o the_o lesser_a nobility_n his_o short_a reign_n be_v full_a of_o intestine_a commotion_n 1670._o and_o the_o turk_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o do_v not_o cease_v to_o do_v considerable_a mischief_n in_o poland_n have_v in_o the_o year_n 1672._o take_v caminieck_n in_o podolia_n which_o fortress_n have_v be_v former_o think_v impregnable_a serve_v they_o now_o for_o a_o door_n through_o which_o they_o may_v enter_v poland_n at_o pleasure_n a_o peace_n be_v then_o conclude_v with_o the_o turk_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o say_a fortress_n remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o pole_n also_o have_v promise_v to_o pay_v to_o the_o turk_n a_o yearly_a tribute_n this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1673._o in_o who_o stead_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o polish_v general_n john_n sobieski_n be_v make_v king_n of_o poland_n sobieski_n he_o have_v in_o the_o year_n before_o attack_v the_o turk_n in_o their_o camp_n with_o such_o success_n that_o of_o 32000_o man_n scarce_o 1500_o escape_v alive_a he_o renew_v the_o war_n with_o the_o turk_n but_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o they_o in_o the_o year_n 1676._o by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o turk_n keep_v the_o fortress_n of_o caminieck_n but_o remit_v the_o yearly_a tribute_n to_o the_o pole_n he_o be_v a_o man_n of_o great_a capacity_n it_o be_v hope_v that_o he_o may_v prove_v a_o good_a king_n of_o poland_n §_o 14._o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v concern_v the_o polish_v nation_n nation_n that_o whosoever_o be_v not_o a_o nobleman_n in_o poland_n be_v esteem_v a_o boor._n for_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n be_v very_o little_o regard_v and_o the_o tradesman_n be_v most_o foreigner_n but_o the_o boor_n be_v esteem_v nor_o use_v no_o better_o than_o slave_n be_v also_o very_o raw_a and_o barbarous_a both_o in_o their_o life_n and_o conversation_n wherefore_o when_o we_o talk_v of_o the_o pole_n thereby_o ought_v only_o to_o be_v understand_v the_o nobility_n they_o be_v therefore_o common_o downright_a and_o honest_a very_o seldom_o give_v to_o the_o art_n of_o dissemble_v they_o be_v of_o a_o very_a generous_a spirit_n and_o expect_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o respect_n and_o if_o you_o give_v they_o as_o much_o respect_n as_o they_o pretend_v to_o they_o be_v no_o less_o courteous_a and_o will_v willing_o pay_v a_o respect_n again_o to_o you_o and_o their_o word_n and_o behaviour_n be_v full_a of_o pomp_n and_o ceremony_n they_o be_v very_o liberal_a or_o rather_o profuse_a and_o not_o give_v to_o be_v parsimonious_a though_o they_o shall_v want_v the_o next_o day_n this_o nation_n also_o be_v very_o fierce_a
and_o extravagant_a much_o incline_v to_o a_o uncountrole_v liberty_n or_o rather_o licentiousness_n and_o petulancy_n wherefore_o plot_n and_o conspiracy_n against_o their_o king_n be_v frequent_a among_o they_o who_o action_n they_o canvas_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o freedom_n be_v always_o jealous_a of_o the_o least_o point_n of_o their_o liberty_n they_o do_v not_o want_v courage_n but_o they_o be_v more_o fit_a to_o act_v with_o a_o sudden_a heat_n than_o to_o endure_v long_o the_o fatigue_n of_o war._n and_o because_o the_o noble_n only_o apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o war_n who_o never_o serve_v but_o on_o horseback_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v of_o no_o great_a spirit_n their_o infantry_n gather_v out_o of_o the_o native_n be_v not_o worth_a much_o wherefore_o they_o be_v oblige_v in_o their_o stead_n to_o make_v use_n of_o foreigner_n list_v into_o their_o service_n or_o of_o the_o cosack_n who_o be_v courageous_a and_o active_a §_o 15._o this_o country_n be_v of_o a_o vast_a extent_n commodity_n and_o very_o fertile_a in_o general_n fit_a both_o for_o tillage_n and_o pasture_n or_o breed_v of_o cattle_n for_o holland_n draw_v most_o of_o its_o corn_n out_o of_o poland_n and_o the_o polish_v ox_n be_v send_v in_o great_a number_n into_o germany_n the_o polish_v wool_n also_o be_v in_o good_a esteem_n abroad_o poland_n abound_v with_o good_a horse_n lituania_fw-mi produce_v abundance_n of_o honey_n which_o be_v most_o consume_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n who_o make_v mead_n of_o it_o the_o rest_n be_v export_v as_o likewise_o abundance_n of_o wax_n hemp_n flax_n leather_n pot-aslies_a salt_n wood_n and_o the_o like_a but_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o commodity_n which_o be_v import_v here_o be_v silk_n woollen_a stuff_n and_o clothes_n tapestry_n sable_n hungarian_n and_o spanish_a wine_n abundance_n of_o spice_n which_o they_o use_v in_o great_a quantity_n in_o their_o diet_n if_o the_o pole_n be_v addict_v in_o the_o least_o to_o good_a husbandry_n and_o will_v apply_v themselves_o a_o little_a to_o manufacture_n the_o commodity_n fit_a for_o exportation_n here_o will_v much_o surpass_v those_o which_o need_v be_v import_v poland_n be_v very_o populous_a and_o full_a of_o town_n and_o village_n some_o have_v compute_v that_o the_o king_n and_o the_o nobility_n have_v in_o their_o possession_n 90000_o city_n and_o village_n the_o bishop_n and_o canon_n 100550_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o clergy_n monk_n and_o nun_n 60950._o which_o in_o all_o amount_n to_o the_o number_n of_o 250950_o town_n and_o village_n yet_o i_o will_v not_o be_v answerable_a for_o this_o account_n §_o 16._o kingdom_n the_o chief_a strength_n of_o this_o kingdom_n consist_v in_o the_o nobility_n the_o pole_n have_v former_o give_v out_o that_o they_o can_v raise_v 250000_o horse_n some_o say_v 200000_o out_o of_o the_o nobility_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o little_a large_o speak_v except_o you_o will_v reckon_v among_o they_o their_o servant_n this_o be_v certain_a that_o in_o no_o kingdom_n of_o europe_n there_o be_v so_o great_a a_o number_n of_o noble_n they_o also_o may_v find_v a_o way_n to_o raise_v a_o proportionable_a infantry_n out_o of_o the_o cosack_n and_o if_o they_o will_v stretch_v a_o little_a their_o purse_n they_o be_v able_a enough_o to_o raise_v sufficient_a for_o the_o maintain_n of_o a_o great_a army_n weakness_n but_o here_o be_v the_o mischief_n that_o the_o king_n can_v levy_v any_o extraordinary_a tax_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o both_o the_o clergy_n and_o the_o nobility_n be_v very_o backward_o in_o pay_v of_o any_o tax_n or_o at_o least_o grow_v quick_o weary_a of_o they_o except_o it_o be_v in_o case_n of_o the_o high_a necessity_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n can_v carry_v on_o a_o war_n long_o with_o vigour_n beside_o this_o when_o the_o noble_n be_v summon_v to_o appear_v in_o arm_n they_o come_v slow_o into_o thâ—â—ield_n and_o be_v not_o easy_o keep_v under_o discipline_n the_o polish_v army_n have_v also_o this_o inconveniency_n in_o they_o that_o where_o 10000_o fight_a man_n be_v at_o least_o five_o time_n the_o number_n of_o servant_n and_o idle_a fellow_n follow_v the_o camp_n which_o prove_v a_o destruction_n to_o their_o own_o country_n and_o occasion_n scarcity_n of_o provision_n both_o for_o man_n and_o horse_n §_o 17._o concern_v their_o form_n of_o government_n government_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o pole_n live_v under_o one_o head_n who_o bear_v the_o title_n and_o life_n in_o the_o splendour_n become_v a_o king_n but_o if_o you_o consider_v his_o power_n which_o be_v circumscribe_v within_o very_o narrow_a bound_n he_o be_v in_o effect_n no_o more_o than_o the_o prime_n or_o chief_a regent_n in_o a_o free_a commonwealth_n this_o king_n be_v always_o choose_v by_o a_o free_a election_n where_o every_o noble_a man_n there_o present_a have_v his_o vote_n and_o though_o the_o pole_n have_v be_v always_o incline_v to_o keep_v to_o the_o royal_a race_n yet_o have_v they_o never_o be_v for_o declare_v a_o successor_n during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o present_a king_n but_o have_v always_o expect_v the_o vacancy_n of_o the_o throne_n as_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o this_o time_n be_v the_o most_o proper_a to_o abolish_v such_o abuse_n as_o perhaps_o be_v creep_v in_o under_o the_o former_a reign_n and_o to_o prevent_v all_o mean_n which_o may_v prove_v prejudicial_a afterward_o to_o their_o liberty_n but_o that_o during_o this_o vacancy_n all_o disorder_n may_v be_v prevent_v justice_n be_v then_o exercise_v with_o more_o severity_n than_o at_o other_o time_n the_o archbishop_n of_o guiesen_n who_o be_v the_o primate_n of_o poland_n be_v in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o regent_n or_o as_o it_o be_v interrex_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o pole_n have_v have_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n this_o maxim_n that_o they_o will_v rather_o choose_v a_o king_n out_o of_o a_o foreign_a princely_a family_n than_o out_o of_o their_o own_o nobility_n as_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o thereby_o the_o equality_n among_o the_o nobility_n may_v be_v better_o preserve_v for_o a_o foreigner_n be_v no_o more_o engage_v to_o one_o than_o to_o another_o whereas_o a_o native_a always_o prefer_v his_o kindred_n and_o relation_n before_o the_o rest_n and_o this_o rule_n they_o have_v observe_v ever_o since_o the_o time_n of_o jagello_n who_o be_v a_o lituanian_a unite_a lituania_n with_o poland_n but_o they_o have_v not_o the_o same_o good_a fortune_n with_o sigismond_n king_n of_o sweden_n partly_o because_o the_o situation_n of_o these_o two_o kingdom_n be_v such_o that_o both_o can_v well_o be_v govern_v by_o one_o king_n partly_o because_o they_o be_v thereby_o engage_v in_o a_o heavy_a war_n against_o swedeland_n which_o else_o may_v easy_o have_v be_v avoid_v but_o they_o have_v be_v always_o very_o careful_a not_o to_o take_v their_o king_n out_o of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n fear_v lest_o they_o shall_v be_v treat_v like_o the_o hungarian_n and_o bohemian_n in_o the_o two_o last_o election_n they_o have_v choose_v two_o king_n out_o of_o their_o own_o nobility_n and_o whether_o thereby_o these_o faction_n which_o have_v hitherto_o be_v predominant_a in_o that_o kingdom_n can_v be_v suppress_v time_n will_v show_v this_o elective_a king_n have_v a_o great_a revenue_n out_o of_o the_o land_n belong_v to_o the_o crown_n king_n and_o have_v the_o sole_a power_n to_o dispose_v of_o all_o vacant_a office_n dignity_n and_o benefice_n but_o he_o can_v make_v new_a law_n begin_v a_o war_n impose_v new_a tax_n or_o undertake_v any_o other_o matter_n of_o great_a moment_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n the_o estate_n in_o poland_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o bishop_n and_o some_o abbot_n kingdom_n of_o the_o palatine_n or_o vaywod_n which_o be_v governor_n of_o the_o province_n of_o the_o castellan_n or_o governor_n of_o castle_n and_o of_o the_o chief_a officer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n these_o compose_v the_o senate_n which_o consist_v former_o of_o 150_o person_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v the_o deputy_n of_o the_o nobility_n out_o of_o each_o district_n who_o have_v almost_o the_o same_o power_n which_o the_o tribune_n of_o the_o people_n have_v at_o rome_n since_o one_o single_a person_n among_o they_o by_o enter_v his_o protest_v may_v annul_v a_o decree_n at_o the_o diet_n and_o these_o deputy_n use_v their_o tongue_n very_o free_o at_o the_o diet_n both_o against_o the_o king_n and_o his_o minister_n from_o whence_o it_o often_o happen_v that_o matter_n be_v debate_v here_o with_o great_a confusion_n since_o by_o the_o capricious_a humour_n of_o one_o deputy_n the_o benefit_n of_o the_o whole_a diet_n be_v lose_v at_o once_o especial_o since_o a_o certain_a time_n of_o six_o week_n be_v prefix_v by_o the_o law_n for_o
emperor_n justinian_n and_o rome_n and_o italy_n make_v a_o province_n of_o the_o grecian_a empire_n than_o it_o be_v that_o the_o pope_n take_v their_o opportunity_n to_o exempt_v themselves_o from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o these_o emperor_n who_o authority_n be_v mighty_o decay_v in_o italy_n partly_o by_o the_o ill_a management_n of_o their_o governor_n at_o ravenna_n partly_o by_o their_o own_o weakness_n and_o want_n of_o strength_n for_o the_o lombard_n be_v master_n in_o italy_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o justinian_n ii_o one_o emperor_n be_v for_o ruine_v the_o other_o beside_o this_o some_o of_o these_o emperor_n be_v against_o the_o adore_a of_o image_n and_o leo_n isaurus_n quite_o eject_v they_o out_o of_o the_o church_n because_o this_o adoration_n be_v whole_o degenerate_v into_o idolatry_n and_o as_o to_o the_o outward_a appearance_n the_o saint_n be_v more_o regard_v than_o god_n himself_o this_o undertake_n be_v very_o vehement_o oppose_v by_o pope_n gregory_n ii_o who_o stand_v up_o for_o the_o image_n partly_o because_o the_o roman_a chair_n find_v this_o superstition_n very_o advantageous_a partly_o because_o the_o pope_n take_v it_o very_o ill_o that_o the_o emperor_n shall_v undertake_v a_o reformation_n in_o matter_n of_o religion_n without_o his_o knowledge_n and_o consent_n and_o that_o at_o that_o time_n when_o he_o be_v busy_a to_o introduce_v the_o ecclesiastical_a monarchy_n in_o the_o western_a part_n partly_o also_o because_o he_o think_v to_o have_v meet_v with_o a_o opportunity_n to_o withdraw_v himself_o from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o grecian_a emperor_n the_o better_a to_o obtain_v his_o aim_n he_o stir_v up_o the_o roman_n and_o italian_n who_o hitherto_o have_v be_v under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o emperor_n to_o refuse_v to_o pay_v they_o tribute_n and_o the_o governor_n reside_v at_o ravenna_n endeavour_v to_o maintain_v the_o emperor_n right_a be_v slay_v in_o a_o tumult_n whereby_o the_o jurisdiction_n and_o power_n of_o the_o grecian_a emperor_n be_v abolish_v in_o those_o part_n of_o italy_n and_o these_o country_n begin_v to_o be_v free_a and_o independent_a on_o any_o foreign_a jurisdiction_n §_o 20._o france_n by_o these_o mean_v the_o pope_n have_v free_v himself_o from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o emperor_n of_o constantinople_n but_o not_o long_o after_o he_o be_v threaten_v by_o another_o enemy_n who_o be_v near_o at_o hand_n be_v likely_a to_o prove_v more_o troublesome_a to_o he_o than_o former_o the_o emperor_n who_o live_v at_o so_o considerable_a a_o distance_n for_o the_o king_n of_o the_o longobard_n endeavour_v first_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o those_o part_n which_o be_v fall_v off_o from_o the_o emperor_n and_o afterward_o of_o all_o italy_n they_o have_v already_o take_v raâ—enna_n and_o there_o be_v none_o leave_v in_o italy_n who_o be_v able_a to_o stop_v their_o victory_n the_o pope_n be_v then_o hard_o put_v to_o it_o and_o know_v not_o where_o 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traffic_n with_o they_o and_o sell_v
persuasion_n of_o the_o priest_n have_v get_v a_o great_a aversion_n against_o the_o protestant_n france_n do_v outward_o show_v itself_o not_o so_o fond_a of_o the_o popish_a interest_n france_n nor_o have_v the_o gallic_a church_n ever_o acknowledge_v the_o pope_n absolute_a power_n over_o she_o and_o whenever_o the_o pope_n pretend_v to_o encroach_v upon_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o french_a church_n the_o parliament_n of_o paris_n be_v ready_a to_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o the_o doctor_n also_o of_o the_o sorbon_n have_v reject_v several_a proposition_n which_o be_v maintain_v by_o the_o pope_n parasite_n they_o also_o keep_v so_o watchful_a a_o eye_n over_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n there_o that_o it_o be_v not_o easy_a for_o he_o to_o transgress_v his_o bound_n the_o nuncio_n when_o they_o go_v out_o of_o rome_n carry_v the_o cross_n upright_o but_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o enter_v the_o territory_n of_o france_n they_o let_v it_o down_o till_o such_o time_n as_o they_o have_v 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obtain_v the_o imperial_a dignity_n it_o be_v very_o likely_a he_o will_v not_o only_o revive_v the_o ancient_a pretension_n of_o the_o emperor_n upon_o rome_n which_o have_v for_o a_o long_a while_n be_v lie_v dormant_a but_o he_o will_v also_o under_o the_o specious_a pretence_n of_o protect_v the_o roman_a chair_n endeavour_v to_o recover_v such_o possession_n as_o have_v be_v sequester_v from_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o pope_n be_v hearty_o afraid_a of_o a_o french_a monarchy_n be_v well_o convince_v that_o it_o will_v endeavour_v a_o thorough_a reformation_n of_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n and_o that_o his_o wing_n will_v be_v clip_v to_o that_o degree_n that_o in_o effect_n he_o will_v be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o patriarch_n neither_o ought_v he_o to_o expect_v any_o better_a treatment_n if_o the_o spanish_a monarchy_n have_v be_v bring_v to_o perfection_n as_o either_o of_o they_o must_v needs_o have_v be_v destructive_a to_o the_o protestant_a 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be_v remarkable_a that_o the_o jesuit_n guicardus_n in_o a_o sermon_n preach_v in_o paris_n in_o the_o 1637._o in_o the_o month_n of_o july_n do_v say_v that_o the_o war_n which_o the_o then_o king_n of_o france_n wage_v against_o the_o spaniard_n be_v to_o be_v deem_v a_o holy_a war_n carry_v on_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o holy_a religion_n for_o if_o the_o king_n of_o france_n have_v not_o take_v up_o arm_n the_o spaniard_n design_n be_v so_o lay_v as_o to_o make_v the_o pope_n a_o almoner_n to_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n §_o 39_o protestant_n but_o as_o to_o those_o who_o have_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o pope_n obedience_n it_o be_v certain_a the_o pope_n will_v be_v glad_a if_o they_o can_v be_v reduce_v to_o his_o obedience_n provide_v it_o may_v be_v do_v by_o such_o mean_n that_o thereby_o one_o party_n be_v not_o so_o much_o strengthen_v as_o to_o become_v terrible_a to_o all_o europe_n for_o it_o be_v better_a to_o let_v my_o enemy_n live_v than_o to_o kill_v i_o and_o my_o enemy_n at_o one_o stroke_n it_o be_v for_o this_o reason_n that_o we_o read_v that_o pope_n paul_n iii_o be_v vex_v to_o the_o heart_n at_o the_o stupendous_a success_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n v._o against_o the_o protestant_n which_o make_v he_o recall_v his_o troop_n that_o be_v send_v to_o his_o assistance_n and_o if_o philip_n ii_o have_v be_v successful_a in_o his_o expedition_n against_o england_n sixtus_n v._n will_v questionless_a have_v acknowledge_v his_o error_n of_o assist_v he_o in_o this_o enterprise_n so_o gregory_n xv._n during_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o those_o of_o the_o valtelin_n and_o the_o grison_n side_v with_o the_o last_o the_o protestant_n against_o spain_n neither_o be_v vrban_a viii_o dissatisfy_v at_o the_o success_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n against_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n especial_o since_o the_o latter_a have_v give_v much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n a_o evident_a instance_n to_o the_o world_n as_o to_o the_o business_n of_o mantua_n that_o they_o use_v to_o give_v no_o better_a treatment_n to_o roman_a catholic_n than_o protestant_n some_o have_v remark_v that_o when_o ferdinand_n ii_o do_v desire_v some_o subsidy_n from_o the_o pope_n which_o he_o have_v promise_v before_o the_o pope_n send_v he_o plenary_a indulgence_n for_o he_o and_o his_o whole_a army_n at_o the_o point_n of_o death_n that_o they_o may_v be_v prepare_v to_o die_v with_o the_o more_o courage_n and_o some_o year_n ago_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n be_v no_o less_o concern_v at_o the_o then_o prodigious_a success_n of_o france_n in_o holland_n when_o this_o state_n seem_v to_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n but_o the_o chief_a aim_n of_o the_o pope_n be_v to_o reduce_v by_o all_o manner_n of_o artifices_fw-la the_o protestant_n to_o his_o obedience_n to_o obtain_v this_o end_n he_o set_v the_o
haldan_n sivand_a erick_n haldan_n vngrin_n regnald_n about_o the_o year_n 588._o rodolf_n be_v king_n of_o the_o goth_n but_o be_v vanquish_v by_o the_o english_a who_o he_o leave_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o that_o kingdom_n he_o himself_o flee_v into_o italy_n where_o he_o seek_v sanctuary_n of_o dicterick_n the_o king_n of_o the_o goth_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n frotho_n either_o the_o son_n or_o else_o a_o kinsman_n of_o regnald_n be_v king_n of_o sweden_n who_o succeed_v these_o follow_a king_n fiolmus_n swercher_n valander_n vislur_n who_o be_v burn_v by_o his_o own_o son_n damalder_n who_o be_v sacrifice_v by_o his_o own_o subject_n to_o their_o idol_n at_o vpsal_n domar_n digner_n dagger_n agnius_n who_o be_v hang_v by_o his_o own_o wife_n alrick_n and_o erick_n who_o fly_v one_o another_o in_o a_o single_a combat_n ingo_n hugler_n haco_n jerundar_n hacquin_n surname_v ring_n under_o who_o reign_n that_o most_o memorable_a battle_n at_o brovalla_fw-la be_v fight_v brovalla_fw-la betwixt_o the_o swede_n and_o dane_n where_o thirty_o thousand_o man_n be_v kill_v on_o the_o danish_a and_o twelve_o thousand_o on_o the_o swedish_n side_n this_o king_n sacrifice_v nine_o of_o his_o son_n to_o the_o idol_n at_o vpsal_n and_o will_v have_v do_v the_o same_o with_o the_o ten_o who_o be_v the_o only_a heir_n leave_v to_o the_o kingdom_n if_o he_o have_v not_o be_v prevent_v by_o the_o swede_n he_o succeed_v his_o son_n egillus_fw-la who_o follow_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n othar_n adel_n ostan_n ingvard_n amund_n sivard_n hirot_n or_o herolt_n who_o marry_v his_o daughter_n thera_n to_o regnerthethen_n king_n of_o denmark_n ingellus_fw-la ingellus_fw-la the_o son_n of_o amund_n succeed_v hirot_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n who_o the_o night_n after_o his_o coronation_n cause_v seven_o of_o those_o petty_a prince_n that_o be_v vassal_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n to_o be_v burn_v in_o their_o lodging_n and_o afterward_o exercise_v the_o same_o cruelty_n against_o five_o more_o of_o the_o same_o rank_n his_o daughter_n asa_n that_o be_v marry_v to_o gudrot_v a_o prince_n of_o schonen_fw-mi exceed_v her_o father_n in_o cruelty_n for_o have_v murder_v her_o husband_n and_o his_o brother_n she_o betray_v the_o country_n to_o the_o enemy_n which_o so_o exasperate_v ivan_n the_o son_n of_o regner_n king_n of_o denmark_n that_o he_o fall_v with_o great_a fury_n upon_o ingellus_fw-la who_o have_v take_v his_o daughter_n into_o his_o protection_n destroy_v all_o with_o fire_n and_o sword_n ingellus_fw-la be_v reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o daughter_n burn_v himself_o his_o daughter_n and_o the_o whole_a family_n in_o his_o own_o palace_n except_o his_o son_n olaus_n who_o shelter_a himself_n in_o wermeland_n after_o the_o death_n of_o ingellus_fw-la a_o certain_a nobleman_n of_o a_o ancient_a family_n in_o sweden_n who_o name_n be_v charles_n assume_v the_o royal_a title_n and_o power_n but_o regner_n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o pretend_v that_o it_o belong_v to_o his_o son_n do_v send_v a_o challenge_n to_o the_o say_v charles_n and_o have_v kill_v he_o in_o the_o combat_n transfer_v the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n to_o his_o son_n bero_n or_o biorn_n who_o be_v hirots_n daughter_n son_n §_o 3._o bero._n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o bero_n or_o biorn_n ansgarius_n a_o monk_n of_o corvey_n 829._o and_o afterward_o bishop_n of_o bremen_n be_v send_v into_o sweden_n sweden_n by_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n the_o pious_a to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n in_o that_o kingdom_n but_o the_o king_n refuse_v to_o hearken_v to_o his_o doctrine_n be_v by_o the_o swede_n banish_v the_o kingdom_n together_o with_o his_o father_n regner_n amund_n his_o successor_n amund_n do_v also_o rule_n but_o a_o very_a few_o year_n and_o have_v raise_v a_o most_o horrible_a persecution_n against_o the_o christian_n be_v also_o banish_v the_o kingdom_n the_o swede_n be_v quite_o tire_v out_o with_o amund_n tyrannical_a government_n olaus_n do_v call_v in_o olaus_n out_o of_o wermeland_n to_o be_v their_o king_n who_o to_o establish_v himself_o in_o the_o throne_n marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o regner_n to_o his_o son_n ingo_n and_o thereby_o obtain_v the_o quiet_a possession_n of_o the_o two_o kingdom_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o goth_n 853._o not_o many_o year_n after_o ansgarius_n rerurn_v into_o sweden_n and_o convert_v olaus_n who_o then_o reside_v at_o birca_n a_o most_o populous_a city_n to_o the_o christian_a faith_n olaus_n then_o march_v with_o a_o potent_a army_n into_o denmark_n and_o have_v commit_v the_o administration_n of_o that_o kingdom_n to_o his_o son_n ennigruus_n return_v into_o sweden_n where_o he_o be_v by_o his_o heathen_a subject_n sacrifice_v to_o their_o idol_n at_o vpsal_n his_o son_n ingo_n ingo_n the_o better_a to_o establish_v himself_o in_o the_o throne_n marry_v the_o king_n of_o denmark_n daughter_n 890._o and_o afterward_o be_v kill_v in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o russian_n he_o succeed_v his_o son_n erick_n surname_v weatherhat_o erick_n famous_a for_o his_o skill_n in_o witchcraft_n who_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n erick_n surname_v seghersell_v seghersell_a who_o conquer_a finland_n curland_n livonia_n and_o ehestland_n from_o denmark_n he_o retake_v halland_n and_o schonen_fw-mi and_o at_o last_o drive_v the_o danish_a king_n swen_n out_o of_o denmark_n who_o can_v not_o recover_v his_o kingdom_n till_o after_o his_o death_n mild._n his_o son_n stenchill_n surname_v the_o mild_a be_v baptise_a at_o sigtuna_n a_o great_a city_n at_o that_o time_n and_o have_v destroy_v the_o idol_n at_o vpsal_n and_o forbid_v his_o subject_n upon_o pain_n of_o death_n to_o sacrifice_n to_o the_o idol_n the_o pagan_n be_v so_o enrage_v thereat_o that_o they_o slay_v and_o burn_v he_o near_o vpsal_n and_o with_o he_o the_o two_o christian_a priest_n that_o be_v send_v to_o he_o by_o the_o bishop_n of_o hamburgh_n olaus_n 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olaus_n succeed_v his_o son_n amund_n under_o who_o reign_n the_o christian_a religion_n increase_v very_o successful_o in_o sweden_n amund_n after_o who_o reign_v his_o brother_n amund_n surname_v slemme_n slemme_fw-fr a_o man_n very_o negligent_a both_o in_o maintain_v religion_n and_o justice_n he_o be_v slay_v with_o the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o army_n by_o cnut_n king_n of_o denmark_n near_o a_o bridge_n call_v strangepelle_n after_o his_o death_n the_o goth_n and_o swede_n disagree_v about_o the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a king_n red._n the_o first_o choose_v haquin_n surname_v the_o red._n the_o latter_a stenchill_n the_o young_a at_o last_o it_o be_v agree_v betwixt_o they_o that_o haquin_n be_v pretty_a well_o in_o year_n shall_v remain_v king_n during_o his_o life_n and_o shall_v be_v succeed_v by_o stenchill_n after_o the_o death_n of_o haquin_n who_o reign_v thirteen_o year_n stenchill_n stenchill_n the_o young_a olaus_n skotkonung_n sister_n son_n begin_v his_o reign_n who_o vanquish_v the_o dane_n in_o three_o great_a battle_n he_o succeed_v ingo_n surname_v the_o pious_a pious_a this_o king_n utter_o destroy_v the_o idol_n at_o vpsal_n which_o so_o enrage_v his_o pagan_a subject_n that_o they_o banish_v he_o the_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o murder_v he_o in_o schonen_fw-mi he_o be_v bury_v in_o a_o convent_n call_v waâ—heiâ—â—_n in_o west-gothland_n after_o he_o reign_v with_o great_a applause_n his_o brother_n halstan_n halstan_n who_o succeed_v his_o son_n philip_n c._n ingo_n philip_n son_n and_o his_o queen_n ragoild_v 1086._o be_v also_o very_o famous_a for_o their_o piety_n and_o other_o virtue_n ingo_n she_o be_v after_o her_o death_n honour_v as_o a_o saint_n c._n and_o her_o tomb_n frequent_o visit_v at_o talk_fw-mi 1138._o this_o king_n leave_v no_o son_n but_o two_o daughter_n christina_n and_o margaret_n the_o first_o be_v marry_v to_o st._n erick_n the_o second_o to_o magntis_n king_n of_o norway_n he_o be_v poison_v by_o the_o east_n goth_n
considerable_a force_n and_o have_v rout_v the_o vanguard_n of_o king_n waldemar_n make_v he_o their_o prisoner_n whereupon_o magnus_n call_v together_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o be_v most_o of_o they_o of_o his_o party_n do_v assign_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n to_o duke_n magnus_n except_o only_a east_n and_o west_n gothland_n smaland_n and_o daht_n which_o the_o king_n be_v to_o have_v for_o his_o share_n but_o this_o agreement_n last_v not_o long_o for_o the_o dane_n who_o have_v not_o receive_v their_o subsidy_n promise_v by_o magnus_n side_v with_o waldemar_n the_o war_n be_v renew_v which_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o various_a success_n till_o at_o last_o the_o dane_n have_v receive_v satisfaction_n for_o the_o money_n due_a to_o they_o left_a waldemar_n in_o the_o lurch_n who_o in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o estate_n resign_v the_o kingdom_n to_o magnus_n §_o 6._o magnus_fw-la waldemar_n have_v resign_v the_o kingdom_n magnus_n be_v crown_v at_o vpsal_n 1279._o who_o resume_v the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o goth_n which_o have_v not_o be_v use_v by_o his_o predecessor_n ever_o since_o the_o time_n of_o olaus_n skotkanung_n but_o be_v since_o retain_v by_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n to_o this_o day_n under_o this_o king_n reign_n the_o family_n of_o the_o tolekunger_n begin_v to_o raise_v new_a commotion_n and_o be_v assist_v by_o some_o of_o the_o nobilty_a murder_v ingemar_n danschkep_n the_o king_n favourite_n and_o take_v gerhard_n the_o e._n of_o holstein_n and_o father-in-law_n to_o the_o k._n prisoner_n lay_v also_o close_a siege_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o joncor_n which_o oblige_v the_o k._n to_o appeaâ—e_v they_o for_o that_o time_n by_o fair_a promise_n but_o not_o long_o after_o the_o e._n be_v release_v the_o k._n accuse_v they_o before_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o high_a treason_n and_o cause_v they_o all_o to_o be_v execute_v at_o stockholm_n except_o philip_n of_o runby_n who_o be_v fain_o to_o redeem_v his_o life_n at_o a_o very_a dear_a rate_n and_o with_o this_o strike_v the_o greatness_n of_o the_o family_n of_o the_o tolekunger_n be_v quite_o lay_v in_o the_o dust_n have_v thus_o settle_v his_o affair_n he_o get_v his_o lady_n hederig_n crown_v at_o suderasp_a and_o with_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o senator_n make_v king_n waldemar_n a_o prisoner_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o nicope_a 1288._o where_o he_o die_v four_o year_n after_o magnus_n die_v in_o wisignioc_n 1290._o but_o be_v bury_v at_o stockholm_n in_o the_o church_n of_o the_o grey_a friar_n have_v leave_v the_o tuition_n of_o his_o son_n birger_n who_o be_v but_o eleven_o year_n of_o age_n and_o the_o care_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o torckell_n câ—utson_n the_o rixmarshal_n torckell_n cnutson_n be_v regent_n for_o the_o space_n of_o thirteen_o year_n ii_o during_o which_o time_n he_o also_o imprison_a king_n waldemar_n son_n but_o after_o their_o decease_n he_o send_v a_o army_n into_o carâ—lia_n and_o have_v subdue_v this_o nation_n and_o induce_v they_o to_o receive_v the_o christian_a faith_n he_o build_v on_o their_o frontier_n the_o fortress_n of_o wibourg_n and_o take_v from_o the_o russian_n kekhelm_v 1292._o king_n birger_n be_v by_o this_o time_n come_v to_o his_o ripe_a year_n marry_v mereta_n the_o daughter_n of_o erick_n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o have_v send_v new_a force_n into_o carelia_n and_o ingermania_n 1298._o build_v the_o fortress_n of_o norburgh_n on_o the_o frontier_n of_o russia_n which_o however_o a_o few_o year_n after_o be_v retake_v and_o demolish_v by_o the_o russian_n soon_o after_o he_o declare_v his_o son_n magnus_n who_o be_v but_o three_o year_n old_a his_o successor_n in_o the_o kingdom_n 1303._o which_o be_v confirm_v by_o the_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o especial_o by_o his_o brother_n but_o this_o solemn_a transaction_n be_v of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o the_o brother_n quick_o fall_v into_o division_n among_o themselves_o and_o the_o two_o young_a grow_a mistrustful_a of_o the_o king_n the_o marshal_n retire_v first_o into_o denmark_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o norway_n to_o make_v use_n of_o that_o king_n intercession_n to_o recover_v their_o inheritance_n which_o king_n birger_n have_v seize_v upon_o but_o all_o this_o prove_v ineffectual_a they_o make_v several_a inroad_n into_o west-gothland_n and_o kill_v and_o disperse_v the_o swedish_n troop_n that_o be_v send_v to_o oppose_v they_o the_o king_n go_v at_o last_o in_o person_n with_o a_o army_n and_o be_v meet_v by_o his_o brother_n with_o some_o force_n which_o they_o have_v obtain_v of_o the_o king_n of_o norway_n when_o by_o the_o intercession_n of_o some_o senator_n the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o brother_n be_v compose_v and_o the_o two_o young_a restore_v to_o their_o estate_n in_o sweden_n this_o agreement_n cost_v the_o old_a torcell_n his_o head_n 1305._o who_o under_o pretence_n of_o have_v uphold_v the_o ammosity_n betwixt_o the_o brother_n and_o some_o other_o matter_n lay_v to_o his_o charge_n be_v behead_v at_o stockhelm_n but_o no_o soon_o be_v this_o wise_a man_n dead_a but_o the_o two_o young_a brother_n begin_v to_o aim_v again_o at_o the_o crown_n and_o have_v surprise_v the_o k._n and_o q._n at_o their_o country_n seat_n call_v hatuna_n force_v he_o to_o resign_v the_o kingdom_n and_o to_o surrender_v the_o crown_n and_o city_n of_o stockholm_n to_o his_o brother_n erick_n who_o make_v the_o king_n a_o prisoner_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o nicope_a but_o his_o son_n magnus_n be_v during_o this_o tumult_n carry_v into_o denmark_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n undertake_v 3_o several_a expedition_n to_o relieve_v his_o brother-in-law_n and_o sister_n but_o to_o no_o great_a purpose_n only_o that_o at_o last_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o king_n queen_n and_o their_o child_n shall_v be_v set_v at_o liberty_n and_o the_o matter_n decide_v in_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o senate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o senate_n therefore_o have_v be_v call_v together_o at_o arâ—oga_n it_o be_v there_o conclude_v that_o in_o case_n king_n birger_n will_v pardon_v all_o past_a injury_n and_o be_v content_v with_o what_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n shall_v be_v assign_v to_o he_o he_o shall_v be_v set_v at_o liberty_n which_o be_v perform_v according_o the_o senate_n and_o his_o brother_n have_v again_o swear_v fealty_n to_o he_o thus_o matter_n seem_v to_o be_v compose_v for_o the_o present_a when_o not_o long_o after_o a_o great_a storm_n break_v out_o 1308._o erick_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v make_v a_o alliance_n with_o haquin_n king_n of_o norway_n come_v with_o a_o army_n of_o 60000_o man_n into_o sweden_n to_o assist_v king_n birger_n in_o bring_v his_o brother_n under_o his_o subjection_n their_o first_o success_n be_v answerable_a to_o their_o great_a preparation_n have_v take_v joncope_a and_o force_v the_o duke_n force_n to_o fly_v before_o they_o but_o the_o dane_n who_o begin_v 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hand_n of_o his_o enemy_n during_o the_o imprisonment_n of_o king_n magus_n 1365._o sweden_n be_v reduce_v to_o a_o most_o miserable_a estate_n by_o the_o war_n that_o be_v carry_v on_o betwixt_o king_n albert_n and_o haquin_n and_o waldemar_n the_o two_o last_o send_v continual_a supply_n into_o sweden_n to_o uphold_v their_o party_n and_o haquin_n be_v grow_v so_o strong_a that_o he_o defeat_v king_n albert_n in_o a_o battle_n and_o besiege_a stockholm_n at_o last_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o king_n magnus_n shall_v have_v his_o liberty_n 1371._o pay_v a_o ransom_n of_o 12000_o mark_n of_o sine_fw-la silver_n and_o resign_v the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o shonen_fw-mi to_o king_n albert_n which_o be_v perform_v according_o king_n magnus_n retire_v into_o norway_n where_o he_o be_v drown_v by_o accident_n king_n haquin_n do_v not_o long_o survive_v his_o father_n and_o his_o son_n olaus_n die_v very_o young_a queen_n margaret_n after_o his_o decease_n be_v sole_a queen_n of_o norway_n 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shall_v be_v incorporate_v with_o the_o crown_n which_o they_o refuse_v to_o consent_v to_o he_o nevertheless_o pursue_v his_o intention_n by_o open_a violence_n while_o therefore_o some_o that_o be_v no_o loser_n by_o it_o and_o hope_v to_o partake_v of_o the_o booty_n side_v with_o the_o king_n the_o rest_n be_v consult_v how_o to_o deliver_v themselves_o from_o these_o oppression_n and_o have_v renounce_v their_o obedience_n to_o king_n albert_n margaret_n seek_v for_o protection_n by_o margaret_n queen_n of_o denmark_n which_o she_o grant_v they_o upon_o condition_n that_o if_o she_o shall_v deliver_v they_o from_o king_n albert_n she_o be_v to_o be_v queen_n of_o sweden_n which_o the_o swede_n be_v force_v to_o accept_v of_o she_o be_v proclaim_v queen_n of_o sweden_n this_o prove_v the_o occasion_n of_o unspeakable_a misery_n both_o party_n commit_v great_a outrage_n in_o the_o country_n which_o be_v quite_o exhaust_v before_o by_o king_n albert_n who_o also_o at_o last_o be_v 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stronghold_n in_o their_o possession_n from_o whence_o the_o german_a garrison_n make_v miserable_a havoc_n all_o round_a the_o country_n and_o the_o sea_n coast_n be_v extreme_o infest_a by_o privateer_n which_o have_v quite_o ruin_v the_o trade_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o pernicious_a war_n have_v thus_o last_v seven_o year_n a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n be_v set_v on_o foot_n at_o helsingburgh_n which_o prove_v fruitless_a 1394._o another_o meeting_n be_v appoint_v at_o aleholm_n 1395._o where_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o king_n his_o son_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o prisoner_n of_o note_n shall_v be_v set_v at_o liberty_n under_o condition_n that_o he_o within_o the_o space_n of_o three_o year_n resign_v all_o his_o pretension_n to_o the_o kingdom_n unto_o queen_n margaret_n or_o else_o return_v to_o prison_n and_o that_o in_o case_n of_o failure_n the_o city_n of_o lubeck_n hamburgh_n dantzick_n thorn_n elbingen_n saralsund_n stetin_n and_o campen_n shall_v oblige_v themselves_o to_o pay_v 60000_o mark_n of_o fine_a silver_n to_o the_o queen_n thus_o king_n albert_n return_v into_o mecklenburgh_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v 23_o year_n in_o sweden_n he_o have_v notwithstanding_o this_o agreement_n not_o lay_v aside_o his_o hope_n of_o recover_v his_o kingdom_n for_o which_o he_o have_v make_v great_a preparation_n if_o his_o son_n have_v not_o die_v two_o year_n after_o when_o he_o at_o the_o appoint_a time_n resign_v his_o pretension_n and_o the_o place_n as_o yet_o in_o his_o possession_n to_o the_o queen_n and_o at_o last_o end_v his_o day_n in_o his_o native_a country_n of_o mecklenburgh_n thus_o margaret_n become_v queen_n over_o all_o the_o three_o northern_a kingdom_n which_o she_o govern_v with_o extraordinary_a wisdom_n yet_o so_o that_o the_o dane_n be_v much_o better_o satisfy_v with_o her_o government_n than_o the_o swede_n §_o 9_o pomerania_n queen_n margaret_z have_v restore_v peace_n to_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n her_o next_o care_n be_v to_o unite_v these_o three_o crown_n for_o ever_o on_o one_o head_n for_o which_o purpose_n she_o have_v send_v for_o henry_n a_o young_a duke_n of_o pomerania_n her_o sister_n son_n who_o name_n to_o please_v the_o swede_n she_o change_v into_o that_o of_o erick_n norway_n this_o prince_n though_o very_o young_a be_v in_o the_o second_o year_n after_o the_o release_n of_o king_n albert_n proclaim_v king_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o senators_z and_o nobility_n of_o all_o the_o three_o kingdom_n be_v assemble_v at_o calmar_n 1396._o where_o also_o the_o young_a erick_n be_v crown_v the_o union_n of_o the_o three_o kingdom_n be_v propose_v which_o at_o last_o be_v perfect_v and_o confirm_v by_o oath_n and_o by_o the_o hand_n and_o seal_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o three_o kingdom_n which_o may_v have_v tend_v to_o the_o great_a advantage_n of_o these_o three_o nation_n if_o the_o dane_n have_v not_o afterward_o break_v this_o union_n and_o endeavour_v to_o 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to_o his_o ripe_a year_n 1412._o marry_v philippe_n the_o daughter_n of_o henry_n iv._o king_n of_o england_n and_o have_v after_o his_o aunt_n be_v death_n which_o happen_v not_o long_o after_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o sole_a management_n of_o affair_n he_o be_v entangle_v in_o a_o tedious_a war_n with_o henry_n earl_n of_o holstein_n the_o hanse_v town_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburgh_n and_o saxony_n about_o the_o duchy_n of_o sleswick_n which_o at_o last_o cost_v he_o his_o three_o kingdom_n for_o his_o subject_n be_v over_o charge_v with_o tax_n which_o be_v employ_v towards_o the_o war_n that_o can_v at_o the_o best_a only_o prove_v beneficial_a to_o denmark_n and_o their_o commerce_n be_v interrupt_v with_o the_o hanse_v town_n it_o occasion_v great_a discontent_n among_o they_o beside_o this_o the_o king_n officer_n have_v use_v the_o swede_n very_o tyrannical_o and_o the_o king_n have_v upon_o several_a occasion_n recede_v from_o the_o article_n of_o union_n
in_o denmark_n ambassador_n be_v send_v to_o the_o marshal_n and_o the_o other_o senator_n of_o sweden_n that_o be_v then_o at_o calmar_n to_o notify_v the_o arrival_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n and_o to_o treat_v with_o they_o to_o receive_v he_o also_o for_o their_o king_n as_o the_o only_a mean_n to_o maintain_v the_o union_n and_o peace_n betwixt_o those_o kingdom_n the_o marshal_n and_o his_o party_n be_v not_o a_o little_a surprise_v at_o this_o proposition_n but_o perceive_v that_o at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o arboga_n most_o of_o the_o estate_n be_v incline_v to_o maintain_v the_o union_n and_o receive_v christopher_n for_o their_o king_n they_o also_o agree_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o estate_n and_o christopher_n be_v receive_v by_o the_o marshal_n and_o the_o senator_n with_o great_a pomp_n at_o calmar_n from_o whence_o be_v conduct_v to_o stockholm_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o vpsal_n he_o be_v there_o crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n and_o soon_o after_o return_v into_o denmark_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v four_o year_n he_o marry_v dorothee_n the_o daughter_n of_o john_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o king_n erick_n who_o be_v yet_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o gothland_n do_v considerable_a damage_n to_o the_o swedish_n ship_n he_o be_v prevail_v upon_o by_o the_o senate_n to_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o gothland_n whilst_o every_o body_n be_v in_o great_a expectation_n about_o the_o success_n of_o this_o enterprise_n he_o upon_o the_o sudden_a clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o king_n erick_n leave_v he_o in_o the_o quiet_a possession_n of_o gothland_n 1448._o he_o die_v at_o helsinburgh_n in_o his_o journey_n to_o joncope_a whither_o he_o have_v call_v together_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n of_o sweden_n have_v leave_v great_a legacy_n to_o several_a church_n in_o sweden_n but_o the_o dane_n who_o have_v all_o his_o ship_n ammunition_n rich_a furniture_n and_o ready_a money_n in_o their_o hand_n will_v not_o pay_v one_o 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old_a age_n have_v refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o it_o they_o make_v christian_a earl_n of_o oldenburg_n the_o duke_n sister_n son_n their_o king_n charles_n at_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o his_o reign_n besiege_a king_n erick_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o wisby_n who_o have_v delude_v the_o swedish_n general_n with_o a_o truce_n do_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n provide_v himself_o with_o all_o necessary_n and_o be_v at_o last_o relieve_v by_o christian_a king_n of_o denmark_n who_o send_v he_o into_o pomerania_n where_o in_o the_o city_n of_o rugen_n he_o end_v his_o day_n without_o make_v any_o further_a pretention_n to_o the_o crown_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o norwegian_n except_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n have_v make_v charles_n also_o their_o king_n which_o occasion_v almost_o a_o continual_a war_n betwixt_o he_o and_o christian_a king_n of_o denmark_n in_o which_o king_n charles_n be_v pretty_a successful_a at_o first_o but_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o brave_a thord_n bonde_n his_o general_n who_o be_v barbarous_o murder_v king_n christian_a with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o sweden_n and_o several_a other_o of_o the_o swedish_n nobility_n who_o be_v enemy_n to_o king_n charles_n prove_v too_o hard_o for_o he_o for_o the_o archbishop_n have_v surprise_v the_o king_n force_n at_o strengness_n besiege_v he_o in_o the_o city_n of_o stockholm_n so_o that_o king_n charles_n find_v himself_o reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n resolve_v to_o embark_v with_o all_o his_o treasure_n for_o dantzick_n where_o he_o arrive_v safe_o after_o a_o voyage_n of_o three_o day_n in_o the_o ten_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n 1_n no_o soon_o have_v king_n charles_n leave_v the_o kingdom_n 1458._o but_o the_o archbishop_n have_v get_v all_o the_o stronhold_v of_o the_o kingdom_n into_o his_o hand_n send_v to_o christian_a king_n of_o denmark_n to_o invite_v he_o into_o sweden_n who_o be_v arrive_v with_o a_o considerable_a fleet_n at_o stockholm_n be_v by_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n declare_v king_n of_o sweden_n and_o crown_v at_o vpsal_n he_o reign_v at_o first_o with_o a_o general_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o swede_n but_o some_o year_n after_o by_o his_o cruelty_n and_o heavy_a imposition_n lay_v upon_o the_o people_n become_v odious_a to_o they_o for_o he_o not_o only_o cause_v some_o of_o the_o great_a man_n that_o be_v false_o accuse_v of_o hold_v a_o correspondency_n with_o king_n charles_n to_o be_v torture_v to_o death_n but_o also_o exercise_v great_a cruelty_n against_o a_o great_a number_n of_o boor_n that_o be_v rise_v in_o arm_n against_o he_o and_o have_v conceive_v a_o jealousy_n of_o the_o archbishop_n he_o cause_v he_o to_o be_v carry_v prisoner_n to_o copenhagen_n this_o so_o exasperate_v katil_n the_o bishop_n of_o lyncope_a that_o he_o raise_v a_o insurrection_n against_o the_o king_n and_o force_v he_o to_o retire_v into_o denmark_n and_o though_o the_o king_n return_v the_o year_n next_o follow_v with_o a_o considerable_a army_n yet_o be_v defeat_v by_o the_o bishop_n force_n he_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n a_o second_o time_n 1464._o and_o the_o bishop_n have_v lay_v siege_n to_o the_o city_n and_o castle_n of_o stockholm_n where_o king_n christian_n have_v leave_v a_o garrison_n send_v for_o assistance_n to_o king_n charles_n who_o be_v glad_a of_o this_o opportunity_n come_v with_o some_o force_n which_o he_o have_v gather_v in_o poland_n and_o prussia_n into_o sweden_n where_o he_o be_v no_o soon_o arrive_v but_o the_o city_n of_o stockholm_n be_v surrender_v to_o he_o and_o he_o again_o receive_v as_o king_n of_o sweden_n but_o this_o joy_n be_v of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o a_o difference_n be_v arisen_a betwixt_o he_o and_o bishop_n katil_n about_o the_o exchange_v the_o archbishop_n that_o be_v prisoner_n at_o copenhagen_n the_o say_a bishop_n do_v underhand_o agree_v with_o king_n christian_n to_o restore_v he_o to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n under_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v set_v the_o archbishop_n at_o liberty_n according_a to_o this_o agreement_n a_o reconciliation_n be_v make_v betwixt_o k_o christian_n and_o the_o archbishop_n the_o latter_a be_v receive_v very_o splendid_o by_o the_o bishop_n and_o be_v no_o soon_o arrive_v in_o sweden_n but_o have_v raise_v some_o force_n against_o king_n charles_n defeat_v he_o in_o a_o bloody_a battle_n fight_v upon_o the_o ice_n near_o stockholm_n and_o force_v he_o to_o abjure_v his_o right_n and_o pretention_n to_o the_o kingdom_n after_o the_o king_n resignation_n the_o archbishop_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o all_o the_o stronghold_n of_o the_o kingdom_n without_o any_o opposition_n except_o that_o one_o nils_n stir_v a_o particular_a friend_n of_o k._n charles_n traverse_v sometime_o his_o design_n this_o nils_n stir_v and_o one_o erick_n axelson_n governor_n of_o wibourg_n in_o finland_n have_v at_o last_o make_v a_o party_n against_o he_o play_v their_o game_n so_o well_o that_o erick_n axelson_n axelson_n who_o have_v marry_v king_n charles_n daughter_n be_v declare_v regent_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 1466._o but_o the_o a._n bish_n be_v oblige_v to_o surrender_v stockholm_n and_o some_o other_o strong_a hold_v into_o the_o regent_n hand_n nevertheless_o the_o hatred_n betwixt_o the_o two_o exasperate_v faction_n head_v by_o nils_n stir_v and_o erick_n nilson_n of_o which_o party_n be_v also_o the_o archbishop_n continue_v with_o great_a animosity_n erick_n nilson_n and_o his_o party_n under_o pretence_n of_o protect_v the_o archbishop_n against_o the_o power_n of_o king_n charles_n and_o his_o adherent_n endeavour_v the_o restauration_n of_o king_n christian_n but_o nils_n stir_v and_o his_o party_n open_o declare_v that_o they_o will_v either_o have_v king_n charles_n restore_v or_o at_o least_o maintain_v the_o regent_n in_o his_o station_n these_o two_o party_n do_v not_o only_o commit_v great_a insolence_n and_o
murder_n make_v great_a havoc_n all_o over_o the_o country_n but_o at_o last_o also_o come_v to_o a_o open_a war_n wherein_o the_o archbishops_n party_n be_v worsted_n he_o die_v for_o grief_n and_o the_o common_a people_n in_o hope_n to_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o misery_n of_o the_o kingdom_n once_o more_o restore_v charles_n to_o the_o crown_n but_o erick_n nilson_n erick_n carlson_n tâ—olle_n and_o some_o other_o have_v again_o raise_v some_o force_n against_o he_o 1468._o and_o surprise_v his_o army_n during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o truce_n again_o force_v he_o to_o seek_v for_o shelter_n in_o the_o daler_n whither_o be_v pursue_v by_o erick_n carlson_n he_o with_o a_o unequal_a number_n give_v he_o a_o signal_n overthrow_n force_v he_o to_o retire_v into_o denmark_n king_n charles_n be_v soon_o after_o return_v to_o stockholm_n which_o city_n and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n he_o recommend_v before_o his_o death_n to_o steen_n scure_v his_o sister_n son_n he_o there_o die_v in_o the_o same_o year_n leave_v the_o kingdom_n in_o such_o a_o confusion_n 1470._o that_o for_o a_o twelve_o month_n after_o there_o be_v a_o mere_a anarchy_n in_o sweden_n some_o have_v declare_v for_o king_n christian_n some_o for_o steen_n stir_v to_o be_v make_v regent_n of_o the_o kingdom_n at_o last_o the_o government_n be_v commit_v to_o steen_n stir_v who_o have_v vanquish_v king_n christian_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n fight_v near_o stockholm_n 1471._o and_o force_v he_o to_o retire_v with_o his_o break_a force_n by_o sea_n into_o denmark_n get_v into_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o sweden_n and_o though_o king_n christian_n keep_v the_o regent_n of_o sweden_n in_o a_o continual_a alarm_n as_o long_o as_o he_o live_v and_o several_a meeting_n be_v hold_v concern_v his_o restauration_n yet_o there_o be_v no_o open_a war_n betwixt_o the_o two_o kingdom_n and_o steen_n stir_v reign_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n with_o a_o general_a applause_n so_o that_o king_n christian_n during_o his_o regency_n never_o dare_v return_n into_o sweden_n but_o die_v in_o denmark_n in_o the_o year_n 1481._o after_o the_o death_n of_o king_n christian_n 1481._o the_o dane_n and_o norwegian_n have_v make_v john_n the_o son_n of_o christian_n their_o king_n the_o swede_n also_o agree_v with_o king_n john_n upon_o certain_a article_n which_o the_o king_n have_v confirm_v to_o they_o under_o his_o seal_n he_o be_v declare_v king_n of_o sweden_n but_o the_o regent_n steen_n stir_v notwithstanding_o this_o solemn_a transaction_n remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o fourteen_o year_n after_o under_o pretence_n that_o the_o dane_n have_v not_o fulfil_v their_o promise_n according_a to_o the_o article_n of_o the_o treaty_n during_o which_o time_n the_o kingdom_n be_v miserable_o afflict_v by_o intestine_a division_n and_o the_o war_n which_o be_v carry_v on_o against_o denmark_n and_o russia_n the_o senator_n therefore_o of_o sweden_n have_v in_o vain_a endeavour_v to_o persuade_v steen_n stir_v to_o lay_v down_o his_o office_n at_o last_o depose_v he_o from_o the_o regency_n and_o crave_v assistance_n from_o king_n john_n ii_o who_o have_v defeat_v steen_n stir_v and_o his_o party_n near_o stockholm_n be_v by_o the_o senate_n and_o the_o regent_n himself_o receive_v as_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o his_o son_n christian_n declare_v his_o successor_n after_o his_o death_n in_o that_o kingdom_n 1497._o this_o king_n reign_v very_o peaceable_o for_o a_o while_n but_o after_o some_o year_n by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o some_o courtier_n fall_v into_o the_o same_o error_n which_o have_v be_v the_o undo_n of_o his_o predecessor_n for_o under_o pretence_n that_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v extreme_o diminish_v he_o oblige_v steen_n stir_v and_o several_a other_o to_o surrender_v the_o fief_n belong_v to_o the_o crown_n which_o they_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o some_o of_o which_o he_o bestow_v upon_o the_o dane_n and_o german_n beside_o this_o his_o governor_n have_v commit_v great_a insolence_n in_o their_o province_n which_o so_o exasperate_v the_o people_n that_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o news_n of_o his_o defeat_n in_o ditmarsen_n be_v spread_v over_o sweden_n the_o swede_n be_v head_v by_o steen_n stir_v assemble_v at_o wadstana_n where_o have_v renounce_v their_o allegiance_n they_o bid_v open_a defiance_n to_o he_o allege_v that_o he_o have_v not_o fulfil_v the_o article_n of_o the_o treaty_n make_v at_o calmar_n the_o king_n be_v surprise_v at_o this_o unexpected_a news_n sail_v forthwith_o for_o denmark_n leave_v the_o queen_n with_o a_o good_a carrison_n at_o stockholm_n which_o city_n be_v thereupon_o besiege_v by_o stir_n who_o be_v soon_o after_o again_o constitute_v regent_n of_o the_o kingdom_n force_v the_o castle_n of_o stockholm_n to_o a_o surrender_n and_o get_v almost_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o stronghold_v in_o sweden_n into_o his_o possession_n notwithstanding_o which_o the_o dane_n burn_v elfsburgh_n and_o oresteen_n and_o commit_v great_a cruelty_n in_o west-gothland_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o christian_a king_n john_n son_n who_o have_v do_v the_o like_v not_o long_o before_o in_o norway_n where_o he_o have_v root_v out_o almost_o all_o the_o noble_a family_n yet_o because_o the_o queen_n be_v as_o yet_o in_o sweden_n the_o fury_n of_o the_o dane_n be_v for_o a_o while_n appease_v by_o the_o intercession_n of_o the_o lubecker_n and_o the_o cardinal_n raimow_n who_o have_v procure_v liberty_n for_o she_o to_o return_v into_o denmark_n she_o be_v conduct_v by_o the_o regent_n to_o the_o frontier_n of_o swaland_n but_o in_o his_o return_n to_o joncope_a he_o die_v sudden_o and_o his_o death_n have_v be_v keep_v secret_a for_o a_o while_n there_o be_v a_o strong_a suspicion_n that_o he_o have_v be_v poison_v by_o mereta_n the_o widow_n of_o cnut_n alfson_n thereby_o to_o open_v the_o way_n to_o her_o bridegroom_n suante_n stir_v to_o the_o regency_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o news_n of_o the_o regent_n death_n be_v spread_v all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n 1503._o the_o estate_n convene_v at_o stockholm_n where_o it_o be_v dispute_v for_o some_o time_n whether_o king_n john_n shall_v be_v recall_v or_o suante_n nilson_n stir_n shall_v be_v make_v regent_n till_o the_o latter_a have_v prevail_v the_o say_a stir_n be_v make_v regent_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 1504_o then_o the_o war_n be_v renew_v with_o king_n john_n which_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o various_a success_n both_o party_n commit_v great_a devastation_n without_o any_o other_o remarkable_a advantage_n the_o dane_n have_v at_o first_o stir_v up_o the_o emperor_n the_o pope_n and_o the_o russian_n against_o the_o swede_n do_v considerable_a mischief_n but_o the_o regent_n have_v make_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o russian_n and_o set_v the_o lubecker_n against_o denmark_n retake_v calmar_n and_o bornholm_n and_o will_v in_o all_o likelihood_n have_v make_v 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son_n their_o king_n but_o the_o swede_n who_o have_v not_o forget_v his_o cruelty_n former_o commit_v in_o west-gothland_n desire_v time_n to_o consider_v of_o a_o thing_n of_o such_o importance_n king_n christian_n find_v himself_o after_o four_o year_n tergiversation_n deceive_v in_o his_o hope_n and_o that_o the_o regent_n will_v not_o part_v with_o his_o power_n by_o fair_a mean_n do_v not_o only_o stir_v the_o pope_n leo_n x._o up_o against_o he_o but_o also_o bring_v gustavus_n trolle_v the_o new_a arbhbishop_n by_o great_a present_n over_o to_o his_o side_n and_o persuade_v the_o russian_n to_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o finland_n steen_n stir_v be_v soon_o convince_v of_o the_o archbishops_n sinister_a intention_n have_v tender_v the_o oath_n to_o he_o which_o he_o refuse_v to_o take_v be_v besrege_v by_o the_o regent_n in_o his_o castle_n of_o stecka_n then_o it_o be_v that_o the_o archbishop_n call_v king_n christian_n to_o his_o
assistance_n who_o have_v take_v some_o ship_n load_v with_o ammunition_n belong_v to_o the_o regent_n and_o in_o vain_a endeavour_v to_o relieve_v the_o besiege_a castle_n the_o war_n be_v begin_v on_o both_o side_n for_o the_o archbishop_n have_v be_v force_v to_o surrender_v the_o castle_n and_o his_o office_n pope_n leo_n thereupon_o excommunicate_v the_o regent_n lay_v a_o fine_a of_o 100000_o ducat_n upon_o the_o swede_n and_o enjoin_v the_o execution_n thereof_o to_o king_n christian_n pursuant_n to_o this_o decree_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n fall_v with_o a_o great_a army_n into_o sweden_n and_o be_v meet_v by_o the_o regent_n and_o his_o force_n in_o west-gothland_n but_o the_o regent_n have_v receive_v a_o wound_n there_o of_o which_o he_o die_v soon_o after_o at_o strengness_n his_o army_n first_o retreat_v and_o be_v deprive_v of_o a_o leader_n afterward_o disperse_v king_n christian_n then_o have_v divide_v his_o army_n send_v one_o part_n into_o west_n and_o 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instruct_v he_o in_o the_o chief_a point_n of_o it_o sweden_n and_o in_o what_o manner_n a_o great_a many_o german_a prince_n have_v take_v away_o the_o superfluous_a riches_n of_o the_o clergy_n begin_v to_o hearken_v to_o his_o opinion_n resolve_v nevertheless_o to_o go_v on_o cautious_o in_o this_o business_n and_o to_o see_v how_o some_o prince_n in_o germany_n shall_v proceed_v in_o this_o affair_n as_o also_o how_o the_o bishop_n in_o sweden_n will_v relish_v this_o doctrine_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n pope_n hadrian_n iv._o have_v send_v his_o legate_n into_o sweden_n to_o endeavour_v the_o extirpation_n of_o this_o heresy_n and_o the_o clergy_n of_o sweden_n grow_v every_o day_n more_o refractory_a refuse_v to_o pay_v the_o tax_n impose_v upon_o they_o as_o be_v contrary_a to_o their_o privilege_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n olaus_n petri_n be_v encourage_v by_o the_o king_n be_v not_o silent_a but_o defend_v his_o cause_n both_o by_o dispute_n and_o write_v with_o such_o
england_n thereby_o to_o strengthen_v his_o interest_n against_o his_o brother_n send_v the_o say_a dionysius_n into_o england_n who_o have_v write_v to_o his_o master_n that_o nothing_o be_v want_v to_o make_v up_o the_o match_n but_o his_o presence_n the_o prince_n will_v have_v go_v forthwith_o into_o england_n if_o his_o father_n have_v not_o oppose_v it_o who_o send_v in_o his_o stead_n his_o second_o son_n john_n and_o steen_n stir_v these_o be_v very_o civil_o entertain_v by_o queen_n elizabeth_n at_o their_o return_n home_o tell_v the_o prince_n that_o they_o believe_v nothing_o to_o be_v want_v to_o complete_a the_o marriage_n but_o his_o presence_n which_o be_v very_o joyful_o receive_v by_o the_o prince_n but_o the_o old_a and_o wise_a king_n who_o soon_o perceive_v that_o they_o have_v mistake_v compliment_n for_o reality_n think_v it_o advisable_v to_o communicate_v the_o business_n with_o the_o estate_n assemble_v at_o stockholm_n who_o after_o have_v confirm_v the_o 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procure_v a_o truce_n with_o denmark_n and_o have_v gather_v what_o force_n and_o money_n they_o can_v among_o â—â—eir_n friend_n and_o bring_v over_o some_o german_a force_n that_o be_v in_o king_n erick_n service_n to_o their_o side_n as_o also_o engage_v charles_n king_n erick_n brother_n to_o join_v in_o the_o confederacy_n they_o seize_v upon_o the_o castle_n of_o stockeburgh_n lackoe_n and_o wadstena_n in_o the_o last_o of_o which_o they_o find_v a_o great_a treasure_n then_o they_o publish_v their_o reason_n for_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o the_o king_n and_o his_o evil_a counselor_n and_o march_v direct_o with_o their_o force_n towards_o stockholm_n near_o which_o place_n have_v fix_v their_o tent_n they_o attack_v the_o city_n on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o brunckehill_n king_n erick_n on_o the_o other_o side_n defend_v himself_o valiant_o for_o a_o while_n and_o by_o frequent_a sally_n do_v great_a mischief_n and_o be_v mistrustful_a of_o the_o citizen_n of_o stockholm_n he_o 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they_o again_o enter_v livonia_n with_o 80000_o man_n and_o commit_v most_o inhuman_a barbarity_n which_o the_o swede_n who_o be_v much_o inferior_a in_o number_n can_v not_o prevent_v at_o that_o time_n but_o a_o swedish_n party_n of_o 600_o horse_n and_o 100_o foot_n moscovite_n that_o be_v fall_v in_o with_o the_o moscovite_n have_v rout_v 16000_o moscovite_n kill_v 7000_o of_o they_o upon_o the_o spot_n the_o czar_n of_o moscovy_n be_v so_o dismay_v that_o he_o of_o his_o own_o accord_n offer_v a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n to_o be_v set_v on_o foot_n at_o newgarten_n which_o place_n be_v dislike_v by_o king_n john_n the_o war_n begin_v a_o fresh_a which_o be_v carry_v on_o but_o with_o very_o indifferent_a success_n on_o the_o swedish_n side_n they_o have_v be_v repulse_v before_o wefenbergh_n and_o telsburgh_n there_o happen_v also_o another_o misfortune_n in_o the_o swedish_n camp_n which_o prove_v not_o a_o little_a prejudicial_a to_o their_o affair_n for_o the_o german_a horse_n 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protestant_n yet_o have_v be_v very_o conversant_a with_o a_o great_a many_o learned_a roman_a catholic_n and_o influence_v by_o his_o queen_n have_v resolve_v to_o restore_v by_o degree_n the_o roman_a catholic_a religion_n under_o pretence_n of_o make_v a_o reformation_n in_o the_o late_o introduce_v protestant_n religion_n to_o effect_v this_o he_o intend_v to_o follow_v the_o footstep_n of_o georgius_n cassander_n that_o be_v employ_v by_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n i._o and_o maximilian_n ii_o to_o unite_v and_o compose_v the_o religious_a difference_n in_o germany_n and_o have_v call_v in_o some_o jesuit_n disguise_v in_o laymens_n habit_n to_o be_v assist_v to_o his_o secretary_n mr._n pieter_n fretenius_n who_o be_v to_o be_v the_o chief_a manager_n of_o the_o business_n he_o at_o the_o convocation_n of_o some_o of_o the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n at_o stockholm_n propose_v to_o they_o a_o new_a form_n of_o a_o liturgy_n wherein_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o popish_a 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first_o offer_v the_o crown_n to_o john_n king_n sigismund_n half_a brother_n who_o refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o the_o same_o they_o bestow_v it_o upon_o charles_n who_o be_v the_o only_a son_n leave_v of_o king_n gustave_n and_o by_o his_o valour_n and_o prudence_n have_v deserve_v so_o well_o of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o crown_n be_v confirm_v to_o his_o heir_n even_o to_o the_o female_n 1604._o no_o soon_o be_v charles_n declare_v king_n ix_o but_o he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o livonia_n where_o he_o receive_v a_o signal_n overthrow_v from_o the_o pole_n which_o may_v have_v prove_v of_o very_o ill_a consequence_n to_o sweden_n if_o king_n sigismond_n have_v not_o be_v prevent_v by_o the_o intestine_a commotion_n of_o the_o pole_n to_o pursue_v his_o victory_n the_o russian_n also_o have_v slay_v the_o false_a demetrius_n and_o have_v make_v one_o suski_n their_o grand_a duke_n crave_v assistance_n from_o king_n charles_n who_o send_v some_o thousand_o auxilary_n under_o the_o command_n of_o james_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr gardie_n with_o who_o assistance_n they_o be_v very_o successful_a against_o the_o pole_n but_o in_o lifland_n the_o pole_n get_v the_o better_a of_o the_o swede_n in_o several_a encounter_n and_o the_o dane_n see_v the_o swede_n engage_v on_o all_o side_n livonia_n begin_v to_o make_v great_a preparation_n against_o they_o the_o muscovite_n also_o have_v deliver_v their_o grand_a duke_n suski_n up_o to_o the_o pole_n and_o offer_v that_o crown_n to_o vladislaus_n the_o son_n of_o sigismond_n so_o that_o the_o swedish_n affair_n look_v with_o a_o ill_a face_n at_o that_o time_n if_o prince_n gustave_n adolph_n king_n charles_n son_n by_o his_o extraordinary_a valour_n have_v not_o uphold_v their_o droop_a courage_n for_o whilst_o the_o dane_n we_o busy_a about_o calmar_n he_o with_o 1500_o horse_n not_o only_o surprise_v their_o chief_a magazine_n in_o blekinyen_fw-mi which_o be_v now_o call_v christianstad_n but_o also_o take_v from_o they_o the_o isle_n of_o oeland_n and_o the_o castle_n of_o borkholm_n and_o whilst_o he_o be_v busy_a in_o put_v his_o force_n into_o winter-quarter_n his_o father_n king_n charles_n die_v at_o nycope_a in_o the_o 61_o year_n of_o his_o age_n 1611._o §_o 13._o adolphus_n gustavus_n adolphus_n be_v at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o father_n death_n yet_o under_o age_n be_v under_o the_o tuition_n of_o his_o mother_n christina_n duke_n john_n and_o some_o of_o the_o swedish_n senator_n but_o the_o swede_n be_v at_o that_o time_n embroil_v in_o the_o polish_v and_o russian_a affair_n and_o the_o dane_n press_v hard_o upon_o they_o it_o be_v conclude_v at_o the_o diet_n at_o nycope_a that_o king_n gustave_n adolph_n notwithstanding_o he_o be_v not_o 18_o year_n of_o age_n shall_v take_v upon_o himself_o the_o administration_n of_o affair_n the_o king_n immediate_o apply_v all_o his_o care_n to_o the_o danish_a war_n which_o be_v carry_v on_o but_o with_o indifferent_a success_n on_o the_o swedish_n side_n especial_o by_o sea_n where_o the_o dane_n play_v the_o master_n the_o swedish_n fleet_n be_v but_o in_o a_o very_a ill_a condition_n and_o the_o dane_n have_v take_v beside_o calmar_n also_o risbyfort_n and_o elffesburgh_n two_o considerable_a place_n in_o sweden_n king_n gustave_n find_v this_o war_n very_o grievous_a to_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o muscovite_n have_v about_o the_o same_o time_n declare_v themselves_o very_o favourable_o in_o behalf_n of_o his_o brother_n charles_n philip_n unto_o who_o they_o offer_v that_o crown_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o the_o dane_n the_o swede_n be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v they_o a_o million_o of_o crown_n for_o these_o three_o place_n abovementioned_a in_o the_o mean_a while_n james_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr gardie_n have_v so_o well_o manage_v his_o affair_n in_o muscovy_n 1613._o that_o the_o chief_a among_o they_o desire_a king_n gustave_n adolph_n and_o his_o brother_n charles_n philip_n to_o come_v into_o muscovy_n but_o king_n gustave_n adolph_n who_o have_v more_o mind_n to_o unite_v that_o crown_n with_o sweden_n than_o to_o leave_v it_o to_o his_o brother_n be_v not_o only_o very_o slow_a in_o his_o resolution_n but_o also_o at_o last_o in_o his_o answer_n to_o the_o muscovite_n only_o speak_v of_o his_o own_o come_n thither_o without_o mention_v his_o brother_n which_o have_v be_v interpret_v by_o the_o muscovite_n as_o if_o he_o intend_v to_o make_v their_o country_n a_o province_n of_o sweden_n they_o make_v one_o michael_n foedorowitz_n romano_n their_o grand_a duke_n and_o when_o prince_n charles_n philip_n afterward_o come_v into_o muscovy_n some_o of_o they_o for_o a_o while_n adhere_v to_o he_o but_o the_o new_a grand_a duke_n have_v the_o strong_a party_n the_o rest_n also_o at_o last_o leave_v the_o swedish_n side_n who_o vigorous_o attack_v and_o beat_v the_o muscovite_n in_o several_a engagement_n and_o take_v from_o they_o some_o of_o their_o frontier_n place_n muscovite_n till_o at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o both_o party_n at_o stolbova_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o english_a by_o virtue_n of_o which_o 1617._o the_o swede_n get_v kerholm_n and_o ingermanland_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o a_o truce_n have_v be_v conclude_v with_o poland_n for_o two_o year_n but_o the_o same_o be_v near_o exspire_v king_n gustave_n adolph_n resolve_v to_o pursue_v the_o war_n against_o the_o pole_n with_o more_o vigour_n than_o before_o the_o better_a to_o put_v this_o design_n in_o execution_n he_o after_o his_o coronation_n have_v be_v perform_v at_o vpsal_n with_o a_o universal_a joy_n of_o the_o people_n 1617._o pay_v to_o christian_a king_n of_o denmark_n the_o residue_n of_o the_o sum_n due_a to_o he_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o last_o treaty_n of_o peace_n and_o have_v marry_v mary_n eleonora_n the_o daughter_n of_o john_n sigismond_n elector_n of_o brandenburg_n 1620._o he_o attack_v the_o city_n of_o riga_n which_o defend_v itself_o for_o six_o week_n brave_o but_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o last_o extremity_n surrender_v itself_o upon_o very_o honourable_a term_n from_o hence_o he_o sail_v towards_o dantzick_n to_o carry_v the_o war_n into_o prussia_n but_o king_n sigismond_n be_v then_o at_o dantzick_n the_o truce_n be_v renew_v for_o two_o year_n long_o during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o truce_n a_o peace_n be_v propose_v betwixt_o these_o two_o crown_n which_o the_o polish_v estate_n be_v very_o desirous_a of_o notwithstanding_o which_o king_n sigismond_n persist_v in_o his_o former_a resolution_n of_o pursue_v the_o war._n king_n gustave_n therefore_o again_o enter_v livonia_n with_o a_o good_a army_n where_o have_v defeat_v 3000_o lithuanian_n who_o under_o the_o command_n of_o stanislaus_n sariecha_n will_v have_v dispute_v his_o passage_n kakenhausen_n dorpt_v and_o other_o place_n of_o less_o note_n surrender_v themselves_o to_o the_o king_n from_o hence_o he_o advance_v into_o lithuania_n and_o take_v birsew_v and_o though_o the_o pole_n have_v nothing_o leave_v in_o livonia_n but_o only_o duneburgh_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n be_v again_o defeat_v by_o the_o swede_n near_o walsow_n in_o sem-gallia_n king_n sigismond_n persist_v in_o his_o resolution_n of_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n be_v encourage_v by_o the_o emperor_n who_o then_o be_v very_o successful_a in_o germany_n king_n gustave_n then_o resolve_v to_o give_v the_o pole_n a_o home-stroke_n 1626._o sail_v with_o a_o fleet_n of_o 80_o ship_n and_o 26000_o landman_n towards_o the_o pillaw_n where_o by_o order_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v be_v receive_v without_o opposition_n he_o land_v his_o man_n and_o without_o any_o resistance_n take_v brandenburg_n and_o fravenburgh_n the_o next_o be_v elbingen_n where_o the_o citizen_n have_v make_v some_o show_n of_o resistance_n the_o senate_n surrender_v the_o city_n without_o make_v as_o much_o as_o a_o capitulation_n the_o same_o good_a fortune_n attend_v he_o before_o marienburgh_n 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but_o soon_o after_o make_v
himself_o master_n of_o the_o say_a fort_n have_v first_o beat_v the_o pole_n that_o come_v to_o its_o relief_n who_o nevertheless_o in_o the_o mean_a while_o have_v force_v meve_v to_o a_o surrendry_n soon_o after_o both_o army_n encamp_v near_o dirshaw_n where_o king_n gustave_n have_v draw_v out_o his_o force_n in_o battle_n array_n the_o pole_n do_v the_o like_a have_v a_o boggy_a ground_n before_o they_o which_o the_o king_n do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o pass_v with_o his_o army_n but_o when_o the_o pole_n begin_v to_o draw_v off_o again_o into_o their_o camp_n the_o king_n fall_v into_o the_o rear_n kill_v they_o a_o great_a number_n of_o men._n but_o some_o day_n after_o attacking_z they_o in_o their_o camp_n he_o receive_v a_o shot_n in_o his_o left_a shoulder_n with_o a_o musket_n bullet_n which_o his_o force_n be_v dismay_v at_o they_o return_v without_o any_o further_a action_n into_o their_o camp_n towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o year_n a_o new_a treaty_n have_v be_v set_v on_o foot_n betwixt_o the_o two_o king_n the_o treaty_n be_v so_o far_o advance_v that_o king_n sigismond_n have_v resolve_v to_o sign_n it_o the_o next_o day_n if_o the_o austrian_n who_o do_v promise_v to_o send_v 24_o man_n of_o war_n and_o 12000_o man_n to_o his_o assistance_n have_v not_o prevent_v it_o after_o the_o treaty_n be_v break_v off_o king_n gustave_n before_o his_o army_n go_v into_o winter-quarter_n take_v several_a place_n from_o the_o pole_n and_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v attack_v a_o fort_n near_o dantzick_n but_o be_v repulse_v with_o loss_n soon_o after_o he_o have_v a_o smart_a engagement_n with_o the_o pole_n wherein_o 3000_o of_o they_o be_v kill_v upon_o the_o spot_n the_o swede_n have_v take_v four_o piece_n of_o cannon_n and_o fourteen_o standard_n though_o not_o without_o great_a bloodshed_n on_o their_o side_n then_o the_o king_n advance_v near_o unto_o dantzick_n have_v send_v eight_o man_n of_o war_n to_o block_n up_o that_o harbour_n but_o the_o dantzicker_n with_o ten_o man_n of_o war_n have_v attack_v the_o swedish_n squadron_n they_o kill_v the_o swedish_n admiral_n nils_n sternshield_n take_v his_o ship_n force_v their_o vice-admiral_n to_o blow_v up_o his_o own_o ship_n and_o put_v the_o rest_n to_o flight_n though_o the_o dantzicker_n also_o lose_v their_o admiral_n and_o 400_o man_n in_o this_o engagement_n king_n gustave_n then_o have_v detach_v 1000_o foot_n soldier_n who_o pass_v the_o veixel_n in_o boat_n they_o surprise_v niewburgh_n which_o be_v a_o magazine_n of_o the_o pole_n they_o take_v most_o of_o their_o baggage_n and_o 600000_o crown_n in_o money_n 1629._o but_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v he_o give_v they_o more_o work_n for_o herman_n wrangel_n raise_v the_o blockade_n of_o brodnitz_n where_o 3000_o pole_n be_v kill_v 1000_o take_v prisoner_n with_o five_o piece_n of_o cannon_n and_o 2000_o wagon_n with_o provision_n the_o pole_n be_v frighten_v at_o this_o defeat_n be_v very_o desirous_a then_o to_o receive_v the_o imperial_a force_n which_o be_v send_v to_o their_o assistance_n under_o the_o command_n of_o arnheim_n who_o with_o 5000_o foot_n and_o 2000_o horse_n join_v koniccpoliski_n the_o polish_v general_n near_o graudentz_n king_n gustave_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n encamp_v with_o a_o army_n of_o 5000_o horse_n and_o 8000_o foot_n near_o quidzin_n and_o though_o the_o swede_n be_v much_o inferior_a in_o number_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o refuse_v the_o combat_n and_o both_o army_n soon_o after_o have_v meet_v near_o stum_n there_o happen_v a_o brisk_a engagement_n betwixt_o they_o wherein_o the_o swedâ—sh_n horse_n be_v first_o repulse_v with_o the_o loss_n of_o five_o standard_n but_o the_o king_n come_v up_o in_o person_n with_o more_o force_n soon_o force_v the_o pole_n to_o retreat_n who_o will_v have_v pass_v over_o a_o bridge_n which_o they_o be_v lay_v over_o the_o river_n of_o nogat_n but_o king_n gustave_n endavour_v to_o cut_v off_o their_o retreat_n that_o way_n the_o fight_n be_v renew_v on_o both_o side_n with_o great_a fury_n so_o that_o the_o king_n venture_v himself_o too_o far_o be_v take_v hold_n of_o by_o his_o shoulder-belt_n which_o he_o slip_v over_o his_o head_n get_v free_a of_o they_o leave_v his_o hat_n and_o belt_n behind_o he_o but_o immediate_o after_o another_o catch_a hold_n of_o his_o arm._n will_v have_v carry_v he_o off_o if_o one_o erick_n soop_n have_v not_o shoot_v the_o polander_n and_o deliver_v the_o king_n in_o this_o action_n the_o swede_n get_v seventeen_o colour_n and_o five_o standard_n the_o imperial_a force_n have_v receive_v the_o great_a damage_n not_o long_o after_o there_o happen_v another_o engagement_n about_o the_o same_o bridge_n where_o the_o pole_n be_v again_o repulse_v and_o in_o the_o attack_z of_o stum_n they_o lose_v 4000_o man_n of_o their_o best_a force_n the_o pole_n have_v impute_v these_o loss_n chief_o to_o arnheim_n the_o imperial_a general_n who_o be_v a_o vassal_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v suspect_v by_o they_o to_o hold_v a_o correspondence_n with_o the_o say_a prince_n and_o be_v grow_v quite_o weary_a of_o the_o imperial_a force_n be_v also_o pester_v with_o famine_n and_o the_o plague_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o france_n england_n brandenburg_n and_o holland_n a_o truce_n be_v conclude_v for_o six_o year_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o king_n gustave_n be_v to_o restore_v to_o poland_n brodnitz_n wormdit_n melsack_n stum_n and_o dirshaw_n marienburgh_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o custudy_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n king_n gustave_n keep_v the_o castle_n and_o harbour_n of_o pillaw_n and_o memâ—l_n poland_n as_o also_o elbingen_n and_o braunsbergh_n beside_o all_o what_o he_o be_v possess_v of_o in_o livonia_n so_o that_o king_n gustave_n adolph_n have_v end_v both_o the_o russian_a and_o polish_v war_n to_o his_o eternal_a honour_n and_o the_o great_a advantage_n of_o his_o kingdom_n §_o 14._o war._n but_o he_o be_v not_o long_o at_o rest_n before_o germany_n be_v the_o scene_n where_o he_o acquire_v everlasting_a glory_n to_o his_o nation_n and_o perform_v some_o of_o the_o great_a action_n that_o be_v ever_o see_v in_o europe_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o protestant_n in_o germany_n begin_v to_o be_v jealous_a of_o the_o roman_a catholic_n sinister_a intention_n against_o they_o they_o be_v then_o for_o bring_v king_n gustave_n over_o to_o their_o alliance_n but_o he_o be_v at_o that_o time_n entangle_v in_o the_o polish_v affair_n be_v not_o at_o leisure_n to_o engage_v himself_o with_o they_o 1626._o but_o christian_a iu._n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o be_v ambitious_a of_o that_o honour_n have_v in_o the_o mean_a while_o receive_v a_o great_a defeat_n from_o the_o imperialist_n who_o since_o that_o have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n and_o get_v foot_v on_o the_o baltic_a king_n gustave_n fear_v the_o consequence_n of_o it_o press_v the_o hard_a upon_o the_o pole_n to_o oblige_v they_o to_o a_o peace_n or_o truce_n 1623._o and_o have_v call_v together_o the_o estate_n of_o sweden_n he_o represent_v to_o they_o the_o danger_n which_o threaten_v sweden_n from_o the_o imperialist_n who_o have_v not_o only_o get_v footing_n on_o the_o baltic_a but_o also_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o a_o part_n of_o denmark_n whereupon_o it_o have_v be_v resolve_v by_o the_o estate_n that_o it_o be_v not_o advisable_v to_o stay_v till_o the_o enemy_n shall_v attack_v they_o at_o home_n but_o to_o meet_v he_o abroad_o and_o to_o keep_v he_o from_o get_v footing_n on_o the_o border_n of_o the_o baltic_a the_o king_n only_o wait_v a_o opportunity_n to_o put_v this_o design_n in_o execution_n which_o present_v itself_o in_o the_o same_o year_n for_o albert_n wallenstein_n duke_n of_o friedland_n the_o imperial_a general_n have_v lay_v a_o design_n against_o the_o city_n of_o strahlsund_n the_o king_n who_o be_v then_o in_o prussia_n offer_v his_o assistance_n to_o that_o city_n and_o have_v send_v they_o voluntary_o some_o ammunition_n and_o exhort_v they_o to_o a_o vigorous_a defence_n the_o citizen_n accept_v of_o the_o king_n offer_n make_v a_o alliance_n with_o he_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o city_n and_o harbour_n and_o to_o maintain_v their_o commerce_n in_o the_o baltic_a pursuant_n to_o this_o treaty_n the_o king_n send_v some_o of_o his_o force_n to_o their_o assistance_n who_o be_v very_o instrumental_a in_o defend_v that_o city_n against_o the_o imperialist_n but_o he_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o attempt_v any_o thing_n further_o at_o that_o time_n because_o wallenstein_n and_o tilly_n be_v with_o two_o considerable_a army_n not_o far_o off_o but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o â—olâ—sh_a war_n be_v end_v he_o resolve_v not_o to_o make_v any_o further_a delay_n have_v therefore_o in_o vain_a proffer_a
king_n near_o werben_fw-ge decamp_v from_o wolmerstadt_n and_o march_v to_o eisleben_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o halli_fw-la from_o whence_o he_o march_v with_o 40000_o man_n to_o leipsick_a which_o he_o take_v soon_o after_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n be_v thus_o put_v to_o a_o nonplus_n be_v then_o force_v to_o send_v to_o king_n gustave_n and_o to_o desire_v he_o to_o join_v his_o army_n which_o lie_v encamp_v near_o torgawi_n the_o king_n who_o have_v foresee_v what_o will_v befall_v he_o be_v already_o advance_v near_o new_a brandenburg_n and_o though_o the_o king_n be_v very_o glad_a of_o this_o opportunity_n yet_o because_o the_o elector_n be_v now_o put_v to_o a_o nonplus_n now_o desire_v what_o he_o have_v resuse_v before_o he_o propose_v to_o he_o certain_a condition_n which_o the_o elector_n have_v ready_o grant_v he_o pass_v the_o river_n elbe_n near_o wittenbergh_n with_o 13000_o foot_n and_o 9000_o horse_n and_o join_v the_o elector_n near_o dieben_fw-mi then_o a_o 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a_o epidemical_a fever_n of_o which_o he_o die_v on_o the_o 23._o of_o february_n §_o 17._o ix_o charles_n be_v but_o five_o year_n old_a when_o his_o father_n die_v the_o swede_n apply_v all_o their_o care_n to_o obtain_v a_o honourable_a peace_n 3_o which_o be_v conclude_v with_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o monastery_n call_v oliva_n near_o dantzick_n wherein_o be_v also_o include_v the_o emperor_n and_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o king_n john_n casimir_n resign_v his_o pretention_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o pole_n to_o livonia_n in_o the_o same_o month_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o denmark_n denmark_n much_o upon_o the_o same_o condition_n which_o be_v agree_v on_o former_o at_o rocshild_n except_o that_o the_o dane_n keep_v the_o isle_n of_o bornholm_n and_o druntheim_n in_o norway_n for_o the_o rest_n the_o swede_n be_v for_o preserve_a peace_n with_o their_o neighbour_n during_o the_o minority_n of_o the_o king_n till_o have_v break_v off_o the_o 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country_n in_o germany_n very_o few_o except_v and_o denmark_n be_v force_v also_o to_o restore_v the_o place_n take_v from_o the_o swede_n in_o shonen_fw-mi this_o peace_n have_v be_v again_o settle_v in_o sweden_n the_o king_n marry_v vlrica_n eleanora_n the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n sister_n since_o which_o time_n the_o king_n have_v chief_o apply_v himself_o to_o settle_v his_o military_a affair_n and_o revenue_n and_o to_o maintain_v the_o peace_n with_o his_o neighbour_n 1678._o §_o 18._o nation_n the_o swedish_n and_o gothick_n nation_n have_v ancient_o be_v famous_a for_o warlike_a achievement_n and_o be_v very_o fit_a to_o endure_v the_o fatigue_n of_o war_n yet_o be_v their_o military_a affair_n in_o former_a time_n but_o very_o indifferent_o order_v their_o chief_a force_n consist_v in_o the_o boor_n till_o gustave_n and_o his_o successor_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o some_o scotch_a and_o german_a officer_n and_o soldier_n have_v introduce_v such_o a_o 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six_o book_n by_o the_o famous_a mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr la_fw-fr quintinye_a chief_a director_n of_o all_o the_o garden_n of_o the_o french_a king_n to_o which_o be_v add_v his_o treatise_n of_o orange_n tree_n with_o the_o raise_n of_o melon_n omit_v in_o the_o french_a edition_n make_a english_a by_o j._n evelyn_n esq_n illustrate_v with_o copper_n plate_n the_o commentary_n of_o julius_n caesar_n of_o his_o war_n in_o gallia_n and_o the_o civil_a war_n betwixt_o he_o and_o pompey_n with_o many_o excellent_a and_o judicious_a observation_n thereupon_o by_o clement_n edmond_n esquire_n to_o this_o edition_n be_v now_o add_v at_o the_o end_n of_o every_o book_n those_o excellent_a remark_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o rohan_n also_o the_o commentary_n of_o the_o alexandrian_a and_o african_a war_n write_a by_o aulus_n hirtius_n pansa_n now_o first_o make_v english_a with_o a_o geographical_a nomenclature_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_a name_n of_o town_n together_o with_o the_o life_n 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contain_v the_o life_n of_o the_o patriarch_n judge_n and_o king_n of_o the_o jew_n of_o the_o father_n of_o the_o church_n of_o the_o pope_n etc._n etc._n of_o heresiarch_n with_o a_o account_n of_o their_o principle_n doctrine_n of_o emperor_n king_n and_o illustrious_a prince_n etc._n etc._n of_o philosopher_n inventor_n of_o art_n and_o those_o that_o have_v recommend_v themselves_o to_o the_o world_n the_o genealogy_n of_o several_a illustrious_a family_n in_o europe_n the_o fabulous_a history_n of_o the_o heathen_a god_n etc._n etc._n the_o description_n of_o empire_n kingdom_n commonwealth_n island_n mountain_n and_o river_n and_o other_o considerable_a place_n of_o geography_n etc._n etc._n collect_v from_o the_o best_a historian_n chronologer_n and_o lexicographer_n by_o lewis_n morery_n d._n d._n the_o six_o edition_n correct_v and_o enlarge_v by_o mounseur_fw-fr l'_fw-fr clarke_n to_o which_o be_v add_v the_o life_n and_o most_o remarkable_a action_n of_o the_o english_a scotch_a nad_z irish_z nobility_n gentry_n clergy_n and_o artificer_n etc._n etc._n by_o several_a learned_a man_n with_o the_o five_o year_n historical_a and_o geographical_a collection_n of_o edmund_n bohun_n esqiure_v never_o yet_o publish_v geographia_fw-la universalis_fw-la the_o present_a state_n of_o the_o whole_a world_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o several_a religion_n custom_n and_o riches_n of_o each_o people_n the_o strength_n and_o government_n of_o each_o polity_n and_o state_n the_o curious_a and_o most_o remarkable_a thing_n in_o every_o region_n with_o other_o particular_n necessary_a to_o the_o understand_a history_n and_o the_o interest_n of_o prince_n write_a original_o at_o the_o command_n of_o the_o french_a king_n for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o dauphin_n by_o the_o sieur_n duval_n geographer_n in_o ordinary_a to_o his_o majesty_n the_o three_o edition_n correct_v and_o enlarge_v by_o r._n midgley_n m._n d._n the_o most_o ancient_a state_n of_o mankind_n the_o original_a of_o civil_a society_n at_o what_o time_n the_o first_o state_n be_v constitute_v the_o first_o state_n be_v very_o small_a and_o imperfect_a the_o assyrian_a empire_n by_o what_o mean_v this_o empire_n be_v maintain_v it_o be_v fall_n the_o persian_a empire_n by_o what_o mean_v it_o be_v maintain_v greece_n sparta_n macedon_n the_o politic_a conduct_n and_o great_a action_n of_o philip._n alexander_n the_o great_a he_o die_v young_a great_a trouble_n after_o the_o death_n of_o alexander_n the_o fall_n of_o the_o macedonian_a empire_n carthage_n rome_n a_o warlike_a city_n bywhat_o mean_v rome_n become_v so_o populous_a several_a other_o military_a institution_n of_o the_o religion_n of_o the_o roman_n the_o expulsion_n of_o their_o king_n and_o the_o erection_n of_o a_o new_a form_n of_o government_n reason_n of_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o roman_a greatness_n the_o defect_n of_o the_o roman_a commonwealth_n two_o distinct_a body_n in_o rome_n factious_a tribune_n citizen_n too_o powerful_a the_o constitution_n of_o the_o roman_a monarchy_n the_o roman_a monarchy_n can_v not_o be_v of_o a_o long_a continuance_n 〈…〉_z anno_fw-la 1453._o the_o ancient_a state_n of_o spain_n west_n goth_n conquer_v spain_n 410._o 554._o 572._o 586._o 646._o 677._o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o gothick_n empire_n in_o spain_n 713._o 714._o the_o saracen_n conquer_v spain_n king_n in_o oviedo_n pelagius_n 726._o favila_n alfonso_n i._n 737._o favila_n aurelius_n silo._n alfonsus_n i_o veremundus_n 791._o ramirus_n ordonius_n i._n alfonso_n iii_o garsias_n 910._o 913._o the_o origin_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o navarre_n and_o arragon_n favila_n ii_o alfonso_n iu._n ramirus_n ii_o 931._o ordonius_n iii_n sanctius_n 955._o 965._o ramirus_n iii_o 967._o veremund_n ii_o 982._o alfonso_n v._n 999._o veremund_n iii_n 1025._o castille_n make_v a_o kingdom_n sanctius_n ii_o major_n the_o pernicious_a division_n of_o spain_n 1038._o 1045._o 1053._o sanctius_n iii_o 1067._o alfonso_n vi._n 1073._o 1085._o alfonso_n vii_o alfonso_n viii_o 1118._o 1122._o 1134._o 1137._o sanctius_n iu._n alfonso_n ix_o henry_n ferdinandus_n sanctus_n 1230._o 1230._o 1240._o 1248._o alfonso_n x._o 1256._o 1284._o sanctius_n v._n the_o sicilian_a vesper_n ferdinand_n iv_o 1312._o 1297._o alfonso_n xi_o 1324._o 1350._o peter_n the_o cruel_a 1366._o 1369._o henry_n ii_o john_n ii_o 1390._o henry_n iii_o john_n ii_o 145â—_n 1442._o henry_n iu._n 1468._o 1469._o ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n and_o isabel_n the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n and_o arragon_n unite_v the_o first_o beginning_n of_o the_o spanish_a inquisition_n 1497._o 1481._o 1483._o granada_n take_v 1492._o 1494._o america_n discover_v the_o first_o rise_v of_o the_o war_n betwixt_o france_n and_o spain_n 1504_o philip._n 1506._o 1512._o ferdinand_n conquer_v naâ—â—arre_o charles_n 1519._o war_n betwixt_o charles_n and_o france_n 1524._o 1525._o rome_n take_v by_o charles_n v._n 1527._o a_o peace_n madâ—_n at_o cambray_n 1538._o 1542._o peace_n make_v at_o crespy_n 1544._o charles_n wage_n war_n against_o the_o protestant_n in_o germany_n 1547._o 1550._o treaty_n at_o passaw_n 1554._o abdication_n of_o charles_n peace_n betwixt_o spain_n and_o france_n 1559._o charles_n dies_z philip_n ii_o war_n with_o england_n the_o spanish_a armado_n destroy_v 1588._o 1596._o 1594._o peace_n make_v at_o vervin_n 1551._o 1560._o 1592._o portugal_n fall_v to_o spain_n 1579._o 1595._o philip_n iii_o trucâ—_n with_o holland_n 1609._o 1602._o philip_n iu._n 1622._o 1628._o 1639._o catalonia_n rebel_n 1651._o portugal_n fall_v off_o from_o spain_n 1640._o 1636._o the_o portuguese_n duke_n of_o braganza_n proclaim_v king_n of_o portugal_n 1642._o 1647._o massanâ—llo_n '_o be_v rebellion_n at_o naples_n 1647._o 1650._o the_o pyrenean_n treaty_n 1662._o 1665._o charles_n ii_o 1668._o peace_n with_o portugal_n the_o triple_a alliance_n peace_n make_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n 1668._o peace_n make_v as_o nimmegen_n 1679._o the_o nature_n of_o the_o spaniard_n the_o constitution_n of_o the_o spanish_a country_n the_o spanish_a west_n indies_n several_a sort_n of_o inhabitant_n in_o the_o spanish_a west_n indies_n riches_n of_o america_n 1563._o the_o canary_n island_n sardinia_n sicily_n naples_n milan_n the_o netherlands_o the_o philippine_n island_n strength_n and_o weakness_n of_o spain_n in_o what_o condition_n spain_n be_v in_o in_o reference_n to_o its_o neighbour_n and_o especial_o as_o to_o barbary_n turkey_n italian_n state_n the_o pope_n venice_n genovae_fw-la savoy_n the_o suiss_n holland_n germanâ—_n england_n portugal_n france_n what_o may_v be_v the_o consequence_n of_o the_o extinction_n of_o the_o royal_a family_n the_o origin_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o portugal_n henry_n earl_n of_o portugal_n alfonsus_n i._o king_n of_o portugal_n 1126._o 1139._o the_o origin_n of_o the_o five_o shield_n in_o the_o arm_n of_o portugal_n 1179._o 1185._o sanctius_n i._n alfonsus_n ii_o sanctius_n ii_o 1246._o alfonsus_n iii_o dionysius_n alfonsus_n iu._n pieter_n ferdinand_n 1373._o interregnum_fw-la some_o call_n in_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n 1385._o john_n the_o bastard_n 1399._o 1415._o 1420._o edward_n alfonsus_n v._n 1476._o 1479._o
fainthearted_a 987._o the_o carolinian_n family_n extinguish_v hugh_n capet_n the_o first_o of_o the_o present_a race_n robert_n the_o pope_n excommunicate_v he_o and_o his_o kingdom_n henry_n i._n philip_n i._n will._n duke_n of_o normandy_n conquer_v england_n expedition_z into_o the_o holy_a land_n lewis_n the_o fat_a lewis_n vii_o his_o unfortunate_a expedition_n to_o the_o holy_a land_n philip_n ii_o the_o conqueror_n another_o expedition_n to_o the_o holy_a land_n war_n betwixt_o france_n and_o england_n 1223._o lewis_n viii_o lewis_n ix_o a_o three_o expedition_n to_o the_o holy_a land_n without_o success_n 1254._o the_o first_o pretension_n of_o the_o french_a upon_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n 1261._o 1268._o a_o unfortunate_a expedition_n of_o s._n lewis_n philip_n the_o hardy_a the_o sicilian_a vesper_n 1282._o philip_n the_o handsome_a 1292._o he_o have_v ill_a success_n in_o flanders_n 1302._o 1304._o he_o suppress_v the_o templar_n lewis_n x._o philip_n the_o tall._n charles_n iu._n philip_n of_o valois_n his_o title_n conteâ—ted_v by_o edward_n iii_o of_o england_n and_o in_o what_o ground_n war_n with_o england_n battle_n near_o crecy_n the_o english_a take_v calâ—is_n 1347._o dauphine_n annex_v to_o france_n 1349._o philip_n introduce_v the_o gabell_n john_n unfortunate_a in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o english_a battle_n near_o poitiers_n 1356._o a_o dishonourable_a peace_n to_o france_n 1360._o 1364._o charles_n the_o wise_a he_o declare_v war_n against_o the_o english_a after_o the_o death_n of_o edward_n charles_n attack_n the_o english_a with_o advantage_n charles_n vi._n 1384._o 1382._o the_o first_o rise_v of_o the_o french_a pretension_n upon_o milanâ—_n 〈…〉_z 1404._o the_o duke_n of_o orleans_n assassinate_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o eurgundy_n 1407._o the_o english_a take_v advantage_n of_o these_o trouble_n 1415._o battle_n of_o agincourt_n 1419._o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n assassinate_v 1422._o charles_n vii_o henry_n vi_o of_o england_n proclaim_v king_n of_o france_n misunderstanding_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n the_o only_a advantage_n charles_n have_v leave_v the_o maid_n of_o orleans_n 1431._o the_o english_a power_n decline_v in_o france_n 1435._o 1436._o he_o drive_v the_o english_a out_o of_o france_n 1449._o 1451._o 1453._o 1461._o lewis_n xi_o he_o reduce_v the_o excessive_a power_n of_o the_o nobility_n a_o league_n against_o he_o the_o king_n 〈◊〉_d â—â—thods_n the_o original_a of_o sell_v the_o office_n of_o france_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n slay_v 1477._o charles_n viii_o britainy_a unite_v to_o france_n 1491._o a_o expedition_n to_o naples_n end_v the_o pretension_n of_o it_o 1494._o charles_n conquer_v naples_n 1495._o the_o league_n of_o italy_n against_o the_o french_a he_o lose_v naples_n 1498._o lewis_n xii_o 1499._o he_o conqâ—ers_v milan_n he_o conquer_v naples_n 1501._o lose_v it_o again_o 1503._o the_o venetian_a war._n lewis_n join_v in_o the_o league_n against_o thâ—â—_n 1508._o 1509._o a_o league_n against_o lewis_n 1512._o he_o conquer_v milan_n agaiâ—n_o he_o be_v attack_v by_o several_a prince_n at_o once_o francis_n 1_o he_o aspire_v to_o the_o empire_n in_o a_o few_o day_n he_o take_v and_o lose_v the_o kingdom_n of_o navarre_n 1521._o a_o war_n 〈◊〉_d in_o italy_n the_o french_a drive_v out_o of_o milan_n 1521._o the_o duke_n of_o bourbon_n revolt_v to_o the_o emperor_n 1524._o franc_n desire_v at_o the_o battle_n of_o pavia_n and_o take_v prisoner_n 1525._o he_o be_v set_v at_o liberty_n on_o hard_a condition_n which_o he_o do_v not_o perform_v he_o with_o the_o king_n of_o england_n declare_v war_n against_o the_o emperor_n he_o send_v a_o 〈◊〉_d my_o into_o italy_n peace_n make_v at_o cambray_n 1529._o 1535._o the_o war_n break_v out_o afresh_o the_o truce_n prolong_v for_o nine_o year_n francis_n break_v the_o truce_n 1542._o a_o peace_n conclude_v at_o crespy_n 1544._o 1546._o henry_n ii_o 1548._o 1549._o 1550._o his_o expedition_n into_o germany_n 1552._o 1555._o a_o truce_n between_o charles_n v._o and_o henry_n ii_o 1557._o a_o project_n to_o unite_v scotland_n with_o france_n misscarry_v francis_n ii_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o intestine_a war_n of_o france_n 1527._o the_o house_n of_o guise_n rise_v and_o that_o of_o bourbon_n decline_v division_n about_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n 1560._o charles_n ix_o the_o conferenec_n of_o poissy_n 1562._o the_o first_o huguenot_n war_n 1563._o the_o second_o war._n 1568._o the_o three_o war_n 1569._o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n be_v slay_v the_o king_n of_o navarre_n be_v declare_v head_n of_o the_o huguenot_n 1570._o the_o parisian_a massacre_n the_o four_o war._n 1573._o the_o five_o war._n henry_n iii_o the_o holy_a league_n 1577._o the_o six_o war._n spain_n enter_v the_o league_n the_o seven_o war._n 1585._o the_o eight_o war._n 1587._o the_o league_n force_v the_o king_n from_o paris_n 1588._o the_o duke_n and_o cardina_fw-la of_o guise_n assassinate_v by_o the_o king_n order_n at_o blois_n the_o king_n make_v use_v of_o the_o huguenot_n against_o the_o league_n aug._n 2._o 1589._o henry_n iu._n his_o difficulty_n on_o the_o account_n of_o his_o religion_n the_o pope_n excommunicate_v henry_n proposal_n about_o set_v up_o another_o king_n 1593._o the_o king_n change_v his_o religion_n 1593._o several_a city_n surrender_v to_o he_o 1594._o the_o king_n assault_v and_o wound_v by_o a_o ruffian_n the_o jesuit_n banish_v the_o edict_n at_o nants_n the_o peace_n of_o veruins_n he_o take_v from_o the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n all_o that_o he_o possess_v on_o this_o side_n the_o alps_n 1600._o the_o conspiracy_n of_o the_o marshal_n de_fw-fr byron_n 1602._o he_o introduce_v manufactury_n his_o design_n to_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o the_o growth_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n he_o be_v assassinate_v by_o ravillac_n may_v 14._o 1610._o lewis_n xiii_o 1617._o 1619._o richlieu_n come_v in_o play_n make_a chief_a minister_n of_o state_n rochel_n take_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n a_o war_n in_o italy_n 1628._o the_o first_o occasion_n of_o mazarini_n greatness_n how_o pignerol_n come_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o french_a the_o queen_n mother_n raise_v trouble_n 1642._o the_o king_n take_v lorraine_n from_o that_o duke_n 1634._o 1636._o 1638._o may_v 14._o 1643._o lewis_n fourteen_o mazarini_n '_o s_o ministry_n 1644._o peace_n of_o munster_n the_o intestine_a commotion_n 1648._o the_o slinger_n the_o king_n force_v to_o leave_n paris_n 1649._o the_o imprisonment_n of_o the_o prince_n 1651._o the_o cardinal_n banish_v france_n the_o queen_n recall_v he_o 1653._o 1658._o 1662._o the_o pyrenaean_a peace_n 1659._o the_o death_n of_o mazarini_n 1661._o a_o dispute_n about_o precedency_n between_o the_o french_a and_o spanish_a ambassador_n a_o treaty_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o lorraine_n a_o differance_n with_o the_o pope_n 1664._o he_o attack_n flanders_n peace_n make_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n 1668._o 1667._o he_o invade_v flanders_n 1672._o 1673._o mastricht_n take_v by_o the_o french_a the_o death_n of_o turenne_n the_o loss_n of_o the_o spaniard_n in_o this_o war._n peace_n at_o nimmegen_n the_o french_a nation_n full_o of_o nobility_n their_o natural_a quality_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o country_n it_o be_v situation_n it_o be_v fertility_n its_o plantation_n the_o government_n of_o france_n the_o strength_n of_o france_n with_o regard_n to_o england_n to_o spain_n to_o italy_n to_o holland_n to_o the_o swiss_n to_o germany_n the_o strength_n of_o france_n in_o regard_n of_o a_o confederacy_n the_o ancient_a state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n the_o division_n of_o the_o 17_o province_n the_o union_n of_o the_o 17_o province_n their_o condition_n than_o under_o charles_n v._n the_o cause_n of_o the_o war_n in_o the_o netherlands_o under_o philip_n ii_o william_n prince_n of_o orange_n discontent_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o clergy_n change_v of_o religion_n spanish_a inquisition_n queen_n flizabethâ—â—mented_v â—â—mented_z their_o revolt_n 1559._o the_o cardinal_n granville_n 1564._o count_n egmont_n send_v into_o spain_n a_o association_n of_o the_o nobility_n 1566._o break_v of_o image_n the_o duke_n of_o alva_n 1568._o the_o earl_n of_o egmont_n and_o hoorn_v behead_v briel_n take_v april_n 1._o 1571._o duke_n of_o alva_n recall_v lewis_n requesenes_n governor_n 1574._o 1576._o the_o treaty_n of_o ghent_n don_n john_n d'_fw-fr austria_n make_v governor_n archduke_n matthew_n 1577._o alexander_n duke_n of_o parma_n malcontent_n the_o duke_n of_o parma_n the_o union_n of_o utrecht_n the_o foundation_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n 1579._o the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n 1583._o 1584._o prince_n of_o orange_n murder_v his_o son_n prince_n maurice_n make_v stadtholider_n the_o english_a confederacy_n 1616._o 1586._o the_o regency_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n the_o state_n of_o affair_n in_o holland_n legias_o to_o mend_v 1588._o 1590._o 1592._o archduke_n albert_n governor_n of_o the_o spanish_a netherlands_o 1602._o the_o east-india_n company_n isabel_n clara_n eugenia_n battle_n
near_o newport_n siege_n of_o ostend_n 1601._o the_o conquest_n on_o both_o side_n a_o truce_n of_o 12_o year_n 1609._o a_o quarrel_n about_o the_o duchy_n of_o juliers_n the_o difference_n between_o the_o remonstrant_n and_o contra-remonstrants_a afterward_o manage_v by_o state_n policy_n 1629._o the_o spanish_a war_n renew_v 1621._o prince_n maurice_n die_v 1625._o prince_z frederick_z henry_n i._n 1627._o a_o league_n offensive_a between_o france_n and_o holland_n 1635._o 1636._o prince_n william_n ii_o peace_n conclude_v at_o munster_n 1648._o war_n with_o portugal_n division_n in_o holland_n dam_fw-la witt_n and_o other_o make_v prisoner_n by_o the_o prince_n the_o birth_n of_o prince_n william_n iii_o war_n with_o the_o english_a parliament_n a_o peace_n 1654._o difference_n with_o swedeland_n 1660._o the_o second_o war_n with_o england_n 16â—5_n england_n and_o france_n declare_v war_n with_o holland_n the_o du_n wit_n murder_v 1674._o 1676._o 1677._o the_o constitution_n their_o genius_n the_o nature_n of_o 〈◊〉_d country_n of_o their_o ship_n and_o commerce_n east-india_n company_n the_o west-india_n company_n strength_n and_o weakness_n of_o this_o commonwealth_n form_n of_o government_n prince_n of_o orange_n 1675._o whether_o it_o be_v their_o advantage_n to_o have_v a_o sovereignty_n other_o defect_n of_o this_o commonwealth_n 1665._o the_o neighbour_n of_o holland_n england_n france_n spain_n portugal_n the_o northern_a crown_n first_o original_a of_o this_o commonwealth_n thâ—_n first_o vnâ—on_n of_o he_o switz_n the_o bâ—â—â—el_n near_o morgarten_n to_o fiâ—st_v design_n of_o this_o confederacy_n battle_n near_o sempach_n war_n wiâ—h_o charles_n dukâ—_n of_o burgundy_n their_o ally_n some_o oâ—her_n war_n of_o thâ—_n swisser_n 1499._o thâ—ir_a war_n with_o france_n 1513._o 1515_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o soil_n the_o genâ—ns_n of_o this_o nâ—tion_n their_o strength_n and_o weakness_n their_o neighbour_n te_o ancient_a condition_n of_o germany_n charles_n tâ—e_v great_a lewis_n the_o pious_a lewis_n k._n of_o germanâ—_n c._n crassus_n 8â—7_n 894._o 899._o lewis_n the_o child_n 9â—5_n 9â—1_n cunrad_n henry_n the_o falconer_n otto_n the_o great_a â—62_n otto_n ii_o otto_n i_o 1001._o 1024._o conrade_n ii_o 1034._o henry_n iii_n henry_n iu._n the_o pope_n give_v he_o great_a trouble_n 1084._o hâ—â—_n sâ—n_n râ—â—els_v 1106._o henry_n v._n 1122._o 1125._o lotharâ—us_o the_o saxâ—n_n fredrick_n i._n 1189._o henry_n vi._n philip_n 1208._o otto_n vi._n frederick_n ii_o the_o juelf_n and_o gâ—bâ—â—lins_n 1245._o 1254._o a_o long_a inteâ—regnum_fw-la 1255._o râ—dâ—lph_n â—arl_n of_o habsbuâ—â—h_n 1273._o adolph_n albert_n i._n 1308._o 〈◊〉_d vii_o 〈◊〉_d by_o â—_o monk_n 〈…〉_z excommunicated_a bâ—â—â—â—e_a pope_n charles_n iu._n tâ—e_v golden_a bull._n wenceslaus_n 1400._o 1400._o fredâ—rick_n oâ—_n bruâ—sâ—ick_n rupert_n sigismond_n 1393._o albert_n ii_o fredrick_n iii_o maximilian_n i._n charles_n v._n 1517._o the_o reformation_n 1521._o 1529._o the_o rise_n of_o the_o name_n of_o protestant_n 1530._o the_o league_n at_o smalkald_n 1546._o 1552._o a_o peace_n conclude_v 1552._o 1555._o a_o insurrection_n of_o the_o boor_n 1525._o 1532._o he_o resign_v ferdinand_n i._n maximilian_n ii_o 1567._o râ—dolph_n ii_o 1612._o mathias_n origin_n of_o the_o german_a war_n thâ—_n evangelical_n union_n the_o bohemian_a tumult_n 1618._o ferâ—inand_n i_o tâ—e_v crown_n of_o bohemia_n offer_v to_o the_o elector_n palatin_n the_o ill_a success_n of_o the_o elector_n palatin_n 1620._o thâ—_n war_n spread_v in_o geâ—maâ—y_n 1626._o 1629._o the_o proclamation_n concern_v church_n lanâ—s_v 1629._o gustavus_n aâ—olphus_n 1630._o 1632._o gustavus'â—_n dâ—â—th_v thâ—_n waâ—_n continueâ—_n 1634._o 1635._o peace_n of_o osnâ—â—rugge_n and_o france_n 1648._o 1637._o ferdinand_n tâ—e_v three_o leopold_n 1659._o war_n with_o the_o turk_n war_n with_o france_n peace_n of_o nimâ—eâ—â—n_n 1679._o the_o genius_n oâ—_n this_o nation_n nature_n of_o 〈◊〉_d soil_n its_o commodity_n form_n of_o government_n strength_n and_o weakness_n of_o this_o empire_n whâ—_n the_o emperor_n quit_v the_o kingdom_n of_o arclat_a what_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o elector_n the_o conduct_n of_o charles_n of_o the_o gaâ—ranties_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o burâ—undy_n 1548._o ferdinand_n pursue_v thâ—_n spanish_n maxim_n tâ—â—_n difference_n betwixt_o hâ—_n protestant_n 〈…〉_z tâ—e_v turk_n italy_n â—hâ—_n swiss_n poland_n denmark_n englanâ—_n hollaâ—d_n spâ—iâ—_n sweden_n france_n 〈…〉_z kingdom_n 〈◊〉_d iii_o ericâ—_n i._n 846._o sven_v oâ—ttâ—_n canut_n ii_o 1087._o waldemar_n i._n 1157._o 1164._o canute_n vi._n 1227._o erick_n v._n abâ—l._n 1250._o 1252._o christâ—ph_n i._o 1259._o erick_n vi._n 1286._o erick_n vii_o christoph_n two_o 1332._o wald._n iii_o olaus_n vi._n 1396._o eric_n pomerar_n 1438._o christopher_n 1439._o chrisâ—ian_n 1_n 1458._o 1463._o john_n 1497._o 1513._o christian_n ii_o crown_a k._n of_o swedeâ—_n 1520._o 〈…〉_z of_o his_o own_o kingd_v 1532._o 1546._o 1559._o frederick_n i._n christian_n iii_o 1556._o fredâ—rick_n two_o 1560._o 1570._o christian_n iu_o 1613._o 1625._o 1629._o 1643._o 1645._o frâ—â—erick_n iii_o 1657._o war_n with_o sweden_n 〈…〉_z câ—penhagen_n 1659._o a_o peace_n conclude_v thâ—_n king_n declare_v absolute_a a_o tâ—e_v crown_n hereditary_a christian_n v._o 1675._o hâ—_n make_v war_n upon_o swedâ—n_n a_o peace_n the_o genius_n oâ—t_o be_v nâ—tion_n the_o norwegian_n nature_n of_o the_o soil_n iâ—s_n defect_n neighbour_n of_o denmark_n germany_n swâ—â—en_n holland_n england_n thâ—_n muscovite_n poland_n france_n origine_fw-la of_o the_o kingd_a of_o poland_n lechus_n twelve_o vayvod_n or_o governor_n 700._o cracus_n lechus_n ii_o venda_fw-la 750._o lescus_n i._n 776._o lescus_n ii_o 804._o lescus_n iii_o popiel_n i._n popiel_n ii_o 820._o piastus_n zicmovitus_fw-la lescus_n iu._n 902._o zicmovistus_n micislaus_n 〈◊〉_d 965._o 999._o boleslaus_n chrobry_n the_o first_o king_n of_o poland_n miccislaus_n ii_o casimir_n i._n boleslaus_n the_o hardy_a 1058._o vladislaus_n 1082._o boleslaus_n iii_o 1103._o 1139._o vladislaus_n ii_o boleslaus_n iu._n 1146._o miccislaus_n iii_o 1174._o casimir_n 11780._o lescus_n v._n 1213._o the_o first_o inroad_n oâ—_n tâ—e_v tartar_n bâ—lesiaus_n v._n 1226._o lâ—scus_n vi_o 1279._o premislus_n 1291._o vladisl_n iii_o 1300._o casimir_n iii_o lewis_n jagello_n orvlaâ—isl_n iv._o how_o lithuania_n be_v unite_v of_o poland_n vladisl_n v._o 1445._o casimir_n iu._n john_n albert._n alexander_n sigismond_n sigismond_n be_v augustus_n 1552._o henry_n of_o valâ—â—s_n duke_n of_o anjou_n 1574._o steph._n batori_fw-la thâ—_n cosacks_n sigism_n iii_o 1592._o 1605._o thâ—_n occasion_n of_o he_o war_n between_o poland_n and_o mâ—scâ—vy_n 1605._o 1606._o basil_n great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n 1086._o sigismond_n make_v his_o a_o 〈…〉_z of_o these_o trouble_n in_o muscovy_n 1609._o 1610._o the_o policy_n oâ—_n the_o muscovite_n the_o oversight_n of_o sigismond_n the_o pole_n defeat_v in_o moldavia_n 1617._o a_o war_n betwixt_o the_o pole_n and_o turk_n 1621._o the_o invasiof_n gustavus_n adolpâ—_n we_o 1625._o vladis_fw-la iv._o 1634._o 1635._o the_o cause_n of_o the_o war_n with_o the_o cosack_n john_n casimir_n 1647._o the_o pole_n defeat_v by_o â—he_n cosâ—â—â—s_n the_o muscovite_n join_v wâ—th_v the_o câ—sacks_n 1653._o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n invade_v poland_n the_o battle_n of_o warsaw_n ragozi_fw-fr prince_n of_o transylvania_n invade_v poland_n 1606._o michael_n witsnowizki_n 1670._o john_n sobieski_n tâ—e_v genius_n of_o this_o nation_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o soil_n etc._n etc._n its_o commodity_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o kingdom_n their_o weakness_n their_o form_n of_o government_n the_o revenue_n of_o the_o king_n the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o administration_n of_o justice_n neighbour_n of_o poland_n germany_n the_o house_n of_o austria_n in_o particular_a the_o interest_n of_o poland_n and_o germany_n with_o reference_n to_o the_o turk_n brandenburg_n denmark_n and_o sweden_n moscovy_n the_o tartar_n moldavia_n the_o cosackâ—_n the_o ancient_a state_n of_o russia_n john_n basilius_n john_n basilewitz_n 1533._o theodore_n juanowitz_n boris_n guidenow_n 1605._o 1606._o michael_n fadorowitz_n 1613._o 1645._o alexius_n michaelowitz_n 1656._o theodore_n alexowitz_n the_o genius_n of_o this_o nation_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o country_n and_o commodity_n form_n of_o government_n strength_n of_o the_o country_n neighbour_n of_o muscovy_n the_o persiant_a tartar_n poland_n sweden_n politic_a reflection_n upon_o popedom_n the_o blindness_n of_o heathen_n in_o matter_n of_o religion_n the_o constitution_n of_o the_o jewish_a religion_n the_o christian_a religion_n be_v proper_a for_o all_o the_o world_n not_o contrary_a to_o civil_a government_n no_o other_o religion_n or_o philosophy_n comparable_a to_o it_o concern_v the_o outward_a government_n of_o religion_n what_o be_v mean_v by_o the_o external_a government_n of_o religion_n the_o consideration_n of_o this_o question_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o religion_n in_o general_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n in_o particular_a first_o propagation_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n the_o method_n of_o god_n in_o establish_v the_o christian_a religion_n way_n the_o mean_a first_o convert_v persecution_n of_o the_o
first_o church_n the_o calumny_n against_o the_o primitive_a christian_n the_o politic_a reason_n of_o the_o roman_n against_o it_o the_o first_o church_n government_n what_o persuasion_n arise_v thence_o constantine_n can_v not_o quite_o alter_v the_o former_a state_n of_o the_o church_n of_o make_v bishop_n of_o preside_v in_o council_n abuse_n in_o the_o councilâ—_n of_o the_o episcopal_a jurisdiction_n concern_v marriage_n concern_v excommunication_n the_o origin_n of_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o pope_n barbarity_n and_o ignorance_n contribute_v to_o it_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o ignorance_n s._n hierom_n dream_n the_o pedantry_n introduce_v into_o the_o school_n the_o greek_a and_o roman_a politician_n prejudicial_a to_o monarchy_n why_o rome_n be_v make_v the_o place_n of_o residence_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a monarchy_n metropolitan_n patriarch_n of_o the_o pope_n power_n further_o increase_v of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a sovereignty_n what_o contribute_v to_o it_o the_o pope_n confirmation_n of_o bishop_n of_o the_o monk_n winifred_n annal_n riches_n of_o the_o church_n the_o policy_n of_o the_o pope_n in_o the_o crusade_n multitude_n of_o ecclesiastic_n friar_n and_o nuâ—â—_n mendicant_n the_o motive_n to_o embrace_v this_o manner_n of_o life_n prejudicial_a to_o the_o regular_a clergy_n how_o the_o church_n be_v free_v from_o all_o power_n over_o it_o how_o the_o pope_n withdraw_v themselves_o from_o their_o subjction_n to_o the_o emperor_n the_o pope_n seek_v for_o protection_n in_o france_n the_o pope_n withdraw_v himself_o from_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o establish_v a_o ecclesiastical_a sovereignty_n pope_n gregory_n excommunicate_v hen_n iu._n the_o pope_n endeavour_v to_o subject_v the_o emperor_n 1122._o dispute_n in_o england_n about_o the_o investiture_n of_o bishop_n 1107._o the_o pope_n prâ—tends_v to_o a_o power_n over_o prince_n even_o to_o depose_v they_o how_o they_o colour_n over_o this_o power_n the_o papal_a authority_n oppose_v the_o schism_n much_o weaken_v their_o power_n 1433._o hence_o a_o occasion_n take_v to_o bridle_v the_o pope_n power_n by_o general_a council_n concern_v the_o seat_n of_o the_o pope_n be_v transfer_v to_o avignon_n luther_n give_v a_o great_a blow_n to_o the_o grandeur_n of_o the_o pope_n the_o virtue_n and_o fault_n of_o leo._n luther_n oppose_v indulgence_n afterward_o the_o pope_n power_n the_o circumstance_n of_o these_o time_n the_o ignorance_n of_o luther_n adversary_n erasmus_n favour_v luther_n the_o prince_n of_o germany_n dissatisfy_v with_o the_o pope_n the_o ill_a conduct_n of_o leo_n and_o cardinal_n cajetan_n why_o the_o doctrine_n of_o luther_n be_v not_o spread_v far_o division_n among_o the_o protestant_n the_o licentiousness_n of_o some_o protestant_n the_o university_n of_o paris_n zwinglius_fw-la and_o calvin_n the_o popish_a sovereignty_n recover_v the_o bishop_n priest_n and_o monk_n more_o regular_a and_o learned_a than_o heretofore_o how_o they_o make_v convert_v the_o house_n of_o austria_n most_o zealous_a for_o popery_n the_o temporal_a state_n of_o the_o pope_n his_o dominion_n his_o force_n how_o he_o stand_v with_o relation_n to_o germany_n spain_n and_o france_n particular_a constitution_n of_o the_o popish_a monarchy_n as_o spiritual_n why_o the_o popish_a sovereignty_n be_v to_o be_v exercise_v in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o monarchy_n way_n it_o must_v be_v a_o elective_a monarchy_n why_o the_o pope_n be_v to_o live_v in_o a_o state_n of_o celibacy_n the_o conclave_n what_o qualification_n be_v necessary_a for_o one_o that_o be_v to_o be_v choose_v pope_n college_n of_o the_o cardinal_n the_o pope_n enrich_v thâ—ir_a kindred_n cardinal_n patroon_n concern_v the_o celibacy_n of_o the_o popish_a clergy_n their_o number_n the_o popish_a doctrine_n suit_v to_o the_o sâ—â—e_z as_o that_o of_o the_o pope_n power_n the_o prohibition_n of_o the_o laietya_n read_v the_o scripturea_n tradition_n venial_a and_o mortal_a sin_n penance_n merit_n of_o good_a work_n ceremony_n half_a communion_n marriage_n make_v a_o sacrament_n extreme_a unction_n purgatory_n relic_n prayer_n to_o saint_n the_o university_n have_v promote_v the_o popish_a sovereignty_n why_o the_o jesuit_n have_v take_v upon_o they_o the_o education_n of_o the_o youth_n licens_v of_o book_n excommunication_n and_o inquisition_n some_o reason_n why_o the_o people_n remain_v in_o the_o communion_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n what_o state_n be_v tie_v by_o a_o particular_a interest_n to_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n italy_n poland_n portugal_n germany_n spain_n france_n formality_n observe_v by_o the_o nuncio_n '_o be_v in_o france_n the_o main_a pillar_n of_o the_o popish_a monarchy_n the_o pope_n inclination_n towards_o the_o protestant_n no_o peace_n be_v to_o be_v expect_a betwixt_o the_o roman_a catholic_n and_o protestant_n strength_n of_o the_o protestant_n and_o papist_n division_n of_o the_o protestant_n other_o inconvenience_n the_o hugonoâ—s_n of_o france_n to_o protestant_n of_o poland_n of_o germany_n the_o best_a way_n to_o preserve_v the_o reform_a religion_n whether_o the_o lutheran_n and_o those_o of_o the_o reform_a religion_n be_v likely_a to_o agree_v socinian_o and_o anabaptist_n sweden_n the_o most_o ancient_a kingdom_n in_o europe_n first_o founder_n of_o the_o gothick_n nation_n othin_n or_o woden_n frotho_n battle_n fight_v near_o brovalla_fw-la ingellus_fw-la bero._n a._n c._n 829._o the_o christian_a doctrine_n first_o teach_v in_o sweden_n amund_n olaus_n a._n c._n 853._o ingo_n a._n c._n 890._o erick_n erick_n seghersell_a stenchill_n the_o mild._n olaus_n the_o swede_n and_o goth_n unite_v in_o one_o kingdom_n amund_n amund_n slemme_fw-fr haquin_n the_o red._n stenchill_n ingo_n the_o pious_a halstan_n a._n c._n 1086._o philip._n ingo_n a._n c._n 1138._o ragwold_n knaphofde_v swercher_fw-fr ii_o erick_n the_o holy_a a._n c._n 1154._o 1160._o charles_n the_o son_n of_o swercher_n 1168._o cnut_n erickson_n swercher_fw-fr iii_o 1207._o 1208._o 1210._o erick_n cnutson_n 1219._o erick_n lespe_fw-fr celibacy_n of_o clergy_n introduce_v in_o sweden_n 1250._o waldemar_n 1251._o 1263._o 1266._o 1275._o magnus_fw-la 1279._o 1288._o 1290._o birger_n ii_o 1292._o 1298._o 1303._o 1305._o 1308._o 1317._o 1319._o magnus_n smocck_n 1357._o 1361._o 1363._o albert_n duke_n of_o mecklenburgh_n 1364._o 1365._o 1371._o 1376._o margaret_n 12._o sept._n 1388._o the_o battle_n of_o talâ—oping_v 1394._o 1395._o erick_n duke_n of_o pomerania_n union_n make_v at_o calmar_n betwixt_o sweden_n denmark_n and_o norway_n 1396._o 1410._o 1412._o charles_n cnutson_n 1436._o 1437._o christopher_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n 1439._o 1448._o charles_n cnutson_n christian_n 1_n 1458._o 1464._o erick_n axelson_n 1466._o 1468._o 1470._o 1471._o 1481._o john_n ii_o 1497._o 1503._o 1504_o 1511._o steen_n stir_v the_o young_a 1512._o 1513._o 1520._o gustavus_n i._n 1523._o reformation_n begin_v in_o sweden_n first_o translation_n of_o the_o new_a testament_n into_o swedish_n 1527._o church_n land_n reduce_v in_o sweden_n 1528._o the_o protestant_a religion_n establish_v in_o sweden_n 1533._o 1542._o 1544._o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n make_v hereditary_a and_o the_o popish_a religion_n abolish_v 1556._o 1559._o eriâ—k_n fourteen_o 1561._o the_o title_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n introduce_v john_n iii_o 1568._o 1571._o war_n with_o the_o moscovite_n 1577._o new_a liturgy_n introduce_v 1582._o 1587._o 1592._o sigismond_n 1594._o 1598._o 1599_o 1600._o sigismond_n depose_v 1604._o charles_n ix_o warbetwixt_n the_o swede_n and_o pole_n in_o livonia_n 1611._o gustavus_n adolphus_n 1613._o peace_n with_o the_o muscovite_n 1617._o 1617._o 1620._o 1626._o the_o war_n carry_v on_o against_o the_o pole_n in_o prussia_n 1627._o 1629._o truce_n with_o poland_n german_a war._n 1626._o 1623._o 1630._o charles_n gustave_n land_n with_o his_o force_n in_o germany_n 1631._o alliance_n make_v with_o france_n the_o city_n of_o magdeburgh_n take_v by_o the_o imperialist_n 10_o may._n battle_n near_o leipzick_n 7._o sept._n 1637._o battle_n near_o lutzen_n nou._n 6._o king_n gustave_n adolfe_n kill_v christina_n 1633._o 1634._o aug._n 27._o battle_n of_o nordlingen_n truce_n prolong_v with_o the_o pole_n war_n betwixt_o the_o swede_n and_o elector_n of_o saxony_n 1637._o 1638._o alliance_n with_o france_n 1641._o may_v 10._o 1642._o battle_n fight_v near_o leipzick_n oct._n 23._o war_n with_o denmark_n 1644._o 1645._o peace_n with_o denmark_n 1643._o july_n 16._o peace_n make_v at_o munster_n and_o osnabrug_n 1654._o jun._n 6._o charles_n gustave_n the_o war_n with_o poland_n renew_v 1656._o war_n with_o denmark_n 1658._o siege_n of_o copenhagen_n battle_n in_o tuhnen_a 1666._o charles_n ix_o peace_n make_v with_o the_o pole_n may_v 3_o may_v 23._o peace_n make_v with_o denmark_n 1674._o the_o swede_n rout_v by_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n 1678._o the_o nature_n and_o qualification_n of_o the_o swedish_n nation_n condition_n of_o the_o country_n and_o its_o strength_n neighbour_n of_o sweden_n muscovite_n pole_n germany_n denmark_n france_n holland_n england_n spain_n and_o portugal_n
most_o able_a and_o wealthy_a citizen_n shall_v do_v service_n as_o soldier_n and_o equip_v themselves_o either_o with_o light_a arm_n or_o complete_a armour_n according_a to_o their_o ability_n and_o whereas_o former_o every_o body_n without_o distinction_n be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v the_o public_a in_o the_o war_n at_o his_o own_o charge_n the_o poor_a sort_n afterward_o be_v never_o make_v use_n of_o but_o upon_o extraordinary_a occasion_n and_o though_o riches_n do_v not_o make_v a_o man_n the_o more_o valiant_a yet_o be_v it_o but_o reasonable_a since_o every_o body_n be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v without_o pay_n that_o those_o who_o be_v scarce_o able_a to_o maintain_v themselves_o shall_v be_v spare_v as_o much_o as_o can_v be_v but_o beside_o this_o their_o wealth_n be_v a_o pledge_n of_o their_o fidelity_n for_o he_o that_o have_v nothing_o to_o lose_v but_o his_o life_n carry_v all_o along_o with_o he_o and_o have_v no_o such_o strict_a obligation_n to_o face_n death_n beside_o that_o he_o may_v easy_o be_v bring_v to_o desert_v his_o own_o party_n if_o he_o meet_v with_o a_o prospect_n of_o a_o better_a fortune_n among_o the_o enemy_n on_o the_o contrary_a a_o wealthy_a man_n fight_v with_o more_o zeal_n for_o the_o public_a interest_n because_o in_o defend_v that_o he_o secure_v his_o own_o and_o be_v not_o likely_a to_o betray_v his_o trust_n for_o if_o he_o desert_n he_o leave_v his_o possession_n behind_o he_o with_o uncertain_a hope_n of_o a_o recompense_n of_o his_o treachery_n from_o the_o enemy_n and_o though_o this_o custom_n grow_v out_o of_o fashion_n under_o the_o emperor_n yet_o in_o lieu_n of_o that_o they_o always_o keep_v part_n of_o their_o arrear_n behind_o to_o assure_v themselves_o of_o their_o fidelity_n and_o these_o be_v never_o pay_v till_o they_o be_v dismiss_v it_o be_v also_o remarkable_a that_o though_o the_o roman_n have_v be_v often_o signal_o beat_v in_o the_o field_n yet_o do_v they_o never_o despair_v or_o accept_v of_o any_o disadvantageous_a condition_n of_o peace_n except_o what_o they_o do_v with_o porsenae_n and_o the_o gaul_n call_v the_o terror_n to_o the_o first_o they_o be_v fain_o to_o give_v hostage_n upon_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o make_v any_o ironwork_n except_o what_o be_v requisite_a for_o tilling_n the_o ground_n of_o which_o shameful_a peace_n the_o roman_a historian_n have_v cautious_o avoid_v to_o speak_v in_o their_o write_n and_o the_o gaul_n be_v within_o a_o inch_n of_o have_v put_v a_o period_n to_o the_o very_o be_v of_o rome_n if_o they_o have_v not_o be_v buy_v off_o with_o money_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o the_o capitol_n reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n by_o famine_n for_o what_o be_v relate_v that_o camillus_n come_v up_o just_a at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o weigh_v out_o of_o the_o gold_n and_o drive_v the_o gaul_n from_o the_o capitol_n some_o look_n upon_o as_o a_o fabulous_a relation_n upon_o all_o other_o occasion_n they_o have_v always_o bear_v their_o public_a misfortune_n with_o a_o extraordinary_a constancy_n for_o notwithstanding_o that_o hannibal_n in_o the_o second_o punic_a war_n have_v reduce_v they_o to_o the_o last_o extremity_n yet_o be_v not_o a_o word_n of_o peace_n mention_v at_o rome_n and_o when_o their_o general_n by_o claudius_n and_o numantia_n have_v agree_v upon_o shameful_a condition_n with_o the_o enemy_n they_o choose_v rather_o to_o deliver_v up_o the_o general_n to_o the_o enemy_n than_o ratify_v the_o treaty_n they_o use_v also_o common_o to_o have_v but_o a_o small_a regard_n and_o rare_o to_o redeem_v such_o as_o be_v make_v prisoner_n among_o they_o to_o teach_v thereby_o the_o roman_a soldier_n to_o expect_v no_o deliverance_n but_o from_o their_o own_o sword_n as_o this_o custom_n do_v oblige_v the_o soldier_n to_o fight_v till_o the_o last_o so_o do_v their_o constancy_n stand_v they_o in_o great_a stead_n among_o other_o nation_n for_o he_o that_o show_v himself_o once_o fearful_a of_o his_o enemy_n must_v expect_v to_o be_v attack_v by_o he_o as_o often_o as_o opportunity_n present_v itself_o §_o 14._o roman_n it_o be_v also_o worth_a the_o while_n to_o touch_v a_o little_a upon_o the_o religion_n of_o the_o ancient_a roman_n which_o though_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o greek_n yet_o the_o roman_n know_v much_o better_o how_o to_o accommodate_v it_o to_o the_o advantage_n of_o their_o state_n it_o be_v therefore_o from_o the_o very_a beginning_n a_o constant_a rule_n at_o rome_n not_o to_o begin_v any_o public_a affair_n of_o moment_n without_o good_a indication_n or_o presage_n because_o that_o the_o event_n of_o thing_n be_v common_o suppose_v to_o happen_v according_a to_o the_o approbation_n of_o god_n and_o therefore_o such_o as_o think_v themselves_o assure_v of_o the_o good_a will_n of_o god_n undertake_v and_o effect_v thing_n with_o a_o great_a courage_n these_o indication_n be_v common_o take_v from_o bird_n which_o be_v a_o very_a ancient_a superstition_n which_o take_v its_o rise_n from_o a_o opinion_n of_o the_o heathen_n that_o the_o god_n have_v their_o place_n of_o residence_n immediate_o above_o the_o region_n of_o the_o air_n do_v make_v use_n of_o the_o creature_n of_o the_o next_o adjoin_v element_n for_o their_o interpreter_n these_o indication_n also_o be_v think_v particular_o useful_a because_o the_o same_o be_v at_o hand_n at_o all_o time_n and_o the_o motion_n and_o chirping_n of_o the_o bird_n may_v be_v various_o interpret_v according_a to_o the_o exigency_n of_o the_o time_n and_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o state_n the_o cunning_a augr_n or_o soothsayer_n make_v use_v of_o these_o prediction_n from_o the_o flight_n of_o bird_n to_o inspire_v the_o ignorant_a multitude_n either_o with_o hope_n or_o despair_n valour_n or_o fear_n according_a as_o it_o seem_v most_o suitable_a and_o convenient_a to_o the_o public_a affair_n wherefore_o cato_n the_o elder_a who_o be_v a_o augur_n himself_o do_v not_o stick_v to_o say_v he_o do_v wonder_v how_o one_o augur_n meet_v another_o can_v forbear_v laugh_v because_o their_o science_n be_v build_v upon_o so_o slight_a a_o foundation_n what_o the_o roman_n do_v call_v religion_n be_v chief_o institute_v for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o state_n that_o thereby_o they_o may_v the_o better_o be_v able_a to_o rule_v the_o mind_n of_o the_o people_n according_a to_o the_o conveniency_n and_o exigency_n of_o the_o state_n quite_o in_o another_o manner_n than_o the_o christian_a religion_n do_v which_o be_v institute_v for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o soul_n and_o the_o future_a happiness_n of_o mankind_n wherefore_o there_o be_v no_o certain_a head_n or_o article_n of_o religion_n among_o the_o roman_n whence_o the_o people_n may_v be_v instruct_v concern_v the_o be_v and_o will_n of_o god_n or_o how_o they_o may_v regulate_v their_o passion_n and_o action_n so_o as_o to_o please_v god_n but_o all_o be_v involve_v in_o outward_a ceremony_n viz._n what_o sort_n of_o sacrifice_n be_v to_o be_v make_v what_o holiday_n and_o public_a game_n be_v to_o be_v keep_v etc._n etc._n for_o the_o rest_n the_o priest_n be_v unconcern_v as_o to_o what_o the_o people_n do_v believe_v or_o not_o believe_v of_o divine_a matter_n or_o whether_o after_o this_o life_n the_o virtuous_a and_o wicked_a be_v to_o expect_v reward_n according_a to_o their_o several_a desert_n or_o whether_o the_o soul_n perish_v together_o with_o the_o body_n for_o we_o see_v that_o the_o heathen_n have_v speak_v very_o dubious_o concern_v these_o matter_n and_o the_o wise_a of_o they_o have_v take_v these_o thing_n for_o invention_n wherewith_o to_o keep_v the_o people_n in_o awe_n but_o in_o their_o ceremony_n they_o be_v most_o exact_a perform_v the_o same_o with_o great_a pomp_n and_o outward_a show_n and_o rare_o admit_v of_o the_o least_o alteration_n to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o same_o all_o this_o be_v institute_v to_o please_v the_o humour_n of_o the_o multitude_n which_o be_v most_o move_v with_o those_o thing_n which_o dazzle_v the_o eye_n and_o strike_v strong_o on_o the_o sense_n wherefore_o their_o temple_n and_o sacrifice_n be_v not_o only_o extraordinary_a magnificent_a but_o the_o priest_n also_o be_v choose_v out_o of_o the_o most_o noble_a family_n which_o serve_v to_o increase_v the_o reverence_n of_o the_o people_n that_o common_o judge_n of_o the_o value_n of_o thing_n according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o such_o as_o be_v employ_v about_o they_o yet_o beside_o this_o there_o be_v another_o mystery_n in_o it_o for_o because_o they_o make_v use_v of_o their_o religion_n only_o as_o a_o instrument_n of_o state_n to_o make_v the_o people_n pliable_a to_o the_o intention_n of_o their_o ruler_n it_o be_v by_o all_o mean_v necessary_a that_o such_o priest_n be_v make_v use_n of_o as_o understand_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o state_n and_o do_v