Selected quad for the lemma: war_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
war_n	great_a	king_n	scot_n	2,247	5	9.2324	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68397	The breuiary of Britayne As this most noble, and renowmed iland, was of auncient time deuided into three kingdomes, England, Scotland and Wales. Contaynyng a learned discourse of the variable state, [and] alteration therof, vnder diuers, as wel natural: as forren princes, [and] conquerours. Together with the geographicall description of the same, such as nether by elder, nor later writers, the like hath been set foorth before. Writen in Latin by Humfrey Lhuyd of Denbigh, a Cambre Britayne, and lately Englished by Thomas Twyne, Gentleman.; Commentarioli Britannicae descriptionis fragmentum. English	Llwyd, Humphrey, 1527-1568.; Twyne, Thomas, 1543-1613.	1573 (1573)	STC 16636; ESTC S108126	73,902	228

they come of Englishmen where as they and the Englishmen coumpte the other Scots but rude and barbarous These nations as I say vntill that Honorius came to the Empyre whiche was aboute the yere of the Lorde foure hundred and twentie molested the North parte of Britayne with incursions and robberies at whiche time hauyng called a power out of Ireland to helpe them as Gyldas and Bede doo auouch vnder conducte of Reuda established them selues a kyngdome in the West parte of Albania But the Readshanks possessed the East region whereas first they made warre agaynst the Romans and the Britaynes and afterwarde with the Englishmen and Danes sometime they were confederate sometime they warred diuersly vntill aboute the yere of our Lorde eight hundred and fortie all the Readshankes were destroyde by Kennethus kinge of Scottes in somuch that their name and kyngedome ceased to be any longer in Britayne Whose country the Scottes added vnto theyr owne whiche to this day is renowmed in Britayne This much I had to say of the Scots and Readshankes according to the verity of the hystory Howbeit I know well how Boethius a most vayne reporter of Fables impudently affirmeth that they reigned in Britayne three hundred yeres before Christe was borne And he feineth that there were so many kinges so many warres by them most valiently waged agaynst the Romans so many holsome lawes and statutes in Britayne by them instituted as neither Lucian in his Fabulous narrations neither the author of the booke of Amadis of Gaule nor wittie ARIOSTVS in his Orlando Furioso haue euer commended vnto vs in Fables But to the intente that I may set foorth the most beastly man in his colours that the sleight and subtelty wherwith he endeuoureth to bleare all mens eyes may be displayed I will briefly touche certayne of his most vayne trifles suche as all men of wit and vnderstandynge may easely perceaue to be starke lies And here I let pas Aegiptian fables and of the stocke and race of Scottish kynges in Britayne before Caesars cōmyng Where he affyrmeth that Caesar was vanquished by the Scots and fled out of Britayne Who afterwarde sent Ambassadours vnto the Scots and Readshankes to request their freindship and that at last he conducted his Roman armie in to the Forest Caledonia Also that Augustus sent his messengers vnto Metellus kynge of Scots to entreate him for peace Moreouer he maketh Cataracus a Britaine and sonne to kynge Cynobellinus as Dion a most famous author reporteth Kynge of Scotland He sticketh not to auouche that the Brigantes Siluri and Ordouici were Scots He sheweth how dangerous the expedition was of Claudius the Emperour and describeth greate warres betweene him and Canus the kynge of the Orchades He writeth that Voadicia the most renowmed queene of Iceni whose valient deedes agaynst the Romans Tacitus and also Dion haue made knowne to the world Veusius Earle of Brigantes Cartimandua the Queene were all Scots And finally there is no one thinge wherein the Romans or Britaynes behaued them selues couragiously or wysely in Britayne which this monstre doth not ascribe vnto his fayned Scots and whiche at that time were vnknowen to the worlde And he hath not only transcribed the minde but also whole sentences and orations of Tacitus into his booke alwaies changynge the names of nations and cities like a malicious falsefier with out al shame or honestie He sayth Caesar Tacitus wrote these thinges of the Readshankes and those of the Scots that these nations made suche and so many Warres when as in deede the names of Scots or Readshankes are not at all to be founde in these most noble writers And truly it is not like that Caesar beyng avery wise gentleman when he had throughly learned the state maners of the Britaynes and Irishmen would with silence haue ouerpassed the names of the Scots and Readshankes specially hauynge sent Embassadours vnto their kynges Neither is it probable that Tacitus a famous man and very expert in the state of Britayne and other countries when he describeth the expeditions of Agricola his father in lawe in to Britayne and as it were depeynteth foorth the Sheyres Peoples Portes and Riuers of that region by their proper names maketh mentiō of a certeine Erle of Ireland taken by Agricola knew not also the names of Scots and Readshankes with whom Boethius ●ayneth he waged that warre when as in euery place he seemeth to cal the inhabitants of Albion Britaynes And it had stoode much more with Agricolas honour beyng a worthy man whom Tacitus also by his workes endeuoreth to make more noble to haue subdued vnknowen nations and suche as ●ead on mans ●leash such as it shal be prooued that the Scots were long time after rather then the Britaynes which were sufficiētly knowne to the Romans Also Dion a man which had byn Consul and familiar with Seuerus the Emperour and vnto him dearly beloued whilst he declareth his expedition into Britayne at large not once speaketh of the Scots or Readshankes b●yng very well knowne to all men that he conueyed all his force and power into Albania or Scotland For quoth Dion the Meati Caledonij two diuerse kindes of Britaines reuolted from the Romans and Seuerus callyng together his souldiers cōmaunded them to inna●e theyr countrie and kill all that euer they met and thus he charged them in these woordes Let none escape your hands away nor cruell blouddy broyle No tender impe though in her wombe the dame ther with do toyle Let him not scape a woful death When Seuerus came into Caledonia he fought neuer a battell neither saw he any power of his enemies in a redinesse and so passyng throughout all his enemies land hauyng not lost in fight but by water and hunger fiftie thousand men returned vnto his fellowes If the Scots had bin in Britayne at that time the reporter herof being a freend neither after him Herodian who in sufficient longe discourse hath set foorth that viage woulde haue defrauded an Emperour so ambitious and thirsty of honour as Seuerꝰ was of his due praise Wherefore it is as euident as noone dayes that at this time whiche was about two hundred and two yeres after the incarnation of our Lorde the Scots had no seat in Britayne Ouer and besides al this neither Eutropius neither Spartianus neither Capitolinus neither Lampridius neither Vopiscus nor Aurelius victor who haue all written the expeditions and warres of the Roman Emperours in Britayne haue in any plate made mention of the Scottish or Readshank name Although therefore I suppose that these arguments are sufficient to improoue and condemne the ●eere trifles of Boethius notwithstandynge I will lightly touche twoo of his Hystories which by the author are setfoorth at large enough with woordes a foote and an halfe longe But I pray you When ye be let to looke your laughter freends you would refraine In the seconde booke of his fables he writeth how that Ptolomaeus Philadelphus kynge

passe by Good lorde what a thyng is this that alwayes from some furthermost ende of the worlde there come downe new powers from God to be worshipped of all the earth Thus farre he What of Bonosus out of the captaynes of the boundes of Rheticus a more couragious then fortunate Emperour What of Carausius Augustus who the space of seuen yeres together ware his princely Robes contrary to the will of Iouius and Herculius What of Allectus Caesar for subdueynge whom Mamertinus seemeth to prefer Maximianus before Caesar Iulius whose woordes I will not sticke to alledge And truly sayth he so foorth After him sprange the Emperour Maximus a Britayne and nephew to Helene a man both stoute and vertuous and worthy of Augustus but that in his youth leadyng an army agaynst Gratianus whom he vanquished he had sacked his countrie Who by Helene his wife daughter to Euda lefte his sonne Victor Emperour And as Paulus Diaconus writeth Bitayne also acknowledgeth Marcus and Gratianus the Emperours Moreouer Constantinus with his Sonne Constans when Gratianus their countriman was slayne were created Emperours in Britayne in name like to the aboue sayde but not in happinesse agaynste whom Gerontius theyr Captayne of whose death there are extant very auncient British Rhymes made another Maximus then the first was Augustus And after all these Ambrosius Aurelius is by Panuinius accompted the last Emperour of the British bloud Besides these xij Emperous Britayne hath also brought foorth to the worlde the moste puissant and inuincible kynge Arthur whose euerlastynge renowme and moste noble deedes our freende Mayster Leland hath set foorthe and made more apparant by infinite testimonies and moste weightie argumentes agaynst the gnarrynge and doggysh mouthe and hatred more then euer was Vatinians of Polydorus Vrbine and of the gresie Monke Rhicuallensis more conuersant in the Kitchin then in the hystories of olde writers And not only our countrymen but also Spayniardes Italians Frenchmen and the Sueones beyonde the Sea Baltheum as Gothus reporteth out of their Hystories doo celebrate and aduance vnto this day in theyr bookes the worthy actes of this puissant kyng Caduanne also who from prince of Gwynedh became Kynge of the Britaynes and his sonne Cadwalla whom BEDE calleth a Tyranne because he persecuted the Saxons with cruell Warre whil●st the BRITISH Empyre was in decayinge were valient Kynges And after the Brityshe destruction there rose vp noble gentelmen in VVales not to be debarred of theyr due prayse as Rodericke the greate and his Nephue by his Sonne Howell surnamed GOOD both famous as wel in warre as peace Also Gryffith the Sonne of Lhewelin the Sonne of SESYL●IVS ▪ who most stoutly defended VVales his natiue country And after him Owayn prince of Gwynedh who moste hardely withstoode at COL Henry the seconde the most mightiest kynge of all that euer reygned in England thrise entrynge into Wales with greate armies whose sonne also he slow in Anglysey and the greater part of his armie as Gyraldus reporteth And his nephew likewise borne of his sonne Lewellyn the great whose innumerable triumphes that I may vse the woordes of Parisiensis the Englishman doo require speciall treatises And not these only but also the Cornishmen beynge the remnantes of the olde Britaynes as they are the stoutest of all the British nations so are they coumpted to this day the most valiant in warlike affayres Neither yet the Britons which dwell nigh Fraunce a nation of the same broode doo any whit degenerate from their forefathers When as they ▪ did not only many hūdred yeres prosperously defend amōgst the thickest of stoute sturdie nations those seates whiche they had purchased with their manhood and prowes but also haue vanquished the Gothes and Frenchmen in great battels and stoutly withstoode the most mightie prince Charles the Mayne put to flight the armie of his sonne Lewes the Emperour whiche was sent agaynst them vnder conduct of Murmanus ouercame Charles Caluus then Emperour and kynge of Fraunce in open fight twise vanquishynge his armie Numenius beynge kynge the Emperour priuely flyinge thence leauynge there his Pauilions and Tentes and all other his kinglike prouision as Regino writeth But Herispous sonne to Numenius compelled the same Charles to make shamful and dishonorable truce with him Whom Salomon also sonne to Herispous a valiant and warlike gentleman enforced to retyre backe when he was cōmynge agaynst him with a mightie armie But when Salomon was deade the Britons through desier to reigne and contention who should next be kynge fell vnto Ciuile warres amonge them selues as Sigisbertus sayth and so they were constreyned to leaue of the destruction and ouer runnynge of Fraunce which they had determined What shall I speake of the noble deedes of Vrfandus an inuincible captayne agaynst Hastynge the Norman and Pastquitanus the Briton Of Iudicaël also and Alane who manfully draue the Normans out of their coastes which pitifully wasted and spoyled all Fraunce What shall I neede to touche such Warres as they made longe after vpon the kynges of Fraunce beyng therein ayded by th●impregnable power of the Englishmen since it is well knowne to all men that it was alwayes a most potent nation And that I may at length stop Polydorus mouth together with his Gyldas thus much I say that if he sticke in any poynte vnto him he was no Hystoriographer but a Preist and a Preacher Whose custome is very sharpely to inueigh agaynst the faultes of their hearers Wherfore if wee seeke authorities out of Sermons as Polydorus Vrbine hath done What Parish what Towne what nation or kyngedome may escape infamie What hath Bernhard written of the Romans Thus surely terming them impious vnfaith full seditious dishonest traytrous great speakers but litle doers These thynges are by Deuines spoken in the Pulpit according vnto their manner that the like faultes might be amended and the life reformed not that the Romans or Britaynes were such in deede Neither is there any man vnlesse he be a shameles Sycophant that lieth in wait for al occasions to dispraise and accuse which will go aboute by wrestynge of sentences foorth of the sermons of preachers sclaundrously to tax infamously to note any whole couent shire citie or people Wherfore let such idle ill disposed sclaunderers leaue of and suffer the true renowme of Britayne appeare to the worlde neither iudge me good Reader of two sharpe a tongue Seyng so god helpe me neither enuie of any forreine name neither thyrst of vayn glory neither hatred of any natiō but alonly the loue of my country which is euill spoken of vndeseruedly and desier to set forth the truth haue prouoked me to write thus much And touchyng this rude and disordred litle treatise truly I woulde not haue suffred it to haue come to light had I not well hoped that all learned men would accept this my endeuour in good parte and also take occasion by this

example of manie diuers places of VVales Wherfore whē I perceaued that this place was within the confines of the Siluri the Ordouici for it is scarse two miles distant from Colun or Clun castle which is the patrimony enheritance of the most noble and auncient family of Fytz Alanes in England that it so agreed in al points with the description of Tacitꝰ that nothing could be wanting I dare boldly affirme that this is the very selfe same place in which Ostorius cōtended with Cataracus in bataile vanquished him from whence fliyng puttyng himself in trust to the faith creditie of Cartimandua the queen of Brigantes was by her betrayed Moreouer that name of Cataracus is at this day so peculier to the welshmen that many princes noble mē ar called by that name amōgst whom at that time Trahernus the son of Caradoc ruled Northwales Fleanchus as the Scots say sonne to Banguho after that kynge Macabaeus had slayne his father by flight escaped into Wales on whose daughter by secret accesse but infortunate and miserable to the parentes he begat VValter who was the first of the Stuarts in Scotland that was of renowme from whom vnto this day the kynges of Scotland doo vaunt themselues to haue descended But I suppose it more likely that he whom they reporte to be the nephue of Trahernus the Scot borne of his daughter and his father a Scot in Northwales a thynge much disagreeynge from the truth rather to be one of Trahernus owne children whiche by Gryffine sonne vnto Conane together with Caradoc Gryffine and Meylere Rywallons sonnes was vanquished and slayne And that this VValter escaped by flight into Scotland and there attayned to greate honour And this can be no great fraude or disgracyng to the name of the Stuarts that they are descended from the bloud of the most noble and antique British kynges from whiche also most honorable famely the same Owen Tuder grandfather to king Henry the seuenth of that name kynge of England lineally descended by the Fathers side as we wil declare in our description of VVales and not from any meane or base degree as false and impudent Meyerus a Flemmyng sticketh not to affirme NOW that wee haue wandred ouer all England called LHOEGR let vs next in ordre proceede to the seconde Region of Britayne which of our countrimen is called Albania of the inhabitantes Scotland This same in old● time was of the Romans called the seconde Britayne For Sextus Ruffus reciteth fiue Prouinces of Britayne Maxima Caesariensis which I doo take to be that part of Britayne whiche by Iulius Caesar was made tributary to the Romans to wit Kent the Kyngedome of Southsaxons and the Region of Atrabates The second is Flauia which by like coniecture beyng therto mooued I suppose to be that which by Vespasian who descended of the family Flauia was by him set vpon and subdued that is to say the I le of Wight which afterward was made part of the VVestsaxons king dome The thirde I iudge to haue bin termed by the name of the first Britayne which lieth forth from the Thames to the Vally or Trench The fourth being the lesse and the second Britayne compriseth Scotland It remayneth then of necessitie that VVales be contayned vnder the name of Valētia which maketh vp the fift prouince Howbeit Ammianus writeth that that prouince which by Theodosius captayne to Valentinia was taken when he had driuen thence the Readshankes and Scots was then of the Emperours name called Valentia And that the Britaynes inhabited these Prouinces both our owne and the Roman writers haue left in memorie Neither was there ●uer any writer of name that made mention either of Scots or Readshankes before Vespasiās time aboute the yere of our Lordes incarnation threescore and twelue at what time Meurigus or Maus or Aruiragus reygned in Britayne For our Cronicles doo report of a nation which liued by Piracie rouyng on the Sea cummyng foorth of Sueuia or Norway hauynge one Rhythercus to their captayne and landed in Albania wastyng all the country with robbyng and spoylyng so farre as Caerleyl where he was discomfited and slayne by Meurigus a greate many of his men also those which escaped fled to their shippes and so conueyed them selues into the Orchades and the Iles of Scotland where they quietly abode a greate whyle They call them Phichtiaid that is to say Phichtiani in their mother tongue and so are they likewise called in the Scottish and in their owne tongue Wherfore it is not likely that they were so called of the Romans for paynting of their bodies since they were called by that name before that they were euer knowne to the Latines Neither were thei these but the Britaynes of whom Caesar and others do report that they wer wont to paynt theyr bodies Blew with Woad that they might appeare the more terrible to their enemies And with vs at this day which seemeth to argue antiquitie Blew cou●er is called Glas by whiche name also that Herbe not altogether vnlike a Plantayne very well knowne now to Marchants is called Besides all this the Romans whiche first made mention of this people termed them not Picti but Pictones These as I haue sayd before after that they had taken hart of grasse and were growen to some power out of these Ilandes in theyr litle Leathern Boates such as our Fyshermen do vse now a dayes alonge Scotland were want to robbe and sp●yie Shephardes and Husbandmen Untill that aboute the yere of our Lorde 290. when the Romans and Britaynes were bothe encombred with ciuile warres for the purple robe whiche Carausius woare and after him Allectus they entred generally into Cathanesia and Caledonia and driuyng thence the British sheapheardes and heardsmen and callynge vnto them the Gatheli out of Ireland whiche are now called the Scots were so bolde as to prouoke the Britaynes in open warre For the Scots come of the Irish broode as they them selues and others do know very well and are termed amongst our countrymen by the same name to wit Gwydhyl which as theyr owne Hystories doo testifie was the most auncient name of that nation And that the same nation came forth of Cantabria now Biscaya passed ouer the Sea into Ireland and there chose them a place of abode both ours and their owne writers haue lefte in memorie But by what cause or occasion they were called Scots truly I doo not know For I doo quite reiect the Aegiptian Fables of Scota And the selfe same language and the very same maners and behauior with the Irishmen and that they be called of the Britaynes by one name declareth sufficiently that they came from thence For the Southernmen of them are not true Scots but borne and begotten rather of Englishmen whereof a greate numbre flyinge at the cummynge of VVilliam Duke of Normandy departed into Scotlande and doo boaste to this day that

of Aegypt sent foorth his oratours vnto Reutha kynge of Scots that by the view taken and report of his neare countrymen namely such as had come lyneally from the Egiptians he might vnderstand the situation and forme of the countrie together with the conditions and maners of the people to the intent that he might set downe the same in his woorke of Cosmographie whiche he had then in hand Whiche oratours beyng right courteously intertayned were afterward led through all the regions and townes of Scots and Readshankes at last beyng largely rewarded returned into Aegypt O noble and worthie deede of a Gentleman but moste vnthankfull Ptolomaeus and vnmindeful of so great rewards Who after that he had sent his Embassadours into countries so farre distant hath left no shire yea almost no towne in all Britayne in that woorthy woorke of his vnspoken of whiche was set foorth not by the kynge but longe time after by another Ptolomaeus Pheludensis a Philosopher very well learned onely his welbeloued cosins the Scots and Readshāks he hath lefte raked vp in their owne darkenesse neither once vouchsaued in his booke wherin he made a most perfect description of all Albania to expresse so muche as their names Nay rather Boethius it is a sinne to beleeue that suche a kyng when he had sent thither his Legates and recited all the Cities and people of Albania to haue bin ignorant of the nations name and in describynge the situation of the Region so to haue varied from the trueth For he whiche sette foorthe that noble woorke aboute the yere of our redemption one hundred and fortie appeareth in no place to speake of the Scottes and Readshankes which at that time were vnknowen to the worlde This beyng omitted let vs come to the second Fable wherein gentle reader whether I shal mooue thee to laugh ter or lothsomnesse I am vncertayn He writeth that one Gyllus vsurped by force the kyngedome of Scotland before the commynge of Caesar into Britayne who after that he had committed many cruell deedes at length by Euenus the lawfull heyre one Cadallus beyng captayne was in Ireland vanquished in blouddie fight and afterwarde slayne Of this slaughter by reason that the Irishmen were afflicted with the force armes of the Albion Scots the Poete Claudianus other writers haue entreated Wherby he maketh the noble poete Claudianꝰ which liued vnder Honorius 410. yeres after the incarnate woord author of the Scottish war against Gyllus which vnto him seemeth no inconuenience who in other places most impudently fathereth his follies fables vpon Caesar the Dictator Tacitus In very deede Claudianus hath writen of the Gyldonicum warre made in Africk by Masticelis brother to Gyldo cheiftaine therin and of the expedition which Honorius tooke in hande against the brother that rebelled But I besech you my freend Hector tell me whether you affirme this geare in iest or in good earnest that thereby wee may iudge of the residue or whether that you thought you could deceaue all men with your lies This Gyldo was a Goth no Scot the warre was in Africk not in Ireland This visible tyranne liued in the yere of our Lorde 398. but theyr feyned inuisible Gyllus is deuised to haue flowrished 400. yeres before Besides these insulse and vnsauored lies he affirmeth that all the knowledge and learnynge of the Druydes came first vnto the Scots when as it playnely appeareth vnto suche as are excercised in the readyng of Hystories that Phylosophy and the liberal sciēces were knowen to the Celtae and Britaynes longe before they were to the Greekes and Latines But as touchyng the holsome lawes institutes whiche he falsely attributeth vnto the Scots vnto those whiche reade Solinus and Mela depayntyng foorth the maners and nature of the Irishmen the truth will appeare Likewise out of S. Hierome whom wee may better credite then Boethius it is euident that at his time that is as muche to say as in the yere of our Lorde 400. the Scots were accustomed to eate mans fleash For saieth he what shall I say of other nations when as I my selfe beyng but a yonge man saw in Fraunce Scottes whiche fead on mans fleash And when as they chance to finde in the wooddes any heards of Hogges also any droues of catayle or beastes they vse to cut of the buttockes of the Heards men and keepers and the Pappes of women accomptyng those partes for a most delicate dish These Scots as though they followed Platoes cōmon wealth haue no peculiar wiues of their owne but as their lechery moueth them saith he runne lasciuiously about after the maner of beastes This much S. Hierome Since therfore it is certainly prooued out of this true author that they were so barbarous at his time it is not like that so many hundred yeres before as Boethius doth fayne they were ruled with so many good lawes and holsome institutes Neither doo I for my part write this to the intent I woulde detract any thinge from the Scottish glory in so much as I know very well that this nation after that it had departed from barbarousnesse and embraced Christian religion and obeyed lawes and rightes precisely like other people was so firmlye ioyned in league of friendship with our Britaynes that wee reade how in many warres th`one nation ayded the other I acknowledge also that many thinges haue bin by them doone both wisely valiently in Britayne Fraunce and Italy and that the Englishmen howbeit a stronge nation seldome assayed the Scots in war but that they were alwaies readie with al their force to ioyne with them in battayle which is no signe of a cowardly or hart lesse people But I write this only to this entent that the truth of the history may be knowne and that the Scots themselues may contemne this fabler hold them selues contented with this that together with the Saxons Frenchmen Englishemen most noble natiōs they were first knowne to the Roman world And now let vs see what substantiall approued writers whom bothe wée they must credit haue transported to memorie touchyng the Scots and Readshankes The first therfore of the Romans so far as I know Mamertinus in his Panegyricus called Maximinianꝰ maketh mention of the Readshankes by these woordes And truly not like as there is but one name of Britayne so should the losse be but smale to the cōmonwealth of a lande so plentifull of corne so flowrishyng with numbers of pastures so flowynge with riuers of metalles so gaynefull for reuenewes so welbeset with hauens so wide in circuit Which when Cesar first of the Romans the beginner of this your name entred into wroate that he had founde another world supposing it to be so bigge that it seemed not to be compassed with the Oceane but rather to compasse the Oceane about But at that time Britayne was nothynge furnished with shippes for Warre by Sea and the Romans after the Punick and Asiatick warres had

lately bin busied agaynst Pyrats afterward by the Mithridatick fight was very well practised by Sea and Lande Besides this nation was then but rude and the Britaynes beyng accustomed but only to the Readshankes and Irishmen their enemies as yet but halfe naked soone yelded vnto the Roman armes and ensignes that Caesar almost in all that expedition coulde vaunt him self but of this owne thing that he had sayled vpon the Oceane He affirmeth that the Britaynes only dwel in an Iland and termeth them Hibernenses who afterwarde were called Scots Also another Panegyricus vnto Constantinus the Emperour speaketh of the Readshankes called Pictones as followeth For neither he speakyng of his father Constantius after such and so many notable actes whiche he hath done vouchsaueth to get not only the wooddes and Marises of the Calidones and other Pictones but neither Ireland which lieth nigh neither the farthest Tyle neither yet the fortunate Ilands if there be any suche Thus farre the Panegiricus This he wroate aboute the yere after Christe was borne three hundred twentie at what time it seemeth that the Pictones or Readshankes beganne first to inhabite the farther most partes of Scotland After him Ammianus Marcellinus first of the Latines made mention of the Scots in the yere of our saluation 364. In the tenth Consulship of Constantius and the third of Iulianus when as in Britayne by excursion and breakyng foorth of the Scots Readshankes beyng wilde nations peace beyng broken the places about nigh to the frontirs were spoyled And afterwarde in the life of Valentinian and Valens he sayeth At this time as though alarme were sounded throughout all the Roman dominions the most fierce and sauage nations arose forcibly inuaded their neare neighbours The Alemanni or Almaynes spoiled the countrie of France and Rhetia together Sarmatae the Ponnoniae and the Quadi now Bohemans The Readshankes Saxons Scots and Attacotti much molested the Britaynes And afterwarde At that time the Readshankes beynge deuided into two nations Deucalidonae and Vecturiones also the Attacotti a very warlike nation and the Scots wandrynge vncerteinely about here and there wasted and spoyled very much And as for the coastes of Gallia they were spoyled by Frenchmen and Saxons c. Hereby it appeareth in what darkenesse the Scottish state is drowned For Boethius in no place maketh mention of the Attacotti who appeare by this authour to haue dwelled in Albania and to haue bin of the Scottishe race Wherefore it is most likely that a litle before that time the Scottes and Attacotti who afterward vanished into the name of the Scots foorth of Ireland and from the Hebrides the Readshankes out of the Orchades whereas they lurked before by one consent entred into Albania and there prouoked by warre the Romans and Britaynes that they departed out of the field some time conquerers and sometimes conquered For shortly after Ammianus reporteth that after that these nations were by Theodosius a valiant captain vnder Valentinian vanquished and driuen out of the Roman prouince they were at quiet And this can be no disparedgment but rather a greate glorie to the Scottish nation that rather at that time then before that forcibly agaynst the Romans will they planted them seates in Britayne Whiche is prooued not out of vayne and fabulous writers such as is Boethius and other suche like but out of substantiall authours and such as doo very wel know the state of Britayne After all these Claudianus a Poete singularly learned in diuers places maketh mention of these nation as for example of the Getick warre A power also there came against the farthest Britaynes bent Which bridled hath the Scots so fierce and notes with iron brent Then fayling reads whilst Readshanks bloud and breath is spent And in his Panegyricus to Honorius The nimble Moores hath he and Pictes so termed by name full true ●ubdude and he the Scots with blade at randon did pursue And of the fourth Consulship of Honorius Were wet with Saxons slayne The Orchades and Island eke was hot with Readshanks bayne And frosen Irland eke dead heapes of Scotshmen wept amayne Who did euer set foorth more plainly the natural countrie of both natiōs For he sheweth how Readshanks cam from Thule that is to say Ilandes of the North and the Scots but lately out of Ireland And in another place in his Panegyricus Britayne speaketh vnto Stilico And me she saith with countries neare about who was destroyd Almost defenced well hath Stilico When Irlands soyle on euery syde The Scots doo mooue and seas with noysom sayles doo fome about By whose helpe now it is that Scottish force I doo not doubt Ne doo I dread the Picts c. Hereby it appeareth manifestly that at this time that is to wit the yere of our saluation 410. the Scots possessed no certayne place in Britayne but many times vsed to make irruptions out of Ireland and by litle and litle subdued the North partes of the Ilande and at length hauyng driuen thence the inhabitants established their kingedome there vnder Valentinian the yonger the yere of God incarnate 444. whē as now the Romans had lefte of the charge and care of Britayne This much I had breifly to say touchynge the originall of the Scots and Readshankes Now I will addresse my selfe to the description of Albania or Scotland It is seperate from England by the Riuer Twede the hyll Cheuiot and certayne litle Riuers runnynge downe into the chanell Soluathianus The first people whiche come to hand are Gallouidiani of olde time called by the Romans NOVANTES and not Brigantes as wee haue shewed before Ptolomaeus called their citie Leucopibia whiche wee terme now Caërleil standeth in the entrance of both kyngedomes Next vnto these were the Gadini nigh the riuer Glota which some doo better call Cluyda howbeit that name by reason of the proprietie of the tongue is sometime pronounced Gluyda wherby grew that errour of calling it Glot Upon this Riuers side sometime there stoode a noble Citie of the Britaynes called Caër Alchuyd or Archuyd that is to say a Citie standyng vpon Cluyda whiche is now of the Scots called Dounbritton bycause it was restored agayne by the Britaynes aboute the yere of our saluation 800. Aboue these towards the East Sea lieth a region which now is called Lādonia and Mercia March but in times past Breunicia and of the Pictes called also Readshankes Pictlandia The Maeatae are placed here by Dion For sayth he the Maeatae dwel beyonde the wall vnto the Caledonij Ptolomaeus laieth the Vacomagi beyonde Tueda This limityng wall as Spartianus reporteth was first builded by Adrianus the Emperour fourescore myles in length And Capitolinus is author that Antoninus erected another made of Tur●es between the Britaynes And last of all that Seuerus by a trenche which was cast from Sea to Sea deuided the Roman prouince from the other Britains all men do generally agree Whereby our countrymen

Germans because they had bigge bodies with sharpe and horrible eyes Thus much ●e Since therfore he hath left their originall vnknowne and our Chronacles doo testifie how that the Britaynes had alwayes greate familiaritie with the Northerne Germans it is like enough that the Britysh Cymbri passed ouer into Denmark whereby it was termed Cymbrica and so ioynyng with the Almaynes made warre vpon the Romans and first vanquished Papirius with his armie in Illyrica Afterward ouercame Aurelius Scaurus with his Legions in Fraunce him self being slayne by kinge Belus whiche name is also familiar amongst the welshmen at this day Besides that Manlius and Caepio were discomfited nigh Rhodanus when there were 12000. of the Romans slayne In the ende at Athesis in Italy they were ouerthrowen and almost al slain And those whiche remayned after the battayle escaped into Germany and were deuided into two partes Wherof th one returnyng into Britayne gaue name to the countrie Cymbria the other departyng out of Germany rested nigh to the Sea Balteum afterward were called of the Germans Aestiones whose tongue as Tacitus writeth is like the Britysh And to confirme all this I read of late in a most auncient fragmēt of the Britysh tongue how that longe since there departed a very great army of Britaynes into Denmarck Whiche after many valiant Warres stoutly made in moste partes of the worlde neuer returned agayne But wheras diuerse do affirme that these were the indwellers of the Danish Chersonesus hereby it appeareth false that the Danes longe before that time possessed that lande as their Hystories do declare Neither is there any Danish or Suetish writer that euer made mention of the Cymbri Othersome affirme that they descended of the inhabitantes of Cymerius Bosphorus But neither the nations name neither their maners neither their kings names doo agree Which if you respect ours are all one For Clodic Lhes Bel Lhud Thudfach Berich by whiche the kynges of the Cymbri were called be very common names amongst the Britaynes Their neglectyng of golde and siluer the shape of their bodies theyr sheildes armour swordes yea made of brasse wherof I saw twayne whiche of late were founde in hollow rockes in Northwales their reuerēce towards women and preistes their custome to sacrifice men vnto Mercury declareth that they were British Cymbri Neither will I deny that which many doo write that the Sicambri and afterward the Franci were of theyr broode vnlesse that their owne Historicians affirmed that they were so called three hundred yeres before of one Cambra daughter to Belinus whiche was kynge of Britayne and maried to Antenor theyr kynge Wherfore I conclude that the Cymbri either departed foorth of Britayne about that time or els were the remnantes of the greate army whiche was gatherd in Britayne and Fraunce and setled with Brennus in the Marches of Greece at the same time For it is vndoubtedly knowen that Brennus was a perfect Britayne and brother to kynge Belinus and sonne to Dunwallus which not only our Chronacles doo testifie but also the countries name where the ambitious man fought with Belinus his brother and was called of him Brennich Diuers riuers also amongst vs called by that name and also a most auncient castle standyng vppon the toppe of an exceedyng high hill in Gwania called Dinas Bran that is to say Brennus Courte or Palace are a very good argument hereof Besides this there remayne most auncient Rimes in the prayse of Cornwenna theyr Mother because that when Brennus came foorthe of Fraunce with ayde agaynst his brother with her naked breast and pappes she reconciled them together which one hath thus interpreted O out Ahlas what meaneth this doo you my bowels harme What wicked cause doth mooue two brothers powers to be so warme Cannot all Britayne you contayne since it is very sure That both you twayne within this wombe of mine did once endure May not your mothers teares nor torne heares from purpose pluck Nor naked dolefull breastes in tender age which both did suck Who then ioyninge theyr armies ●anne ouer all Fraunce and Italy vanquished the Romans and tooke the citie and departed out of Italy as Polybius reporteth And Belinus returned into Britayne but Brennus with 15000 ▪ thousand footemen 61200. thousand ●orsemen as Pausanias writeth set vpō the Greekes And hauyng subdued the Macedonians Thessalians Thracians the Poeonians all the other people of the Greekes he ouerthrew at Thermopilae in a most horrible blouddie battayle In fine when as he was aboute to sack the Temple of Apollo of Delphos his army was wholy almost miraculously slayne by the fal of a mightie great cliffe a wonderfull Rayne from Heauen Wherwith Brennus beynge strooke with sorowe a most coragious gentleman as he was slew him-selfe And I wot wel how Polydorus complaineth of the supputation of yeres whē as in déed the time agréeth very wel with the British history But where as he maketh two Brennus that is altogether beside credit since no writer before him euer yelded the same to memory And as concerning the true supputation of the age of the world diuers authors haue diuersly written Besides these reasons by theyr owne tongue whiche is the best proofe that may be wee will easely conuince that they were Britaynes and that Brennus souldiers spake the Britysh tongue wee will likewyse soone declare Pausanias in his tenth booke writeth thus Brennus had with him forth 20400. thousande horsemen whiche were all fightynge men for the truer numbre of them in deede were aboue threescore thousand and two hundred For there followed euery horseman two seruants on horsebacke These when their maysters were fightynge stoode alwayes in the rearewarde and assisted them that if by chance they wer vnhorsed thei shuld se● them on theirs and if the man were slayne the seruant should succede in his place but if they were both killed by force of fight then was the third at hand readie to supplie for them that were dead If the first and cheif had receaued a wounde one of these other conueyed him out of the battayle the third fulfilled the room●h of him that was hurt And this practise of fightynge on horsebacke they terme in their country language Trimarchisia for they call an horse Marcha Thus far Pausanias What can be spoken more playnly Our Britaynes at this day cal Tres in the masculine gendre Tri and in the feminine Tair that is Three And an horse they call march Wherby Tri-march vnto them signifieth three Horses Hereby therfore all must needes confesse either that the Frenchmen spake the Britysh tongue whiche almost all Hystories doo deny or that these were naturall Britaynes And afterwarde he saieth that the Frenchmen call a Shield Tyren in their country speache whiche woorde wee doo likewise vse at this present calling a shield Taria Moreouer Atheneus writeth that the Reliques of the Frenchmen vnder Bathanasius their captayne tooke vp their dwelling about Ister and after that

inheritance vnto a woman called Hauisia who beynge maried vnto one Carleton an Englishman made him Lorde of Powis from which house at length it descended vnto the Grayes in the North. Next vnto that standeth Cadeuenna a new towne aboue whom towardes the risinge of Seuern are Arwistle and Lhanidlos countries wel knowne by reason of the Townes And more by VVest and by North at the head of Deuey Mouthuy now a portion of Merionedh Kefelioc knowne by the towne Machaulhaith On the other side of Seuern beneathe the Region Kerey there is a Castle by a litle Towne which VVelshmen call Trefaldwyn that is to say Baldwynes towne but the Englishmen terme it Montgomery of the builder Roger of Mont Gomer From this Towne all these Regions beyng ioyned together are called Montgomershyre a country brooder sometime of noble horses now it sendeth foorthe but few and by the forenamed Roger and his sonnes verie valiant and warlike gentlemen very sorely afflicted vntill that Robert beynge accused of high Treason was enforced to flie his countrie The region is hilly and by reason of plentifulnesse of Pastures verie good for grasinge of Cattell aboundynge with many waters and bryngynge foorthe tall men very well fauoured much addicted vnto Idlenesse and vnprofitable games Whereby it cometh to passe that you shall finde many ritche Englishe Farmers amongste them when as the Landelordes themselues which will take no paynes do become very poore These six shyres namely Anglysey Aruon Merionydh Denbyghshyre Fluitense and Montgomershyre Englishmen comprise vnder the name of Northwales There remayneth yet that parte of Powis which stretched sometime vnto Wey whose first Region taketh name of the Riuer Colunwy and of the Castle and possession of the Fitzalanes Next to Melienyth and Gurttrenion hilly countries and at the South RADENOR called of the VVelshmen Maisifod head of the shyre Ioynyng vnto these are the Eluil with the Castle of Payne by Wey which our country men cal Gwy Beyonde al these are Prestene whiche wee call S. Androwes Churche and Kynton with the Castle of Huntington And vpon Themis of vs called Tefedioc ▪ standeth the fayre towne Castle of Ludlaw in Schreupshyre in olde time called DINAV the worke of Roger Mōtgomer And aboue that the castle of Wigmore the patrimony of the Mortumars And at Seuern Bridgenorth Beaudely in old time very wel knowne by the castle Tyrhil ▪ And on the Southwest side vpon Logus which wee call Lhygwy on a passyng fertile playn standeth Lhanlhieni of the Englishmen Lemstre And not farre thence is the auncient Citie Henfford that is to say● an olde way of Englishmē in old time called Ferleg now Hereford standinge vpon Wey or more truly vpon Gwy Towards Seuern are Maluern hilles and in the very corner between Seuern and VVey not farre from the towne of Rosse is that renowmed Woodde whiche of the Danes is called the Forest of Deane These Regions with al Herefordshyre beyonde Wey before they were possessed by the Englishmen in olde time were termed in British Euryeynnwc and the inhabitants Eurnwyr of whiche name there remayneth yet some signification apparant in one place of Herefordshire For that which the Englishmen called Vrchenfeld the VVelshmen called Ergnig and afterward Ergengel And no meruayle since the least portion therof retayneth now as I haue sayd the name of Powis There remayneth the thyrd kyngkingedome of VVales of the English called Southwales of our countrymen which inhabite the lande Deheubarth that is to say the right or South part for so wee vse to terme the South The same is wholy compassed with the Irish Sea the streame of Seuern and the riuers Wey and Dyuei And although the country be very fertile the lande ritche and far more bigger then Gwynedh notwithstandynge as Gyraldus sayth it was compted the worser And that not only because Vchelwyr that is to say the nobliest cheefest men refused to obey their kynges but also by reason that the sea coastes therof were continually molested by the Englishmen Normans Flemmynges Whereby the Prince was compelled to forsake Caer mardthyn his seate and to apoyncte the principall place of his regalitie at Dinefur in Cantremawr And although these princes were of greate authoritie in VVales yet after that Rhesus the sonne of Theodore the greate was slayne through the treason of his owne men they were no longer termed Dukes nor Princes but Arglwydhi that is to say Lordes Untill at length through Ciuile Warres by deuidyng of their landes amongst many and also by externall whyle the Englishmen endeuored to possesse all by force and crafte they were so weakened that after the death of Rhesus the sonne of Griffith a very noble and valiant Gentleman they lost bothe the authority and name of Princes and Lordes Now let vs descend vnto the description of the Prouince wherof the first Region which commeth to hande is that whiche Gyraldus calleth Ceretica our countrymen Ceredigion the Englishmen Cardigan Where it is to be noted as in all other that C and G haue the force of Cappa Gamma This region on the North hath the Irish Sea on the East the riuer Dyuei wherby it is deuiued from Gwynedh towardes Powis very high Hilles on the South Caermyrthyn and on the West Dyfetia Their tōgue as Gyraldus affirmeth is esteemed the finest of al the other people of wales And Gwynedh the purer with out permixtion cōmyng nearest vnto thauncient British But the Southerne most rudest coursest bycause it hath greatest affinitie with strange tōgues The sea coast of this parte Rychard Clarens a very noble man comminge in with a nauie and buildyng Castles at the mouth of Teifi and Vstwyth possessed it for his owne and leauing garisons there returned into England But when he vnderstoode that his men were besieged by the VVelshmen beyng boldned by his great power he entended by an ouer rash enterprise to go ayde them by lande But at Coed Gronus not farre from Abergeueni he was slayne with all his armie by Ierwerthus of Caërlheon And so those Fortes returned agayne vnto theyr olde lords I suppose that the mouthe of Ystwyth is of Ptolomaeus called Rotossa and Tibium Abertius but that through necligence of the transcribers they were confounded into one Not farre from this place standeth Lhanpaternfawr that is the Church of Paternus the greate which in olde time was had in great veneration For welshmen aboue all other nations were accustomed to reuerence Churches attribute much honour vnto ecclesiastical persons For as Gyraldus reporteth they vsed not once to touche the most deadlyest foes they had and such as were accused of Treason if they escaped vnto the church Yea not so much as their enemies cattell if they fedde in any Pastures or Leazes whiche appertayned vnto the Churche Moreouer when they be armed and goynge vnto battell if they fortune to meete with a Priest on the way they will cast downe their