for that they sought to increase their own power not by the strength but by the weakening of their Associates Being dismissed to Athens he was received by the Citizens as if Sparta had been triumphed over After this the Spartans that their Army might not be corrupted with sloth and to revenge the War which the Persians had made on their City and on Greece did of their own accord make incursions into and plundred the Confines of Persia They chose Pausanias to be General both for their own Army and the Army of their Associates who for his Conduct affected the whole Kingdom of Greece and contracted with Xerxes for the marriage of his daughter a reward of his treachery to which purpose he restored the prisoners that by some benefit he might oblige to him the belief of the King He also wrote to Xerxes that whatsoever Messengers he sent unto him he should put them to death lest the negotiation betwixt them should be betrayed by their tongues but Aristides the Captain of the Athenians being chosen his Companion in the War by crossing the designs of his Colleague and wisely providing for the imminent danger did find out the Treason and not long after Pausanias being accused was condemned Xerxes when he found the plot discovered made War again upon the Grecians who elected for their Captain Cimon the Athenian the Son of Miltiades a young Gentleman the example of whose piety did declare his greatness to come for to give him Funerall Rites he redeemed the body of his Father out of prison where he dyed being accused to have purloined from the publike Treasury and took the Bonds upon himself neither did he deceive in war the expectation of his Friends for being not inferiour to the valour of his Father he enforced Xerxes to fly back with fear into his Kingdom being overcome both by Sea and Land THE THIRD BOOK OF IVSTINE XErxes the King of the Persians the terror before of the Nations the wars being unfortunately mannaged abroad began at last to be despised at home for the Majesty of the King daily diminishing his Lieutenant Artabanus having flattered himself with the hope of the Kingdom did come in an evening with seven sons he had into the Court which by the interest of friendship lay always open to him where having slain the King he by policy did attempt to take away his sons who opposed his desire and not mistrusting Artaxerxes being very young he reported that the King was slain by his own Son Darius that he might the sooner enjoy the Kingdom He perswaded Artaxerxes by Parricide to revenge Parricide and coming to the house of Darius being asleep they killed him as if being guilty he had counâ—erâ—eâ—ted sleep on purpose After this when Artabanus saw that one of the Royall Issue was yet remaining and did out-live his villany and withall feared the contention of the Nobility concerning the possession of the Kingdom he assumed Baccabassus to be a partner of his coâ—nsells who being contented with his present condition did reveal to Artaxerxes how his Father was slain and his Brother murdered upon a false suspicion of Parricide and that Treason was plotted against himself This being understood Artaxerxes fearring the number of the sons of Artabanus did command that his Army should be mustered on the next day that he might take into his observation the number of his souldiers and their particular industry and experience in their exercise of Arms Therefore when amongst the rest Artabanus was present and in Arms the King dissembled that his Coat of Mayl was not fit for him and desired Artabanus to make an exchange who being busie to disarm himself and unprepared for defence the King did run him through with his sword After this he commanded the sons of Artabanus to be apprehended and at once this excellent young man did revenge the slaughter of his Father the death of his Brother and delivered himself from treachery Whiles these things were thus carried in Persia all Greece being divided into two parts by the Lacedemonians and Athenians they from Forraign Wars did convert their Swords into their own bowels Therefore of one people there were constituted two bodies and men heretofore of one and the same Camp were now divided into two hostile Armies The Lacedemonians did draw to their party the common Auxiliaries heretofore of both Cities but the Athenians being as renowned for their Antiquity as their Acts did trust in their own strength and so these two most powerful people of Greece equal by the Institutions of Solon and the Laws of Lycurgus did throw themselves into a War through the emulation of greatness Lycurgus when he succeeded his brother Polybites King of Sparta and could challenge the Kingdom for himself did with great fidelity restore it to his son Charilaus born after his Fathers death when he came unto age to give an example to Posterity how much the Rights of Piety amongst all good men should prevail above the temptation of riches therefore in the Parenthesis of time whiles the Infant grew up he being his protector made Laws for the Spartans Laws not more famous for their justice then for the example of the Law-giver for he ordained nothing in any Law for others of which he first of all had not made a rule of it in himself He confirmed the people in their obedience to their Governors and the Governors to Justice in the execution of their places of Command He perswaded parsimony to all believing that the labors of the war would be more easie by the daily exercise of frugality he commanded all things to be bought not with money but with exchange of wares he took away the use of Gold and Silver as the occasion of all wickedness he divided the administration of the Common-wealth by orders he gave to their Kings the power of the Wars to the Magistrates the Seats of Judgement and annuall Successions to the Senate the Custody of the Laws to the People the substituting of the Senate and the power of creating such Magistrates whom they pleased he made an equal division of Land to all that their Patrimonies being alike no man might be made more powerful then his Neighbour he commanded all men to keep their feasts in publike that no mans riches or his luxury should be concealed It was permitted to young men to wear but one suit of Apparel during the space of one whole year and that no man should be clothed better then another nor feast more voluptuously lest the imitation should be turned into luxury He instituted that the boys at fourteen years of age should not be brought up in the City but in the field that they might lay forth their first yeers not in riot but in labour They were permitted neither bed nor pillows to lie upon nor to eat any warm things nor to return into the City untill they were at mans estate He ordained that the Virgins should be married without portions He
Successor who being taken away by an untimely death did make Europus a little child his Heir At this time the Macedonians had daily wars with the Thracians and Illyrians by whose Armes being hardned as with a daily exercise they became a terror to their neighbours by the glory of their atchievements The Illyrians contemning the Infancy of their King did make war upon the Macedons who being overcome in the battel the little Infant their King was brought forth in his Cradle and placed in the front of their Army whereupon they renewed the encounter with greater violence for they were beaten they conceived before because in the fight they had not with them the auspicious presence of their King and should now overcome because out of a superstition they were possessed with a confidence that they should be Conquerors the compassion also on their Infant Prince did leave an impression on them whom if they were overcome they should make him of a King a Captive The battels therefore being joyned with a great slaughter they overthrew the Illyrians and made it apparent to their Enemies that in the former encounter the Macedons wanted not courage but a King Amyntas succeeded him famous by his own vertue but more renowned by the excellent endowments of Alexander his Son in whose nature the ornaments of all vertues were so extant that in the various exercisâ— of sports he contended at the Olympian Games In the mean time Darius King of the Persians being routed and making haste out of Scythia in a dishonourable flight least he should grow every-where contemptible by his loss he sent Megabazus with a part of his Army to subdue Thrace and the other Kingdoms adjacent to it in which number was Macedonia a place then accounted so poor that it was hardly worth looking after In obedience to the Kings command Megabazus not long after sent Ambassadors to Amyntas King of the Macedons demanding that pledges might be given to him as an earnest of the peace to come The Ambassadors being bountifully entertained in the height of the banquet and of wine required of Amyntas that to the magnificence of the Feast they would add the priviledges of Familiarity and send for their sons their wives and daughters which amongst the Persians is the pledge and assurance of entertainment Who when they came the Persians handling the Ladies with too petulant a wantonness Alexander the son of Amyntas desired his Father in respect of his age and gravity that he would be pleased to depart from the Feast promising that he would try the jests and frolicks of his Guests His father being gone he not long after called all the women from the Banquet in a pretence to dress them finer and to return them more acceptable to them In their places he brings in young men disguised in the apparrel of Matrons and commands them to chastise the wantonness of the Ambassadors with the swords which they carried under their garments And thus all of them being slain Megabazus being ignorant of the event and seeing they returned not did command Bubaris thither with a part of his Army onely as into a poor and easie war scorning to go himself least he should be dishonoured to make war in his own person with so contemptible a Nation But Bubaris before the war being inflamed with the love of the daughter of Amyntas instead of making wars did make a marriage and all hostility being layd aside he entred into the obligations of affinity After the departure of Bubaris from Macedonia Amyntas the King deceased to whose son and Successor Alexander the consanguinity with Bubaris not onely procured peace in the time of Darius but confirmed Xerxes to him insomuch that he endued him with the command of the whole Countrey between the Hills of Olympus and Haemus when like a Tempest he invaded Greece But Amyntas increased his Kingdom as well by his own valour as by the liberality of the Persians By order of succession the Kingdom of Macedonia came afterwards to Amyntas the son of his brother Menelaus he also was famous for his industry and accomplished with all royal vertues He begat three sons of his first wife Eurydice Alexander Perdicas and Philip the Father of Alexander the Great and a daughter called Euryone and on his second wife Cygaea Archelaus Aridaeus and Menelaus He made great war first with the Olynthians and afterwards with the Illyrians and had lost his life by the treason of his wife Eurydice who contracting a marriage with her son in-law had undertaken to kill her husband and to deliver the Kingdom unto her adulteror which had taken effect if her daughter had not betrayed the loosness of the Mother and the counsels of her wickedness The old man deliverd from so many dangers deceased the Kingdom being left to Alexander the eldest of his Sons Alexander in the beginning of his reign bought his peace of the Illyrians a sum of moneys being agreed upon and his Brother Philip being given them as a pledge in the process of time he made peace with the Thebans having given the same pledge unto them which conduced much to the growing fortunes of Philip by the advantage of his education for being three yeers a pledge at Thebes he received the first rudiments of his youth in a City of ancient severity and in the house of Epaminondas who was as great a Philosopher as a General Not long after Alexander being assaulted by the treason of his Mother Euridice was slain his Father had pardoned her before being guilty of contriving his death in relation to the children he had by her not thinking she would prove so pernicious unto them His brother Perdicas did also lose his life being killed by the treasonable plotting of his mother A most unworthy thing it was that the children should be deprived of their lives by their mother for her lust the consideration of whom had before protected her from the punishment due unto her for her wickedness This murther of Perdicas seemed the more grievous because the little son whom he left could not prevail upon her cruelty to take compassion of him Philip a long time did deport himself not as a King but as a Guardian to the Infant But when great wars did threaten the Kingdom and that the help would be too late in the expectation of the Infant he took upon him the Government of the Kingdom being compell'd unto it by the people In the beginning of his reign the hopes were great that were conceived of him both for his wit which promised him to prove a great man and for the ancient fates of Macedon which sang that one of the sons of Amyntas being King the state of that Kingdom should be most flourishing And this was the man who was preserved from the wickedness of his mother to make good the hopes of the people and to justifie the Oracle When on one side the most unworthy murder of his brothers on the other side the
King of Epirus to undertake the war and had overcome him to it if the Father had not prevented his Son-in-law by the collocation of his daughter to him With these provocations of jealousie and anger it is believed that both of them did incite Pausanias to the commission of so desperare an Act. Sure it is that Olympias had horses ready for Pausanias if it had been his fortune to have escaped and she her self the death of the King being understood when under the pretence of the duty she came in great haste that night to attend his Hearse she did impose on the very same night a Crown of Gold on the head of Pausanias then hanging on the Cross which none but she would have been so bold to have adventured the Son of Philip being alive Some few daies after she caused his body to be taken off from the Cross and burn'd and in the same place she did erect him a Monument and struck such a superstition into the people that she provided that for the honor of his memory here should be yeerly made a parentation to him After this she caused Cleopatra for whose sake she was divorced from Philip having first in her own lap killed her daughter to end her life by hanging and satisfied her revenge by beholding her in that lamentable posture swinging on the Tree Last of all she consecrated that sword with which the King was slain to Apollo under the name of Myrtalis for so Olympias was called when she was a little one All which was done so opnely that it may be seared least the fact committed by her were not approved by others Philip deceased about the seven and fourtieth yeer of his age after he had reigned five and twenty yeers He begat on Larissaea the Danceress Aridaeus who reigned after Alexander He had also many other Sons from divers other marriages it being the custom of Kings to take them into Marriage as many as they pleased but they all dyed some by natural deaths and some by the sword He was a King more studious of the preparations of Arms then Feasts his greatest riches were the utensils of war and yet he was more cunning to get riches then to perserve them which made them alwaies poor though he was alwaies plundering Mercy and Treachery were in him equally beloved No way whatsoever to overcome his Enemies did appear sordid to him In his discourse he was both pleasing and deceitful and one who would alwaies promise more then he would perform he was master of his Arts both in jeast and in earnest He observed his friendships not by faithfulness but by profit To dissemble love in hatred to plant sedition amongst friends and to insinuate himself both with friends and foes was his daily Custome Excellent he was in Eloquence and in the acuteness of a fine flourish in his words full of delicate composures that neither facility was wanting to the ornament nor the ornament of invention to the facility Alexander did succeed him greater then his Father both in vertues and in vices Their way was different in the Conquests they obtained The Son mannaged his wars by apparent valour the Father by deceits The Father joyned his Enemies being surprized the Son being openly overcome The Father more subtle in Counsel the Son more magnificent in minde The Father would commonly dissemble his passions and overcome them The Son inflam'd with rage knew neither how to delay not moderate his revenge Both of them were too greedy of wine but their vices in the excess were different It was the custome of the Father from the Banket to advance against the Enemy to encounter him and unadvisedly to expose himself unto all dangers Alexander was more furious against his own friends then against his Enemies wherefore the battels have oftentimes sent back Philip wounded and his Son hath often come from the Banquet the killer of his Friends This would not reign over his friends the other would usurp and grow upon them Tbe Father did choose rather to be beloved the Son to be feared The love to Learning was equal to them both The Father was more full of Policy the Son of Fidelity The Father more moderate in his speech the Son in his actions for he had alwayes a more ready and a more honest minde to be merciful to those whom he overcame The Father was addicted to thrift but the Son to excess By these Arts the Father layd the foundation for the Conquest of the World and the Son accomplished the glory of the work THE TENTH BOOK OF IVSTINE ARtaxerxes King of the Persians had fifteen Sons by a hundred Concubines but he had onely three begotten in lawful marriage Darius Ariarctos and Occhus Of these against the Lawes of the Persians amongst whom the Kingdom suffered no change but by death Artaxerxes being alive did out of his Fatherly indulgence make Darius King thinking that there was nothing taken from the Father which was conferr'd upon the Son and that he should take a sincerer joy in his paternal Interest if he alive did behold the Ensign of his Majesty in his Son But Darius after these unaccustom'd examples of indulgence took counsel to kill his Father He had been wicked enough if he onely had conceived the parricide in his minde but so much the more wicked that into the society of the villany he took his fifty brothers to be partakers of it Prodigious it was that in so great a number the parricide could not onely be contracted but concealed and that amongst fifty of his children there was not one found whom neither the Majesty of the King nor the reverence of an ancient man nor the indulgence of a Father could recal from so horrible an act What was the name of a Father so vile amongst so great a number of his Sons that he who should be safe even against his Enemies by their defence being circumvented by their Treason should now be safer amongst his Enemies then amongst his own children The cause of the Parricide was far more wicked then the Parricide it self for Cyrus being slain in the brothers war as mention above is made Artaxerxes the King took his Concubine Aspasia into marriage Darius did demand that his Father should give her unto him as he had delivered up his Kingdom who being too indulgent to his children did promise at first that he would do it and not long after repenting himsâ—lâ— and honestly denying what rashly he had promised he made her a Prioress in the Temple of the Sun whereby a perpetual abstinence from all men was religiously imposed on her The young man being much incensed at it did first quarrel with his Father and not long after having made a conspiracy with his brothers whiles he sought to betray his Father being discovered and apprehended with his Associates they expiated with their blood the designed Parricide and did punishment to the Gods the Revengers of paternal Majesty The Wives also
of them all with all their children were put to death that there should not be so much as a shadow to be seen of so great a villany After this Artaxerxes having contracted a disease by the excess of grief deceased himself a happier King then a Father The Inheritance of the Kingdom by order of succession was devolved on Occhus who fearing the like conspiracy did fill the Court with the slaughter of his kinsmen and the ruins of the Princes being touched with no compassion in the respect either of blood or sex or age belike that he might not be more innocent then the Parricides his brothers And having as it were thus purified his Kingdom he made war upon the Armenians in which one of the Enemies having sent a challenge to try his force in Arms with any in a single fight Codoman with the good opinion of all advanced to encounter him who the Enemy being slain did restore both victory to the Persians and almost their lost glory For this atchievement so gallantly performed he was made Governor of the Armenians and in the process of time after the death of Occhus in the memory of his ancient valor he was chosen King by the people and being honoured with the name of Darius that nothing might be wanting to the regal Majesty he a long time mannaged the war with great courage but uncertain fortune against Alexander the Great at the last being overcome by him and slain by his own kinsmen he ended his life with the Empire of the Persians THE ELEVENTH BOOK OF IVSTINE AS there were divers Nations in the Army of Philip so he being slain there were divers agitations of minds in his Army Some being oppressed with the injury of servitude did advance themselves to some hope of liberty others not pleased with the tediousness of so remote a war did rejoyce that the expedition would be remitted Some there were who lamented that the torch lighted for the marriage of the daughter should be now imployed to be put under the pile of the Father And no small fear it was that possessed his friends at so sudden a Change of the affairs revolving in their minds how much Asia was provoked before Europe was subdued and how unfaithful and uncertain were the Illyrians the Thracians and Dardaneans and others of the barbarous Nations that were adjacent to them which people if they should all revolt together it was impossible to redress it In these destractions the coming of Alexander was as a Soveraign remedy who in a set speech did for the present so perswade and comfort the Souldiers that he took off all fear from the timerous and did raise the opinion of all into a great hope of him He was then but twenty yeers of age in which he so moderately promised so much that it might appear to all that he reserved more for the proof He gave to the Macedonians the immunity of all things unless a discharge from the wat 's by which he so much attracted their love that they said they had changed onely the body but not the vertue nor the valor of the King The first care he had was for his Fathers obsequies at which he gave a charge above all things that all who were guilty of his Fathers death should be slain before the Tombe of his Father he onely reprieved Alexander the brother of the Lyncestae preserving in him the inaguration into his dignity for he was the first that did salute him King He also took care that his brother Caraunus born of his Step-mother who aspired to the Kingdom should be put to death In the first beginning of his Reign he awed many Nations that were about to rebel appeased divers seditions in the East and joyful at the success of his proceedings he marched privately into Greece where having called all the Cities to Corinth after the example of his Father he was made General in his place After this he did go on with the preparations for the Persian war which was begun by his Father and being altogether imployed to make provision for it he was enformed that the Athenians Thebans and Lacedemonians had revolted from him to the Persians and that the Author of that treachery was Demosthenes the Orator who was corrupted by the Persians with a great sum of gold He alledged that all the Forces of the Macedonians were overthrown by the Triballians with their King and in his speech composed for that purpose he produced his Author before the people who affirmed that he was wounded in the same battel wherein the King was slain By which report the resolutions of almost all the Citizens being startled they resolved to shake off the Garrisons of the Macedons to meet with and to prevent these difficulties he marched into Greece with so much speed and with so gallant and so prepared an Army that whom they knew not of to come they could hardly believe they saw In his way he exhorted the Thessalians and did put them in minde of the benefits of Philip his Father to them and of the neer relations of his Mother descended from the generation of the Aeacidans His exhortation was agreeable to the Thessalians they created him General of Greece after the example of his Father and delivered to him all their tributes and revenews But the Athenians as they were the first in the revolt so they began to be the first in repentance and turning the contempt of their Enemy into their admiration of him they extoll'd the youth of Alexander despised before above the vertue of the ancient Captains Ambassadors therefore being sent they besought a forbearance of the war Alexander having heard them and severely reprehended them did remit the war After this he advanced against the Thebans and would have exercised the same indulgence towards them if he had found the same repentance but the Thebans were resolved to make use of their Arms and not of entreaties or deprecations Being overcome they endured the heaviest punishments of the most miserable captivity When a Councel was called to debate on the utter destruction of the City the Phocensianâ— and Plataeans the Thespians and Orchomaenians the Associates of the Macedonians and the partakers with Alexander in this victory did demonstrate to him the ruines of their own Cities and the cruelty of the Thebans charging them with their inclinations towards the Persians against the liberty of Greece not onely for the present but for the continuance of many Ages for which cause the hatred of all people was upon them to be manifested by this that they have all bound themselves by an oath the Persians being overcome to pull down Thebes To this they added the fables of their former abhominations with which they have filled all Scenes insomuch that they are to be abhorred not onely for their present treachery but for their ancient infamy Eleadas one of the Captives having obtained liberty to speak did alledge that they did not revolt from the King
unserviceable The treasure consisting of one hundred and three and fifty thousand Talents was brought all into one Exchequer and Parmenio was made Chancellor of it In the mean time Letters were received from Antipater in Macedonia in which the war of Agis King of the Lacedemonians in Greece the war of Alexander King of Epirus in Italy and the war of Zopyron his Lieutenant in Scythia were contained with which news he was diversly affected but received more joy by the death of the two Kings that did emulate his glory then he expressed grief for the loss of Zopyron with his Army For after the departure of Alexander almost all Greece taking advantage of his absence did combine to take Arms for the recovery of their liberty In which they followed the authority of the Lacedemonians who alone despised the peace with Philip and Alexander and refused the conditions of it The General of this war was Agis King of the Lacedemonians which insurrection Antipater having drawn his forces together did suppress in the very beginning of it The slaughter howsoever was great on both sides Agis when he beheld his Souldiers to turn their backs having cleared himself of his Guard that he might be equal to Alexander though not in fortune yet in courage did make so great a slaughter of his Enemies that sometimes he drove whole Troops of them before him At the last though he was over-born by the multitude yet he overcame them all in glory And Alexander King of Epirus being called into Italy by the Tarentines desiring ayd against the Brutians did march with so much resolution that if in the division of the world the West by lot had fallen to him and the East to Alexander the Son of Olympias his sister he might have found no less a subject of glory in Italy Africk and in Sicily then the other in Asia and amongst the Persians To this may be added that as the Oracles at Delphos did fore-warn Alexander the Great of treachery in Macedonia so he was advised by Jupiter of Dodona to take heed of the City of Pandosia and of the Acherusian River which being both in Epirus he being ignorant that they were both in Italy also did more readily undertake a forreign war to decline the danger which was threatned by the destinies as he conceived at Rome Being advanced in Italy he first of all made war with the Apulians the fate of whose City being understood he not long after made peace and friendship with their King At that time Brundusium was the City of the Apulians which the Aetolians following the Conduct of their Captain Dio medes renowned for his atchievements at the siege of Troy did build But being forced away by the Apulians it was told them by the Oracle that perpetually they should possess the place which they first found out wherefore by their Ambassadors they demanded of the Apulians that their City should be restored to them and threatned to bring a war upon them if they should detain it But the Apulians having notice of the Oracle did put the Ambassadors to death and did bury them in their City to have there their perpetual residence And being thus discharged of the Oracle they for a long time did possess the City which when Alexander of Epirus understood in reverence to the Antiquity of the place he did abstain from making war upon the Apulians But he made war against the Brutians and Lucanians and took many of their Cities afterwards he made peace with the Metapontinians the Rutilians and the Romans But the Brutians and Lucanians having the assistance of their Neighbours did renew the war with greater courage in which the King neer unto the City of Pandosia the River Acheron was killed the name of the fatal place being not known until he fell and dying he understood that the danger of death was not in his own Countrey for the fear of which he did â—â—e his Countrey The Tyrians having at the publick charge redeemed his Body did commit it unto Burial Whiles those things were done in Italy Zopyron who was made Lieutenant of Pontus by Alexander the Great conceiving himself to be but as an idle person if he should do nothing memorable himself having drawn together an Army of thirty thousand men did make war upon the Soythians being slain with all his Army he suffered for the rashness of making wars on that innocent Nation When these things were brought to Alexander in Parthia having dissembled a sorrow for the death of Alexander his kinsman King of Epirus he commanded his Army to quarters for the space of three dayes And all men suggesting to themselves that in Darius death the war was ended and expecting now a speedy return into their own Country and in their imagination already embracing their wives and children Alexander did call them forth to a general convention and declared unto them that nothing was as yet atchieved by so many famous battels if the more Eastern Enemies should remain untouched neither did he make war for the body but the Empire of Darius those he said were to be pursued who fled away and revolted from him Having with his speech given new heat to the courage of his Souldiers he subdued the Mardians and Hercanians In that place Thalestris or Minothaeae Queen of the Amazons did address her self unto him with three hundred thousand women having travelled five and twenty dayes through most hostile Nations to have Issue by him her countenance and the cause of her coming was the subject of much wonder both for the strangeness of her habit and the strangeness of her desire To satisfie which the King took the leisure of thirty dayes and when she thought that her womb was pregnant she departed After this Alexander assumed the habit and the diadem of the Kings of Persia before unused by the Kings of Macedon as if he had translated himself into the customes and fashions of those whom he had overcome which that it might not more enviously be beheld in him alone he commanded his friends also to take unto them the long robe of gold and purple And that he might imitate as well their riot as their habit he divided the nights by turns amongst the flocks of his Concubines as remarkable for their birth as for their beauty to which he added the magnificence of banquets least his luxury should not seem compleat And according to the vanity of royal pomp he made his Feasts more delightful with Enterludes being altogether unmindful that so great wealth with such profuseness is accustomed to be consumed and not enlarged Amongst these things great was the Indignation of all over all the Camp that he so degenerated from his Father Philip that he cared not for the name of his own Country and followed the dissoluteness of the Persians whom for such dissoluteness he overcame and that he might not onely seem to addict himself to the vices of those whom with arms he had subdued
unpeopled City on the other side of Euphrates He was there importuned by Anaxarchus the Philosopher to despise again the presages of the Magicians as things false and uncertain and unknown to men if proceeding from the Fates or if from Nature not to be prevented Being returned therefore to Babylon after the leisures of many days he again prepared a solemn Feast which sometimes before he had intermitted where having devoted himself altogether to mirth in the excess of drinking he added night unto the day Thessalius Medius afterwards to a new Bower did invite both him and his Companions having taken the Cup into his hand in the middle of his draught he groaned as if he had been struck through with a sword and being carryed half dead from the Banquet he was tormented with so great a pain that to free himself of it he demanded for a sword and his body became so extreamly tender that he complained at the touches of his friends as if he had received so many wounds His friends divulged the cause of his disease to be a distemper by the excess of wine when indeed it was treason the infamy whereof the powerfulness of his Successors did suppress The Authour of the Treason was Antipater who when he beheld the dearest of his friends commanded to death his Son-in-law Alexander Lycestos slain and himself having done considerable service in Greece not respected only but also made distastful to the King and morever accused by his Mother Olympias for divers insolencies when he considered also some few daies before what were the punishments which the Lieutenants of the conquered Nations too cruelly indured and conjectured that he himself was called out of Macedonia not to the society of the war but to be a partaker of their punishment therefore to make sure work with the King he with poyson suborn'd his Son Cassander who with his brother Philip and Jolla were accustomed to minister unto him So great was the strength of this poyson that it could not be contained either in Iron or in Brass or in any shell and could no way be carryed but in the hoof of an horse Cassander was instructed that he should not commit the trust of it unto any but to Thessalus and his brothers For this cause therefore the Feast was prepared and renewed in the house of Thessalus Philip and Jollas who were accustomed to take an assay of the Kings Cup had the poyson ready in cold water and having tasted of the wine they put the poyson afterwards into it Four days afterwards Alexander finding that death undoubtedly was approaching he said that he acknowledged the fate of the Family of his Ancestors most of the Aeacidans dying about the thirtieth yeer of their age After this he pacified the Souldiers growing into tumults and suspecting that he perished by treason and being brought into the highest and the most conspicuous place of the City he did admit them all into his presence and gave them his right hand to kiss When they all wept he was seen to be not onely without tears himself but without the least show of a troubled minde and comforted some who impatiently did lament he gave to others his instructions to deliver from him to their Parents so invincible was his courage now against death as it was before against his Enemies The Souldiers being dismissed he demanded of his friends who stood round about him if they thought they should finde another King that was like unto him they all holding their peace he said that as he himself was ignorant of that so he was confident of this and did presage it and did almost with his eyes behold how much blood Macedonia should lose in this contention and with how many slaughters she would parentate to him being dead At the last he commanded his body to be burryed in the Temple of Hammon When his friends beheld him to faint away they demanded whom he would make heir of his Empire he made answer The most worthy So great was the magnitude of his minde that when he had left behind him his Son Hercules his brother Aridaeus and his wife Roxane great with child forgetting those obligations he did nominate the most worthy to be his heir as if it were a sin that any but a valiant man should succeed a valiant man or the wealth of so great an Empire should be left to any but to approved resolutions With these words as if he had sounded into his friends ears a charge unto the battel or had sent the evil spirit of discord amongst them they all grew immediatly jealous of one another and in a popular ambition did all tacitely seek the favour of the Souldiers On the sixth day being speechless having taken his Ring from his finger he delivered it to Perdicas which for the present did pacifie a little the growing dissention of his friends for although he was not named Heir by voyce yet by choyce he seemed to be elected Alexander deceased being three and thirty yeers of age and one month a man endued with a mightiness of spirit above the capacity of men On that night when his Mother Olympias did conceive him she seemed in her sleep to have commerce with a great Serpent neither was she deceived in her dream which by God was presented to her for undoubtedly she had in her womb a burden above the condition of mortality and although the generation of the Aeacidans from the first memory of Ages and the Kingdoms of her Father brother and husband and of her Ancestors before them did render his mother most illustrious yet she was not more famous by any Title then by the name of her Son There appeared also many presages of his greatness on the day of his birth for two Eagles flying all that day round about the place did pearch at last upon the Battlements of his Fathers Court prognosticating unto him the two Empires of Europe and Asia and on the same day his Father received the glad tidings of two Victories the one in Illyria and the other in the Olympick race to which places he sent some Chariots drawn all with four horses which portented to the Infant the victory of the whole World He was of an admirable apprehension in the study of letters and having passed his minority he for the space of five yeers had his education under Aristotle the most excellent of all the Philosophers Being invested in his Fathers Kingdom he commanded that in his Title he should be called King of all Lands and Lord of the World So great a confidence had his Souldiers in him that he being present they feared not though unarmed the arms of any Enemy He therefore never encountred any Enemy whom he did not overcome nor besieged any City which he did not take nor invaded any Nation over whom he did not triumph At the last he was overcome not by any prowess of the Enemy but by Treason and the Civil fraud of his own Subjects
of Alexander when the Provinces were divided amongst his Successors the most fierce of all the Nations were assigned to him as the most valiant of them all so much he did exceed the rest by the approbation of them all But before the war was carryed on betwixt Ptolomy and his Associates against Antigonus Seleucus marched down from Asia the greater being a new Enemy unto him famous also was the vertue of Seleucus and his Original admirable for his mother Laodice being married to Antiochus a great Commander in the Army of Philip did seem in her sleep to have conceived with child by Apollo and to have received a Ring from him the reward for the use of her body In this Ring there was a Gem and an Anchor engraven on it which she dreamed she was commanded at her delivery to give to her Son for a gift This apparition was truly wonderful for on the next day the Ring with the Anchor engraven on it was found in the bed and the figure of an Anchor was apparently to be seen on the thigh of Seleucus when he was born Seleucus going afterwards into the Persian war with Alexander the Great Laodice did give that Ring unto him having first taught him the original of his pedigree After the death of Alexander having possessed himself of the Kingdom of the East he did build a City and consecrated it to the memory of the Gem of his original for he called the City Antiochia after the memory of Antiochus his Father and consecrated to Apollo the Fields adjoyning to it The argument of his original did remain to his posterity for his Sons and Grandsonâ— had all of them the impression of an Anchor on their thighs as a natural mark oâ— their Family He made many wars in the East after the division of the Macedonian Empire betwixt him and his Companions In the first place he surprized Babylon anâ— having encreased his strength by the victory he overcame the Bactrians and marched into India which after the death of Alexander haâ— killed his Lieutenants and shaken off from their necks the yoak of servitude Sandrocottuâ— was the Author of this liberty which afterwards he turned into slavery for having possessed himself of the Kingdom he by tyranny oppressed the people whom he haâ— delivered from sorraign domination He was born of ignoble parentage but enforced to take upon him the Government of thiâ— Kingdom by the Majesty and providence of God For having offended Alexander by his petulance and being commanded to be killed he purchased his safety by the swiftness of his feet And being drousie and weary by the length of his travel a Lyon of a great bigness did approach unto him in his sleep and with his tongue wiped away the sweat which did run down his face and did gently leave him being awakned Being by this prodigy advanced to the hope of the Kingdom he sollicited the Indians to rebellion having drawn a company of Thieves to his assistance In the beginning of the war against the Lieutenants of Alexander an Elephant of an infinite bulk did of his own accord draw neer unto him and as if he had been tame by discipline did receive him on his back Sandrocottus became afterwards a great Leader and a famous master of the war and having thus gained the Kingdom he had possessed himself of all India at that time when Seleucus did lay the foundations of his future greatness who having made peace with Sandrocottus and settled his affairs in the East did march down to the war against Antigonus And the Armies of all the Associates being united the battel was fought in which Antigonus was slain and Demetrius his Son put to flight But the Associates the war with Antigonus being ended did again turn their arms upon themselves and not agreeing upon the booty were divided again into Factions Seleucus was joyned with Demetrius and Ptolomy with Lysimachus and Cassander being dead his Son Philip did succeed him and thus new wars did arise in Macedonia THE Sixteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFfter the death of King Cassander and his Son Philip Queen Thessalonica the wife of Cassander was slain not long afterwards by her Son Antipater she having besought and conjured him by her breasts that gave him suck to spare her life The cause of the Parricide was that after the death of her Husband she seemed to be more inclined to Alexander in the division of the Kingdom amongst the brothers This wicked act appeared to all men to be so much the more grievous there being not the lest evidence of any deceit in the Mother although in parricide no cause can be pretended to be just enough to defend the wickedness Alexander resolving to make war with his brother in the revenge of his Mothers death desired ayd of Demetrius and Demetrius in hope to obtain the Kingdom made nâ— delay to advance to his assistance and Lysimachus fearing his coming did perswade his Son-in-law Antipater to be reconciled to his brother and not permit the Enemy of his Father to enter into Macedonia when Demetrius had understood that there was an agreement made betwixt the brothers he killed Alexander by treacheries and having possessed himself of the Kingdom of Macedonia he called the Army to an Assembly to excuse the murther He alledged that Alexander had first of all a design upon him and that for his own part he rather prevented then committed treachery As for the Kingdom of Macedonia he said it was more due to him both for the experience of his age and for other considerations for his Father was Companion to King Philip and to Alexander the Great in all their wars and he was afterwards Governor of the children of Alexander and a General in their wars to prosecute those who revolted from them On the other side Antipater the Grandfather of these young men was alwayes a more inexorable minister of the Kingdom then the Kings themselves and Cassander their Father was the destroyer of the Royal Family who put to death both the wives and children of Alexander and ceased not till he had utterly destroyed the whole Progeny of him and because he could not light upon Cassander the revenge of these horrid murders was translated to his Sons for which cause Philip and Alexander if the spirits of the departed have any sense had rather that their Revengers then the Murderers of them and their Posterity should enjoy the Kingdom of Macedonia The people being pacified with these words he was saluted King of Macedonia But Lysimachus when he was oppressed with the war of Dromiches King of the Thracians least at the same time also he might be enforced to fight with Demetrius he made a peace with him having delivered to him the other part of Macedonia which belonged to his Son-in-law Antipater Therefore Demetrius being possessed with all the strength of the Kingdom of Macedonia did resolve to seize upon Asia when Ptolomy Seleucus and Lysimachus having made a proof before
a peace-maker from the Carthaginians to dive into his Counsels concerning Sicily to which place Fame reported that he was designed And indeed that was the cause why the Romans sent back the Carthaginians ayd lest Pyrrhus in the war with Rome being detained in Italy should not have the liberty to transport his Army and the war into Sicily Whiles these things were in agitation Fabricius Lucinus being sent Ambassador from the Senate of Rome did conclude a peace with Pyrrhus to confirm which Cyneas being sent to Rome with great presents from Pyrrhus found not any whose hand was open to entertain them There was almost at the same time another Example of the same continuance of the Romans for an Ambassie being sent from the Senate into Aegypt when they had refused great gifts offered to them by King Ptolomy some few days after being invited to a supper they had Crowns of Gold sent to them which having received in a complement of an honour the next day they imposed them on the Statues of the King Cyneas when he brought back word that the Peace with the Romans was disturbed by Appius Claudius Pyrrhus demanded of him what manner of City Rome was He made answer That it seemed to him to be a City all of Kings After this the Ambassadors of Sicily came to Pyrrhus delivering to him the command of the whole Iland which was extreamly harrassed with the daily wars of the Carthaginians Therefore having left his Son Alexander at Locri and put strong Garrisons into the Cities he passed over with his Army into Sicily And because mention hath been made of the Carthaginians we will speak something of their original the Genealogy of the Tyrians being to be extracted from many generations whose conditions also were much to be lamented The Nation of the Tyrians discended from the Phoenicians who being shaken with an Earthquake having abandoned their Country did first inhabit the Assyrian marsh and not long afterwards the shoar next unto the Sea where they builded a City and called it Sidon from the abundance that was there of fishes for the Phoenicians call a fish Sidon After the process of many yeers being overcome by King Ascalon they took shipping again and did build the City of Tyre in the yeer before the destruction of Troy and being long and variously wearied with the wars of the Persians they were Conqueros at the last but their Forces being exhausted they endured unworthy punishments by their own Servants at that time abounding in their multitudes who having made a conspiracy did kill all the free people and their masters with them and possessing themselves of the City they enjoyed the Houses of their Masters they invaded the Commonwealth they marryed wives and begat children One amongst so many thousands of the slaves being of a better disposition and prompted to take compassion on the old man his Master and his little Son did not kill them with cruelty but look'd upon them with pious pity and humanity therefore when he had removed them out of the way as if they had been slain the slaves taking into consideration the present condition of their Republick they thought it expedient to have a King created out of their own Corporation and to make choyce of him as most acceptable to the gods who first could discover the rising Sun This design he acquainted Strato with for so his Masters name was called whom he had privately conceald and being by him instructed of the place of the Randezvous when at midnight they came all forth into one Field the others looking towards the East he alone did turn himself towards the West It appeared unto them a madness to look for the rising of the Sun in the Hemiphere of the West But when the day brake forth and the Sun began to shine on the highest tops of all their Cities others expecting that they should in the East behold the rising of the Sun he showed them in the West the fulgor of it where it did gild the Pinnacles of their Temples The device appeared to exceed the apprehension of a slave and Strato being examined he confessed that he had been one of their Masters Then they understood how much ingenious understandings were superiour to the servile and that slaves may overcome in numbers and malice but not in wisdom pardon therefore was granted to the old man and his Son and as if they had been preserved by Providence they immediately created Strato their King after whose death the Kingdom passed to his Son and afterwards to his Grandsons This outragious villany of the slaves was everywhere reported as an Example to be feared over all the World Therefore in the process of time when Alexander the Great made war in the East having sacked the City of the Tyrians he lastned all to the Cross who remained alive as the Revenger of the publick security in the remembrance of this their ancient slaughter But he preserved the Family of Strato inviolate and restored the Kingdom to his posterity ingenuous and innocent Inhabitants being commanded to inhabit that City and so the servile race being utterly extirpated a new generation of Citizens was erected The Tyrians being thus founded by the auspication of Alexander did soon grow rich by thrift and industry But before the murders committed on their Masters when they abounded both in wealth numbers having sent a Colony into Africa they builded the City of Vtica In the mean time the King of Tyrus deceased having left Heirs Pygmalion his Son and Eliza his daughter a Virgin of an excellent beauty The people delivered the Kingdom to Pygmalion a boy of a very tender age Eliza marryed her Uncle Sichaeus the Priest of Hercules which was an honour next unto the King He had great but concealed treasures and for fear of the King he did hide his gold not in Houses or Coffers but in the Earth which though it was unknown to men yet Fame reveal'd it to Pygmalion who being transported with an insatiable desire of it and forgetting all respects of nature and humanity did impiously kill his Uncle who was also his brother-in-law Eliza for a long time could not endure the presence of Pygmalion by reason of the horrid murder he had committed at the last having dissembled her hatred and made more smooth her brow she privately attempted to fly away and having taken into her society some of the Princes who were equally exasperated against the King she truly conceived that they had the same desire to make an escape with her After this she made her deceitful addresses to her brother and represented to him that she had a desire to live in his Court that the house of her Husband might no longer renew any subject of grief unto her she being desirous to forget him and that no longer the imagination of him might reflect so sad upon her Pygmalion did give no unwilling eare to these words of his sister thinking that with her the gold
a long time they had fought unfortunately in Sicily the war being translated into Sardina they were overthrown in a great battel having lost the best part of their Army for which they commanded Macheus under whose conduct they had subdued a part of Sicily and performed great atchievements against the Africans to be banished with the part of the Army which remained Which the Souldiers took so heavily that they sent Ambassadors to Carthage who in the first place were to desire the liberty to return into their Country and a pardon for their unhappy warfare and if not to declare unto them That if they could not obtain it by entreaties they would command it by arms When the threatnings as well as the Petitions of the Ambassadors were despised they not long after having embarked themselves did advance in arms unto the City There having called both the gods and men to witness that they came not to ruine but to be restored to their Country and to manifest to the Citizens that in the managing of the former war they wanted not valour but fortune having besieged the City and cut off all provisions from coming to it they brought the Carthaginians to the lowest desperation In the mean time Cartalo the Son of the banished Machaeus when he was sent for by his Father as he passed by the Leaguer in his return from Tyre to which place he was sent by the Carthaginians to carry the Tenths to Hercules out of the Sicilian prey which his Father took he returned answer That he would first discharge the obligations of publick Religion before the duties of private piety This answer although it much troubled his Father yet he durst not offer any violence to Religion Not long after the people having made Cartalo their Agent to desire that Machaeus would suffer provisions to be brought with safety to the City when he came unto his Father being cloathed in purple and the fillets of the Priesthood hanging down from his Miter his Father calling him aside did speak unto him And how darest thou wretch as thou art to approach into the presence of so many miserable Citizens cloathed in that purple glistering with gold How darest thou as it were in triumph to enter into our sad mournful Tents in such a slowing habit and ornaments of quiet felicity Couldst thou finde none else to whom to vaunt thy self was there no place so fit for thee as this Camp where is nothing to be represented but the sordid condition of thy Father and the reproaches of his unhappy banishment Not many daies since being sent for by me thou didst not onely proudly despise I will not say thy Father but I am confident the General of thy own Citizens And what shewest thou more in that purple and those Crowns then the titles of my Victories Since therefore thou wilt acknowledge nothing of a Father but the title onely of a banished man I am resolved to shew my self not like a Father but a Souldier and I will make thee an Example that none hereafter shall be so bold as to scorn the unhappy miseries of his Father having said this he commanded him to be fastned to a most high Cross in his gorgeous habiliments in the sight of the whole City Some few days afterwards he surprized Carthage and having called forth the people to an Assembly he complained of the injury of his banishment he excused the necessity of the war he forgave the contempt of his former Victories having punished the chief Authors of the injurious banishment of the miserable Citizens he pardoned all the rest And having put to death ten of the Senators he restored the City to her former Laws And not long after being accused to have affected the Kingdom he suffered double punishment both for the murder of his Son and for the violation of the liberties of his Country In his place Mago was chosen General by whose industry and courage the wealth of the Carthaginians and the limits of their Empire and their glory in the affairs of war increased THE Nineteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE MAgo the General of the Carthaginians having established their government by an orderly course of military Discipline and confirmed the strength of that City as well by the art of war as by his policy deceased having left behind him two Sons Asdrubal and Amilcar who treading in the pathes of their Fathers vertue did succeed as well in the greatness as in the genealogy of their Father Under their conduct war made against the Illyrians They fought also against the Africans demanding the Tribute for the ground of their City the payment whereof for many yeers was neglected But as the cause of the Africans was more just so their fortune was better And the war was concluded with them not by Arms but with the payment of the moneys And Asdrubal being grievously wounded dyed in Sardinia having delivered up the Government to his brother Amilcar The general lamentation in the City and his eleven Dictatorships and four Triumphs did make his death the more remarkable The courage also of the Enemy did encrease as if the Carthaginians had lost their Army with their Captain The people therefore of Sicilia having addressed themselves to Leonidas brother of the King of the Spartans by reason of the daily injuries committed by the Carthanigians the war between them continued long with various success Whiles these things were in action Ambassadors came to Carthage from Darius King of the Persians bringing an Edict with them in which the Carthaginians were forbidden to sacrifice men upon their Altars as also to eat the flesh of dogs they were also commanded to burn and not to bury in the ground the bodies of the dead they desired also ayd of the Carthaginians against the Grecians on whom Darius was resolved to make war But the Carthaginians refusing to send Auxiliaries by reason of the daily wars with their Neighbors did readily obey him in the rest lest that they might seem to be obstinate altogether Amilcar in the mean time was killed in the Sicilian war having left behind him three Sons Hamilco Hanno and Gisco Asdrubal also had the same number of Sons Annibal Asdrubal and Sapho by whom the affairs of the Carthaginians were governed in those times they invaded the Mauritanians and fought against the Numidians and the Africans were compelled to remit the Tribute which was demanded for their City Afterwards when so a great a Family of the chief Commanders began to be heavie to the City because they did act and determine all things of themselves the City made choyce of one hundred of the Senators unto whom the Generals returning from the war were to give an account of what they had done for the publick service that being under the power of this supream Court they might so in war dispose of their Commands that they might have a regard to Justice and to the Laws at home Amilco succeeded General in Sicily in the
Amongst these complaints all the Court resounded with the lamentations of the Standers to behold this so sad a departure at length the necessity of their Journey did impose an end to their tears and the death of the King did follow his travelling Family Whiles these things were in agitation the Carthaginians understanding how the affairs were carryed in Sicily conceiving that an occasion was offered to them to become Masters of the whole Iland they passed thither with a great Army and subdued many Cities At the same time Pyrrhus made war against the Romans and being desired by the Sicilians to assist them as hath been mentioned heretofore when he came to Syracusae and had there conquered many places he was called as well King of Sicily as of Epirus In which felicity rejoycing he bestowed on his Son Helenus whom he begat on the daughter of Agathocles the Kingdom of Sicily as discending to him by the priviledge of Inheritance and gave to his Son Alexander the Kingdom of Italy After this he made many prosperous battels with the Carthaginians In the process of time there came Ambassadors from his Confederates in Italy reporting that they could not resist the Romans and that they must surrender all unto them unless they were relieved with sudden supplies Being perplexed with this doubtful danger and uncertain what to determine or whom first to assist he providently consulted for the safefy of both For the Carthaginians pressing him on this side and the Romans on the other it appeared dangerous unto him not to transport his Army into Italy but far more dangerous to abandon Sicily least that the one should not appear forsaken nor the other lost for the want of Recruits In this tempest of growing dangers the safest haven of Counsels did appear to fight it out in Sicily with all the powers he could make and the Carthaginians being beaten to carry his conquering Army into Italy The battels therefore being joyned although he overcame his Enemies yet because he withdrew his Army from Sicily he was interpreted to be overcome and his Confederates revolting from him he lost speedily the Kingdom of Sicily as he easily did obtain it But having found no better fortune in Italy he returned into Epirus His fortune in both these places was as admirable as exemplar For as before in his prosperity the happiness of his affairs flowing above and beyond his desires he added the command of Italy to Sicily and grew glorious by many victories against the Romans â—so now in his adversity his Fortune having destroyed what she had builded and made him an example of humane frailty she added to the loss of Sicily the ruine of his Navie at Sea and the disgraceful battel against the Romans and his dishonourable departure from Italy After his departure from Sicily also Hiero was made chief Magistrate whose moderation was so great that with the approbation of all the Citizens he was created General against the Carthaginians and not long afterwards King His infant Education was a Prophetess of his future Majesty for he was the Son of Hieroclytus a noble man who derived his original from Gelus an antient Tyrant of Sicily but his birth on the Mothers side was sordidly ignominious For he was begotten on a Mayd-servant who was his mother and therefore it was commanded by his Father that he should be exposed as the disgrace and dishonour of his Family But the Bees having layd honey round about him where he was left did nourish him being very young and wanting all humane comfort for many days by reason of which his Father being admonished by the South sayers who persaged in their songs that the Kingdom was portended to him did cause him to be brought home and with all his care and endeavor did instruct and bring up to that hope of Majesty which was promised being but a boy at Shool amongst his companions a Wolf suddenly appearing took his book from him and being a young man and learning his first rudiments in the art of war an Eagle pearched on his buckler and on Owl on his Spear which did presage that he should be wary in Counsel high in courage and be crown'd a King at last He often fought with those that challenged him and always returned a Conqueror he was rewarded by King Pyrrhus with many Military gifts he was as admirable for his strength as for the beauty of his body pleasing in discourse just in employment moderate in command and nothing could be seen that was wanting in him of a King but the Kingdom only THE Four and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE WHile these things were thus managed in Sicily King Ptolomy sirnamed Ceraunicus and Antiochus and Antigonus dissenting in Greece and makeing war amongst themselves almost all the Cities of Greece being encouraged by it as if an occasion were offered them to recover their liberty did send to one another and by their Ambassadors having obliged themselves into a league of friendship they did break forth into an apparent war that they might not seem to make war with Antigonus they assaulted the Aetolians his Confederates pretending that the cause of the war was because they had by force possessed themselves of the Cyrean Fields which by the consent of all Greece were dedicated to Apollo To this war they made choyce of Aras for their General who with a prepared Army did spoyl both the Cities and wrecks of Corn which was layd up in those Fields and what they could not take they did set on fire Which when the Aetolian Shepherds beheld from the tops of the Mountains having drawn themselves together into a body of five hundred they pursued their scattered Enemies not knowing how numerous they were because the amazement of the sudden assault and the smoak of the fire had taken from them the full discovery of their Enemies and having killed nine thousand of them they put the residue to fight After this the Spartans beginning the war again many of the Cities denyed them ayd conceiving that they sought not after liberty but the soveraign command of Greece In the mean time the wars amongst the Kings were ended for Ptolomy having beaten away Antigonus and possessed himself of the Kingdom of all Macedonia did make peace with Antiochus and joyned in affinity with Pyrrhus his daughter being given to him in marriage and being safe from all fear of a forraign Enemy he turned his unrighteous minde to commit domestick wickedness and by treachery prepared the destruction of Arsinoe his sister that he might both deprive her Sons of life and her self of the possession of the City of Cassandria His first artifice was by dissembling his love to convert his sister in the way of marriage for he could not otherwise then by the pretence of love finde access to the Sons of his sister whose Kingdom he would enjoy But this wicked design of Ptolomy was made known unto her but he did send her word not giving any belief
people did cut her off by reason of her cruelty did enjoy the Kingdom alone Mithridates also being taken away by a sudden death did leave his Kingdom to his son who was also called Mithridates whose Greatness afterwards was such that he excelled in Majesty not only all the Kings of his time but of the former age and with various victory held war with the Romans for the space of six and forty years whom the most famous Generals Sylla Lucullus and others at the first and Cneius Pompeius at the last did so overcome that he arose alwaies more great and famous in renewing of the war and became more terrible by his losses and at last being overcome by no hostile force he died a voluntarie death in his own Kingdom being a very old man and leaving a Son to succeed him many signs from Heaven did presage his greatness to come for both on that day in which he was born and on that in which he began his Reign at both times there did appear a Comet which for seventie nights did shine so brightly as all Heaven did seem to be in a flame for by the greatness of it it took up the fourth part of Heaven and by its splendor it overcame the light of the Sun and when it did either rise or set it took up the space of four hours Being in his minoritie he laie open to and did endure the treacherie of his tutors for they did put him upon a wild and an unmanaged horse and did command him not onely to ride him but to exercise his horsmanship and to throw darts from him but Mithridates deluding their design by governing the horse beyond the expectation of his age they conspired against him by poyson which he suspecting did oftentimes drink Antidotes and with such exquisite remedies did so prepare his bodie against it that being an old man he could not die by poyson though attempting it Fearing afterwards that his enemies would perform with the sword what they could not dispatch with poyson he pretended he would solace himself with the recreation of hunting wherefore for the space of four years he neither entred into Citie nor came in the Countrie within the roof of any house but wandred in the woods and took up his lodging on the tops of severall hills no man knowing in what place he was being accustomed by his swiftness of foot either to pursue wild beasts or to flie from them and sometimes by main force to grapple with them By which means he both eschewed all treason that was designed against him and hardned his bodie to all indurance of virtue When afterwards he came to the management of the Kingdom he immediately contrived not so much how to rule it as how to enlarge it and by an incomparable felicitie overcame the Scythians who were before invincible for they had overthrown Zopyro the Lieutenant of Alexander the great with thirtie thousand armed men and killed Cyrus King of the Persians with two hundred thousand Souldiers and routed Philip King of the Macedons Being increased in his power he possessed himself of Pontus and not long afterwards of Cappadocia and going privately out of his Kingdom he sojourned over all Asia with a few friends and thereby gained a perfect knowledge of all the Countrie and of the situation of every Citie After that he travailed higher over all Bithynia and being already as it were Lord of Asia he contrived where to laie his best opportunities for his following victories After this he returned into his Kingdom where it being generally noysed abroad that he was dead he found a young childe which in his absence Laodice who was both his sister and his wife had brought forth But after his long travels amidst the gratulations both of his safe arrival and of the birth of his son he was in danger of being poysoned for his sister Laod ce believing he had been dead did fall into an incontinent life and attempting to conceal one sin by committing a greater did resolve to welcome him with poyson which when Mithridates understood by her maid he revenged the treason which was plotted on the author of it And winter drawing on he spent his time not at the banquet but in the field not in sloth but in exercise not amongst his companions but with Kings equal to him either in the horse-race or the foot-race or by trying the strength of bodie He also by daily exercise hardned his Armie to the same patience of labour and being unconquered himself he by these acts made his Armie invincible Having afterwards made a league with Nicomedes he invaded Paphlagonia and having overcome it he did share it with his companion Nicomedes The Senate being informed that Paphlagonia was again in the possession of Kings they sent Embassadors to them both to command them to restore the Nation to her former condition Mithridates when he believed that he was equall to the Roman Greatness did return a proud answer which was that he received his Kingdom by inheritance and did much wonder that they should trouble themselves with a Controversie which did not belong unto them and being nothing terrified with their threatnings he seized upon Galatia Nicomedes because he could not defend himself by right made answer that he would restore his part to a lawful King and having changed his Name he called his own Son Philomenos after the name of the Kings of Paphlagonia and in a false name and title enjoied the Kingdom as if he had restored it to the true Roial Progenie And thus the Embassadors being deluded did return to Rome THE Eight and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE MIthridates having begun his parricides by the murder of his own wife determined with himself to put to death the Sons of his other sister Laodice whose husband Ariarathes King of Cappadocia he had treacherously murdered by Gordius thinking he had done nothing in murdering of the father if the young men still enjoyed their fathers Kingdom with a desire whereof he was violently transported Whiles he was busie on his design Nicomedes King of Bithynia did invade Cappadocia destitute of a King which when Mithridates understood in a counterfeit pietie he sent assistance to his sister to drive Nicomedes out of the Kingdom but in the mean time a contract being made Laodice had espoused her self to Nicomedes At which Mithridates being much troubled he drove the Garrison-Souldiers and others of the Armie of Nicomedes out of Bithynia and restored the Kingdom to his sisters son which was an honorable act indeed if it had not been attended by deceit for not long after he pretended that he would call back Gordius from banishment whom he used as his minister in the murder of Ariarathes and restore him to his Countrie hoping if the young man should not give waie to it there would arise from thence a sufficient cause of the war or if he should permit it that the Son might be destroyed by thesame man who
and by the murder of his own son did declare what they ought themselves to expect of their King Cleopatra having ended the dayes of her mourning for the death of her son when she perceived that she was oppressed by a war also from her late husband her brother she by her Ambassadors demanded aid of Demetrius King of Syria whose own fortunes were as various as they were memorable For when Demetrius made war against the Parthians as mention hath been made before and in many encounters overcame them being on a sudden surrounded by an Ambuscado having lost his Army he was taken himself Arsacides King of the Parthians in the greatness of his royal spirit having sent him into Hyrcania did not only honour him with the Respect due unto a King but gave him his daughter also in marriage and promised to restore unto him the Kingdom of Syria which in his absence Trypho became Master of After his death Demetrius despayring of return and not enduring Captivity and loathing a private life although a fatt one and a wealthy did contrive with himself how he might escape into his own Kingdom His friend Calamander was both his Companion and his perswader to undertake this journey who after his Captivity in Syria having hired a guide did bring him disguized in a Parthians habit through the desarts of Arabia into Babylon But Phrahartes who succeeded Arsacides by the swiftness of his horses did cause him to be brought back being overtaken by the compendiousness of their goings Being brought unto the King he not only pardoned Calamander but gave him a reward for his fidelity to his friend but having very roundly checked Demetrius he sent him to his wife in Hyrcania and commanded that he should be observed by a stricter guard In process of time when the children which he had by his wife did seem to be a stronger obligation on him for his fidelity he did endeavour to make his escape again having the same friend to be his Companion but by the same infelicity he was taken again near unto the bounds of his own Kingdom and being the second time brought unto the King he was looked upon as a hated man and not suffered to come into his presence But being then also dismissed to his wife and children he was sent back into Hyrcania and confined to a City upon a penalty not to go out of it and in the reproach of his childish levity was laden with golden shackles But no compassion of the Parthians nor respect of any consanguinity was the occasion of this their clemency towards Demetrius but because the Parthians affected the Kingdom of Syria they determined to make use of Demetrius against his brother Antiochus as the opportunity of time or the fortune of the war should require This being understood Antiochus thinking it discretion to take the advantage to begin the war did conduct his Army which he had hardened with many neighbouring wars against the Parthians But his preparation for luxury was no less then for the carrying on of the war for three thousand of his black guard followed eight thousand of the armed men amongst whom also a great number were Cooks Bakers and Players and all of them so abounding with Gold and Silver that the common Soldiers had their shoes enterlaced with Gold and trod upon that mettal for the love of which all other Nations do fight with steel In their Kitchings also their instruments were of silver as if they advanced rather to keep some great feast then to prosecute a war Anticohus approaching many Kings of the East did meet him who in detestation of the Parthian Pride delivered themselves and their kingdoms to him Not long after the battail began and Antiochus having overthrown his Enemies in three several fields and possessed himself of Babylon he was called Antiochus the great And the people in all the neighbouring Nations revolting to him there was nothing left to the Parthians but their own Country and the boundaries of it At the same time Phrahartes sent Demetrius into Syria with a considerable Army of the Parthians to possess himself of his own Kingdom that upon that account Antiochus should be called off from Parthia to defend his own Interests And because he could not overcome him by strength he did every where attempt him by Stratagems The Army of Antiochus abounding with multitudes the winter coming on he quartered his Army in several Cities which was the cause of his destruction For when the Cities beheld themselves oppressed with the billeting the injuries of the soldiers they revolted to their old Masters the Parthians and on a prefixed day by treacheries they did all assault the divided Army that thereby one might be disabled to bring assistance unto the other Which when Antiochus understood being resolved to relieve those who were next unto him he advanced with that party which with him had their winter quarters In his way he encountred with the King of the Parthians against whom in his person he fought more couragioâ—sly then all his Armie At last when he had overcome his enemies by fine force being abandoned of his own Souldiers through the treacherie of their fear he was slain Phrahartes did bestow upon him the solemnitie of magnificent funerals after the manner of Kings and being taken with the love of the Virgin did marrie the daughter of Demetrius which Antiochus had brought along with him and began to repent that ever he suffered Demetrius to go away and having sent in full speed several troops of horse to fetch him back they found him in safetie in his own Kingdom fearing the same design of Phrahartes and having in vain attempted all things to reduce him they returned to their own King THE Nine and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE ANtiochus being overthrown in Parthia with his Armie his Brother Demetrius being delivered from the Captivitie of the Parthians and restored to his own Kingdom when all Syria was in lamentation by reason of the loss of the Armie as if he had happily managed his own and his Brothers wars with Parthia in which the one of them was taken and the other slain he was resolved to make another war in Egypt his mother in law Cleopatra having promised him that Kingdom as the reward of his assistance against her Brother But whiles he affected the possessions of other men as oftentimes it comes to pass he lost his own by the revolt of Syria for the Antiochians first of all under the command of their General Trypho having in detestation the pride of their King which became intolerable by the exercise of his Parthian crueltie and after them the Apamenians and other Cities following their examples did revolt from King Demetrius in his absence But Ptolomy King of Egypt having his Kingdom invaded by him when he understood that his sister Cleopatra having taken with her the wealth of Egypt was fled unto her Daughter and to Demetrius her Son in law did suborn a
commanded himself to be called King whose Example all the people of the East following there was a general revolt from the Macedons There was in those times a man called Arsaces of an uncertain birth but of an undoubted courage who being accustomed to live by theft and upon the spoyl having understood that Seleucus was overcome by the Gauls being delivered from the fear the danger of him having invaded the Parthians with a company of Thieves he suppressed Andragores their Lieutenant and not long after having killed him he usurped the Empire of that Nation After that he possessed himself of the Kingdom of the Hyrcanians and having thus invested himself with the command of two Cities he prepared a great Army for the fear of Seleucus and Theodotus King of the Bactrians but being quickly delivered from his fear by the death of Theodotus he entred into a League and Covenant with his Son whose name was Theodotus also and not long after he encountring with King Seleucus who advanced with his Army to make War against the Revolters he overcame him the day of which Conquest the Parthians observe in their Almanacks as an Holiday it being the beginning of their liberty Seleucus being called back and some intermission of time being given to the new troubles in Asia he founded and formed the Parthian Kingdom and made choyce of a Militia he fortified the Castles and confimed the Cities and erected the City Clara on the Mount of Thabor such is the condition of that place that there is nothing more secure or more delightful for it is so invironed with Rocks and Clifts that the safety of the place needs no Defeâ—ders and so great is the fruitfulness of the adjacent plains that it is almost oppressed with its own abundance Such a variety there is also both of Fountains and Forrests that copiously it is wa ered and attracteth the neighbouring people with the delight of hunting Arsaces in this manner having both attempted and obtained a Kingdom became no less famous amongst the Parthians then Cyrus amongst the Persians or Alexander amongst the Macedons or Romulus amongst the Romans and deceased in a ripe old Age. To whose memory the Parthians have ascribed this honour that they have ever since called all their succeeding Kings by the name of Arsaces His Son and Successor was also himself called Arsaces who commanding an Army of one hundred thousand foot and twenty thousand horse did with admirable prowess fight against Antiochus the Son of Seleucus with one hundred thousand foot twenty thousand horse and at last he entred into a Confederary with him Pampatius was the third King of the P rthians and he also was called Arsaces for as I have mentioned heretofore the Parthians by that name called all their Kings as the Romans do call every Emperour Caesar and Augustus He having raigned twelve years deceased having left behind him two Sons Mithridates and Pharnaces Pharnaces being the elder did inherit the Kingdom after the Custom of the Nation and having overcome the valiant Nation of the Mardi he not long after dyed having left behind him many Sons who being all rejected by him he left the Kingdom to his brother Mithridates a man admirable for his Vertue thinking that he owed more to his Kingdom then to the name of a Father and was more obliged to provide for his Country then his children At the same time almost as Mithridates began his Raign in Parthia Eucratides was invested in the Kingdom of Bactria being both of them men of excellent Spirits But the fortune of the Parthians being more happy that Nation was advanced under the raign of Mithridates to the height of all their glory but the Bactrians being distressed by several Wars did at the last not onely lose their Kingdom but their liberty For being wearyed with the Wars of the Sogdians the Dranganits and the Indians they were at last as men without spirit or blood suppressed by an inconsiderable number of the Parthians Howsoever Eucratides mannaged many Wars with great resolution being much wasted with which when he was at last beleaguered by Demetirus King of the Indians he by daily sallies with three thousand men did overcome threescore thousand of his Enemies and having raised the siege in the fifth Moneth after it was begun he made India stoop in obedience to him from whence when he withdrew his Army he was killed in the march homewards by his own Son whom he made partner with him in the Kingdom who not dissembling the murder of his Father as if he had killed an Enemy rather then a Father caused his Chariot to be hurried over the place where his blood was spilt and commanded that his body should be thrown away as unworthy to be buryed Whiles these things thus passed amongst the Bactrians a new War did arise amongst the Parthians and the Medes and the fortune of both Nations being a long time various the Bactrians were at last overcome by the Parthians Mithridates being more formidable by this access of new power did make Bacasus his Lieutenant in the Kingdom of Media and marched himself into Hyrcania From whence being returned he waged War with the King of the Elamits who being overcome he also added that Nation to his Kingdom and many Nations being subdued he extended the Empire of the Parthians from Mount Caucasus to the River of Euphrates and being at last visited with sickness he dyed in an old age no less glorious then Arsaces his Grandfather THE Two and fortyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFter the death of Mithridates King of the Parthians Phrahartes his Son was made King who when he determined to make War on Syria to be revenged on Antiochus who attempted the Parthians Kingdom he was called back by the commotion of the Scythians to defend his own possessions for the Scythians being sollicited with the promise of great rewards to help the Parthians against King Antiochus they came with their Auxiliaries just when the War was ended when they were denyed their pay to reproach them for their assistance which came so late the Scythians grieving that they had made so great a march to so little purpose when they desired that either their pay should be given them for their travel or an Enemy with whom they might encounter they had a proud answer returned them whereat being incensed they began to plunder the Borders of the Parthians Phrahartes therefore advancing against the Scythians did leave one Hymerus for the defence of his Kingdom having obliged him by his love from the flower of his youth who unmindful of the courtesies received and whose substitute he was did afflict the Babylonians and many other Cities with tyrannical cruelty Phrahartes himself in this War did proudly and insolently deport himself towards the Army of the Grecians whom he had then with him having taken them prisoners in the War which he made against Antiochus being altogether unmindful that no Captivity could abate their spirits and that
the indignity of new injuries did more exasperate them Therefore in the battel when they perceived the Army of the Parthians deeply engaged they revolted to the Enemy and executed their long desired revenge on the Parthian Army by their slaughter of them and by the death of their King Phrahartes himself In his place his Uncle Artabanus was chosen King The Scythians being contented with the Victory having plundred their Country return home But Artabanus having made War upon the Inhabitants of Colchos and received a wound in his arm not long after deceased by the anguish of it His Son Mithridates did succeed him whose Atchievements did gain him the same name of GREAT for being enflamed with the emulation of the Acts of his Predecessors he excelled their glories by the greatness of his vertues he made many Wars with his neighbours where he shewed great demonstrations of his valour and added many Nations to the Parthian Kingdom and having made many prosperous Wars against the Scythians he revenged the injuries of his Predecessors and made War at last upon Artoadistes King of the Armenians But because we have here a passage opened to Armenia we will in the first place derive its original from the first beginning neither is it fit that it should be passed by in silence it being so great a Kingdom whose bounds Parthia being excepted doth exceed the magnitude of any Kingdom whatsoever for Armenia lies open from Cappadocia towards the Caspian Sea eleven hundred miles in length the latitude of it conteineth but seven hundred onely It was founded by Armenius the Companion of Jason the Thessalian whom when King Pelias desired to have destroyed by reason of his excellent valour thinking him dangerous to his Kingdom he was commanded to be one of the adventurers into Colchos to bring home the Fleece of the Ram so famous amongst all Nations the King hoping that he would be destroyed either by the length of the Expedition or by war amongst the most barbarous of the Nations Jason therefore the report being spread abroad of that glorious expedition when the most noble of the youth of the whole world did strive who first should come into that service did compose an Army of most excellent men who were called Argonautae whom after great atchievements when he had brought back safe into Greece they were with great force beaten from Thessaly by the Sons of Pelias Jason therefore with a great multitude who on the report of his glory came daily out of all Nations to him his Wife Medea being his companion whom having repudiated he again in the commiseration of her banishment did take into the participation of his Bed and Medius his Stepson begotten by Aegeus King of the Athenians did return to Colchos and restored there his Father-in-law driven from the Kingdom After that he made great Wars against the neighbours and added to the Kingdom of his Father-in-law divers Cities that were taken to take away the injury of the former War in which he both took by force his daughter Medea and killed Aegâ—alus the Son of Aetas and part of them he distributed to the people whom he had brought with him to serve him in his Wars He was the first of all men who subdued that part of the world Hercules and Bacchus excepted who were said to be the Conquerors and the Kings of all the East To some of the people he assigned Phrygius and Ansistratus to be their Generals who were the drivers of the Chariot of Castor and Pollux he made a league also with the Albanians who having followed Hercules out of the Mount Albania in Italy after he had slain Geryon did drive his Cattel through Italy and who being mindful from whence they derived their Original did in the War of Mithridates salute the Army of Cneius Pompeius by the name of brethren All the East therefore did erect Temples and constitute Divine Honours to him which many years afterwards Parmenio Lieutenant General under Alexander the Great did command to be pulled down and abolished that no name in the East should be of more veneration then the name of Alexander himself After the death of Jason Medus was the emulator of his vertues who in the honour of his Mother Medea did build a City and called it after her name and founded the Kingdom of the Medes after his own name in the Majesty whereof the Empire afterwards did a long time flourish The Amazonians are near unto the Albanians whose Queen Thalestris desired for generation to have the carnal knowledge of Alexander the Great as we finde it asserted by several Authors Armenius also being himself a Thessalian and one in the number of Jasons Captains having recollected a considerable party that wandred up and down after the death of Jason did plant Armenia from whose Hills the River Tygris doth first flow but with small beginnings and after some space she hides her self under Earth through which running undiscovered for the space of five and twenty miles she sheweth again her self and appears a great and violent River in the Country of Sophone from whence falling down is received into the waters of Euphrates But Mithridates King of the Parthians after the war of Armenia was expelled by the Senate from the Parthian Kingdom by reason of his cruelty His brother Horodes having possessed himself of the vacant Kingdom did for a long time besiege Babylonia whither Mithridates fled and at last compelled the Inhabitants being oppressed by famine to surrender themselves and Mithridates of his own accord in confidence of the contiguity of his blood did deliver himself unto the power of Horodes But Horodes taking him to be rather an enemy then his brother did in his own presence command him to be slain After this he made War upon the Romans and overthrew Crassus the Roman General with his Son and all the Roman Army His Son Pacocus having performed great atchievements in Syria and being sent to pursue the relicts of the Roman Army was called back into Parthia being suspected by his Father in whose absence the Army of the Parthians being left in Syria were slain by Cassius the Quaestor of Crassus with all their Captains This being performed not long after there did arise the Civil Wars of the Romans betwixt Caesar and Pompey in which the Parthians took the part of Pompey both by reason of their association with him in the war with Mithridates because of the death of Crassus whose Son they heard did side with Caesar and who they doubted not would thoroughly revenge his Fathers death if Caesar were the Conqueror Therefore Pompey and all his party being overcome they afterwards sent their Auxiliaries to Cassius and Brutus against Augustus and Antonius and after the end of that war having entred into a league with Labienus they made desolate with their Armies both Syria and Asia and being as high in their resolutions as their numbers they assaulted the Camp of Ventidius who after Cassius
he was to fight with Constantine having made a Bridge with Boats a little above the Bridge Milvius making haste on horse-back to secure the Bridge did fall with his horse into the River and there perished and through the weight of his Armor did sink so deep into the mud that his body could hardly be found again Maximianus dyed a natural death at Tarsus Valens was put to death by Licinius Having thus acquainted you with the manner of their deaths I will now give you a Character of their dispositions Herculeus Maximianus was by nature cruel vehemently addicted to lust and foolish in Counsel of ordinary Parentage being born in the wilde parts of Pannonia There is a place not far from Syrmius where now standeth a Palace wherein the Parents of Herculeus did follow mercenary labour He dyed in the sixtyeth year of his age having governed the Empire twenty year He begot upon Eutropia the Syrian woman Maxentius and Fausta the wife of Constantine to whose Father Constantius he gave his Step-daughter Theodora But some affirm that Maxentius by the imposture of the wife of Maximianus was brought from another place because she knew that it would be most acceptable to her Husband to have a Son whereas indeed he was not the Son of Maximianus Howsoevet it was Maximianus himself was never beloved of any neither of his own Father nor of his Father-in-Law Galerius Galerius Armentarius GAlerius although rude and unexperienced in the way of Justice was a man otherwise commendable enough he was well made of body an excellent and a successful Souldier His parents were Country people and keepers of Heards from whence he had his name Armentarius He was born in Ducia and there buryed the place where he was buryed he called Romulus after the name of his Mother Romula He would insolently affirm that his Mother mingled with a Dragon when she conceived him as did Olympias the Mother of Alexander the Great Galerius Maximinus GAlerius Maximinus was the Son of the Sister of Armentarius and before he was made Emperor he was called Daza He was Caesar four years and called Augustus three years in the East By his birth and education he was a Pastoral man but a great lover of wise and learned men of a quiet disposition but much inclined to wine in the excess whereof he commanded many unlawful things of which afterwards he repented and gave a charge to all his followers that they should not execute his desires except he was sober or gave them a commandment in the morning Alexander ALexander was by birth a Phrygian fearful in his disposition and by reason of his old Age not fit to endure labour so that all these whom last of all I have named being destroyed some one way and some another the Imperial Rights descended to Constantinus and Licinius Constantinus COnstantinus the Son of the Emperor Constantius of Helena raigned thirty years He being but a youth the more religiously to observe the agreement made was a pledge to Galerius in the City of Rome from whence he made an escape and to save himself from those who did pursue him he killed all the horses and the beasts he did meet with to block up the way and came safe to his Father in Brittany who at that time was a dying man After his death by the consent of all his friends that were present and especially of Erocus King of the Alemans who with Auxiliarie Souldiers did assist his Father Constantius and accompany him in his wars he did possess himself of the Empire at Millain and married his Sister Constantia to Licinius and made his Sons Crispus born of his Concubine Minervina and his Son Constantius born much at the same time and Licinius the Son of Licinius being but twenty Moneths of age Caesars But as Empires do hardly continue in concord so there arose dissentions betwixt Constantine and Licinius and first of all Constantine did fall upon the Army of Licinius at Cibalae near to the Lake Hiulca taking the advantage of the time of night whereupon Licinius did flie unto Bizantium where he created Martianus Caesar Constantine having reinforced his Army constrained Licinius at Bythinia to surrender to him by the hands of his wife the Imperial Robes upon condition to have only his own life saved Not long afterwards he was sent to Thessalonica where both he and Martinianus were strangled Licinius was threescoce years of Age and raigned fourteen years he was extreamly covetous much addicted unto lust sharp of apprehension and not a little impatient he was a great Enemy to learning especially to the pleadings at the Bar calling learning through his ignorance a poyson and a publick plague he was well affected to husbandry and to the silly people in the Country because among such he had his Education he was a great observer of Martial Discipline and most supestitious in the Institution of former Ages A great suppressor he was of Eunuchs and Courtiers calling them the Moths and Rats of the Palace Constantine having possessed himself of the whole Empire being as successful in his Government at home as in he wars abroad did as it is thought by the â—nstigation of his wife Fausta put his Son Crispus to death And afterwards being much condemned for it by his Mother he caused his wife Fausta to be thrown into a Bath of scalding water where she miserably dyed He was himself most immoderately desirous of prayse and finding the name of Trajan to be written upon the Walls of many of the Palaces he called him a Wall-flower he builded a Bridge over the River of Danubius He adorned the Imperial Robes with Pearls and pretious Stones and perpetually did wear a Diadem on his head he was qualified and enabled for many things as to suppress calumniations and tumults and to nourish all good Arts especially Learning he himself would reade write meditate hear the Ambassies and the Complaints of the Provinces He made his own Son and Dalmatius his Brothers Son Caesars he lived threescore and three years and governed the Empire almost half of them alone He dyed of a disease being addicted more in his life time to derision then affability whereupon he commonly was called Tracalla In his first ten years of his Government he was called Excellent In his next twelve years a Robber and in his ten last an ungoverned Pupil by reason of his immoderate Expences his body was buryed in Byzantium which after his name was called Constantinople after his death the Souldiers did kill Dalmatius and the Roman Empire was divided into three parts betwixt his three Sons Constans Constantius and Constantinus Constans ruled over all Italy Illyricum Africa Dalmatia Thracia Macedonia and Achaia the command of Constantius did begin at the Propontick Sea and reached over all Asia and the East And Constantinus did govern all beyond the Alpes Annibalianus Constantius and Constans ANnibalianus the kinsman of Dalmatius Caesar did govern Armenia and the Nations adjoyning
by a voluntary death redeem himself from Captivity But Nicias who would not be admonished by the counsel of Demosthenes to provide for himself did encrease his overthrow with the dishonour of Captivity THE FIFTH BOOK OF IVSTINE WHiles the Athenians for two years together did make war in Sicily more eagerly then happily one of their Generals and a contriver of that War Alcibiades by name being absent was accused at Athens for having divulged the mysteries of Ceres which were solemnized by nothing more then silence and being called back from the war to his tryal either not enduring the consciousness or the indignity of the Charge conveyed himself privately away into banishment at Elis where he perswaded the King of the Lacedemonians the State of the Athenians being sorely shaken by the adverse war in Sicily to invade their Territories at home whereupon all the Cities of Greece did come of their own accord to his assistance as to put out a common fire so general a hatred the Athenians had contracted by their cruelty through the immoderate desire of Soveraignty Darius also King of the Persians being not unmindful of the ancient enmity of this City to them a league being made with the Lacedemonians by Tissafernes Governor of Lydia did promise to assist the Grecians in all the charges of the war This was his pretence to comply with the Grecians but he feared in earnest lest the Athenians being overthrown the Lacedemonians should transfer the war on him Who would therefore wonder that so flourishing an Estate as was this of Athens should fall to the ground when to oppose it alone all the Powers of the East did unite themselves together but they fell not in a sluggish or an unbloody war but fought to the last man and being sometimes Conquerors they were not overcome but rather worn out by the variety of their fortune In the beginning of the war all their Consederates revolted from them as commonly it is seen that where fortune thither also the favour of men does incline Alcibiades also did help on the war made against his Country not with the industry of a common Souldier but with the power of a Commander For having received a squadron of five ships he sailed into Asia and by the authority of his name compelled the Cities which paid tribute there to Athens to rebel against them For they knew that he was famous at home and saw him not made less by banishment and he being a Captain not so much taken from the Athenians as offered to the Lacedemonians they weighed the Government he had goâ—ten with that which he had lost But his vertue contracted amongst the Lacedemonians more envâ—e then favour Therefore when the Rulers had commanded that by treachery he should be slain being one thaâ— did emulate their glory it being made known to Alcibiades by the wife of King Agis with whom he was too familiar he sled to Tissafernes the Lieutenant of King Darius into whom he quickly did insinua e himself by the officiousness of his Courtship and his eloquence For he was in the flower of his youth beauty and famous also amongst the Athenians for his Oratory more happy in procuring friendships then in preserving them for the vices of his manners did lie hid under the shadow of his Eloquence he perswaded Tissafernes that he should not contribute so much in money to the Fleet of the Lacedemonians alledging that the Ionians were to pay part of it for whose liberty being tributary to Athens the war was undertaken neither were the Lacedemonians he said too prodigally to be seconded with Auxiliaries for he ought to consider that he provided a Victory for another not for himselfe and so far onely the war was to be relieved that it might not for want be abandoned For in this discord of the Greeks the King of Persia might stand as an Arbitrator bâ—th of Peace and War and overcome them by their mutual Arms whom he could not by his own And the war being ended it may come to his turn afterwards to fight with the Conquerors Greece therefore he said was to be over-run with Domestick wars that they might not have the leisure to look abroad and the powers of the Parties were to kept equal and the weaker to be relieved with ayd for he may be sure that the Lacedemonians who profess themselves to be the Defenders of the liberty of Greece will not be quiet after this Victory This Speech was agreeable to Tissafernes therefore the promâ—sed provisions for the war were 〈◊〉 but slowly in he sent also but part of the Râ—yal Navy lest he should compleat the Victory and lay a necessity on the other side to lay down their Arms. Alcibiades in the mean time did make this known to the Citizens of Athens unto whom when their Ambassadors did arrive he promised them the friendship of the King if the command of the Common-wealth were translated from the people to the Senate hoping that either by the agreement of the City he should be chosen General by all or a difference being made betwixt the people and Senate he should be called by one of the parties to their assistance But by reason of the imminent danger of the war the Athenians had a greater care of their safety then their dignity Therefore the people giving way unto it the Government was transla ed to the Senate whom when they mannaged themselves with great cruelty to the people according to the pride inherent to that Nation every one by himselfe exercising the power of a Tyrant Alcibiades was called from his banishment by the Army and cho en Admiral of the Navie He immediately sent to Athens that he would make haste unto them with an Army and if they would not restore it he would by force take from the f ur hundred the privâ—ledges of the people The Peers affrightâ—d with this Remâ—nstrance did attempt in the first place to betray the City to the Laâ—edâ—monians which when by the vigilance of the Army it could not be effected they undertook a wilful banishment In the mean time Alcibiades his Country beâ—ng delivered from the intestine trouble with great care and industry equipped his Fleet and lanched forth against the Lacedemonians and being expected by Mindarus and Pharnabasus the two Admirals of the Lacedemonians the battel being begun the Athenians had the Victory In this battel the greatest part of the Army and almost all the Commanders and Officers of the Lacedemonians were slain Not long after when they brought the War from Sea to Land they were overcome again being discouraged with those losses they desired a peace which that it might not be obtained was procured by their policy who knew which way to make a mercenary advantage of it In the mean time the Carthaginians having made war in Sicily the Auxiliaries sent to the Lacedemonians from the Syracusians were called back and the Lacedemonians being left destitute Alcibiades with his conquering Navie
designed Much about that time Darius the King of the Persians dyed leaving behind him two sons Artaxerxes and Cyrus His Kingdom he bequeathed to Artaxerxes and to Cyrus the Cities of which he was before Lieutenant This Legacy of the Father did seem to Cyrus to be unequal he therefore privily prepared war against his brother which when it was told to Artaxerxes he sent for his brother who pretending innocency did come unto him and was by him bound with chains of gold and had been put to death if his mother had not commanded him to the contrary Cyrus being dismissed did now begin to make war against his brother not covertly but openly not dissemblâ—ngly but professedly and from all places did draw Auxiliaries to him The Lacedemonians being mindful of the assistance he sent them in their war against the Athenians did decree to send help upon him but in such a way as if they did not take notice against whom the war was made that if the occasion so required they might procure unto themselves the favour of Cyrus and if Artaxerxes had overcome they might hope for his Patronage and his pardon because they determined nothing openly against him But in the encounter the chance of the fight having brought both brothers directly opposite one against another Artaxerxes was first wounded by his brother but was delivered from further danger by the swiftness of his horse Cyrus being overpowred by the King's Life guard was slain out-right Artaxerxes being Conqueror enjoyed the Army and the spoils of his brothers war In that battel Cyrus had ten thousand Greeks that came to his assistance who in that part of the field where they stood did overcome and after the death of Cyrus could neither be conquered by the power of so great an Army nor yet taken by treachery but returning in so great a march through so many unconquered Nations and barbarous people they with their valour did secure themselves even unto the confines of their own Countrey THE SIXTH BOOK OF IVSTINE THe Lacedemonians after the common condition of men who the more they have the more they do desire being not content that their strength was doubled by the access of the Athenian power did begin to affect the Government of all Asia The greatest part whereof being under the command of the King of the Persians Dercillides who was chosen general for that war when he found that he was to fight against two of the Lieutenants of Artaxerxes Pharnabasus and Tissafernes who were attended with the powers of formidable Nations he resolved to make a peace with one of them Tissafernes seemed most fit for his design being more remarkable for his industry and more powerful by the Souldiers of the late King Cyrus who being treated with and conditions being agreed upon betwixt them he was dismissed whereupon he was accused by Pharnabasus before the King that he repulsed not the Lacedemonians who had invaded Asia but maintained them at the King's charge and contracted with them to delay the wars as if all the loss of the Empire should not be put upon one score He alledged it to be an unworthy thing that the war should be bought and not carried on with resolution and that the Enemy should be removed with money and not with Arms Tissafernes being estranged from the King by these complaints Pharnabasus did perswade him for the mannaging of the wars at Sea to make Conon the Athenian Admiral in his place who his Countrey being lost by war did led a banished life in Cyprus for the Athenians although they were broken in their fortunes had yet some strength at Sea and if one were to be chosen he alledged that they could not finde amongst them an abler man Having received five hundred talents he was commanded to make Conon Admiral of the Fleet This being known at Lacedemon they by their Ambassadors did desire ayd of Hercimon King of Aegypt for the carrying on of the war at Sea who sent them one hundred ships and six hundred thousand measures of corn and very great ayd was also sent unto them from the rest of their Associates But a worthy Commander was wanting to so great an Army and against so great a Captain Therefore their Associates desiring Agesilaus King of the Lacedemonians to lead forth their Armies it was a long time debated whether they should make him their General or no by reason of the answer of the Oracle of Delphos which denounced a period to their Government when the royal Command halted for Agesilaus was lame of his feet but at last resolving that it were safer that the King then Kingdom should halt they sent Agesilaus with a formâ—dable Army into Asia Two such Captains as these to command in this war could not easily be matched again for they were equal in age valour counsel providence and in the glory of their atchievements and when fortune gave them a parity in all things yet she preserved them unconquered by one another Great was the preparation of both for the war great were the acts which they performed But a sedition of the Souldiers whom the former Lieutenants of the King had defrauded of their pay disturbed Conon the Souldiers demanding their Arrears the more roundly because knowing their duties in the war should be the harder under so great a Captain Conon having a long time wearyed the King in vain with Letters did at the last repair in his own person to him but being denyed either to see him or to speak with him because he would not prostrate himself unto him after the custom of the Persians he treated with him by Messengers and complained that the wars of the most mighty King did suffer through indigence and having an Army equal to the Enemies he was overcome by the want of money in which he did exceed them and was found inferiour in that part of strength in which he was far superiour He desired that the moneys for the war might be trusted into his hand it being dangerous that it should be committed unto many The moneys being received he returned to the Navie and made no delay in the prosecution of the war He acted many things valiantly and many things happily he plundred the Fields he sacked the Cities of his Enemies and as a Tempest did beat down all before him With which proceedings the Lacedemonians being affrighted did determine to call back Agesilaus out of Asia for the defence of his own Countrey In the mean time Lysander being left by Agesilaus to command the Forces at home in his absence being resolved to try the fortune of the war by battel did with great care and industry provide a mighty Navie and Conon being ready to joyn in battel with the Enemy did with great judgement assign unto every ship its station and the emulation of the Souldiers was no less then of the Captains for Conon the Admiral did not so much labour for the Persians as for his Countrey and in their
whom they heard to be slain but from the heirs of the King and what by them was committed was not so much by the guilt of treachery as by the provocation of cruelty for which already they had endured grievous punishments their youth being overthrown there remained onely he said a company of old men and women who were as weak as they were harmless and were so vex'd with adulteries and reproaches that they never endured any thing more grievous he intreated not he said for the Citizens who were so few but for the innocent ground of his Country and for the City which had not onely brought forth men but gods He supestitiously conjured the King by the remembrance of Hercules who was born amongst them and from whom the Nation of the Aeacidans did derive their Original that he would forbear all further execution He besought his father Philip having had his education in that City that he would vouchsafe to spare it it being the City which adored some of his Ancestors being born gods amongst them and which saw others who being there brought up were Kings of the supreamest dignity But anger was more powerful then prayer the City therefore was levell'd to the ground the Fields were divided amongst the Conquerors the Captives were sold whose prizes were set not for the profit of the Buyers but at the rate of the hatred of the Enemy Their sad condition was lamented by the Athenians who opened their Gates to receive them against the mandate of the King which Alexander took so grievously that the Athenians by a second Ambassy beseeching him to forbear the war he did remit it on that condition that their Orators and Captains by whose confidence they so often had rebelled might be delivered to him into so great a strait the Athenians were brought that rather then undergo the war their Orators being retained their Captains were sent into banishment who immediately going to Darius were of no small moment in the Army of the Persians Alexander being now wholy design'd on the Persian war did put to death those kindred of his step-mothers whom Philip advancing to the places of highest dignity had set over the Kingdom neither was he more indulgent to those who were more neer unto him if they nourished aspiring thoughts and were fit for Government that no occasion of sedition might call him back being imployed in his war in Asia he took into the war those Pensioners of the King with him the abilities of whose understandings were more eminent then their fellows leaving those who were of any age and gravity behind him for the defence of his Kingdom After this having drawn his Army all into one Body he speedily embarked them and being come into the sight of Asia being inflamed with an incredible ardor of spirit he erected twelve Altars where he made his vowes to the gods of war He divided all the Patrimony which he had in Macedonia and in Europe amongst his friends alledging that Asia was sufficient for himself And before that any of his ships put forth to Sea he offered sacrifices desiring Victory in this war in which he was to be the Revenger of Greece so often invaded by the Persians whose Empire was great old and over-ripe it being now high time that it should receive others by turns who could do better Neither were the presageful resolutions of his Army less then his own for all of them forgetting their wives and children and the war that was to be mannaged so far from their own Country did propound unto themselves the Persian Gold and the Riches of all the East as already their own booty when they drew neer unto the Continent Alexander first of all did throw a dart as into the hostile Laâ—d and in his Armor leaping on the shoar and valting aloft did cut a fine caper or two he there offered sacrifices praying that those Countries would not unwillingly receive him their King In Ilium also he did parentate to the Tombs of those who fell in the Trojan war advancing afterwards towards the Enemy he caused a Proclamation to be published forbidding his Souldiers to plunder alledging that they must spare their own goods nor destroy those things which they came to possess In his Army there were two and thirty thousand foot and four thousand and five hundred horse and a Fleet consisting of one hundred and fourscore and two ships With this so inconsiderable an Army it is hard to say whether he more wonderfully overcame all the World or that he durst undertake to do it especially when to so dangerous a war he chose not an Army of robustious men or in the first flower of their youth but old Souldiers and some who by the Laws of war were to be dismissed by reason of their Age and who had served in the wars of his Father and his Grandfather that you would have taken them to be selected masters of the war rather then Souldiers neither in the first files or ranks was any a leading man who was not threescore yeers of age insomuch that had you beheld the order of their Camp you would have said that you had seen a Senate of some ancient Commonwealth Therefore in the battel no man thought of flight but of Victory neither did they put any hope in the nimbleness of their feet but in the strength of their Arms. On the other side Darius King of the Persians in the confidence of his strength affirmed that nothing was to be done by circumvention and that the close counsel of a stollen Victory was not suitable to his greatness He thought it more honourable to drive back the war then not to admit it and not to prohibite the Enemy into his Confines but to receive him into his Kingdom The first battel was in the Plain of Adrastum where there being six hundred thousand in the Army of the Persians they were put to flight being overcome as much by the policy of Alexander as by the courage of the Macedons great was the slaughter of the Persians in the Army of Alexander there were slain but nine foot-men and one hundred and twenty horse whom for the encouragement of their fellows the King caused to be honourably enterred and commanded Statues to be cut for them as for some memorable Commanders and gave priviledges of immunity to all their kindred After this victory the greater part of Asia did submit unto him He also made many wars with the Lieutenants of Darius whom he overcame not so much by arms as by the terror of his Name Whiles those things were thus managed he understood by one of his Captives that a treason was plotted against him by Alexander of Lynceste the Son-in-law of Antipater who was the Kings Lieutenant in Macedonia and fearing that if he should put him to death it might occasion some tumult in Macedonia he onely confined him to Imprisonment and Bonds After this he advanced to the City of Gordium which is situated
he permitted his Souldiers to marry those female Captives to whom they had indeared themselves politickly conceiving that having in their Tents a representation of their houses and Families at home the labour of the war would be both more pleasant by the company of their wives and their desires to return into their Countries would be more moderate And that Macedonia also should be less exhausted with recruits if young Souldiers should succeed in their old Fathers places and fight in the same works in which they were born being likely to be more constant upon duty exercising not onely their youth and childhood but having their cradles also rocked in the Camp This Custom remained afterwards amongst the Successors of Alexander and maintenance was provided for the Infants and Instruments for the making of Arms and the furniture for horse were given them to practice on when they were but young and their Fathers had allowances appointed them according to the number of their children and if their Fathers dyed nevertheless the children had the pensions of their Father their Infancy amongst so many Expeditions being as a continual war-fare Therefore from their minority being enured to labour and to dangers their Armies were unconquerable for they thought no otherwise of their Tents then of their Country and that an encounter was alwayes nothing else but Victory This is that off-spring which were called Epigoni The Parthians being overcome Andragoras one of the most noble of the Persians was made Governor of them from whom the Kings of Parthia did afterwards derive their Original In the mean time Alexander did begin to exercise his rage on his own men not like a King but like an Enemy Nothing more incensed him then that he was upbraided by them that he had subverted the Customs of his Father Philip and of his own Country for which offence old Parmenio next unto the King in Dignity and his Son Philotas being questioned for other pretences were both put to death On this there did arise a murmur over all the Camp in compassion of the condition of the innocent old man and of his Son and sometimes they were heard to speak that they could not hope for any better themselves which when it was reported unto Alexander fearing least the same reproach should be divulged in Macedonia and that the glory of his Victories should be eclipsed by the ignomy of his cruelty he dissembled that he would send some of his friends into his own Country who should be the Messengers of his Conquests He desired the Souldiers to write freely unto their friends being but seldom to enjoy such an apportunity again by reason of the more distant remoteness of the war This being done he commanded the packet to be brought privately unto him by which having discovered what every one thought of him he reduced them who had written to their friends more hardly of him into one Company either with an intent to destroy them or to distribute them into Colonies in the furthest parts of the world After this he subdued the Dracans Evergetans Parimans Paropamissidans Hydaspians and the other Nations which live at the foot of Caucasus In the mean time Bessus one of the friends of Darius was brought bound in chains who had not onely betrayed but also killed the King whom Alexander delivered to the brother of Darius to be tormented in revenge of his treason thinking Darius was not so much his Enemy as he had been a friend to him by whom he was slain And that he might give a name to those Lands he builded the City of Alexandria on the River of Tanaia within seventeen daies having made a Wall about it six miles in compass and translated thither the people of three Cities which Cyrus had erected He builded also twelve Cities amongst the Bactrians and the Sogdians having distributed amongst them whomsoever he found to be seditious in his Army After this upon a holy day he called his friends together to a banquet where mention being made by them in their wine of the deeds performed by Philip Alexander preferr'd himself above his Father and extoll'd unto the Skies the greatness of his own atchievements the greatest parts of his Guests assenting to him Therefore when Clytus one of the old men tempted by the confidence of his friendship with the King did advance the memory of Philip and the battels which he fought he so inflamed Alexander that a spear being snatched from one of the Guard he killed him at the banquet and insulting over him he objected to him being dead how bravely he defended his Father Philip and how highly he praised his wars After his passion was blown over and he was satisfied with his blood and the consideration of his reputation succeeded into the room of his anger pondering with himself sometimes the person of him who was slain and sometimes the cause of his being slain he began to repent of what he had done and that he gave so discontented an ear to the prayses of his Father which he ought not to have given to his reproaches and lamented that his old friend and his innocent one was slain by him being full of wine and supper and by the same fury being hurryed into repentance as he was into passion he would have kill'd himself Melting into tears he did imbrace the body of the dead he did handle his wounds and did confess his madness to him as if he had heard him and taking the spear again into his hand he turned the point of it to himself and had done a thorough execution with it if his friends had not prevented him this resolution to die continued with him certain dayes afterwards The remembrance of his Nurse sister unto Clytus was an addition to his repentance for whom being absent he was greatly ashamed that he returned her so foul a recompence for the nourishments she had given him and that being a young man and a Conqueror he should with Funerals requite her in whose arms he was bred up He then considered what reports what disgrace he had by this violent act pull'd upon himself not onely in his Army but amongst the conquer'd Nations how much fear and hatred he had cotracted amongst his friends how sad he had made his Feast sitting more terrible at his banquet with his friends then armed in face of his Enemies Then Parmenio and Philotas then Amyntas his kinsman then his Step-mother and his Bothers being killed then Attalus Eurilochus and Pausanias and others of the slaughter'd Princes of Macedonia did present themselves unto his memory For this he four dayes persevered in an abstinence from all meat until at last he was intreated by the prayers of all the Army desiring that he would not lament so much the death of one as to destroy them all nor forsake them whom he had brought into the furthest part of the East amongst barbarous and cruel Nations and provoked by the war The perswasions of Calisthenes the Philosopher
the contention betwixt the Successors of Alexander the Great did seem to be at an end when on the sudden a new discord did arise betwixt the Conquerors themselves For Ptolomy Cassander Lysimachus requiring that the Provinces and the booty of the money that was taken should be divided Antigonus denyed to admit any Companions in the booty having undertaken all the danger himself And that he might seem to make an honest war against his Companions he declared that he would revenge the death of Olympias slain by Cassander and deliver the Son of Alexander with his Mother from their imprisonment at Amphipolis This understood Ptolomy and Cassander having entred into a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus did with great industry provide for the war both by Sea and Land Ptolomy had in his possession Aegypt with a greater part of Africk and Cyprus and Phâ—nicia Macedonia and Greece obeyed Cassander Antigonus had all Asia and a part of the East whose Son Demetrius in the first encounter of the battel was overcome by Ptolomy at Calama In which fight the glory of the moderation of Ptolomy was greater then his victory for he dismissed the friends of Demetrius not onely with their own goods but also honoured them with the additions of great presents and restored to Demetrius all his private treasure and family and dismissed him with an honourable complement that he undertook the war not for booty but for dignity being displeased that Antigonus having overcome the Captains of the other party would reserve intirely to himself the rewards of the common victory Whiles these things were in agitation Cassander returning from Apollonia did fall upon the Abderitae who having left their Country by reason of the abundance of Frogs and Mice did seek out new places of habitation wherefore fearing lest they should come into Macedonia he made peace with them and received them into the society of his friendship having assigned lands unto them in the furthest borders of Macedonia After this fearing least Hercules the Son of Alexander who was now fourteen yeers of age in the favor of his Fathers name should be called into the Kingdom of Macedonia he commanded him privately to be killed with his mother Arsine and that their bodies should be covered with Earth least the murder of them should be betrayed by their Sepulture and as if he had committed but a small crime first in the poysoning of the King afterwards in the murther of his mother Olympias and then in the murder of his wife Arsine and her Son he killed also by the same deceit the other Son of Alexander with Roxane her mother as if he could not otherwise then by villany obtain the Kingdom of Macedonia which he so inordinately affected In the mean time Ptolomy did fight again with Demetrius at Sea and having lost his Navie and yielded the victory to his Enemy he fled into Aegypt Demetrius sent back Leuticus the Son of Ptolomy and his brother Menalaus and their friends with all that did belong unto them being provoked before to the same remuneration by Ptolomy And that it might appear that they were not inflamed with hatred but the glory of Dignity and Domination they did contend who should exceed each other in gifts and presents in the heat of the wars so much more honourably were wars managed then then friendships are professed now Antigonus being puft up with the victory commanded that the people should give him and his Son Demetrius the Title of a King And Ptolomy that he might be of no less Authority amongst his Souldiers was also saluted as King by the Army which being understood Cassander and Lysimachus did challenge to themselves the regal Majesty They abstained from the Ornaments of this honour as long as the Sons of their King were alâ—ve and so great was their modesty that when they had the Estates of Kings they were well contented to abstain from the Titles of a King as long as Alexander had any Heir remaining But Ptolomy and Cassander and the Captains of the other faction when they perceived they were all reproached by Antigonus whiles they made a private war of every one and not a common war of all and were unwilling to assist one another as if the victory were onely for one and not for all confirming themselves joyntly by Letters they did appoint a time and place to meet together and provide for the war with united Forces At which when Cassander could not be present by reason of the war with his Neighbours he sent Lysimachus to his ayd with a formidable power This Lysimachus was famous in Macedonia by the Nobility of his discent but more famous by his vertue then his Nobility which was so eminent in him that in the greatness of his mind in the knowledge of Philosophy and in the glory of strength he excelled all by whom the East was overcome For when Alexander the Great did falsely accuse Calisthenes the Philosopher of the Treason that was contriv'd against him being indeed angry because he did forbear to worship him according to the custome of Persia and had rendred him a lamentable and deformed spectacle by cruelty dismembring his body and cutting off his nose and lips and carrying him shut up in a kennel with a Dog to be a terror to the rest Lysimachus would then repair unto him and hear and take instructions from him and in compassion of so great a man suffering forhis liberty and not for any crime he gave him poyson to put a period to his miseries to which Alexander did give so hainous an Interpretation that he commanded him to be objected to a hungry and an enraged Lyon who when at the first sight with a swift and eager violence he did run upon him to devour him Lysimachus having wrapt his hand in a cloath did thrust it into the mouth of the beast and plucked out at once both the tongue and the life of the Lyon which when it was reported to Alexander the admiration was turned into satisfaction and alwayes afterwards he had him in an higher respect for the constancy of so great a vertue and Lysimachus with great patience induâ—ed the contumely of the King as the contumely of his Father And at last the memory of this act being banished from his minde the King in India being in the pursuit of some routed Enemies and his Guard not able to overtake him by reason of the swiftness of his horse he onely was his Companion through the vast Desarts of the Sands which when his brother Philip did before endevour to perform he expired in the Arms of the King but Alexander alighting from his horse did wound Lysimachus in the forehead so deeply with the point of his Spear that his blood could not be stanched before the King having taken the Diadem from his own head did impose it on his to binde the wound which was an earnest to Lysimachus of the royal Majesty to come And after the death
of what force was Concord did enter into a League together and having amassed their Forces into one body they 〈◊〉 the war against Demetrius into Europe Pyrrhus King of Epirus did joyn himself unto them as their Companion in the war hoping that Demetrius could lose Macedonia as easily and as suddenly as he obtained it neither was he deceived in his expectation For his Army being corrupted and himself put to flight he left his Kingdom to the Conquerors In the mean time Lysimachus killed his Son-in-law Antipater complaining that the Kingdom was taken from him by his deceit and committed into Custody his own Daughter Euridice the companion of his complaints And thus all the Family of Antipater partly by slaughter partly by punishment became so many sacrifices to satisfie the revenge of the Ghost of Alexander both for his own death and for the destruction of all his off-spring Demetrius also being surrounded by so many Armies when it was in his power to die honourably chose shamefully rather to deliver himself to Seleucus The war being ended Ptolomy dyed full of the glory of his atchievements He against the law of Nations delivered the Kingdom to his youngest Son not long before the last infirmity of his Age and afterwards did give a reason of it to the people the favour which the young man gained was no less in receiving then was his Fathers in delivering the Scepter Amongst other Examples of mutual piety betwixt the Father and the Son it procured the young man many respects of love amongst the people that his Father having publickly delivered his Kingdom to him did privately attend upon him amongst the Guard affirming that to be the Father of a King was more honourable then to enjoy any Kingdom whatsoever But discord an assiduous evil amongst equals had moved a new war betwixt Lysimachus King Pyrrhus Associates not long before against Demetrius Lysimachus being the Conqueror having routed Pyrrhus did possess himself of Macedonia He afterwards did make war against the Thracians and not long after against the Heraclians the beginning and the ending of whose City was admirable For the pestilence raging in Boeotia the Oracle at Delphos answered that they should plant a Colony in the Country of Pontus which they should dedicate to Hercules When it was omitted by reason of the fear of the long and dangerous voyage by Sea every man desiring rather to die in his own Country the Phocensians made war against them and being after vanquished by them they again had recourse to the Oracle which answered That the remedy was the same both for the war and the pestilence Therefore a considerable Colony being drawn together and brought to Metapontus they builded the City of Heraclea and because they were brought thither by the Ordinance of the Destinies in a short time they obtained greaâ— possessions This City afterwards maintained many wars against their Neighbours and much they suffered by dissentions at home Amongst other passages of magnificence this one is memorable When the Athenians were masters of all and the Persians were overcome it was ordered by the Athenians that the tribute of Asia and of Greece should be for the maintenance of their Navie all other Cities readily submitting for their own safety the Heraclians onely refused by reason of their ancient friendship with the Kings of Persia Malaâ—tus therefore being sent with an Army to force them to Contribution which they were resolved not to pay whiles he was plundering their Country having left his ships in their Harbour there did arise on a sudden so great a tempest that he lost all his Fleet with the greatest part of his Army therefore when they could not return by Sea having lost all their ships nor durst adventure to return by Land with so small an Army amongst so many warlike Nations the Heraclians thinking it more honourable to confer a benefit then to revenge a discourtesie did send them home furnished both with Seamen and Provisions believing that herein they had provided well for themselves and for their Fields having by this act confirmd those to be their friends who were before their Enemies Amongst many other calamities they also indured the heavie burthen of Tyranny for when the common people did too impotently demand new tables and a levelling proportion to be shared amongst them in the Fields of those who were rich the business being often debated in the Senate when it could not be determined the Senate desired ayd of Timotheus General of the Athenians and not long after of Epaminondas General of the Thebans but both of them refusing it they had recourse to Clearchus whom they themselves had forced into banishment So great was the necessity of their calamities that they called him back to the defence of their Countrie whom they had commanded never to return unto it But Clearchus returning more wicked from his banishment conceiving this dissention of the people to be a prompt occasion offered to him to exercise his tyranny he had first a conference with Mithridates the Enemy of his Citizens and having entred into a League he compounded with him to be made his Lieutenant and to betray the City to him as soon as he was called back into his Country Afterwards he turned the treachery which he had prepared for the Citizens against Mithridates himself For being returned from banishment as the Arbitrator of the civil discord the time being appointed in which he should deliver the City to Mithridates he took him Prisoner with his friends and having received a vast sum of money for his ransom he delivered him being taken And as to Mithrdates he suddenly made himself an Enemy of a friend so being called back to defend the cause of the Senate he immediately became the Patron of the people and not only incensed the people against the Authors of the power by whom he was called back into his Country and by whom he was placed at the helm of Government but exercised his usurped power in the highest demonstrations of Cruelty and Tyranny The people therefore being called to an Assembly he declared that he would be no longer present nor assist the Senate in their rage against the people but would take their parts if they persevered in their former cruelty and if they conceived themselves to be equal in strength to deal with them he would depart with his Souldiers nor have any hand in their civil discords but if they distrusted in their own strengths he would not be wanting to be a Protector to in them He desired them therefore to ask counsel of themselves whether they would command him to be gone or to remain their Companion in the common cause The people being excited with these words did transfer into his power the chief Government of all whiles they were incensed at the power of the Senate they delivered themselves their wives and children unto the domination of a Tyrant Clearchus having seized upon threescore of the Senators
for the rest were fled away did throw them into prison being laden with Irons The people rejoyced especially that the Senate were overthrown by the Captain General of the Senators and that their ayd was converted into their destruction and Clearchus threatned sudden death to every one of them on purpose to raise the market of them to a higher rate For under the pretence of withdrawing them from the fury of the people having received from them great sums of money and despoyled them of their fortunes he not long after did despoyl them of their lives And having understood that war was made against him by those Senators who fled away the Cities prompted to compassion being come to their assistance he did set free their Servants and that no affliction should be wanting in these potent Familes he enforced their wives and their daughters to marry their own Servants death being proposed to every one that should refuse it by this means he thought to render the Servants more faithful to him and more unreconcileable to their masters But these sad Nuptials were made more grievous by the sudden Funerals of the Matrons for many of them before their Nuptials and some on the very day in which they were marryed having first killed their husbands did afterwards kill themselves and delivered themselves from their encreasing calamities by the vertue of an ingenious shame Not long after this the battel was fought in which the Tyrant being Conqueror he in the way of triumph did drag the conquered Senators before the faces of Citizens and being returned into the City he bound some of them he racked others and slew many there was no place free from his cruelty insolence was added to his savageness and arrogance to his fury And now by the success of his continual felicity he did forget himself to be a man and did call himself the Son of Jupiter When he would be seen in publick a golden Eagle was born before him in the honour of his discent His body was cloathed with a garment of Purple he did wear buskins on his feet after the custom of Tragick Kings and a Crown of Gold upon his Head He also called his Son Ceraunus that he might delude the gods not onely with lyes but also with names Two of the most noble of the young men Chion and Leonides complaining at these things with indignation and resolved to deliver their Country did conspire the death of the Tyrant These two were the Scholars of Plato the Philosopher who desiring to exhibite that vertue to their Country to which they daily were instructed by the precepts of their Master they did prepare an Ambush of fifty of their kindred as if they were all their Clients and repairing themselves to the Tower to the Kings as two in great contestation being admitted by the right of Familiarity whiles the Tyrant intentively heard the former of them pleading his cause he was killed by the other but their friends coming in not timely enough to their assistance they were both cut in pieces by the Guard by which it came to pass that the Tyrant indeed was killed but their Country was not delivered For Satyrus the brother of Clearchus did the same way invade the Tyranny and Heraclia for many yeers by degrees of succession was possessed by Tyrants THE Seventeenth BOOK OF IVSTINE MUch about the same time there was a terrible Earthquake in the Countries of Hellespont and Chersonesus in which though they trembled all over yet the City onely of Lysimachia erected by Lysimachus two and twenty yeers before was utterly overthrown which portended dismal things to come both to Lysimachus and to his Generation and the ruine of the Kingdom with the desolation of the afflicted Countries round about him Neither was belief wanting to the prodigy for not long after he killed his Son Agathocles by poyson having used therein the assistance of his Stepmother Arsyrice it being the more horribly remarkable for having ordained him into the succession of the Kingdom and made many prosperous wars under his Conduct he now hated him not onely beyond the obligation of a Father but beyond the Example of Humanity This was his first stain and the beginning of his growing ruine For this parricide was attended with the slaughter of the Princes who were punished to death because they lamented the death of the young man Therefore those who were Commanders in his Army did in great numbers fall away from him to Seleucus enforced him being prone enough before out of the emulation of glory to make war against Lysimachus This was the last contestation betwixt the fellow Souldiers of Alexander and as it were reserved by Fortune to make the example of their parallel the more admirable Lysimachus was seventy and four yeers of age and Seleucus seventy and seven But in this old age they had both of them the resolutions of youth and an insatiable desire to encrease Soveraignty of Command for when but these two did seem as it were to be masters of the whole world they were shut up into too narrow bounds and measured the end of their lives not by the space of yeers but by this limits of their Empire In that war Lysimachus having lost before in divers charges fifteen sons dying not uncouragiously did discend into the Grave himself being the last Hearse of all his Family Seleucus rejoycing in so great a victory and which he conceived to be greater then the victory that he was the last that lived of the cohort of Alexander and a Conquerour of the Conquerors did vaunt of his fortune as if it had been a work of Divinity and above the condition of man being altogether ignorant that not long afterwards he was to be an Example himself of the frailty of the condition of man for at the end of seven Moneths he was slain being circumvented by the treachery of Ptolomy whose sister Lysimachus had marryed and lost the Kingdom of Macedonia which he took away from Lysimachus together with his life Therefore Ptolomy being ambitious to please the people for the honour of the memory of Ptolomy the Great and in the favour of the revenge of Lysimachus did first resolve to reconcile unto him the children of Lysimachus and desired the marriage of Arsinoe his own sister who was their Mother having promised to adopt them his own Sons thinking thereby that they would attempt nothing against him being restrained by their duty to their mother and by their calling of him Father He desired also by letters the friendship of his brother the King of Aegypt professing that he would forget the offence of his succeeding in his Fathers Kingdom would demand no more of him being his brother the injury being received from his Father With all his Art he flattered Eumenes and Antigonus the Sons of Demetrius and Antiochus the Son of Seleucus against whom he was to make war for fear a third Enemy should arise unto him Neither was Pyrrhus
the King of Epirus omitted it being of great concernment to what party he became a friend who desiring himself to master them all did labour to have an interest in every party Therefore having promised to assist the Tarentines against the Romans he desired ships of Antigonus to transport his Army he desired moneys of Antiochus who was more considerable both in men and money he desired of Ptolomy the ayd of the Macedonian Souldiers Ptolomy who made no delay to gratifie him having a numerous Army did lend unto him for the space of two yeers and no longer five thousand foot four thousand horse and fifty Elephants for which Pyrrhus having taken to marriage the daughter of Ptolomy did leave him invested in the Kingdom But because we are come to the mention of Epirus we must deliver a few things concerning the Original of that Kingdom In that Countrey was first of all the Kingdom of the Molossians Afterwards Pyrrhus the Son of Achilles having lost his Fathers Kingdom by his long absence in the Trojan wars did plant himself in this Country the people being first called Pyrrhide afterwards Epirotae But Pyrrhus when he came to ask counsel in the Temple of Jupiter of Dodona he there saw and by force took unto him Anassa the Niece of Hercules by whom he had eight children He marryed those who were Maids to the neighboring Kings and purchased to himself great Possessions by the ayd of affinity and gave unto Helenus the Son of King Priamus for his singular knowledge in Prophecy the Kingdom of Chaonia and Andromache the relict of Hector to wife whom in the division of the Trojan booty he took unto his own bed Not long after he was slain at Delphos between the Altars of the god by the teachery of Orestes the Son of Agamemnon Piales his Son succeeded him and by order of succession the Kingdom was devolved to Arymbas who being of a tenderage and the onely child that remayned of that Regal Family had Guardians assigned him with great care both for his preservation his education And being sent to Athens to be instructed there he was so much the more acceptable to the people as he was more learned then all his Predecessors He first made Laws and ordained a Senate and yearly Magistrats and the form of a Commonwealth and as the Country became more famous by Pyrrhus so it was reduced to more humanity under the Government of Arymbas His Son was named Neoptolomus from whom Olympias was immediately discended who was the Mother of Alexander the Great and Alexander who after him enjoyed the Kingdom of Epirus and having made war in Italy he was slain amongst the Brutians After his death his brother Aeacides succeeded in the Kingdom who by his daily wars against the Macedonians having too much wearyed and exhausted the people did contract the hatred of the Citizens and being forced into banishment by them he left his Son Pyrrhus a young child of two yeers of age to succeed him in the Kingdom who when he was fought for by the people to be put to death by reason of the hatred which they did bear unto Father he was privately conveyed to the Illyrians and delivered to Beroe the daughter of King Glaucias to be nursed by her who was himself of the Family of the Aeacidans The King either in the compassion of his fortune or delighted with his sportfulness did not onely protect him a long time against Cassander King of Macedonia although he threatned to make war against him for detaining of him but also did adopt him into the succession of the Kingdom with which the Epirots were so overcome that turning their Hatred into Pity they called him back at eleven yeers of age having set Guardians over him who were to govern the Kingdom until he arrived to maturity of age Being a young man he made many wat 's and began to be so great in the success thereof that he seemed alone to be able to defend the Tarentines against the Romans THE Eighteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE PYrrhus therefore King of Epirus being again wearyed by a new Embassie of the Tarentines and by the Petitions of the Lucanians and Samnites who also needed ayd against the Romans was not much induced by the Petitions of the Suppliants as by the hope of invading the Empire of Italy and did promise that he would assist them with his Army The E◠amples of his Ancestors did carry him on med violently to it being well enclined to it of himself that he might not seem to be inferior to his Uncle Alexander whom the same Tarantines used as their Protector against the Brutians or to have less resolution then Alexander the Great who in a war so remote from his own Country had subdued the East Therefore having left his Son Ptolomy about the fifteenth yeer of his age to be the Keeper of his Kingdom he landed his Army in the Haven of Tarentum having taken with him his two young Sons Alexander and Helenus to be some solace to him in so remote an Expedition Valerius Levinus the Roman Consul having heard of his arrival did march towards him with all speed with a resolution to give him battel before his Auxiliaries could be drawn together And having put his Army in array the King though inferiour in the number of Souldiers made no delay to encounter him The Romans being Conquerors at first were amazed and enforced to forsake the battel at the unusal sight and charge of the Elephants these strange monsters of the Macedonians did on a sudden conquer the Conquerors neither had their Enemies an unbloody victory For Pyrrhus himself was grievously wounded and 〈◊〉 great part of his Souldiers being slain he 〈◊〉 a greater glory then a joy of the Victory Many of the Cities of Italy following the event of this battel did deliver themselves to Pyrrhus Amongst the rest the Locri having betrayed the Roman Garrison did submit to Pyrrhus Pyrrhus out of the booty which he took sent back to Rome two hundred Souldiers whom he had taken Prisoners without any ransom that the Romans might take notice as well of his liberality as of his valour Some time being passed when the Army of the Associates were drawn altogether he joyned in battel again with the Romans in which his fortune was the same as in the former In the mean time Mago the General of the Carthaginians being sent with one hundred and twenty ships to bring Auxiliaries to the Romans did address himself to the Senate affirming that the Carthaginians did deeply resent that in Italy they should suffer the calamity of war from a forraign King For which cause he was sent that the Romans being enfested by a forraign Enemy they should also be relieved by a forraign Enemy The Senate having returned their hearty thanks to the Carthaginians did send back their Auxiliaries But Mago after the fine subtilty of the Punick wit after a few days did repair privately to Pyrrhus as
back into Sicily by the Carthaginians who having recovered themselves by the aggregation of new Forces did begin the war again which they had abandoned by reason of the Pestilence Hanno was chosen General of the war whose Enemy Suniator the most powerful at that time of all the Carthaginians when in hatred to him he had frequently in the Greek Tongue acquainted Dionysius of the approch of the Army and of the temper and sloath of the General the letters being intercepted he was accused of Treason and condemned for it and an Act was passed by the Senate that no Carthaginian should afterwards either speak or write in the Greek Tongue that they might hold no discourse nor write unto the Enemy without an Interpreter Not long after Dionysius whom neither Sicily nor Italy could contain being overcome and wearyed out with the daily encounters in the war was slain by the treachery of his own Souldiers THE One and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE DIonysius the Tyrant being slain in Sicily the Souldiers did substitute in his place his eldest Son who was called after his Fathers Name both for the maturity of his Age and that the Kingdom might be more firmly united if it continued in the power of one man then if it should be by parts divided amongst many of his children But Dionysius in the beginning of his raign had a desire to take away his Uncles as those who would be partakers with him in his Kingdom and be the perswaders of his brothers to have it divided amongst them And the better to dissemble his design he thought it requisite in the first place to assure himself of the good opinion of the people being more excusedly to perform what he had determined if he stood fast in the approbation of them all He delivered therefore out of prison three thousand that lay there in chains together and for three years dismissed the payment of all tributes and by all Artifices sollicited the affections of all men to him Then resolving to put in practice his contrived villany he put to the sword not onely the kinsmen of his brothers but even his brothers themselves beginning his tyranny first in his own Family before he exercised it in others and left not so much as the spirit of fraternal consortment to those to whom he owed a consortment in his Kingdom His emulators being thus taken away and falling into sloth he became unweildy in his body by too much riot and contracted so great a weakeness in his eyes that he could not endure the Sun or Dust or any splendor of light By reason of which believing that he began to become despicable he committed outragious cruelties and filled not as his Father the prisons with enchained Citizens but filled the City with the murthers of them by which he grew both contemptible and hateful unto all Therefore when the Syracusians had determined war against him he was in a great suspence whether he should lay down his royal Authority or make resistance in war against them but his Souldiers propounding to themselves a great booty and the plundering of the City he was enforced by them to try it out in battel with them Being overcome when not long after he had the same ill fortune in the fight again he sent Ambassadors to Syracusae promising to lay down his tyranny if they would send some to him to agree upon Articles for a peace The Syracusians sending some of the most eminent in their City to him he commanded them to prison and brought his Army to overthrow their City which at that present feared no assault nor the approach of any Enemy at all The fight was a long time doubtful in the City but the Citizens overcoming with their multitudes Dionysius was routed and beaten out of it And fearing to be besieged in the Tower he fled privately into Italy with all his Princely furniture Being there as a banished man he was received by the Locrensians who were in friendship with him and he possessed himself of their Tower where he exercised his accustomed cruelties He commanded the wives of the chiefest of the City to be defloured He took away the Virgins by force and having ravished them he returned them to those who were to espouse them The most wealthy of all the City he commanded to be expelled or to be slain and did confiscate their goods And when there was not the lest occasion for any further rapine he circumvented the whole City by this studied project When the Locrensians were oppressed by the war of Leophron Tyrant of Rhegium they vowed if they were Conquerors they would prostitute their Virgins on a day dedicated to Venus This vow being unperformed when they made unfortunate wars against the Lucanians Dionysius called them to a publick Assembly and did exhort them to send their wives and daughters into the Temple of Venus dressed in the richest cloathes they could put on and that one hundred of them chosen by lot might perform the publick vow and that for Religions sake they might stand one whole Moneth in the open Stews all men having before taken an Oath not to defile any of them And that the Virgins might not be deceived performing the Vows of the City he ordained that not a Maid should be marryed until husbands were first provided for them This counsel being approved in which provision was made both for the superstition and the chastity of the Virgins the women adorned in the most sumptuous manner did come in throngs to the Temple of Venus every one of whom Dionysius despoyled having sent in Souldiers to the Temple and converted the Ornaments of the Matrons into his own Wardrope He killed also some of the Husbands of the richest of them and some women he tormented to betray their Husbands wealth when by these arts he raigned six years being driven from the City by the Confederacy of the Citizens he returned into Sicily and after a long peace all men being secure he became Master of Syracusae by treachery Whiles these things were thus mannaged in Sicily Hanno the General of the Carthaginians in Africa employed his own treasure in which he exceeded the bank of the Common-wealth to become absolute Soveraign of all and attempted having first killed the Senate to usurpe the Kingdom For the acting of this wickedness he set apart a solemn day for the marriage of his Daughter that by the religion of his Vows he might both the better commit and conceal his abominable design He prepared a Feast for the people in the publick places and for the Senate in his own house that with Cups infected with poyson he might more secretly and without any witnesses destroy them and the more easily invade the Commonwealth deprived of her Magistrates This being betrayed to the Senators by his servants the wicked plot was declined but not revenged least in a man so powerful the plot should prove more prejudicial being known then concealed Being therefore contended by a
league with him being induced to it by the fear of his power considering that what strength by this confederacy he gave to Agathocles against the Syracusians he added as much to himself for the enlargement of his private fortunes Therefore Peace was not onely made with Agathocles but he was also made Praetor of Syracusae After this tapers of wax being brought forth and lighted he did swear to Amilcar to be careful upon all occasions to advance the Interests of Carthage Having then received of him a Garrison of five thousand Africans he killed all those of greatest power in the City and intending as it were to form a new Government in the Common-wealth he commanded the people to be called forth into the Theater the Senate being disposed of into another place as if he would consult with them concerning something before hand and thus having ordered his affairs and brought in the Souldiers he besieged the people and put the Senators to the sword and having finished the slaughter of them he killed those that were most rich and most forward of the people This being done he leavied more men and formed an Army with which he assaulted the neighbouring Cities fearing no Enemy at all He also perfidiously provoked with injuries the Associates of the Carthaginians Amilcar permitting it Of which the Confederate Cities did complain at Carthage not onely of Agathocles but of Hamilcar of the one as a domineering Tyrant and of the other as a Traytor by whom the fortunes of the Confederates were given to a most deadly Enemy by the making of a peace with him and by delivering Syracusae to him as the pledge of their Society a City alwayes at enmity with the Carthaginians and the Rival of Carthage for the command of Sicily and now at last by delivering up the Cities of their Confederates to the same Agothocles under the title of a friendship they did declare that those things would suddenly redound to the Carthaginians themselves and they should suddenly perceive how much evil they brought not onely to Sicily but to Africa also With those complaints the Senate was incensed against Amilcar But because he had the Command of the Army they passed silent suffrages on him and commanded that before they were reported they should be cast into an urne and sealed up until another Amilcar the Son of Gisco should return from Sicily But the death of Amilcar prevented these close contrivances and the dumb suffrages of the Carthaginians who being injuriously condemned by his own Citizens his cause unheard was delivered from them by the friendship of death This administred a subject to Agathocles to make war against the Carthaginians The first encounter of the war was with Amilcar the Son of Gisco by whom being overcome he retreated to Syracusae to renew the war with greater Force But the fortune of the second battel was the same as of the former wherefore when the conquering Carthaginians had laid a close siege to Syracusae Agathocles finding himself neither equal to them in strength nor any wayes prepared to endure the fury of the siege and withal by reason of his cruelty and other offences that he was forsaken of his Confederates he resolved to carry the war into Africa A wonderful boldness it was that he who was inferior to his Enemy in his own Land and Cities should translate the war into their Countrey and advance to encounter with them abroad being not able at home to desend himself and that being overcome he should insult over the Conquerors The silence of this counsel was no less admirable then was the design he undertook professing onely to the people that he had found them out a way to victory He desired them that they would arm themselves with a resolution patiently for a while to indure the difficulties of the siege or if the condition of their present fortune was grievous to any of them he gave them free leave to depart where they pleased when one thousand and six hundred of them did go away he provided the rest with corn and money for the necessity of the siege he onely took with him fifty Talents for his present use being to provide himself with other things rather from his Enemy then his Companions Having then granted freedom to all the servants that were of age to bear arms he did oblige them by Oath to be faithful to him and afterwards shipped them and the greatest part of his Army and having made equal the condition both of bond and free he conceived that there would be betwixt them a mutual emulation of vertue All the rest were left for the defence of his Country In the seventh year of his raign none of his Souldiers knowing whether they were to be transported he directed his course to Africa taking with him his two Sons who were then of age Archagathus and Heraclidas when they all believed that they were imbraked either to plunder Italy or Sardinia having landed them on the shore of Africa he declared his design unto them and enformed them in what condition Syracusae was to whom there was no other help remaining then to do unto their Enemies what they suffered themselves The war he said was managed otherwise at home then it was abroad Those were onely the ayds at home which the strength and Forces of the Country did administer but abroad the Enemy was often overcome with his own strength their associates revolting from them and in the hatred of continued Soveraignty looking after innovation and forraign ayds To this he added that the Cities and Castles of Africa were not encompassed with Walls not builded on the tops of Hills but lay open in the Champain without any defence and these might easily be brought to joyn in society with him to prevent their utter ruine The war he said would be more grievous to the Carthaginians in Africa it self then in Sicily where they would all joyn their Forces together against one City more famous by her name then her by strength and what strength he brought not with him he would take it there Neither would the sudden fear of the Carthaginians be of a small moment to the victory who undoubtedly would tremble amazed at the gallant confidence of their Enemies And this terror of theirs would be encreased by the firing of their Towns and the plundering of their Castles and contumacious Cities and by the spoyls of Carthage it self By all which they should perceive that war not onely lay open to them against others but to others also against them and by this means that the Carthaginians might not only be overcome but Sicily be delivered from the burthen of their Forces for the Enemies would never continue in the besieging of Syracusae when they were put so hard to it at home The war he alledged could never be carryed on more easily nor the booty be more abundant for Carthage being taken all Africa and Sicily would be the reward of the Conquerors Moreover the glory
and as if he had ballanced the loss of Italy and Sicily with the regaining of the Kingdom of Macedonia he did send both for his Son and for his friend which he did leave at Tarentum Antigonus with a few horsemen the Companions of his flight being on a sudden forsaken of all the ornaments of his dignity did repair to Thessalonica to behold the events of his lost Kingdom hiring a mercenary Army of the Gauls to renew the war And being again utterly overthrown by Ptolomy the Son of Pyrrhus and in his flight attended but with seven men he not onely lost all hope of the recovery of his Kingdom but fled into solitary places and made them the best procurers of his safety Pyrrhus being now advanced to so great a height of soveraignty was not content with that which with modesty he durst not aspire unto in his hopes but propounded unto himself the Empire both of Greece and Asia he took a felicity and pride in his wars as in his Soveraignty for no man could resist him whithersoever he turned his power but as he was esteemed invincible in adding Kingdom unto Kingdom so having overcome them and obtained them he quickly lost them being more fortunate to obtain then to preserve having afterwards transported his forces on the other side of Chersonesus he was received by the Embassies of the Athenians Achaians and Messenians And all Greece amazed at the glory of his name and at the wonders of his Atchievements against the Romans and Carthaginians did with a labouring expectation attend his arrival His first war in Greece was against the Lacedemonians where he was opposed more by the valour of the women then the men There he lost his Son Ptolomy and the ablest and the choycest men in his Army For so great a multitude of women did press in throngs upon him for the defence of their Country as he was besieging Sparta that he was enforced to retreat from them being not more valiantly then modesty overcome Moreover it is affirmed that his Son Ptolomy was so able a man of his hands that he took the City of Corcyra being followed onely with threescore men In a battel at Sea there being but seven men with him he leaped out of his boat into the ship of his Enemies and did enforce it to obedience And at the assault of the City of Sparta he gallopped into the middle of the City and was there killed by the concurse of the multitude whose body when it was brought unto his Father it is reported that Pyrrhus said thar he was slain a great while later then he feared or then his rashness did deserve Pyrrhus being beaten back by the Spartans did march to Argos where when he endeavoured to besiege Antigonus shut up in that City he fighting most violently amongst the thickest and the formost was slain with a stone thrown from the Walls his head was brought unto Antigonus who using the victory with gentleness did dismiss his Son Helenus delivered to him with Epirus and gave him leave to depart to his own Kingdom aud delivered him the body of his unburyed Father to be interred in his own Country Amongst all Authors the Fame is constant and clear enough that no King either of that or the former Age was to be compared to Pyrrhus and that not onely amongst Kings but other personages there was seldom any to be found of a more just or a more Religious life So great was his knowledge in Military affairs that although he made war with so great Kings as Lysimachus Demetrius and Antigonus yet he alwayes remained unconquered In the war also of the Illyrians and Sicilians and of the Romanes and Carthaginians he was never inferiour to them and oftentimes a Conqueror who though his Country was but narrow and before ignoble by the Fame of his atchievements and the uprightness of his conversation he did renown it over all the World THE Six and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFter the death of Pyrrhus there were great motions and tumults of war not onely in Macedonia but in Asia also and in Greece for the Pelopennesians were by treachery betrayed to Antigonus and according to the several inclinations of the Inhabitants partaking either of joy or grief as the several Cities either hoped for ayd from Pyrrhus or were afraid of his power so now they either entred into league with Antigonus or flung themselves upon a war by the mutual hatred amongst themselves In this commotion of the troubled Provinces the City also of Epirus was by tyranny invaded by Aristotimus the Prince by whom when many of the Rulers of the City were slain and more of them driven into banishment the Aetolians desiring of him by their Ambassadors that the Exuls might be permitted to have their wives and children come unto them he at the first denyed it and afterwards as if he had repented of what he had denyed he gave all the Matrons leave to repair unto their banished husbands and appointed a day for their departure They as if they should for ever suffer banishment with their husbands taking with them their richest moveables when they had met at the gate of the City to travel all in one troup they were apprehended and committed to prison and plundred of all their goods the little children being slain in the laps of their Mothers and the Virgins their daughters ravished All men being amazed at this domineering cruelty one of their Rulers Helemat by name an old man and destitute of children and one that feared not the respect of age being not obliged to the respect of pledges having called to his house the most faithul of his friends did exhort them to the revenge of their Country They all debating on a way to conclude the publick with their private danger and desiring a time for deliberation he sending for his servants did command them to lock the doors withall to go unto the Tyrant and desire him to send some of his Guard to apprehend the Conspirators assembled in his house objecting to every one of them that because he could not be the Author of delivering his Country he would be the revenger of it being forsaken by them Hereupon they being surprized with a doubtful danger chusing the more honourable way of the two they conspired to kill the Tyrant and Aristotimus by this meanes was slain in the fifth Moneth af er he had usurped the Tyranny In the mean time Antigonus being oppressed with several wars which he made against King Ptolomy and the Lacedemonians and a new Army of Enemies from Gallograecia having left in his Camp some few Companies to defend it against the other Enemies he marched with his chief power against the Gauls Which being understood the better to prepare themselves to the fight they did offer sacrifices for the good event of the battel And a great slaughter and utter destruction being persaged to them by the entrails of the beasts they desperately turning their
appear to have spoken more couragiously then they resolved to have performed they plundered that part of Acarnania which bordered on Epirus Olympias had now delivered her Kingdoms to her sons and Ptolomy succeeded in the place of Pyrrhus his deceased brother who when he advanced against his Enemies with a gallant Army being surprized by sickness dyed in the way And Olympias her self her heart being pierced through and through for the loss of both her children and her soul sick within her did not long out-live them and when of all the Royal Family there not any remained alive but onely the young Lady Nereis with her sister Laodamia Nereis marryed Gelon the Son of the King of Sicily and Laodamia flying to the Altar of Diana did there lose her life by the violence of the people which facinorous act the Immortal Gods revenged with the continued slaughters and almost the total destruction of all the people For being punished with barrenness and hunger and vexed with civil discords they were at last almost utterly consumed by Forreign Wars And Milo the executioner of Laodamia being possessed with a fury attempting sometimes to kill himself with a sword sometimes to beat out his brains with stones at the last tearing out his bowels with his teeth died the twelfth day afterwards These things being thus mannaged in Epirus King Demetrius in the mean time deceased in Macedonia leaving his Son Philip in his minority to whom Antigonus being Tutor having married his mother did intend to possess himself of the Kingdom In the process of time when he was kept a prisoner in his own Court by the threats and sedition of the Macedons he broke forth at last and adventured into the publick without a Guard and having thrown his Diadem and purple robe amongst the people he commanded that they should be given to some other man who knew better to govern them or they to obey him For his part he understood well enough the ringols in that envyed Crown and the weight of it not by his pleasures but by his labours and his dangers He did put them in minde of what he had done for them how he revenged the revolt of their associates how he suppressed the Dardanians and Thessalians insulting at the death of King Demetrius and at last how he not only defended but increased the dignity of the Lacedemonians of which since they did repent he dâ—d lay down his command and did return them their own gift because they demanded a King over whom they might command The people hearing this were rebuked by their own shame and commanded him ro receive again the soveraignty of Command which he refused untill the Authors of the sedition were delivered to him to be punished After this he made war upon the Lacedemonians who alone in the Wars of Philip and Alexander despised the command of the Macedons and the Arms which were feared by all the world Betwixt these two renowned Nations the War was carried on on both sides with the greatest resolutions Those fighting for the ancient glory of the Macedons and the others not only for their unstained liberty but for their certain safety The Lacedemonians being overcome not themselves only but their wives and children sustained their misfortune with them with an invincible courage In the Battel not any one of the men was indulgent to his own safety nor any one of the women did afterwards bewail her lost husband The old men extolled the honourable death of their sons and the daughters did gratulate their Fathers slain in the field They all lamented their own condition that they died not themselves for the liberty of their Country The Parents did receive into their houses all that were wounded they comforted the sick and refreshed all the weak and the weary In so great an overthrow there was no complaint in the City no sign of fear at all they all lamented rather their publick then their private fortunes presently upon this Cleomenes their King after a great slaughter of his enemies being covered with his own blood and with the blood of his Enemies retreated to the City and having entred into it he fate not down to demand either meat or drink nor eased himself by putting off the burden of his Armour but leaning against the wall when he beheld that there were but four thousand left of all his Army he exhorted them to reserve themselves to a better opportunity to do their Country service and taking his wife and children with him he departed to Ptolomy in Egypt by whom he was for a long time honourably entertained and lived in the height of regal Majestie And at last after the death of Ptolomy he and all his Family were slain by his son But Antigonus the Lacedemonians being utterly overthrown did lament the fortune of so great a City and strictly did inhibit his Souldiers to plunder and moreover gave a free pardon to those who remained alive alledging that he made War not with the Lacedemonians but with Cleomenes in whose flight all his anger was appeased and it was more for his own glory that Lacedemon was preserved by himself then if it were taken and plundered by his forces He therefore spared the City and the foundation of the walls because there were no men left to whom he might shew indulgence Not long after he died himself and left his Kingdom to his Son Philip being above fourteen years of Age. THE Nine and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE MUch about the same time the soveraign Commands of the whole world did suffer a change by the succession of new Kings for Antigonus the Tutor of Philip being dead Philip raigned afterwards fourteen years in Macedonia and Seleucus being in Asia Antiochus was made King both of it and Syria before he was fifteen yeers of age The Kingdom of Cappadocia was delivered by his Father to the child Ariathres Ptolomy possessed himself of Egypt having slain his father and mother and for this parricidial guilt was surnamed The Lover of his Father the clean contrary way The Lacedemonians constituted Lycurgus to be their King in the place of Cleomenes And that in no place there should a change be wanting Hannibal being not yet of Age was chosen General of the Carthaginians not for the want of Commanders but for his hatred to the Romans which arose up from his childhood with him A fatal disease he was not only to the Romans but to Africa it self These boys being kings although there were no Governours of a greater age yet every one of them being intent to follow the traces of their Predecessors there shined forth a growing light of honour in them all Only Ptolomy as he was nefarious in gaining the Kingdom so he was slothfull in the administration of the government of it The Dardanians and other neighbouring Nations who carried an inveterate and a deadly hatred to the Kings of Macedonia in the contempt of this young mans age did daily provoke him On the
commanded him to be brought into the Theater that they might all have a full view of him whom every one conceived to be impossible to be taken Being brought afterwards unto the Dungeon in the respect to his greatness they gave him poyson which he took as cheerfully as if he had conquered death as he had heretofore his Enemies He demanded afterwards if his Lieutenant Generall Lycortal whom he knew to be second to him in the affairs of war had escaped and having understood that he was alive and in safety he said Then it goes not altogether so ill with the Achaians and speaking those words he died Not long after the war being renewed the Messenians were overcome and they endured the punishment for the death of Philopemenes In the mean time Antiochus King of Syria when he was oppressed by the Romans with too great a Tribute and groaned under the burden of it either enforced by the want of money or sollicited by avarice by which under the pretence of a necessitated Tribute he hoped that he more excusedly should commit Sacriledge having drawn an Army together did by night assault the Temple of Dindymaean Jove Which being discovered he was slain with all his Army by a concourse of the Inhabitants When many Cities of Greece â—ame to Rome to complain of the Injuries of Philip King of the Macedons And there was a great dispute in the Senate between Demetrius the Son of Philip whom his father had sent to satisfie the Senate and the Ambassadors of the Cities the young man being confused with the multitude of complaints made against his Father did on a suddain hold his peace The Senate being moved with his shamefastness by which in a private condition he before endeered himself to all when he was an Hostage at Rome did give him the cause and thus Demetrius by his modesty obtained pardon for his Father not by the right or plea of defence but by the patronage of his modesty which was signified by the Decree of the Senate that it might appear that the King was not absolved but the Father rather was given to the Son Which procured to Demetrius not the grace of an Ambassador but the hatred of obtrectation It pulled upon him the emulation and envy of his brother Philip and the cause of the pardon being known to his Father who was pardoned it became an offence Philip disdayning that the person of his Son was of more moment with the Senate then the Authority of the Father or the dignity of regall Majesty Perseus therefore having observed the sickness of his Father did bring daily complaint unto him against Demetrius being absent and at first did cause him to be hated and afterwards to be suspected by him sometimes he did object against him the freindship of the Romans and sometimes treason against his Father At the last he counterfeited that treacheries were prepared by him against his person to be put suddenly in Execution to the trial and proof whereof the Judges were sent for the suborned witnesses examined and the Charge was proved which was objected against him By those unjust proceedings the Father being compelled to parricide did make sad all the Court with the execution of his Son Demetrius being slain Perseus grew not more dutifull but more contumatious against his Father and carried himself not as an heir of the Kingdom but as the King himself with which Philip being offended did daily more impatiently lament the death of Demetrius and suspecting that he was circumvented by the Treachery of Perseus he caused the witnesses and the Judges to be tormented And having by this means discovered the deceit he was no less afflicted with the wickedness of Perseus then with the innocent death of Demetrius which he was resolved to have revenged if he had not been prevented by death For not long after his disease encreasing by the Melancholy and perplexedness of his spirit he deceased having left great preparations of war against the Romans which Perseus afterwards employed For he enforced the Gaules called Scordisci to joyn in league with him and he had made a great war against the Romans if he had not died For the Gaules the war against the Delphians being unfortunately mannaged in which they found the power of God to be more great and present then the power of their Enemies having lost Brennus their Generall some part of them did fly into Asia and some part did wander up and down in Thracia From whence in the same path in which they marched forth they returned to their antient Country Of these a considerable number did sit down in the Confluent of the River Danubius and called themselves by the name of Scordisci But the Tectosagi when they arrived at their antient Country of Tholouse were there visited by the Pestilence and recovered not their health untill being admonished by the answers of the Diviners they had drowned all their Gold and Silver which they had got by Sacriledge in the Lake of Tholouse all which Coepio the Roman Consul did a long time afterwards take away There was in all one hundred and twenty thousand weight of Gold and five millions of Silver which Sacriledge was the cause afterwards of the destruction of Coepio and all his Army The tumult also of the Cambrian war did follow the Romans as the revenge of the violation of the consecrated money Not a small number of the Nation of the Tectosagi did seat themselves in Illyricum being delighted with the sweetness of the Air and the Prey and having spoyled the Istrians they did inhabite Pannonia Fame reports that the Nation of the Istrians do derive their Originall from Colchos being sent by King Aetus to the Argonauts to pursue the ravisher of his daughter who as soon as they entered into Ister out of Pontus having sailed far into the Channel of the River Sais following the steps of the Argonauts they carried their ships on their shoulders over the cliffes of the hills untill they came to the shore of the Adriatick Sea having understood that the Argonauts by reason of the length of their Ship had done the same before them whom when the Colchians did not receive they either through fear of their King or the tediousness of their long Navigation did sit down at last neer to Aquileia and were called Istrians after the Name of the River into the which from the Sea they sayled The Dacians also are a Generation of the Getes who when they fought unfortunately under Olor their King against the Bastarnians were commanded that when they were in bed they should to expiate their sloth lay their feet where they should rest their heads and perform those houshold offices and services to their wives which their wives before were accustomed to do to them Neither was this custome changed untill by their courage they had wiped away the old Ignominy which they had received in the war Perseus when he succeeded in the Kingdom of Philip his
of the Conqueror but to plead for her besides the Laws of war there was also the contiguitie of blood she being her own sister against whom so bloodily she raged and his own cosen German and the mother of children betwixt them to this neer relation of consanguinitie he added the superstition of the Temple to which she fled to protect her self and that the gods were so much the more religiously to be worshipped as they were more propitious and favourable to him in his conquest besides she being slain nothing was diminished of the strength and power of Cyricaenus But by how much Gryphus was the more unwilling by so much her sister was inflamed with a female pertinatiousness conceiving those words of his proceeded from love and not from pittie Therefore having called the Souldiers to her she sent them her self to kill her sister who entering into the Temple when they could not drag her out of it they cut off her hands holding fast on the Image of the goddess and in her last words having cursed the Author of the Parricide the gods besides being violated she died but to revenge her self for not long after another battaile being fought and Cyricaenus Conquerour he took Gryphina the wife of Gryphus prisoner who killed her sister and by her death did parentate to the Ghosts of his wife But Cleopatra in Egypt when she was offended that her Son Ptolomy was her companion in the Kingdom she excited the people against him and having taken from him his Wife Seleuce and so much the more unworthily because he had two children by her she compelled him to live a banished life having sent for her younger Son Alexander and crowned him King in the place of his Brother and being not content to have banished him out of the Kingdom she prosecuted a War against him in Cyprus and having driven him from thence also she killed the General of her own Army because he permitted him to escape alive out of his hands although Ptolomy being no wayes inferior to him in strength did willingly depart out of the Iland that he might not be engaged in a War against his own Mother Alexander being terrified with this cruelty of his Mother did also himself forsake her preferring a safe and quiet life above a dangerous Kingdom But Cleopatra fearing that her eldest Son Ptolomy should be assisted by Cyricaenus to be by him restored into Egypt did send great Ayds to Gryphus and Seleuce to be his wife who must now be espoused to the Enemy of her former husband and by Ambassadors called back Alexander her Son into the Kingdom whose life when by treachery she contrived to take away being prevented by him she was killed herself and yielded up her spirit not by fate but parricide Worthy she was of this infamy of death who drove her own Mother from the bed of her husband and possessed her room in it and successively made her two Daughters Widows after their alternate marriage with their own Brothers who banished one of them afterwards made war against him and having taken the Kingdom also from the other did endeavor to put him to death by treachery But Alexander had the leisure to repent of this horrible act for when ever it was known that the Mother was slain by the violence of the Son he was forced into banishment by the people and Ptolomy being called back the Kingdom was restored to him who would neither make War with his Mother nor take away by Arms from his brother what he himself did first possess Whiles these things were thus carryed his brother begotten on a Concubine to whom his Father in his Will did leave the Kingdom of Cyrene did decease having made the people of Rome his Heir for now the fortune of Rome being not content with the bounds of Italy did begin to extend it self to the Kingdoms of the East Therefore that part of Lybia was made a Province and afterwards Crete and Cilicia being subdued in the Piratick War were reduced into the form of a Province by which meanes the Kingdoms of Syria and Egypt being streightned by the Roman neighbourhood and accustomed heretofore to raise advantages to themselves by Wars with those who were next unto them the power of wandring abroad being taken away they turned their own strength into their own bowels insomuch that consuming themselves with daily encounters they grew into contempt with their neighbors and became a prey to the Nation of the Arabians but weak and contemptible before whose King Herotimus in the confidence of six hundred Sons begotten on divers Concubines with divided Armies did sometimes invade and plunder Egypt and sometimes Syria and advanced the name of the Arabians making it great by the weakness of the neighbouring Princes THE Fortyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe mutual hatreds of the Brothers and not long afterwards the enmity of the Sons succeeding the hatred of their Parents when both the Kings and Kingdom of Syria was consumed by an inexpiable War the people were enforced to seek forraign Ayd and began to look upon the Kings that were strangers to them Therefore when one part of them were of opinion that Mithridates should be sent for out of Pontus and another part thought that Ptolomy should be sent for out of Egypt it being advertised that Mithridates was involved in the Roman War and that Ptolomy was an Enemy unto Syria they all agreed upon Tigranes King of Armenia who was supplyed besides his own strength with the Society of the Parthians and the affinity of Mithridates Tigranes being therefore sent for into the Kingdom of Syria for the space of eighteen years most peaceably enjoyed the Kingdom neither did he provoke any by War neither being provoked did he conceive it necessary to make war against any other But as Syria was safe from the in vasion of Enemies so it was made desolate by an Earthquake in which one hundred and seventy thousand persons and many Cities were destroyed The South-sayers being consulted did make answer that this Prodigie did portend the change of affairs in the Kingdoms of the East Tigranes therefore being overcome by Lucullus Antiochus the Son of Cyricaenus was made King of Syria by him But what Lucullus gave Pompey afterwards did take away for he demanding the Kingdom of him he made answer That he would not make him King of Syria either desiring or refusing it having for the space of eighteen years during which Tigranes possessed Syria dishonourably concealed himself in a corner of Cilicia but Tigranes being overcome he now desired of the Romans the reward of another mans labour Therefore as he did not dispossess him of the Kingdom when he had it so because he gave way to Tigranes he would not grant him that which he could not defend least he should render Syria again obnoxious to the robberies of the Arabians and the Jewes He therefore reduced it into the form of a Province and thus by the discord of the
consanguineous Kings the East by degrees became under the power of the Romans THE One and fortyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe Parthians in whose power as if they had made a division of the World with the Romans the Empire of the East is at this time resident were the banished men of Sythia which by their own language is interpreted for in the Sythian tongue a Parthian doth signifie a banished man In the time of the Medes and Assyrians they were the most obscure of all the Nations in the East and afterwards when the Empire of the East was translated from the Medes unto the Persians like people without a name they became always he prey of the Conquerors At last the Macedons having triumphed over all the East did make them their servants And indeed it may appear wonderful that by their courage they were advanced to so great a happiness as to raign over those Nations under whose command they were accounted before but as a servile Generation And being provoked by the Romans by their greatest Generals in their most flourishing estate of the Empire they were of all Nations not onely their equals but their Conquerors Howsoever it is more their glory to rise and grow up amongst hose Empires of Assyria Media and Persia before remembred and the most renowned Bactrian Dominion of one thousand Cities then to be fam us in the Conquests of a Nation so remote Moreover it is remarkable that when they were daily vexed with the great Wars against the Sythians and their neerer Enemies and were oppressed round with all manner of dangers they did not onely possess themselves of the solitary and waste places betwixt Hyrcania and the Dacans but privily became masters of the Borders of the Areans Spartans and Majans Afterwards their neighbours not permitting but opposing them they did so far advance themselves that they inhabited as well the clifts and tops of the Rocks and Mountains as the low and spacious plains By which means it comes to pass that either the excess of cold or heat doth give bounds to the greatest part of Parthia for the snow doth possess the Mountains and the heat doth afflict the Valleys The Government of the Nation after their revolt from the Empire of the Macedons was under Kings The order or estate of the Commons is next to the Majesty of Kings from hence they derive both Generals in War and Magistrates in peace Their speech is mixt betwixt the Sythian language and the Median They are cloathed after their old Custom and if their fortunes do grow high they are apparalled like the Medes with a garment translucently thin and fluent In their Wars they use both their own and the Sythian Discipline They have not as other Nations an Army composed of free-men but the greatest part of it doth consist of servants the Communalty of whom they being never to be made free doth daily encrease as more are daily born They bring up these with as great care as they do their own children and teach them both to ride and shoot with great industry As every one is more rich so in the service of the War he brings in more Horses to the King When fifty thousand of their Cavalry did meet Mark Anthony in the Field making war upon them there were not above four hundred and fifty of them that were free born They are not used to fight hand to hand or to maintain a league before a City They fight always with their Horses either charging or wheeling about they also oftentimes do counterfeit themselves to be routed that they may return with the greater advantage whereby they both finde their pursuers to lie open to their swords and unprepared to receive the second impression of their Charge their sound unto the Battel is not given by a Trumpet but by a Drum neither do they long hold out in fight for they were not to be indured if they had as much perseverance in the fight as impetuousness in the first shock of the charge Oftentimes in the very heat of the first charge they forsake their battel and after their fight they will immediately rally and renew the fight again and when you think you are most sure of Conquest the greatest difficulty and danger of the Battel is to come Their defence for themselves and for their Horses are plumed Coats of Mail on which are such waving Plumes â—at they do cover all the bodies of both They have no use either of Gold or Silver but onely on their Armor through the delight of various lust they have every one several Wives neither is there any crime amongst them which is prosecuted with a greater punishment then adultery Wherefore they forbid their women not onely the company of men at their Banquets but also the sight of them they eat no flesh but what they procure by hunting they are always carryed on Horses on those they mannage their Wars on chose they celebrate their Feasts and perform all puâ—lick and private Offices on those they ever move or stand still on those they constantly trade and discourse This is the greatest difference betwixt their Slaves and their Free-born that the Servants in times of no War do go on foot the Free-men do always ride on horseback their common burial is no other then to be devoured by birds or dogs their bones being all that is left are covered with the Earth as for their Religion they are most devout in the worship of their gods the d spâ—sitions of the Nation are lofty seditious deceitful petulant they commanâ— boldness in men and courtesie in women they are always apt to rise at any commotion either Forraign or Domestick they are more prompt to act then to speak therefore they cover all things with silence whether good or bad they are prone unto lust frugal in their diet and with us faith either in their words or promises unless it complies with their advantage they obey their Princes not for reverence but for fear After the death of Alexander the Great when the Kingdoms of the East were divided amongst his Successors none of the Macedons vouchsafing to command over so poor a Nation as they were delivered it to Stratagenor one of their Associates in their wars The Parthians therefore the Macedonians being divided and exercised in civil Wars did follow Eumenes with the other Nations of Upper Asia who being overcome they came unto Antigonus Afterwards they followed the Ensigns of Nicanor Seleucus and he being dead of Antiochus and his Successors from whose Nephews Son Seleucus they first of all revolted In the first Carthaginian War Lucius Manlius Piso and Attilius Regulus being Consuls the discord of the two Brothers Seleucus and Antiochus did give them an impunity for this desertion for the two brothers contending to pluck the Kingdom from one another they did forbear to prosecute against the Revolters At the same time Theodotus the Lieutenant of the thousand Cities of the Bactrians revolted also and
but sendeth forth abundance of all things to Italie and the Citie of Rome neither is there in it only great store of Corn but also of wine honie and oyl There is in it also an abundance of steel and of swift horses and it is not only to be praised for the outward goods of the earth and which are on the superfiices of it but for the many Mines and richness of the metals in the bowels of it There is also abundance of Flax and Spartus and no Countâ—ie in the world undoubtedly is more full of minion In this Kingdom the courses of the Rivers are not now so violent as to bring any hurt by their swiftness but smooth and gentle and water both the fields and Vine-yards and by the high tides from the Ocean very full of fish Many of their Rivers are rich in Gold which are celebrated by the praises of many writers It onely joyns to France by one ridge of the Pyrenaean hills on all other parts of it like to a circle it is surrounded by the Sea The Form of the Countrie is almost four square unless when it is shut in by the Pyrenaean Hills the Sea shores being there more straight and narrow The space of the Pyrenaean Hills doth contain six hundred miles The salubrity of the air and the equal temper of it throughout all Spain is not infected with any heaâ—ie mists from the marshes to this may be added the cool aires from the Sea and the gentle and daily whisperings of the windes which piercing through all the Countrie is an occasion of a great and general health to all The bodies of the men are prepared for hunger and labor and their resolutions for death They are all and altogether given to frugalitie and covet war rather then sloth if they want an enemie abroad they will seek him at home They have been oftentimes tormented to death for the concealing of things committed to their trust so much more strong is the care of their taciturnitie then of their life The patience of that servant is made famous in the Carthaginian war who having revenged his master did insult with lowd laughter on the rack and in an unclouded and pure joy overcame the horror of death and the crueltie of his tormentors The Nation are swift of feet they have for the most part active spirits Horses for service in war and good swords are more dear unto them then their own blood They have no feasts there but on holy-daies After the second Carthaginian war they learned of the Romans to be bathed in hot water In a long course of time they had never any famous General besides Veriatus who for the space of ten years wearied the Romans with various victory so much the more neer to beasts then unto men are their dispositions Neither was he elected by the suffrages of the people but they followed him as a warie man and expert to decline dangers and so great was his valor and his continence that though oftentimes he overthrew the Armies of the Consuls and was renowned for great atchievements yet he never changed his arms nor his habit no not so much as his diet and continued in the same fashion of cloaths and Arms in which at first he began to fight insomuch that every common Souldier did seem more gallant then the General himself In Portugal neer unto the River of Tagus it is affirmed by divers Authors that Mares do conceive by the winde which fables received their original by the fruitfulness and abundance of them who are found to be so swift in Galizia and in Portugal that not undeservedly they seem to be conceived by the winde The Galizians do derive their pedigree from the Grecians for after the end of the Trojan war Teucer being hated by his father Telamon and not received into the Kingdom by reason of the death of his Brother Ajax sayled unto Cyprus and builded there the Citie Salamina after the Name of his antient Countrie to which place having understood of the death of his father he not long afterwards returned But when Eurix the Son of Ajax would not suffer him to land he lanched forth into the Deeps again and by rough windes was driven to the Coasts of Spain where he possessed himself of that place on which new Carthage now doth stand from thence he sayled to Galizia and having planted there a Colony he gave a name unto that Nation Howsoever Galizia is said to be the portion of Amphilochus The Countrie doth abound with Lead and Brass and with Minion also which giveth a Name to the neighboring River And it is so rich in Gold that oftentimes in ploughing the ground they do turn up the Oar of Gold with it On the bounds of this Nation is a consecrated Hill and which it is accounted a great sin to violate with Iron but when the earth is cleaved with thunder Bolts which is usual in those places it is permitted to any to collect the detected Oar as the gift of God The women do exercise themselves in houshold affairs and in manuring of the ground the men do live by their swords and by their plunder Steel with them is a principal commoditie but their water is more violent then Steel it self for the Steel being extinguished in it is made more sharp hard neither do they approve of any weapon which is not dipped in the River of Bilbo or in Chalybs from whence the Inhabitants who live neer unto this River are called Chalybes are said to excell all others in the commoditie of Steel But the Curetians do inhabite the Forrests of the Tertesians in which it is reported that the Titanian Gyants made war against the gods The most antient of their Kings was Gargoris who did first finde out the use of hony He when a Nephew was born unto him by the incontinence of his own Daughter being ashamed at the dishonor of the act he commanded that the little one by several varieties of death should be destroyed but being preserved by fortune through so many chances he at the last even by the compassion of the dangers themselves did arrive unto the Kingdom First of all when he commanded him to be exposed he after certain daies did send to enquire after his Body and found that he was wonderfully preserved and nourished by the milk of several wilde beasts Being brought home he commanded him to be cast into a narrow path in which the droves and heads of Cattel were accustomed to pass too cruel he was in this to have the young childe rather to be trod upon by the muiâ—tude of the Beasts then to perish by a single death and remaining untouched by them and not wanting nourishment he commanded that he should be cast to fierce bandogs impatient by the abstinence of many dayes and they also forbearing him he not long afterwards commanded that he should be cast unto the hogs who did not onely not hurt him but some
of the Sows did nourish him with their milk whereupon at the last he commanded that he should be cast into the Ocean Then by the present power of Providence as if he was carryed rather in a Ship then on the waves by a gentle tide he was brought to the land safe betwixt the raging sands and the reciprocating Billowes And not long after there did appear a Hinde who did offer her strutting dugs unto the little one who by his daily conversation with his nurse became of a wonderful swiftness of body and a long time wandred on the Mountains and the Valleys amongst the herds of the Dear being no ways inferior in his swiftness to them At the last he was taken in a snare and given as a great present to the King and being discovered to be his Nephew by the similitude of his lineaments and by the marks of his body which presently after his birth were burned on it in the admiration of the deliverances from so many chances and dangers he was ordained by the King to be his Successor in the Kingdom his name was called Habis and no sooner was he invested in the Kingdom but he shewed such proofs of nobility and greatness that it appeared he was not in vain delivered from so many dangers by the Majesty of God for by Laws he did unite the barbarous people and taught them how to yoak the Oxen and to plough and sow the ground and enforced them to feed on better nourishment then what the trees or Plants provided belike in the hate of those things which he himself had endured The education of this Prince would seem fabulous but that it is recorded that the Builders of Rome were nourished by a Woolf and that a Bitch did give suck unto Cyrus King of Persia The people were by him forbidden to exercise any servile labour and they were distributed by him into seven Cities Habis being dead the Kingdom for many Generations continued amongst his Successors But in another part of Spain which consisteth most of Ilands the Kingdom was in the power of Geryon In this place there is such abundance of grass and withall so pleasant that if by the providence of the herdsmen the Cattel were not enforced to discontinue feeding their bodies would break by the excess From hence the Droves of Geryon in those times accounted the onely wealth of the world were of that fame amongst the Nations that by the greatness of the booty they allured Hercules out of Asia It is recorded in Story that Geryon was not a Gyant of three bodies as the Fables do make mention but that there were three brothers of so fast a concord that all three seemed to be governed by one minde and that Hercules did not of his own accord make War upon them but having observed that his own droves of Cattle were forced from him he regained of them what he had lost by the sword After the Succession of many Kings in Spain the Carthaginians first of all possessed themselves of it for when the Inhabitants of the Gades being obedient to the vision had translated into Spain the holy things of Hercules from Tyre from which place the Carthaginians also do derive their Original and had builded them there a City the neighbouring people of Spain envying the growing happiness of the new City and upon that account provoking them to War the Carthaginians being of the same kindred did send relief unto them and by a happy Expedition they both vindicated the Gaditans from injury and added the greatest part of Spain to the Empire of their command And afterwards being incited by the fortune of their first Expedition they sent Amilcar their General with a great Army to make themselves masters of all the Province who having performed great atchievements whiles he followed his fortune too inconsiderately he was betrayed in an Ambush and slain Asdrubal his Son-in-law was sent to supply his plae who was slain himself by the servant of a Spaniard in the revenge of the unjust death of his Master Annibal the Son of Amilcar did succeed him and was a greater General then them both for having excelled them in his atchievements he subdued all Spain and having afterwards made war on the Romans he afflicted Italy with several losses and overthrows for the space of 16 years The Romans in the mean time having sent the Scipioes into Spain did first of all drive the Carthaginians out of that Province afterwards they had great Wars with the Spaniards themselves neither could they be conquered to an absolute obedience untill Augustus Caesar having subdued all the world did carry thither his conquering swords and having by Laws brought the barbarous and rude people into a more civil course of life he reduced all Spain into the form of a Province The End of the Books of JVSTINE the HISTORIAN Collections taken from the Books of Sextus Aurelius Victor on the lives and manners of the Roman Emperors from the time of Caesar Augustus to the Emperor Theodosius Octavianus Augustus Caesar IN the seven hundred and two and twentyeth year after the City of Rome was built but in the four hundred and eightieth year after the expulsion of the Kings the custome was renewed at Rome to obey onely one person not entituled a King but an Emperor or by a more reverend Name Augustus Octavianus was the Son of Octavius a Senator by the Mothers side he derived his discent from Aeneas by the Julian Family and by the adoption of Caius Caesar his great Uncle he was called Caius Caesar and by reason of his victories sirnamed Augustus Being established in the Empire he exercised the Tribunitian power of himself He reduced the Country of Egypt being before unpassable by reason of the Marshes and the inundation of Nilus into the form of a Province which that he might make serviceable to the City by the transportation of Corn he caused with the great labour of his Souldiers all the deep ditches to be opened which the negligence of Antiquity had covered with mud In his time four hundred Millions of measures of Corn were brought yearly out of Egypt unto Rome To the number of the Provinces of the people of Rome he added the Cantabrians and Aquanians the Rhoetians Vindelicans Vandals and Dalmatians he overthrew the Swedes and the Cattans and translated the Sycambrians into France and enforced the Pannonians to be tributary to Rome and compelled the people of the Gothes and Bastarnians to a peace having first provoked them to feel his power by War The Persians presented their Hostages unto him and granted him the permission to chuse them a King The Indians moreover and the Scythians the Garamants and Ethiopians did send their Ambassadors with Presents to him He so much abhorred all Wars troubles or division that he would never denounce War upon any Nation unless for great and just causes alledging that it shewed a vain-glorious and most unconstant minde either in the immoderate desire
Orators and Captains p. 158 Alexander in many battels having overthrown the Persians doth put upon them the yoak of servitude p. 274 Alexander marryeth Statyra the daughter of Darius p. 196 Alexander would be worshipped as a God and be called the Son of Jupiter Hammon p. 169 Alexander the Great conspired against by Alexander Lyncestes p. 161 Alexander the revenger of his Fathers death p. 153 Alexander determined to die of hunger p. 188 Alexander given to Wine and Choler p. 146 Alexander grievously wounded p. 195 Alexander his dangerous feaver at the River Cydnus p. 171 Alexanders dead body to be convayed to Hammon by his own command p. 202 Alexander King of Epirus was dis-invested by Antigonus of his Kingdom p. 354 Alexander Caesar p. 586 Alexandria on Tanais builded by Alexander the Great p. 140 Alexandria in Aegypt builded by him p. 169 The Original of the Amazones p. 30 The coming of their Queen Thalestris to Alexander the Great p. 33 Amilco succeeded Hamilcar p. 282 Amilco killed himself p. 285 Amphitryo dedicated Athens to Minerva p. 36 The justice of Anaxilaus p. 75 Annabal made Captain before he was at mans estate p. 372. Annibal sixteen years a Conqueror in Italy p. 447 Annibals policy to avoyd the envie and the danger that might attend his great wealth p. 408. Annibals stratagem to overcome by Serpents p. 409 Annibals death by poyson ibid. Annibalianus Caesar p. 590 Antigonus killed by Sandrocottus p. 243 Antigonus threw the Diadem from him p. 367 Antigonus War with Perdiccas p. 217 Antiochus killed by the Parthians p. 461 462 Antiochus overcome and slain in banishment p. 362 Antiochus overcome by the Romans p. 401 Antiochus suspected Hannibal p. 392 Antiochus restored his Son to Africanus p. 397 Antiochia builded by Seleucus p. 242 Antipater killeth his Mother Thessalonice p. 245 All the Family of Antipater extinguished p. 248 Antoninus Caesar the Pious p. 558 Appollo revenging himself against Brennus p. 341 Appius Claudius breaking the Peace with Pyrrhus p. 266 The use of Honey and Runnet found out by Aristaeus p 220 The Arabians weak and impotent 473 Abdolominus made King of Sidon from the lowest degree of Fortune 167 Archidamus Commander of the Lacedemonians wounded p. 108 The Argonauts p. 407 492 The Argyraspides overcome by Antigonus p. 227 Aridaeus the Son of Philip raigneth in Macedonia p. 156 Aristides p. 57 Aristotimus the Tyrant of the Epirots his cruelty p. 351 Aristonicus overcome by the Consul Perpenna p. 433 Aristotle Tutor to Alexander the Great p. 204 The greatness of Armenia and description of it p. 490 Armenius the companion of Jason 491 Ascanius succeeded his Father Aeneas p. 503 Arsaces the common name of the Parthian Kings p 484 Arsacides his mercy to conquered Demetrius p. 458 Arsinoës departure into banishment p. 332 Artabanus killed Xerxes and he himself slain by Artaxerxes p 52 53 Artaxerxes had one hundred and fifteen Sons p. 148 Artemisia that memorable and gallant Queen p. 51 Arymbas made Laws for the Epirots p. 260 Asia the cause of many Wars reduced into the power of the people of Rome p. 433 Assyrians afterwards called Syrians how long they held the Empire p. 6 Astyages of a King made Governor of the Hyrcanians p. 13 Athens one of the eyes of Greece p. 92 Athis the daughter of Cranaus gave a name unto it p. 36 The Athenians hated by all men p. 82 The great wars of the Athenians with the Lacedemonians p. 88 The Athenians the inventors of Oyl Wine and the manufactures of Wooll p. 36 Attalus his Parricides and death p. 431 Attilius his war against Antiochus p. 403 Augustus Caesar his life and death p. 526 c. Aurelian Caesar and his gorgeous habiliments p. 578 B BAbylon builded by Semiramis p. 5 Bactrians lose their liberty and all things p. 485 Barce builded by Alexander p. 196 Butti who so called p. 219 Belgius Commander of the Gauls p. 334 Beronice having revenged the wrong offered to her was killed by deceit p. 358 Bessus delivered by Alexander to the brother of Darius p. 186 The River Bilbilis in which the Spaniards dip their sleel p. 518 Bomilcar fastned to the Cross p. 316 Brennus Captain of the Gauls killed himself at Delphos p. 341 Brundusium builded by the Aetolians p. 180 The Brutians overthrew Alexander of Epirus p. 181 Bucephala builded by Alexander in the memory of his Horse so called p. 192 Byrsa the City of Carthage so called from the Hide of an Ox p. 273 Byzantium besieged by Pyrrhus p. 134 C CAepio the Roman Consul took away the Gold at Tholouzi p. 406 Caligula why so called p. 533 Calimander his faithfulness to Demetrius p. 459 Calisthenes the Philosopher his lamentable end because he would not adore Alexander the great p. 190 Cambyses demolished the Temple of Apis and his Army overwhelmed afterwards at the Temple of Hammon p. 17 Candaules King of the Lydians p. 14 The Cappadocians overcome by Perdiccas burns all their moveables with themselves p. 216 Caracalla Caesar p. 567 Caranus the first King of Macedonia by the Conduct and direction of Goats buildeth the City of Edyssa p. 114 Carthage builded before Rome seventy two years p. 276 The Carthaginians forbid to speak or write in Grerk p. 295 The Carthaginians war with the Sicilians p. 75 Carus Caesar p. 580 Cassander killeth Alexander with his Mother Arsinoe p. 237 Castor and Pollux propitious and present to the Locrensians p. 289 Cecrops King of the Athenians p. 36 Ceres her holy Mysteries p. 81 Caribdis that dangerous gulf p. 74 Chrestos killed by Mithridates p. 450 Chion and Leonides conspire against Clearchus p. 254 Cimon overcometh Xerxes by Sea and Land and his piety to his Father p. 57 58 Civil war betwixt Caesar and Pompey p. 494 Claudius Tiberius p. 531 Claudius Caesar ibid. Clearchus banished amongst the Heraclians and his cruelty towards them p. 255 Cleopatra the daughter of Philip marrieth Alexander King of the Epirots p. 141 Cleopatra marryed her own brother Ptolomy and the execrable murders committed by him p. 455 Cleophis redeemed her Kingdom by yielding to the lust of Alexander p. 191 Clytus killed by Alexander p. 187 Cocceius Nerva p. 550 Codoman made Governor of the Armenians p. 151 Codrus the last King of the Athenians and his noble death p. 37 Commodus Caesar p. 563 Conon banished to Cyprus p. 100 Constans Caesar p. 590 Constantinus Caesar p. 587 Constantius Caesar ibid. Corcyra taken by Ptolomy p. 347 Corinth demolished p. 417 Crassus with all his Army overthrown by Horodes p. 432 Critias and Hippolochus their just deaths p. 95 Craesus King of the Lydians taken p. 13 Cyclops heretofore Inhabiting Sicily p. 75 Cynegyrus his great fortitude p. 42 The Cyprian Virgins provide them dowries by the prostitution of their bodies p. 272 Cyrini builded by Aristaeus p. 219 Cyricaenus killeth Gryphina p. 470 Cyrus maketh war on the Medes p. 11 Cyrus maketh war on the Sythians p. 16 Cyrus
suckled by a Bitch p. 8 Cyrus destroyed by the Scythians with all his Army p. 17 D DAcians their Original from the Goths p. 407 Damascus a City of Syria p. 427 Darius his march against Lanthinus the Scythian and against the Athenians p. 35 Darius in a great overthrow flying from Alexander p. 161 Darius offers his daughter in marriage to him p. 170 Darius bound by his own men in golden chains p. 274 Darius Mother Wife and Daughters taken Captive p. 166 Darius another of that name made King by the neighing of his Horse p. 20 Decius Caesar p. 573 Diadamia the daughter of Aeacides p. 233 Delphos Temple the description of it p. 337 Delos the Treasury of Greece p. 68 Demaratus King of the Lacedemonians p. 44 Demetrius is slain p. 356 Demetrius King of Epirus dyeth p. 367 Demetrius delivereth himself to Seleucus p. 248 Demetrius fighting against the Parthians is taken p. 426 Demetrius unsuccess of all war against the Jews p. 427 Demophoon the Son of Thesius p. 37 Demosthenes kills himself p. 80 Demosthenes corrupted by the Persians p. 154 Deucalion wherefore believed to have restored mankinde p. 36 Diadumenus Caesar p. 568 Didius Julian Caesar p. 565 Dido worshipped for a Goddess p. 275 The deluge in the time of Amphitryo p. 36 Dindimean Jupiter plundred by Antiochus p. 403 Dioclesian Caesar refused at first the Empire p. 581 Dionysius teaching a School at Corinth p. 302 Dionysius the Tyrant killed by Treachery p. 295 Dionysius his parricides and perfidiousness p. 297 Domitian p. 548 Domitius Nero defiles his own mother p. 538 E EPaminondas his moderation learning valour and death p. 110 111 Ephesus builded by the Amazons p. 31 Ephestion most dear to Alexander p. 199 Epigoni their original p. 185 Epirus the original of it c. p. 199 Evagorus King of Cyprus p. 90 Evander his coming into Italy p. 501 Eviratedes slain by his own Son p. 486 Eumenes overcome by Antigonus p. 225 Europus raigned in Europia p. 114 Eurydice her parricide p. 119 Eurymedon Captain of the Athenians p. 79 F Fabricius Lacinus makes peace with Pyrrhus p. 266 Fatua the wife of Faunus p. 502 Faunus King of Italy p. 81 Faustulus the Kings shepheard p. 504 Florianus Caesar p. 579 Flaminius overcame the Macedons p. 384 Flaminius in two battels overcame Nabis p. 389 G GAlerius Maximinian Caesar p. 583 Galerius Armentarius Caesar p. 585 Galerius Maximinus p. 586 Gallienus Caesar p. 575 Gallus Caesar p. 573 The Gauls deriving their humanity from whom p. 507 Gyptis her strange marriage p. 506 The Gauls invade Italy and possess themselves of Rome p. 332 The Gauls overcome the Macedons p. 334 The Gauls Army utterly destroyed p. 341 Gallo-graecia from whence so called p. 345 Gargoris the most antient King of the Spaniards first found out the use of Honey p. 518 Geryon wherefore reported to have three bodies p. 521 Gobrias his gallant Atchievement p. 19 Gordianus Caesar p. 571 Gordius made King p. 162 his plough p. 163 and the ends of his Cord discovered by the sword of Alexander ibid. Gratianus Caesar p. 601 Gryphus so called by reason of his nose p. 469 his forcing his mother to drink that poyson which was prepared for him p. 467 Gryphina her cruelty 470 her death ibid. and the just death of Cleopatra by her youngest Son Alexander p. 471 Gyges p. 15 Gylippus his Victories in Sicily p. 78 H HAbis first taught the Spaniards the use of the plough p. 520 Hamilcar wickedly killed by the Carthaginians p. 304 Hamilcar another of that name killed in Sicily p. 282 Hanno his great treachery and grievous punishment p. 301 Harpagus p. 8 Helenus the Son of Priamus p. 260 Helvius Pertinax p. 564 Heliogabulus Caesar p. 569 Heraclea the Seat of Tyrants p. 255 Hercules overthrew the Amazons p. 32 Hercules and Bacohus the first Conquerors of the East p. 492 Hercylides p. 99 Hiarbas King of Mauritania p. 274 Hierotimus had six hundred Sons p. 473 The description of Hiericho commonly called Jericho p. 430 Hiero nourished by Bees afterwards made King p. 325 Hippias the Tyrant of Athens killed p. 42 Hippolyte marryed by Theseus p. 32 I IAson in the East worshipped as a God p. 492 His expeditions with the Argonauts into Colchos p. 491 Iberia called Spain from the River Iberus p. 513 Joseph preserved Aegypt from Famine p. 428 Joseph sold by his Brethren ibid. Joseph an infallible Interpreter of Dreams ibid. Jovinian the Emperor p. 598 Israel had ten Sons p. 427 Istrians their Original p. 407 Italy called Saturnia p. 501 Julian Caesaer p. 595 The Jews their Original p. 428 L LAcedemonians overcome by the Athenians p. 70 71 The Ledemonians Commonwealth What p. 62 63 Lamachus slain by Gylippus p. 78 Lampedo and Marthesia Queens of the Amazons p. 31 Laodice killed five of her Sons p. 435 The Latins founded by Aeneas p. 287 Leonidas his death and fortitude p 47 48 Leosthenes General of the Athenians is slain p. 215 The Law being the Act of Oblivion for facts committed in the time of War first instituted by the Athenians p. 96 Litterature had her Temple at Athens p. 36 Lucanians their Original p. 319 Lupercus the same with Pan and Lycaus p. 501 Lycurgus King of the Spartans p. 371 Lycurgus Laws p. 62 Lysander General of the Lacedemonians p. 88 Lysimachus poysoneth his Son Agathocles p. 257 Lysimachus another of that name killed his Son-in-law Antipater p. 248 Lysimachus the best of that name objected to a Lyon rampant with rage and hunger p. 240 M MAcedonia subjected to the Roman Empire p. 415 Machaeus crucified by his own Father p. 278 Mago made General of the Carthaginians p. 279 The Magi put to death p. 19 The Marathonian field p. 41 Marchus Antonius Caesar p. 561 Marcus Cato his undanted gallantry p. 413 Mardonius overcome p. 54 Massilea builded by the Phocensians p. 505 Their Institutions 507. Their love to the Romans p. 511 Matrimonies true Ornaments is modesty and shamefac'dness and not gorgeous apparel p. 292 Matheus King of the Scythians his policy p. 135 Maxentius made Emperor p. 583 The City Medaea builded by Medaea the wife of Jason p. 493 Millain builded by the Gauls p. 294 The Empire of the Medes continued 350 years p. 13 Mergis slain by Magus p. 18 The Messenians overcome by treachery p. 66 Midas instructed by Orpheus filled all Phrygia with superstition and Ceremonies p. 163 Miltiades general of the Athenians p. 41 Mithridates war against the Romans for the space of six and forty years 435. His parricides 440. His excellent Speech to encourage the Romans to the war p. 446 Moses possessed himself of Mount Sinai p. 429 Mummius the Roman General overthroweth the Achaians p. 417 N NEoptolomur killed by Eumenes p. 221 Niceas taken by the Lecedemonians p. 80 Ninus first made war on his neighbours p. 4 He overcame all the East ibid. Nisa the place where Bacchus was worshipped p. 190 Numitor