suffer'd the Scipio's to pass the Hellespont into Asia without Opposition This was the first time that the Romans got Footing in Asia which so startl'd Antiochus that he offerâ—d to quit all Places in Europe and such Asia as were Friends of Rome to pay half the Charges the Romans were at in this War and rather than not obtain Peace to part with a Portion of his own Kingdom The Ambassadors who carry'd these Proposals us'd their utmost Endeavours to procure the Favour of Africanus offering him the Restitution of his Son who had been taken Prisoner and many other great and honourable Advantages if it cou'd be effected But Africanus wouâ—d promise nothing more than only private Offices of Kindness modestly letting 'em to know That since Antiochus was now in such a declining state Peace was not probably to be purchas'd at so easie a Rate as formerly Whereupon Antiochus made what Provision he cou'd for a Battel and Africanus falling sick soon after to comfort him and to gain his Favour he sent him his Son without Ransom upon which the other in way of Requital advis'd him not to engage with his Brother till he cou'd return to the Camp Antiochus therefore having received this Message declin'd fighting what he cou'd till Scipio the Consul press'd so hard upon him nigh Magnesia that he was forc'd to draw out his Men to the Number of 70000 Foot and 12000 Horse Scipio oppos'd him with a much less Army but in a few Hours time entirely defeated him where his own Chariots arm'd with Sithes being driven back upon his own Men contributed much to his Overthrow Antiocâ—us now was glad to procure Peace of the Romans upon their own Terms and Ambassadors were dispatch'd accordingly where Africanus told 'em That the Romans were never wont to insult over their conquer'd Enemies and therefore nothing should be requir'd of him more than formerly The Terms were To pay 15000 Talents of Eubaea for the Expences of the War to quit all their Possessions in Europe and likewise all Asia on this side Mount Taurus to deliver up Hannibal and other Incendiaries and to give 20 Hostages for securing the Peace Thus ended the War with Antiochus the Great much to the Advantage of Rome within two Years time or less twelve Years after the second Punick War Lucius Scipio having gain'd the Surname of Asiaticus as his Brother had of Africanus III. The Romans had now but little Employment abroad besides chastising the Aetolians in Greece which was soon effected by Manlius Scipio's Collegue and by the same Consul an Expedition was undertaken against the Gallo Graecians or Galatians in Asia with good Success but Luxury and Idleness was first brought into Rome by his Army out of Asia The same Year the Census being perform'd 258328 Free Citizens were cess'd In the third Year after the ending of the War with Antiochus Scipio Africanus was maliciously accus'd of defrauding the Treasury of the Booty taken in the War and of too nigh a Correspondence with Antiochus and of Matters of the like Nature Some write that his Accusers were incited to it by Cato who hated him for his being frequently saluted King in Spain by the Inhabitants there and occasion'd him to have a Day set him by the Tribunes to answer it before the People The Day of Hearing being come and the Tribunes having taken their Places in the Rostra this great Man enter'd the Assembly with a mighty Train of Friends and Clients all the People having their Eyes fix'd upon him with Admiration Silence being made he with an undaunted Bravery put on his Triumphal Crown and with the Voice of a Conqueror cry'd This very Day O Romans I did overcome the fierce Hannibal and vanquish the powerful Carthaginians therefore let us lay aside private Contests and go as many as can to the Capitol to Thank the Gods for giving me the Will and Power of dâ—ing such eminent Services for my Country Whereupon going up to the Capitol the Whole Assembly followâ—d him as also to all the Temples in the City insomuch that the very Viatâ—rs and Clerks left the Tribunes alone who from Accusers were turn'd Admirers Shortly after the Tribunes accus'd him in the Senate-House and desir'd he might be brought to his Answer Scipio boldly rising up produc'd his Books of Accounts and â—ore 'em in pieces before 'em all disdaining to give an Account for so small a Matter in comparison of those vast Summs be himself had brought into the Treasury The next Day of Appearance he absented himself and his Brother declaring his Indisposition he was excusâ—d and another Day appointed before which time he withdrew himself to Linternum a Sea-Town of Campania and there livâ—d a Retirâ—d Life In his Absence the Tribunes were very violent against him yet through the Interposition of Gracchus one of 'em he was not Condemn'd His Brother Asiaticus was shortly after call'd to an Account about Matters of the same nature but by Gracchus's means likewise escap'd Publick Punishment The Year following many Scandalous Abuses of the Feasts of Bacchus were strictly enquir'd into and reform'd Three Years after which the Great Africanus dy'd who according to Val. Maximus order'd Ingrata Patria ne ossa quidem mea habes to be engraven on his Tomb My Ungrateful Country shall have none of my Remains This same Year was Remarkable for the Death of Two other Famous Men Philopoemen Captain of the Achaeans in Greece and Hannibal the latter of which had fled to several Places to escape falling into the hands of the Romans and at last to Prusias King of Bithynia who out of Fear was about delivering him up when Hannibal took Poyson which 't is said he carry'd about him in his Ring first Invoking the Gods of Hospitality as Witnesses of the Violated Faith of King Prusias and upbraiding the present Romans with degenerating from their Ancestors who had honourably prevented the Murder of their Mortal Enemy Pyrrhus whereas these had basely sent to Prusias to Murder his Guest and Friend The Romans were for about 12 Years after this chiefly employ'd in Wars with their Neighbours the Ligurians and Istrians with the Sardinians and Corsicans and likewise with the Celtiberians in Spain all which they reduc'd to Subjection In which space of time the Works of Numa Pompilius the Second King of Rome after they had been Buried in a Stone Chest 535 Years were taken up and Burnt by Order of Senate and in a Lustration not long after 273244. Free Citizens were Cess'd About Two Years after this Persâ—us King of Macedon the Son of Philip invited by his Fatherâ—s Preparations before his Death and pleas'd with his own Strength and Imaginary Successes renounc'd the League made with the Romans and so began the Second Macedonian War 25 Years after the finishing of the First and 18 after that with Antiochus Upon this Quintus Marcius and others were sent into Greece to secure and establish the Confederates in their Fidelity
Octavius ought to have the Title of Romulus because he had founded the Empire but the more venerable Name of AUGUSTUS propounded by Munacius Planâ—us at length seem'd most agreeable for sacred Placeâ— and Temples consecrated by Augurs were term'd Augusta by the Romans Caesar tho' he much desir'd that of Romulus yet perceiving he shou'd be suspected of affecting the Title of King declin'd it and was sirnam'd Augustus intimating something in him more than Mortal and this he accepted of a Title expressing more Dignity and Reverence than Authority And Things are call'd Augusta which are most worthy of Honour and most Sacred wherefore the Greeks express it by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Venerable From this Day forward began the Sovereign Power and Authority to be in the Hands of one Man and by a Law call'd Lex Regia all the Power of the People and Senate was transferr'd upon Augustus When his ten Years were expir'd ten more were added and after that as many more so that he had his Authority still continu'd for his Life for which Cause his Successors tho' they had the Power settled on 'em for the Term of Life yet at the End of every ten Years solemniz'd at it were the Renewing of it Thus Augustus Caesar became Supreme Governour of the Roman People neither by Inheritance nor Usurpation nor Conquest nor Election yet by means of 'em all This great Change of Government hapned in the 727th Year of the City A. M. 3978 in the second Year of the 188th Olympiad 482 Years since the Beginning of the Consular State 303 since the Beginning of the Macedonian Empire 33 since the Beginning of the Mix'd State 17 since the Death of Iulius Caesar and 25 before our Saviour's Nativity Here ended the greatest Common-wealth in the World and at the same time began the greatest Monarchy a Monarchy so well fix'd and firmly settled that nor all the tyrannical Carriage of those Monsters of Men that succeeded Augustus cou'd shake it a Monarchy which if it be consider'd with others as to its Power and Riches together with its Extent and Continuance there is scarce any room left for Comparison and a Monarchy which the Romans for many Years believ'd Indissoluble and Immortal The Roman Dominions were now almost brought to their utmost Extent containing in Europe Italy both the Gauls Spain Greece Illyricum Dacia Panonia with some part of Britain and Germany In Asia all those Provinces which went under the Name of Asia Minor Armenia Syria Iudaea with part of Mesopotamia and Media and in Africa Aegypt Africk Numidia Mauritania and Lybia besides many Islands and some Parts of other Provinces All which comprehended the greatest and far the best Part of Europe with very large Parts of Asia and Africa being no less than between 3 and 4000 Miles in length and about half as much in breadth As to the yearly Revenues of the Empire by a moderate Computation it has been reckon'd at â—igh forty Millions of our Money whereof Gaul paid five and that without being extremely burdensom to the People But what still makes it seem greater is what Vespasian told the Senate at his coming to the Empire that he wanted 40000000 of Sestercium's to settle the Common-wealth which amounts to 312000000 of our Money As for the Romans themselves they had now nothing so elevated a Temper either for the Greatness of Genius or the Force of the Soul as in some Time in the Republick but had something more Polite and Sociable and never were more glorious or at least more pleasant Times than now all Wars and Contests ceasing all Arts and Sciences flourishing and all Riches and Pleasures increasing In short Augustus made the World happy and was happy in the World he had nothing to desire of the Publick nor the Publick of him And considering the many Evils he occasion'd before he came to the Empire and the great Good he did after he was Emperor it was said with good Reason That he shou'd never have been born or never have dy'd But for his Actions afterwards and his further settlement of the Empire I must leave to the other Volume of this History FINIS An INDEX of the principal Things relating more particularly to the Ancient Magistrates Laws Buildings Customs c. of Rome A. ACtio Iuris Pag. 113. Aedilis 185. Aedilis Curâ—â—lis 148 149 366. Agraria Lex 96. Aprilis 23. Augustus 49. C. Candidatus 80. Capitol 37 49 264. Celer 11. Censor 124 152 365. Census 41 42. Centuria 41. Classus 41. Client 9. Cloacae 37. Comitia Centuriata 42. Comitia Curiata 9 Comitia Tributa 102. Consul 59 60 65 147 152 292 314 365. Curia 8. D. December 24. Decemviri 11â— Decuria 9. Dictator 74 75 76 151 204 207 267 355 365 380. Duumviri 28. E. Equites 242 243. F. Februarius 241 242. Fecial 21 31 32. I. Ianuarius 23. Ianus 21. Imperator 365. Interrex 18. Iugum 106. Iulian Year 361 362. Iuly 24 367. Iune 24 Iupiter Feretrius 12. Iupiter Indiges 3. Ius Civile 113. Ius Honorarium 113. L. Legatus 115. Legio 14. Lictor 11. Ludi Fescennini 150 192. Ludi Seculares 192. Ludi Terentini 193. Lustrum 42 124. M. Magister Equitum 75 355. Maia 24. Mancipium 43. Manipulares 6. Mars 23. Mercedonius 23. Months 23 24. N. November 24. Nundina 16. O. October 24. Opima Spolia 12 126 196. Ovatio 71. P. Pagus 22. Palatium 449. Patres Conscripti 10. Patres minorum Gentium 35. Patritius 9. Patronus 9. Pecunia 44. Plebeius 9. Plebiscitum 113. Pomaerium 7. Pompilian Year 23 24. Pontifex 21. Praefectus Vrbis 10. Praetor 147 148 160 195 219 366. Principalis Constitutio 113. Publicanus 243. Q. Quadrata 14. Quaestor 65 129 366. Quintilis 24 367. Quirinus 17. Quirites 14. R. Rex 8. Rex Sacrorum 53. Rostra 160. S. Salius 21. Satirus 192. Senatus 10 14 35 366. Senatus Consultum 113. September 24. Sextilis 24. Slaves 43. T. Tarpeia Rupes 13. Tribus 8 15 41 70 143 151 161 165 167 192. Tribuni Militum 123 128 131 147. Tribuni Plebis 83 84 87 89 90 106 268 292 355. Tribunus Celerum 11. Triumphus 71. Triumvirate First 293 295. Triumvirate Second 384 385. Triumviri Capitâ—les 169. Twelve Tables 112. V. Vestal Virgins 21 35. Vindicta 63. AN INDEX Of the Principal MEN and MATTERS IN THIS HISTORY A. ACtium See Battel Aemilius Paulus his Actions in the Second Macedonian War Page 228 229 Aeneas his Arrival and Settlement in Italy 3 Afranius and Petreus their War against Julius Caesar and their Losses 329 330. Their Deaths 358 Agrippa Menenius See Menenius Agrippa Vipsanius beats young Pompey 410. And Anthony ' s Forces at Actium 424. His Speech to Octavius about his laying down the Empire 440 441 Allobrogick War 251 252 Ancus Marcius the fourth King of Rome his Reign 30 to 34 Annibal the Carthaginian general See Hannibal Annibal the Carthaginian Admiral his ill Successes and Death 184 185 Anthony See
Antonius Marcus Antiochian War or the War with Antiochus King of Syria 221 to 224 Antonius Caius the Consul defeats Cataline 288 Antonius Marcus his management in relation to Julius Caesar ' s Death 375 to 378. His Attempts of raising himself 379 380 381. Is beaten at Mutina 382. He joins in the second Triumvirate 384 385. His Acts against Bâ—utus and Cassius 391 392. His Eastern Iourney 396 397. Falls in love with Cleopatra 399. His luxurious and prodigal Life with her 403 404 416 to 419. His Marriage with Octavia 405. His ill Success against the Parthians 414. Falls out with Octavius 417 c. He challengeth Octavius twice 421 429. Is beaten by him at Actium 424 425. Treats with Octavius 427. His Dispair Death and Character 430 431 432 Antonius Lucius his Brother raises a War against Octavius and is worsted 401 402 403 Appius one of the Decemvirate his ambitius Design 111 112. His Tyranny Lust and Death 116 to 119 Archimedes his famous Works and Death 209 Aristobulus King of Judaea conquer'd by Pompey 282 283 Augustus Caesar See Octavius Authors See Writers B. Battels the principal were at Actium 423 424 425. At Allia 137. At Cannae 205 206. At Dyrrachium 339 340. At Munda 363 364. At Phaâ—salia 343 to 348. At Philippi 392 393. At Trebia 200 201. At Thrasymene 202. At Regillus 76 77. At Zama 216 217 Brutus Decimus one of the Conspirators with M. Brutus against Julius Caesar his Actions and Death 381 382 Brutus Lucius Junius his Politick Designs 49 50. He everthrows the Kingdom of Rome 52 to 55. Causes the Execution of his owns Sons 62 63. His Death Brutus Marcus joins with Pompey 332. Together with Cassius conspires against Julius Caesar and kills him 370 to 373. His and Cassius ' s Success in the East 389 390. Sees a Ghost and his Discourse with Cassius concerning it 390 391. Another Discourse with him before the Battel at Philippi 391 392. Both their Defeats and Deaths 392 393 394 C. Caesar See both Julius and Octavius Calpurnia Wife to Julius Caesar her Dream 372 Calpurnius Flemma his great Valour 185 Camillus Furius takes the City of Veii 132 133. His extraordinary Generosity at Falerii 134. His Banishment 135. He saves his Country 141 142. His after Acts both at home and abroad 142 to 149 Capitolinus See Manlius Capitolinus Carthaginian War See Punick War Cassius the Consul his Ambitious Designs and Death 95 96 Cassius the Praetor surrenders his Fleet to Julius Caesar 350. For his other Actions See Brutus Marcus Cataline his Conspiracy against the State 283 284. Is repremanded by Cicero and leaves the City 285. Is defeated and slain 288 Cato Porcius the Elder his Behaviour towards the Women and his Soldiers 221. And towards Scipio Africanus 225. His great Enmity to Carthage 230 Cato Porcius the younger his Grandson his Management in Cataline ' s Conspiracy 287 288. Opposes Pompey 291. And Julius Caesar 292. His Opinion concerning Bribery 296. He is sent from Rome by Clodius ' s means 300. His nice Advice in Pompey ' s Camp 332 333. His remarkable Death 358 359 Caudium the dishonourable Treaty and its Effects 164 165 Cicero the renown'd Orator procures Pompey his first great Authority 277. His skilful Management in Cataline ' s Conspiracy 284 to 288. His Banishment 299 300. His Restoration 303 304. Pleads for Milo in vain 314. Desires a Triumph without success 319 320. Procures Anthony to be declar'd Enemy to the State 381. His Death by the second Triumvirate and Character 385 386 Cimbrian War 251 252 Cincinnatus Quintius is chosen Consul and Dictator both times from the Plow 105 106 Cinna the Consul joins with Marius and acts in the first Civil War 259 c. His Death 263 Cisalpine-Gallick War 195 196 Civil War the first between Marius and Sylla 258 to 271. The second between Julius Caesar and Pompey 321 to 348. Continu'd by Cato and Pompey ' s Sons 357 to 364. The third between the second Triumvirate and Brutus and Cassius 389 to 394. The fourth between Octavius Caesar and M. Anthony 420 to 432 Clelia her great Bravery 68 69 Cleopatra Queen of Aegypt her Enterview with Julius Caesar 352. The Favours she receiv'd from him 355. Her Character and famous Enterview with M. Anthony 397 398 399. Her Management of him 403 404 415. Her Prodigality 416 417. Her great Designs 425 426. Treats with Octavius 427. She retires to the Temple of Isis 428. Her Carriage towards Octavius 434 435. Her Lamentations over Anthony ' s Tomb and Death 436 437 Clodius his Attempts upon Julius Caesar ' s Wife 289. His Tribuneship 298 299 300. The Disturbances rais'd by him 303 304. His Death by Milo 358 359 Coecles Horatius his extraordinary Valour 67 Commanders See Generals Coriolanus Marcius his great Valour 86 87. His Behaviour exasperates the People 88. His Tryal and Banishment 89 90. Turns against his Country with great Success 91 92 93. Is persuaded by his Mother to desist and is afterwards slain 94 Corvus or Corvinus see Valerius Corvus Crassus his suppression of Spartacus 272. He joins in the first Triumvirate 293. Gains the Consulship with Pompey by Force 305. His Eastern Expedition Overthrow and Death 311 312 Curiatii see Horatii and Curiatii Curio his serviceable Assistance to Julius Caesar 318 319. His Death 331 Curius Dentatus overthrows Pyrrhus 177 178 Cursor see Papirius Cursor Curtius his incredible Bravery 150 D. Decimus Brutus see Brutus Decimus Decius Mus his dying for his Country 158 Decius Mus his Son his same Practice 168 Dentatus see Curius Dentatus and Siccius Dentatus Drusus his unfortunate Attempts and Death 254 F. Fabii their Generosity Valour and Destruction 98 99 Fabius Maximus his cautious Proceedings against Hannibal 203 204 205 Fabricius his great steadiness and Generosity 173 174 175 Flemma see Calpurnius Flemma Fulvia M. Anthony ' s Wife her Hatred to Cicero 386. Raises a Civil War against Octavius 401. Her Death 405 G. Generals or Commanders the principal were Romulus Tullus Hostilius Ancus Marcius Tarquinius Priscus Coriolanus Cincinnatus Camillus Manlius Papirius Cursor and Curius Dentatus among the Ancient Romans Among the later were Fabius Maximus Marcellus Scipio the Greater Scipio the Less Aemilius Paulus Marius Sylla Sertorius Lucullus Pompey Julius Caesar and M. Anthony Gracchus the Elder or Tiberius his Laws Seditious Attempts and Death 237 to 240 Gracchus the Younger or Caius his many Attempts and Alterations in the State and Death 241 to 246 Gauls their principal Wars with the Romans 135 to 142 H. Hannibal the Carthaginian General his March over the Alps 199 200. Beats the Romans at Ticenum and at Trebia 200 201. At Thrasymene 202 203. And at Cannae 205 206. He declines 207 to 213. Is intirely beaten by Scipio 216 217. His after Acts 222 223. His Death and Reflections upon the Romans 226 Herod King of Judaea his Submission to Octavius and cruelty to his Wife 426 427 Hersilia her generous
Behaviour 14 Horatii and Curiatii their Combat for their Country 27 28 Horatius Coecles See Coecles Horatius Hortensia her Behaviour and Speech to the Second Triumvirate 387 388 I. Janus its Temple built and shut the first time by Numa Pompilius 21. A second time 193. The third time by Octavius 437 438 Illyrian War 193 194 Italian War See Social War Jugurthine War 248 to 251 Julius Caesar his danger in Sylla ' s Proscription 266. He favours Pompey ' s first great Authority 277. His Behaviour in relation to Cataline ' s Conspiracy 286 287. His Rise and Acts in Spain 288 289 290. He quits his Triumph and joins with Pompey and Crassus in the first Triumvirate 292 293. His Consulship 296 297 298. His Expeditions against the Gauls Germans Britains c. 300 to 304. and 306 to 310 and 315 316. Falls out with Pompey and the Senate and becomes Master of all Italy 320 to 327. His Expedition against Afranius and Petreus in Spain 328 to 331. Against Pompey in Illyricum 333 to 341. And in Thessaly 342 to 348. His Wars in Aegypt and Love to Cleopatra 351 to 355. Against Pharnaces in Asia 356 357. Against Cato and others in Africa 357 358 359. His magnificent Triumph 360 361. He regulates the Roman Year 361 362. His Expedition against Pompey ' s Sons in Spain 362 363 364. His great Honours and Acts at Rome 365 to 370. His Death and Character 371 to 374. His remarkable Funeral 377 378 379 L. Lepidus joins in the second Triumvirate with Octavius and M. Anthony 384 385. He is confin'd to Africk by Octavius 406. And after that banish'd by him 411 Lucius Junius Brutus See Brutus Lucius Junius Lucretia Her Rape and voluntary Death 51 52 Lucullus his Acts and Success against Mithridates 271 c. Is stopp'd in his Progress by the Senate 274. Falls out with Pompey 278 M. Macedonian War the first 218 to 221. The second 226 to 229 Maelius his popular Designs and Death 125 126 Manlius Capitolinus his Valour in saving the Capitol 141. His Designs Tryal and Execution 143 144 Manlius Torquatus his Combat with a Gaul 151. His severe Iustice 158 Marcellus his Success against Hannibal 207. His Acts in Sicily 208 209. His Death 212 Mariamne Wife to King Herod her Death 426 427 Marius his first Rise and Acts against Jugurth King of Numidia 250 251. Against the Cimbrians 251 252. In the Social War 156. Occasions the first Civil War and his Danger 257 258 259. His Acts and Cruelties in this War with his Death 259 260 261 Marius the Younger his Son his ill Success in the first Civil War with his Death 264 265 Masanissa his remarkable Passion 215 Mecaenas his Speech and Advice to Octavius in relation to the holding the Empire 441 442 443 Menenius Agrippa his skilful Management of the Seditious Commons 81 82 Metullus Numidicus his Acts against King Jugurth 249 250. His Troubles and Recovery 252 253 Milo the Tribune opposes Clodius 303 304. At last kills him 313. And is banish'd 314 Mithridatick War the first 257 262. The second 268. The third 271 to 274. and 277 to 281. Mithridates his Death 281 282 Mutius Scaevola See Scaevola Mutius Mus See Decius Mus. N. Naevius his Augury 38 Numa Pompilius the second King of Rome his backwardness to accept of the Kingdom 19 20. His Reign 21 to 24 Numantia its Siege 235 236 O. Octavia Sister to Augustus Caesar her Worth and Marriage to M. Anthony 405. Reconciles her Husband and Brother 409. Her generous Speech in relation to both Parties 417. Her Compliance 419 420 Octavius Caesar declares himself Heir to Julius Caesar with his Success 379 380 381. Marches against M. Anthony 381 382. Falls out with the Senate 383. Ioins with Anthony and Lepidus in the second Triumvirate 384 385. Marches against Brutus and Cassius and by Anthony's Assistance overthrows 'em 393 394 395. His Cruelties after their Deaths 396. His troublesome Division of Lands 400. His War with Lucius Antonius and Success 401 402 403. And with young Pompey 408 410. His Marriage with Livia 408. Is chosen perpetual Tribune 413. Falls out with Anthony 417 c. Proclaims War against him 420. Beats him at Actium 424 425. Visits Cleopatra 434 435. Reduces Aegypt and shuts the Temple of Janus 437 438. His grand Consultation with Agrippa and Mecaenas 439 to 443. His Ordinances 444 445 446. His Speech to the Senate 446 447. His establishment of the Roman Empire and his taking the Title of Augustus 448 449 450 P. Papirius Cursor his Acts against the Samnites 163 165 166 Paulus Aemilius See Aemilius Paulus Perusian War 401 402 403 Petreus See Afranius Pompey the Great his Acts in the first Civil War 164 165. In Africk 265. Against Sertorius in Spain 269 270. Against the Pirates 275 276. Against Mithridates Tigranes and many other Eastern Kings 278 to 283. His magnificent Triumph 290 291. Is oppos'd by the Senate 292. And joins in the first Triumvirate 293. Assists Julius Caesar in his Consulship 297. Procures Cicero ' s Restoration 303 304. Gains the Consulship with Crassus by Force 305. His sole Consulship 314. Falls out with Julius Caesar 320. Abandons Rome 323. And also Italy 326 327. His Wars with Julius Caesar 332 to 347. His Misfortunes Death and Funeral 347 to 350 Pompey Sextus his Son joins with his elder Brother Cneius against Julius Caesar 362 363 364. Has great Authority procur'd him by M. Anthony 380. Relieves many proscrib'd Persons 387. He severely molests Italy and comes to a Treaty with Octavius Caesar 405 406. His Wars with him after that and Death 408 to 411 Pontius Cominius his bold Attempt 140 Poplicola Valerius his several Acts and Death 61 to 70 Porcia Daughter to Cato the younger her Courage 371. Her strange Death 396 Porsena King of Hetruria besieges Rome and shews great Generosity to the Romans 66 to 69 Proscription the first by Sylla and its Effects 266 267. The second by the second Triumvirate and its Effects 385 to 389 Punick or Carthaginian War the first 181 to 191. The second 198 to 217. The third 230 to 233 Pyrrhus King if Epirus his Successes against the Romans and Civility 171 to 176. He is at last worsted and abandons Italy 177 178 179 Q. Quintius Cincinnatus See Cincinnatus Quintius Quintus Flaminius his Success against King Philip in the first Macedonian War 219 220 R. Regulus his Acts against the Carthaginians and Defeat 186. His extraordinary Bravery and Death 189 190 Remus falls out with his Brother Romulus and is slain 6 7 Romulus his Birth 5. Re-inthrones his Grand-Father Numitor 6. Founds the City of Rome 7. His Reign 8 to 18 S. Saturninus his Sedition and Death 252 253 Scaevola Mutius his extraordinary Courage and Boldness 67 68 Sceva his great Valour 338 Scipio Africanus his first Rise 211. His great Success in Spain 213. And in Africk 214 215. Where he at last overthrows Hannibal 216 217. Goes
Lieutenant under his Brother into Asia 223 224. His noble Carriage to his Accusers with his Retirement and Death 225 226 Scipio Africanus the Younger or Aemilianus his Incouragement of Learning 229. His Acts against Carthage in the third Punick War 231 232 233. And in Spain 236. His Death 241 242 Scipio Asiaticus Brother to the Senior Africanus his Success against King Antiochus 223 224. His Disgrace 226 Sedititions the principal besides those which caus'd a Separation were that about Marriages 121. That concerning Honours and Dignities 145 146 147. That of the elder Gracchus 237 to 240. That of the younger Gracchus 241 to 246. That of Saturninus 252 253. That of Drusus 254 Separations between the Patritians and Plebeians the first 80. The second 119. The third 169 Sertorius his valiant Acts in Spain and Death 269 270 Servius Tullius the sixth King of Rome he obtains the Kingdom by Policy 39 40. His Reign 41 to 46 Sextus Son to the last Tarquin his Stratagem 48 49. Ravishes Lucretia 51 52 Sibyl ' s Books the Story 49 50 Siccius Dentatus his bold Speech 108. His great Valour and Death 116 Sieges the principal are of Alesia 315 316. Of Alexandria 352 353. Of Brundusium 325 326 327. Of the Capitol 139 to 142. Of Carthage 231 232 233. Of Numantia 235 236. Of Syracuse 208 209. Of Veii 130 to 133. Social War or the Italian War 254 to 257 Sophonisba her tragical Story 215 Sparticus his Rebellion and Suppression 272 Sylla his first Skill in War 251. His Acts in the Social War 256 257. Against Mithridates 261 262. In the first Civil War 263 264 265. His great Cruelties 266. His perpetual Dictator-ship 267 268. His Death 269 Syracuse its Siege 208 209 T. Tarpeia betrays the Capitol and is slain 13 Tarquinius Priscus the fifth King of Rome his first settlement in the City 33. His Reign 41 to 46 Tarquinius Superbus the seventh and last King of Rome he murders his Prince and obtains the Kingdom by Force 45 46. His Reign 46 to 54. His Banishment 54 55. His first Effort to regain his Kingdom 60 61. His second 64. His third 65 c. His fourth and last 73 c. His Death 78 Tatius King of the Sabines his War against Rome 13. Is made King of Rome with Romulus 14 his Death 15 Tigranes King of Armenia his Pride and ill Success against the Romans 273 274. Refuses to receive Mithridates after his Defeat and makes a Peace with the Romans 279 280 Torquatus See Manlius Torquatus Tullus Hostilius the third King of Rome his Reign 25 to 30 V. Valerius Corvus his remarkable Combat with a Gaul 153 Valiant Men besides Generals the most remarkable were the Horatii and Curiatii Coecles Scaevola the Fabii Siccius Dentatus Curtius Manlius Torquatus Valerius Corvus Calpurnius Flemma and Scaeva Veii besieg'd and taken after ten Years 130 to 133 Ventidius his Success against the Parthians 407 Veturia Mother to Coriolanus her generous Care for her Country and Success 93 94. Virginia her tragical Story 116 117 118 W. Wars the most remarkable by Name were the Allobrogick Antiochian Cimbrian Cisalpine-Gallick Civil Gallick Illyrian Jugurthine Macedonian Mithridatick Perusian Punick or Carthaginian Pyrrhian Social or Italian Writers and Learned Men mention'd in this Book are Livius Androniâ—us Ennius and Naevius 192. Plautus 221. Terence Scipio and Lelius 229. Lucillius 236. Lucretius 253. Varro 271. Salust 315. Virgil 400 401. Livy Horace and Ovid 443. In other places see Cicero Caesar Cato c. X. Xantippus overthrows the Romans and is murder'd 186 FINIS BOOKS lately Printed THE Present State of Persia With a faithful Account of the Manners Religion and Government of that People By Monsieur Sanson a Missionary from the French King Adorn'd with Figures Done into English The Present State of the Empire of Morocco With a faithful Account of the Manners Religion and Government of that People By Monsieur de S. Olon Ambassador there in the Year 1693. Adorn'd with Figures The Life of the Famous Cardinal-Duke of Richlieu Principal Minister of State to Lewis XIII King of France and Navarre in Two Volumes 8vo Letters written by a French Gentleman giving a faithful and particular Account of the Transactions of the Court of France relating to the Publick Interest of Europe With Historical and Political Reflections on the ancient and present State of that Kingdom By the Famous Monsieur Vassor A New Voyage to the Levant Containing an Account of the most Remarkable Curiosities in Germany France Italy Malta and Turkey With Historical Observations relating to the present and ancient State of those Countries By the Sieur du Mont. Done into English and adorn'd with Figures A New Voyage to Italy With a Description of the Chief Towns Churches Tombs Libraries Palaces Statues and Antiquities of that Country Together with useful Instructions for those who shall travel thither By Maximilian Misson Gent. Done into English and adorn'd with Figures In two Volumes 8vo The Life of the Famous Iohn Baptist Colbert Late Minister and Secretary of State to Lewis XIV the present French King Done into English from a French Copy printed at Cologn this present Year 1695. Now in the Press and will be speedily Publish'd THE Compleaâ— Horseman Discovering the surest Marks of the Beauty Goodness and Vices of Horses and describing the Signs and Causes of their Diseases and the True Method both of their Preservation and Cure With Reflections on the Regular and Preposterous Use of Bleeding and Purging Together with the Art of Shooing and a Description of several Kinds of Shooes adapted to the various Defects of Bad Feet and for the Preservation of those that are good and the Best Method of Breeding Colts with Directions to be observ'd in Backing 'em and Making their Mouths c. By the Sieur de Solleysell one of the Heads of the Royal Academy at Paris The Eighth Edition Review'd and methodically Augmented Done into English and Adorn'd with Figures Folio ADVERTISEMENT 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Or a View of all Religions in the World with the several Church-Governments from the Creation till these times Also a Discovery of the known Heresies in all Ages and Places And choice Observations and Reflections throughout the whole The Sixth Edition Enlarg'd and Perfected by Alexander Ross. To which are annexed the Lives Actions and Ends of certain notorious Hereticks with their Effigies in Copper Plates Quarle's Emblems the Curs being all new Engraved and curiously done will be publish'd about the latter end of February instant The Elements of Euclid Explain'd In a New but most Easie Method together with the Use of every Proposition through all parts of the Mathematicks Written in French by that excellent Mathematician F. C. Francis Milliet de Chales of the Society of Iesus Now made English and a Multitude of Errors Corrected which had escap'd in the Original These three Books are Printed for and Sold by M. Gilliflower in Westminster-Hall and W. Freeman at the
this Magistrate was call'd Praefectus Urbis After this he immediately proceeded to settle the Authorities of King Senate and People The King's Office at home was To take care of the Religious Rites to preserve the Laws and Customs to decide the chief Causes between Man and Man and refer the less Matters to the Senate into which he had an Inspection to call the Senate assemble the People first giving his own Opinion then ratifying what was approv'd of by the major Part Abroad and in the Wars He had absolute Authority The Senate's Office was To debate and resolve about such things as the King propos'd which were decreed by the Majority of Voices To the People he committed three Things To create Magistrates make Laws and resolve about any War that was propos'd by the King yet still in such a manner as the Authority of the Senate always interpos'd The next thing that Romulus did was to take care of a Guard for his Person and therefore he order'd the Curiae to chuse him out 300 lusty young Men ten out of each and these were call'd Celeres à celeritate from their Activity and Readiness to assist the King upon all Occasions They were commanded by a Tribune or Colonel call'd Tribunus Celerum three Centurions and other Inferiour Officers This Company with their Spears defended the King in the City and in Battels were the foremost Leaders Charging first and Retreating last Besides these he had for his Attendance twelve Lictors or Sergeants who punish'd Offenders and executed his Commands these always going before him in Publick with their Bundles of Rods call'd Fasces and their Axes signifying different Punishments according to Mens different Crimes Thus Romulus with all the Industry and Prudence imaginable took care to settle the State being very exact in Justice and forbidding all sordid Arts and Trades especially such as were subservient to Luxury which being left wholly to Slaves and Strangers the Romans for many Years scorn'd to be concern'd in ' em This is the Form of the Common-wealth as Romulus first establish'd it which in general was so excellent that it was admir'd by Dionysius above all the Constitutions even of his own Country-men the Grecians and by its Healthfulness and robust Constitution had all the manifest Signs of a thriving and long-liv'd State II. Romulus finding he was encompass'd with several powerful Nations who with envious Eyes beheld the extraordinary Growth of his City and observing how much it was fill'd by Fugitives who had no Wives he bethought himself of Means to contract Alliance with his Neighbours and to procure Wives for his Subjects which was his second Device to encrease the City Therefore by Advice of his Grand-Father Numitor and the Consent of the Senate he proclaim'd a Solemn Feast and Publick Games in Honour of Neptune thro' all the Country thereabouts This immediately occasion'd a great Concourse of all sorts of People who came flocking in with their Wives and Children from several Neighbouring Places to behold these Pompous Shows together with the new City In the mid'st of the Solemnity upon a Signal given the Romans with their drawn Swords seiz'd on such Virgins as they cou'd most conveniently catch and by main Force carry'd 'em to their Houses The Number of these amounted to 683 for whom Romulus chose so many Husbands and marry'd 'em after their own Country Rites making 'em sign a Covenant or Agreement with the Ceremonies of Fire and Water which Custom continu'd among the Romans for many Ages This Act was highly resented by most of their Neighbours especially the Sabines who were principally concern'd but their Backwardness in their Preparations made the Cities Caenina Antemna and Crustumium begin the War first The two former three or four Miles North of Rome and Inhabited by the Aborigines Romulus soon subdu'd with the Death of their King Acron whom he slew in a single Combat and afterwards the latter a Colony of Alba a little way within the Country of the Sabines The Lands were divided between some of the Romans and the old Inhabitants of whom 3000 were made Free of Rome without losing their former Estates so that the Foot-men of the City were now much increas'd For this Victory Romulus first Triumph'd and bringing home the Spoils of King Acron which the Romans nam'd Opima Spolia or Royal Spoils he design'd a Spot of Ground upon Mount Capitoline for a Temple to Iupiter Feretrius so call'd either à ferendo to bear or rather from ferire to strike and this was the Place where the Capitol afterwards stood The Valour of Romulus and his good Conduct in this War together with his Clemency to the Conquer'd had so great Effects that not only many eminent Men went over to him with their Families amongst whom was Caelius who gave Name to a Hill in the City but some whole Nations committed themselves to his Protection and receiv'd Colonies from Rome This notable Success was a great Disappointment to the Sabines who resolving to correct their former Carelessness by double Diligence assembled themselves at Cures their Metropolis proclaim'd War against Rome and made choice of Tatius their King for General On the other side Romulus made all possible Provision for Resistance fortifying the Capitoline and Aventine Hills and receiving Auxiliary-Troops both from Hetruria and his Grand-Father Numitor. The Sabines to have the fairer Pretence first demanded Restitution of the Virgins and to have the Authors of the Injury deliver'd up to them but receiving no satisfactory Answer both Armies drew out into the Field the Sabines being 25000 Foot and 1000 Horse and the Romans 20000 Poot and 800 Horse a great Number for a new built City Tatius encamp'd between the Capitoline and Quirinal but found 'em too well fortify'd to be attack'd but one Tarpeia Daughter to Tarpeius Governour of the Capitoline call'd to his Men from above and agreed to betray the Place into their Hands which was in a short Time effected What she requir'd of 'em as a Reward for this was what they wore on their left Arms meaning their Bracelets but they threw their Targets upon her which they wore on their left Arms and press'd her to Death From hence this Hill was callâ—d Tarpeius till the building of the Capitol which made it lose the Name except that part of it which was call'd the Tarpeian Rock from whence they threw Malefactors down headlong The Sabines now Masters of the Capitoline had the Advantage of continuing the War at their pleasure and for a long time only light Skirmishes pass'd between both Parties with little or no Advantage to either side But the Tediousness and Charge of the War so wearied out both Romans and Sabines that they very much desir'd a Peace but neither side wou'd stoop to sue for it Thus they continu'd for a very considerable time till both resolving to do their utmost they came to a general Battel which
open in time of War and to be shut in time of Peace as it continu'd all his Reign which as some observe never hapned but four times from his Reign to that of Tiberius Caesar. To the two Flamens or High-Priests of Iupiter and Mars he added a third of Quirinus or Romulus and to this Prince also is ascrib'd the bringing in of the Pontifices whereof he himself was one and officiated accordingly He also ordain'd the Vestal Virgins being four in Number to whom he gave very great Privileges particularly when they went abroad they had the Fasces carry'd before 'em and in their Walks if they met with a Malefactor leading to Execution they had the Power of freeing him from Death upon Oath given that the Meeting was meerly Accidental He also Instituted the Orders of the Salii and the Feciales Priests devoted to Mars the former were to carry those Sacred Shields call'd Ancilia and the latter to judge of the Equity of War and proclaim it with much Ceremony This Prince tho' naturally averse to all Wars yet consider'd that Peace and Security might too much soften and degenerate the Minds of the Multitude therefore he us'd his utmost Endeavours to imprint on their Minds the Notions of Religion and Vertue and the due Reverence of God And to gain the more Credit and Obedience to his Constitutions he pretended he had often and immediate Converse with the Goddess Egâ—ria and wou'd be often telling them that strange Visions and Apparitions were seen and Prophetick Voices heard which Stories had great and remarkable Effects upon a People so superstitiously inclin'd Yet his Religion was of a refin'd Nature being much like that of Pythagoras afterwards and as he taught That the Principle of all Things was not to be perceiv'd by Sence nor was liable to Motion but was Invisible Immortal and to be apprehended by the Understanding alone so Numa forbad the Romans to use the Image of any God which represented him under the Form of a Man or any other living Creature And this was strictly observ'd in all their Temples and Sacred Places for 170 Years at the least they holding it a great Crime to liken such superiour Beings to Things so much below ' em For the Encouragement of Agriculture he divided those Lands which Romulus had gain'd in War among the poorer sort causing his Subjects to apply themselves to Husbandry and by such kind of Employments to cultivate their Minds as well as the Earth Then he divided all the Lands into several Parcels to which he gave the name of Pagi or Boroughs and over every one of these he ordain'd a Chief or Arbitrator in Judicial Causes And that he might take away all Distinction of Roman and Sabine which threatn'd the State with endless Factions and dangerous Divisions he divided all the Inhabitants according to their several Trades and Occupations making every Art a particular Company and Society and appointing to every one their respective Courts and Privileges and this was his Master-piece in Politicks He much abated the Rigour of that Law made by Romulus concerning the Power of Fathers over their Children making it unlawful for 'em to sell their Sons after Marriage because it was very unjust that a Woman who had marry'd a Free-Man shou'd be constrain'd to live with a Slave He also prescrib'd Rules concerning Mourning a Child of Three Years and so upwards to Ten was to be mourn'd for so many Months as it was Years old and the longest time of Mourning for any Person was not to exceed the term of Ten Months Which also was the Time appointed for Widdows before which they cou'd not without great Indecency marry again but in case Circumstances were such as not to admit of so long a Term they were first to sacrifice a Cow with a Calf for Expiation of their Fault One of the principal Things done by this Prince was the Reformation of the Year which in Romulus's Time was much out of Order some Months having more than 35 Days and some fewer than twenty Numa finding the Solar Year to exceed the Lunar by eleven Days doubled these eleven Days and every other Year inserted a Month after February consisting of 22 Days which was by the Romans call'd Mercedonius because it was the usual time for paying of Wages He likewise chang'd the Order of the Months making Ianuary and February the first and second Months which were the two last in Romulus's Days Ianuary had its name from Ianus the most ancient God or King in Italy February was so call'd from the Expiations which us'd to be in it signify'd by the wor'd Februa March so call'd from Mars the suppos'd Father of Romulus which upon that account had been plac'd first April from Aphrodite or Venus because of the Superstitious Worship which was perform'd in it when the Women were crown'd with Myrtle May so nam'd from Maia the Mother of Mercury to whom this Month was made Sacred Iune from Iuno or as some will have it from Iuventus because the Season is warm and as it were Iuvenile The rest had their Names from their Order as Quintilis Sextilis September October November and December only Quintilis and Sextilis were afterwards turn'd into Iuly and August by the Emperors Iulius Caesar and Augustus Numa was marry'd to Tatia King Tatius's Daughter by whom he had one Daughter nam'd Pompilia and after a Reign of 43 Years being above 80 Years old he dy'd and was bury'd with great Honour and Solemnity He forbad his Body to be burnt as it was usual in those days but was bury'd in a Stone Coffin under the Hill Ianiculum and the Books of his Ceremonies were laid by him in another being Twelve written in Latin and as many in Greek These were taken up about 400 Years after and because it was thought a piece of Impiety to communicate such Mysteries to the Multitude were burnt by Order of the Senate He kept the State in such a constant Peace by his prudent Management as did very much contribute to the Strength and Security of the City and he much improv'd and polish'd the rough Genius of the Roman People CHAP. III. From the Death of Numa to the Death of Tullus Hostilius the Third King of Rome Containing the space of 33 Years I. UPon the Death of Numa the Government once more devolv'd upon the Senate and after several Interreges Tullus Hostilius was created King by the universal consent of all People He was Grandson to the famous Hostilius who in Romulus's Days had behav'd himself very Valiantly against the Sabines in the Citadel and had Marry'd the Daughter of Hersilia He was of a bold and fiery Temper and one who often sought and greedily embrac'd all Occasions of War led to it partly by his own proper Inclination and partly by the Glory and Renown of his Grand-Father As he thought the Love of his Subjects the most necessary thing to carry on
young Men who Jeared one another at first began with Rude and Artless Verses call'd Versus Fescennini from Fescâ—nninum a City of Hetruria This was about 40 Years after the Deaths of Sophocles and Euripides in Greece Still the Plague continu'd which with the Overflowing of Tiber made the Romans Consider of some other Ways and some of the elder People reporting That a Pestilence was formerly asswag'd by the Dictator's driving of a Nail the Senate immediately created a Dictator which was Manlius Capitolinus who appointed Pinarius Natta for his Master of the Horse This Nail with great Ceremony and Superstition was driven on the right side of Iupiter's Temple in the Capitol just by that of Minerva and this was the first Dictator created upon this Account The Year following the Ground cleaving asunder in the Forum to a vast Depth M. Curtius a brave young Soldier is said to have rode into this Gulph Arm'd and with great Solemnity and so being swallow'd up purchas'd the Deliverance of his Country according to the Declaration of their Gods The same Year the Hernici being up in Arms against Rome Genucius the Plebeian Consul marching against 'em was slain and his Army routed which threatning Danger caus'd the Senate to create a Dictator which was Claudius Crassinus who made Cornelius Scipio his Master of the Horse and gain'd so much Advantage over the Enemy as to obtain an Ovation Within a Year after the Gauls were gather'd together in great Numbers and had march'd within three Miles of Rome which put the City into such a Consternation that according to their usual Way in such Cases they created a Dictator and this was Quintius Pennus who had Cornelius Maluginensis for his Master of the Horse The Armies being drawn up on both sides a Gaul of vast Bulk and Stature challeng'd any of the Romans to meet him in a single Combat which Challenge was accepted of by T. Manlius a Courageous young Man who with great Bravery and Agility overthrew his mighty Foe and slew him Then taking a Torques or Golden Chain from his Neck return'd and was Honourably receiv'd by the Dictator and from thence he and his Posterity had the Sirname of Torquatus The Gauls were so discourag'd at this Action that they fled by Night and retired into the Tiburtines Country a People of Latium and the Dictator return'd in Triumph The War with the Tiburtines and Hernici gave the Gauls Opportunity to do much Injury to the Roman Territories which occasion'd the Creation of another Dictator which was Servilius Ahala who chose Quintius Capitolinus for his Master of the Horse and soon quell'd the Gauls but Paetileus the Consul who had been employ'd against the Hernici hapned to come off with the greatest Honour In a Year after Peace was made with the Latines which was advantageous enough to the Romans by reason of their frequent Auxiliaries from them But the Year following the great Preparations of the Gauls caus'd the Senate to create another Dictator which was Sulpitius Peticus who appointed Valerius Poplicola for his Master of the Horse and marching against the Enemy obtain'd a Signal Victory over ' em In this Year were two new Tribes added to the former five and twenty Namely the Pomptine and the Publican About two Years after this the whole Body of the Hetrurians took up Arms against Rome led on by the Tarquinii and Falisci in which great time of Danger Marcius Rutilus a Plebeian was made Dictator which was the first Commoner that ever obtain'd this Honour it being now 143 Years since their first Creation He appointed Plantius Proculus for his Master of the Horse a Plebeian likewise and tho' he was oppos'd by the Patritians as much as they cou'd yet he did great Service against the Enemy and Triumph'd but still against the Senate's Consent The Patritians were so enrag'd at this that at the next Election they took away the Consul-ship from the Commons after they had enjoy'd it ten Years and this hapned in the 399th Year of the City This occasion'd many violent Heats and vast Disturbances between both Parties for three Years successively when some of the Hetrurians press'd so hard upon the Roman Territories that another Dictator was created namely Manlius Torquatus who made Cornelius Cossus his Master of the Horse but the Enemy out of Fear was soon brought to a Peace and so little was perform'd by him Now the Contests and Quarrels at home were grown to that height that the Senate was forc'd to give the Commons once more the Privilege of the Consul-ship four Years after they had taken it from 'em and because Usury again was grown exceeding Burthensome to the poorer Sort they appointed five Men to order the Payment of Debts out of the Treasury So now all Differences were again reconcil'd Soon after this a groundless Apprehension of the Hetrurians who were reported to be all united against Rome occasion'd the Creation of another Dictator which was C. â—fulius who made L. Aemilius his Master of the Horse but he had so little Employment that he left all to the next Consuls who were both Patritians And they went against the Tarquinii and Falisci who were not yet quieted and brought 'em to a Peace for the Term of 40 Years V. Now Rome was for a while at Peace abroad and might have been longer so at home had not Marcius Rutilus the Plebeian Dictator stood for the Office of Censor and rais'd new Disturbances The Plebeians urg'd it hotly but the Patritians the better to oppose 'em procur'd a Dictator to be created which was M. Fabius Q. Servilius being his Master of the Horse but still without Success for after many Contests the Plebeian Faction prevail'd and Marciâ—s was made one of the Censors which was the first Plebeian Censor in this City it being 92 Years after their first Creation The next Year a considerable Victory was obtain'd over the Gauls who now grew troublesome again and one of the Consuls being wounded and the other sick the Senate was forc'd to create a Dictator for assembling the Comitia for a new Election of Consuls which was Furius Camillus who made Cornelius Scipio his Master of the Horse and this was the Dictator created upon this account Camillus himself was chosen for one Consul and the Death of his Collegue soon after and the pressing Wars with the Gauls caus'd the Senate to give him the sole Authority so that he was almost the same with a Dictator Camillus led a noble Army against the Gauls and when they were in sight of each other a Gaul remarkable both for his Stature and the Richness of his Arms challenged any of the Romans to a single Combate M. Valerius a brave young Colonel of the Foot met him and in a little time slew him but in the midst of the Combat a Crow came and sitting upon Valerius's Head with Beak and Wings assisted him in his Fight
a Reward proportionable to the Greatness of the Service Fabricius inrag'd at the Villany of the Physician and Disposing his Colleague to the same Opinion he immediately dispatchâ—d Letters to Pyrrhus to let him know what an ill Choice he had made both of his Friends and Enemies that he was in War with Honest Men and trusted and promoted Villains and that the Romans abhor'd all Treacherous Practices it being their Custom to Conquer an Enemy by the Power of their own Arms and not by Treason of the other Subjects Pyrrhus receiv'd the Message with all Courtesie and being more and more surprizâ—d at the Roman Greatness and Generosity he cry'd out This is that Fabricius whom it is harder to turn from the Ways of Vertue and Honesty than the Sun from its Course Such was the noble Spirit of the Romans in these Days where each Man minded the Honour of the Publick more than his own particular profit Pyrrhus made a strict inquiry into this Plot and executed the Physician and that he might not be excellâ—d in Generosity he immediately sent to Rome all the Prisoners without Ransom and again employ'd Cineas to Negotiate a Peace with 'em being now more desirous of their Alliance than ever But whether the Romans believ'd their sending home so many Prisoners too great an Obligation from an Enemy or too great a Reward for barely not doing Ill they wouâ—d not accept of 'em Gratis but immediately releasâ—d as many of the Tarentines and Samnites and wouâ—d admit of no Debate of Alliance or Peace with Pyrrhus till he had withdrawn his Forces from Italy and Sailâ—d back to Epirus in the same Ships that brought him over The King was much confounded at this being very unwilling to continue this War and much more to quit it Dishonourably but in a short time after he was reliev'd by an Expedition into Sicily he begin intreated by the Inhabitants to expell the Carthagâ—uians and clear the Island of Tyrants This prov'd an Honourable Pretence of drawing off his Forces and leaving Italy therefore sending Cineas before and putting a Garrison into Tarentum tho much against their Wills he embarkâ—d for Sicily with an Army of 30000 Foot and 2500 Horse after he had been in Italy two Years and Four Months III. The Absence of Pyrrhus gave the Romans much Respite or at least Leisure enough to punish the Samnites Tarentines Lucani and Brutii whom they warrâ—d against with good Success they having little Hopes but the Return of Pyrrhus with whom they were very Urgent letting him to understand That they were shut up in their Towns which cou'd hardly be maintain'd without his Assistance Pyrrhus tho he had been successful enought within two Years was glad to have so specious a Pretence of leaving Sicily when his Carriage there had been so displeasing to many that in a short time he must have left it with no other Pretence than Necessity and Self-Preservation About the time of his Return there happened such a dreadful Plague in Rome that Cornelius Rufinus the last year's Consul was created Dictator for the Ceremony of Driving a Nail into the Temple of Iupiter which they by Tradition believ'd wou'd asswage the Distemper and this was the third Dictator created upon this Account The Consuls for the following year were Curius Dentatus and Cornelius Lentulus the former of which raising new Levies was oppos'd by the People who refus'd to list themselves Curius resolving to go through with his Designs commanded the Names of every Tribe to be put into a Box and the Lot falling upon the Pollian Tribe the first that was drawn of that Tribe was cited and not answering he sold his Goods and upon his appealing to the Tribunes he sold the Man too saying The Commonwealth stood in no need of such a Member as refus'd all Obedience The. Tribunes at that time did not assist the Fellow and ever after hatt if any refus'd to stil himself in a just Muster when commanded it became a Custom to make a Slave of him Pyrrhus by this time had with some Difficulty and Danger got from Sicily to Tarentum with an Army of 20000 Foot and 3000 Horse where increasing his Army by new Levies he march'd into Samnium where the Romans had gather'd together a powerful Army Pyrrhus divided his Forces into two Part whereof one he sent into Lucania to hinder Lentulus from joyning with his Collegue Curius Dentatus against whom he directed his March then advantageâ—â—â—ly posted nigh Beneventum Pyrrhus hast'ning to attact him there before the other cou'd arrive with the 〈◊〉 of his Men and the fiercest of his Elephants march'd in the time towards the Roman Camp hoping to surprize 'em but passing through Woods his Lights fail'd him and his Men lost their way Whereupon a Council of War being call'd while they were in debate and at the break of day his Approach was discover'd by the Romans as they march'd down the Hills which put their whole Camp into much Disorder and Fear but recovering themselves Curius drew out his Troops in haste and falling in with the Vantguard of Pyrrhus put him to flight killing many Men and taking some Elephants This Success very much discourag'd the rest of Pyrrhus's Troops and Curius descending into the Plain join'd Battel with the whole Army In one Wing he repuls'd the Enemy in the other by the Violence of the Elephants he was born back to his Trenches where calling forth those who guarded 'em they from the high Places so ply'd the Beasts with Darts and fired Pitch and Hemp that they ran back upon their Friends bearing down and breaking all their Ranks so that the Victory fell to the Romans Pyrrhus having lost 23000 Men according to Eutropius Pyrrhus's Camp was also taken which was not only admir'd but likewise prov'd of very great Use afterwards for anciently the Romans and the Nations about 'em were wont to pitch their Tents without Order after the manner of Booths in the midst of their several Battalions but Pyrrhus measuring out his ground encampâ—d his whole Army within a Trench By his Example the Romans receiv'd great Light and Experience as to Warlike Affairs and afterwards adding such things as they found necessary they attained to the most absolute Skill in Encamping in succeeding times Curius Dentatus obtained a most splendid Triumph for this Victory being graced with four Elephants 1300 Prisoners of several Nations with several Implements of the Tarentine Luxury and Rarities A few days after his Collegue triumph'd over the Samnites and Lucani and this year was remarkable for the Censorship of Fabricius and Aemilius who remov'd Rufinus and who had been twice Consul and once Dictator out of the Senate for having ten pound of Silver Plate for the Use of his Table and in this Lustrum 271224 Free Citizens were cess'd or poll'd As for Pyrrhus he bore his Defeat with an undaunted Mind and receiving Letters from Greece and Asia he call'd the Epirots and Tarentines together
Xantippus a brave Lacedaemonian for their General soon after gave Regulus a dreadful Overthrow he himself being taken Prisoner and most of his Army cut off the rest escaping to Clupea But Xantippus met with more Barbarous and Ungrateful Usage than Regulus for the Carthaginians pretending to conduct him home Honourably commanded the Sea-men to throw him and his Companions over-board least so great a Victory shou'd be ascrib'd to the Lacedâ—emonians as Appian relates it The Romans were Besieg'd in Clupea till their Enemies perceiving the small probability of reducing 'em broke up the Siege and made all Preparations for the opposing the Succours sent under Aemilius Paulus and Fabius Nobilior the following Years Consuls These Consuls putting to Sea with 350 Sail were met with by the Carthaginians night hir own Coasts whom they entirely defeated taking 30 Ships and sinking 104 with the loss only of Nine of their own After this the Consuls took in the Roman Garrison from Clupea and set Sail again for Sicily expecting to have several Towns there surrender'd to 'em upon the News of this Victory but before they cou'd make the Shore there arose such a dreadful Storm that most of their Ships were swallow'd up or split upon Rocks so that the Shore was fill'd with dead Bodies and broken Pieces of Ships Both the Consuls perish'd and those few that escap'd Hiero kindly receiv'd and furnishing 'em with Cloaths and other Necessaries conveyâ—d â—em safe to Messana Karthalo the Carthaginian immediately taking Advantage of this great Misfortune besieg'd Agrigentum and soon after took it and demolish'd the Fortifications of it The Romans nothing discourag'd at the great Losses sustained by the Tempest immediately set about Building 220 Vessels which they prosecuted with that extraordinary Diligence and Expedition that in three Months time they were both Built and Launch'd On the other side Asdrubal the Carthaginian with his Veterane Troops and Levies arriv'd at Sicily with a Fleet of 200 Sail Old and New The Consuls Attilius and Cornelius being order'd for Sicily this Year manag'd the War so prosperously as to take several Towns after which they return'd Their Successors Servilius and Sempronius in the following Spring pass'd into Sicily with the whole Fleet and from thence to Africk where Coasting about they Landed in many Places but perform'd nothing very Memorable At last they touch'd upon the Island of the Lotophagi call'd Meninx nigh the lesser Syrtis where being ignorant of these Coasts they fell upon certain Quick-sands but getting off with much difficulty they return'd to Panormus in Sicily in a flying Posture Then sailing for Rome through the Straights very unadvisedly they were taken in a Storm and 150 of the Ships lost This same Year the Censors calling over the Senate turn'd out 13 Members for Misdemeanours and performing the Lustrum 297797 Free Citizens were Pollâ—d Tho' the Senate and People of Rome were extremely vigorous in all great Attempts being push'd on by an extraordinary Desire of Glory yet the Losses at Sea had now been so great and numerous that they were constrain'd to omit Naval Preparations and place all their Hopes in their Land-Forces Caecilius and Metellus were sent into Sicily with the Legions and 60 Transport Vessels only for Necssearies and they did not only yield the Dominion of the Sea to the Carthaginians but fearâ—d 'em also at Land by reason of their great Preparations but especially for their Elephants which had oftentimes much annoyâ—d ' em Asdrubal the Punick General understanding their Fears and that one of the Consuls was now return'd into Italy with half the Army with great Assurance and Confidence ravag'd all the Country about Panormus and with the more Carelessness and Security because Metellus kept himself within the Walls But the Consul taking an Opportunity so well plac'd his Men against the Elephants that when Asdrubal came nigh the Town he gave him a dreadful Overthrow killing 20000 Men and taking 26 Elephants for which he had a noble Triumph The Carthaginians immediately lost all Sicily except Lilybaeum and Drepanum to the former of which Places Asdrubal escap'd but being Condemn'd at Carthage he was taken and put to Death as soon as he returnâ—d the Unhappy Fate of many Carthaginian Generals III. The Carthaginians now finding themselves great Losers and weary'd out with a Tedious War which had now continuâ—d 14 Years began to sollicit for Peace and sent to the Senate to Treat about it With the Ambassadors Regulus also was sent who had been Five Years Prisoner and was now Bound with an Oath to return to Carthage in case there was no Peace nor Exchange of Prisoners made Regulus contrary to the Expectation of all openly in the Senate discovered the Weakness of the Carthaginians and advised the Romans to make no Peace shewing withall both how honourable and profitable it might be to the State to prosecute the War The Senate seem'd well satisfied with the Advice if it were to be followâ—d without Prejudice to the Adviser whom they Pityâ—d as well as Admir'd and cou'd not determine any thing to the Ruin of a Person who had deservâ—d so well at their hands Upon that Account they desir'd him to stay but he with an Undeunted Resolution told â—em That he knew that Death and the extreamest Tortures were preparing for him at Carthage but still he cou'd not comply with their Requests who might have better us'd their Commands had he been still his Countries Servant as he was Africk ' s Slave and upon that account not capable of living as became a Citizen of Rome yet however he had so much of the True Spirit of a Roman that he cou'd do nothing that was base or dishonourable and that he less fear'd the Tortures of a cruel Rack than the Shame of an infamous Action for the former only touch'd the Body whereas the latter pierc'd the Mind All Means were us'd to perswade Regulus to stay both by his Friends and others which he avoided as much as possible refusing to speak with his Wife and shunning the Embraces and Kisses of his little Children And when the Negotiation was at an end he return'd to Carthage there ending his Days in great Torments For first they cut off his Eye-lids keeping him in a dark â— Dungeon for a while then brought him out in the midst of the Day with his Face turn'd full against the Sun At last he was put into a Chest or Barrel stuck with Nails with the Points inward and so narrow that he cou'd have no Ease where he died with the Extremity of the Pain When the Senate heard of the Barbarous Usage of Regulus in great Rage they deliver'd up some Prisoners of the Highest Note and Quality to Marcia his Wife who shut 'em up in an Armory stuck round with Iron Spikes designing to torment them after the same manner that her Husband had been and keeping 'em five days together without Meat in which time Bostar the Carthaginian with Pain and Hunger died
City of Syracuse by Sea and Land but cou'd not storm it with all his Power being perpetually hinder'd by the great Skill and Inventions of that excellent Mathematician Archimedâ—s who contriv'd such Engines as wouâ—d cast Stones of prodigious Bulk upon the Romans and vast Beams upon their Ships and dismount all their Bat-Battering Engines He also set the Roman Ships upon one end or overturn'd them or hois'd 'em up into the Air and after all the Men were fallen out let 'em fall upon the Walls by which means he became so formidable to the Romans that Marcellus was forc'd to remove to a farther Distance Jeering his own Engineers and calling Archimedes Briareus After some considerable Actions in Sicily and after Three Years Siege Marcellus found means to surprize the City on a great Festival of theirs by reason of an Ill-guarded Tower and so became Master of it Marcellus cou'd not forbear his Tears at the Destruction of such a glorious and Magnificent City which he endeavour'd but could not prevent but above all the Death of Archimedes was the greatest Trouble to him for he had given strict Command to his Men to preserve him But this great Artist was at that time so extreamly Busie about his Mathematical Speculations that he took no Notice of the Noise and Uproar in the City and so was kill'd by a Common Soldier before he suspected any Danger His Body was honourably bury'd by Marcellus's Order and vast Plunder was obtain'd by the Soldiers besides many rich Works and great Rareties sent to Rome the City being full of People and 22 Miles in Compass The Wars in Italy were manag'd the same time with various Success Hannibal had Tarentum betray'd to him the Castle still holding out and the Romans invested Capua straitning it so much that they were forc'd to send to Hannibal for Relief He made no great haste to relieve 'em being very desirous to take the Castle first but then coâ—sidering how great a Disgrace the loss of such a Place as Capua wou'd be he broke up the Siege of Tarentum and directed his March thither Hannibal attack'd the Romans in their Trenches and tho' he was assisted both by the Inhabitants and his own Garrison he was repell'd with considerable Loss Finding the Relief of the Place extream hazardous he resolv'd to fall upon Rome it self expecting that the very Name of such an Enterprize wou'd oblige 'em to raise the Siege for which Reason he March'd directly that way His Designs being heard of at Rome the Citizens were variously inclin'd as to their Way of Security some thinking all the Forces in Italy were to be sent for but Fabius wou'd by no means hear of rising from before Capua therefore a middle Way was taken which was to send for Fulvius the Proconsul from the Siege with 15000 Foot and 1000 Horse for the Defence of Rome which was speedily effected Hannibal being now encamp'd about eight Miles from the City Hannibal in a short time decamp'd and advanc'd to the River Arno three Miles from Rome from whence with a Party of 2000 Horse he went to take a View of the City Flaccus much offended that he shou'd take such Liberty without Opposition sent out a considerable Body of Horse which falling upon him forc'd him to retreat The next Day and the Day following Hannibal on one side and Flaccus with the Consuls on the other drew out all their Forces for a General Battel but on both those Days there fell such great Storms of Hail and Rain that the Armies cou'd not joyn but after they had retir'd to their Camps the Weather provâ—d fair and calm This struck the Carthaginians with a Religious Awe and made Hannibal to say That one while his Mind another time his Fortune wou'd not suffer him to become Master of that mighty City Whereupon he decamp'd and March'd to the River Turia from thence to the Lake of Feronia where he plunderâ—d a Temple of that Goddess proceeding in this outrageous Manner through the Countries of the Lucani and Brutii which Cruelty lost him much Credit and did him as much Injury Flaccus return'd to the Siege of Capua which soon after was surrender'd the Heads of the Revolt being put to death and the common sort sold. This City being situated in so good a Soil was reserv'd for the Use of all sorts of Plowmen Labourers and Artificers without any Shew of Government of its own as it had formerly This happen'd in the 7th Year of this War and 54â—d of the City In Spain the War had been carry'd on all this time with great Vigour the Romans being generally Conquerours killing in one Battel 3â—000 Men but in this last Year Claudius Nero the Governour of Spain was much impos'd upon by the Treachery of Asdrubal and another Governour was order'd to succeed him both the Scipio's having been slain not long before in Spain A Comitia was held for the creating a Proconsul for Spain but none appear'd to stand for that Office well perceiving the Hazards and Difficulties of such a War which causâ—d a great Concern and Sadness among the 〈◊〉 Whereupon young Scipio a Noble Youth 〈◊〉 24 Years of Age bravely stood up and profess'd â—â—â—self Candidate having the Year before been 〈…〉 tho' under Age by the great Favour and Câ—â—â—ence of the People This Scipio was Son to the Consul slain in Spain a Person of rare and wonderful Abilities for his Age of extraordinary Courage and Valour and of as eminent Prudence and Vertue which excellent Accomplishments made him joyfully accepted of by the Votes of all but after he was chosen they began to have some Concern upon the Account of his Youth which he apprehending call'd 'em together and with such a noble Spirit and great Resolution promis'd 'em Success that they departed abundantly satisfied with their Choice The following Year after Scipio's Voyage to Spain Valerius Laevinus who had done good Service against Philip of Macedon was made Consul a second time and sent into Sicily where taking the City Agrigentum he soon reduc'd the whole Island which was the first time the Romans became Masters of all Sicily and this fell out in the 8th Year of this War and 544th of the City In the time of Laevinus's Consulship a Dictator was created for holding the Comitia for a new Election both he and his Collegue Marcellus being abroad this was Fulvius Flaccus and his Master of the Horse was Licinius Crassus In this Election Fabius Maximus was chosen Consul a Fifth time in which Year Tarentum was Betray'd into his hands the Success of this Campaign proving very doubtful and various and in this same Year was a Lustration where were found but 137108 Free Citizens by which Account it appears what great Losses the Romans had sustained by these Dreadful Wars Marcellus for this Year sometimes won and sometimes lost with Hannibal and the following was made Consul a Fifth time when going against Hannibal he was slain in
the Army he either forcâ—d or by former Agreement brought Albinus to submit upon most dishonourable Terms In this Condition did Metellus the following Consul find Affairs and the whole Army was almost ruin'd for want of Discipline to the great Dishonour of the Roman State and the grievous Vexation of the honester sort in the City Metellus having with much difficulty brought his Soldiers into good Order within the space of two years overthrew Iugurth several times forc'd him out of several Towns and pursu'd him beyond her own Frontiers which constrainâ—d him to submit and beg Peace but he in a short time broke the Conditions of it and so the former Hostility return'd At this time one C. Marius was Legatus or Lieutenant to Mâ—tellus a Person of Frugality Policy and Military Experience and of vast Courage in War a Contemner of Pleasure but very ambitious of Honour which made him extreamly desirous to gain the Consulship To obtain this he privately blam'd Metellus to the Merchants of Utica avowing That he was able with half the Army to take Jugurth Prisoner and that within few Days By these and the like detracting Discourses he procurâ—d many Complaints to be written to Rome against Metellus and getting leave to go thither obtainâ—d the Consulship and had likewise the management of the War committed to him Notwithstanding the People were so grateful to Metellus that at his return being satisfy'd as to his Behaviour they both granted him a Triumph and bestow'd upon him the Surname of Numidicus as an additional Honour Marius shew'd himself a very expert Warrior and in a short time took the City Capsa a place very rich and strong and after this another call'd Mulucha `fugurth now finding himself too weak to oppose him any longer procur'd Bocchus King of Mauritania and his Father-in-Law to joyn with him who by the Assistance of his Numerous Cavalry much harrass'd the Roman Army Marius had Invested Cirta and Bocchus approaching to raise the Siege partly by the Number of his Horse reported to be 60000 and partly by the violent Heats and great Dusts the Romans were sorely distress'd and the Fight continuâ—d dangerous and terrible to them for three Days at the end of which a Tempest of Rain falling spoil'd the Enemies Weapons and relievâ—d Marius's Men almost famish'd with Thirst and now the Course of Fortune changing the Two Kings were entirely defeated In another Battel Marius 't is said killâ—d 90000 after which Bocchus began to repent of his Enterprise and sent to Rome to enter into a League which he could not procure nevertheless he obtain'd Pardon for his Crime Not long after Marius took Iugurth in an Ambuscade whither he had drawn him by specious Pretences and deliver'd him up to Sylla his Quaestor who had brought over some Forces from Italy and under Marius he learnt that Skill in War which he afterwards employ'd against him Iugurth with his Two Sons were led in Triumph by Marius and shortly after by Order of Senate he was put to Death and so the Iugurthine War ended after it had continu'd about Seven Years III. At the same time a War was carry'd on against the Cimbri a Vagabond People of Cimbrica Chersonesus now call'd Denmark who joyning with the Teutones a Nation of the Germans made dreadful Irruptions into several Parts of the Roman Dominions particularly Gaul and Spain where they had overthrown several Consuls in the last Battel killing 80000 Romans after which they resolv'd to pass the Alps into Italy Rome began now to be in a great Consternation and Marius having just vanquish'd Iugurtha they made him Consul a â—d time as the only Man thought able to Manage so Threatning a War and to preserve the State While they continu'd in Spain Marius March'd against their Friends the Tolosans in Gaul where King Copilus was taken by Sylla his Lieutenant Being made Consul again the following Year he declin'd Fighting till the Enemies Force was weakned by Delays The next Year in his Fourth Consulship the Enemy in Three several Parties were just upon passing the Alps into Italy and as he attended their Motions it happened that his Army was extreamly afflicted with Thirst the Teutones and Ambrones lying between them and the Water which Necessity brought him to an Ingagement with 'em and in Two Days time he by his excellent Conduct utterly destroy'd 'em taking Theutobocchus their King Prisoner The Cimbri escap'd him and fled over into Italy notwithstanding the Winter-Season and the Alps cover'd with Snow being in vain oppos'd by Catulus both at the Alps and at the River Athesis nigh Verona The Year following Marius was again made Consul and joyning with Catulus was challengâ—d by the Enemy to give Battel Whereupon he fell upon their numerous Army and gave 'em a most dreadful Overthrow their Wives all the while making a wonderful Resistance from the Chariots and when they saw all things in a desperate Condition they in a great Fury first kill'd all their Children and after that themselves About 140000 were slain in this Battel and 60000 taken Prisoners which ended this War after it had continu'd 12 Years Marius the Fifth time and Aquilius Nepos being Consuls The former was then esteem'd the Preserver of his Country and contented himself with one Triumph when he might have had more and his Collegue had now also finish'd the Second Servile War in Sicily which had lasted almost Four Years Notwithstanding these Dangers abroad the City was not without Domestick Troubles which were occasion'd by Saturninus one of Marius's Friends who having been Quaestor at Ostia during a Famine was turn'd out of his Place by the Senate to revenge which usage he procur'd the Tribune-ship But after his Year was expirâ—d Metellus Numidicus formerly mention'd being Censor endeavour'd to remove him from the Senate but was hinderâ—d by his Collegue This so enragâ—d him that he stood again for the Tribunâ—-ship and Nine of the Ten Tribunes being chosen by the Assistance of Marius he Murderâ—d Nonius his Competitor and so obtain'd the Place Now being once again in Power he preferrâ—d a Law for the Division of such Lands as Marius had recoverâ—d in Gaul and compell'd the Senate to Swear to it which Oath Numidicus refusing he set him a day to Answer it before the People but for fear of him and Marius together Numidicus fled to Smyrna in Asia Saturninus procuring the Tribuneship a Third time and finding Memmius Candidate for the Consulship he also caus'd him to be Murder'd to make way for Glaucius the Praetor one of his own Party These base and ungenerous Practices rais'd several Troubles and Commotions in the City and the Senate resolvâ—d to make him Answer it whereupon Marius now a Sixth time Consul perceiving him in a declining Condition very politickly withdrew himself from his Friendship The Consuls were now as in some other Dangerous Times Invested with an unusual and Dictatorian sort of Power the manner of conferring of which was by a
Vote of the Senate in these or the like Words Videant Consules ne quid detrimenti Respublicâ— accipiat Marius therefore with his Collegue set upon Saturninus in the Publick Assembly and forcâ—d him and his Followers into the Capitol where for want of Water they were constrain'd to yield after Marius had given 'em his Faith for their Safety Saturninus and Glaucius much rely'd upon Marius not scrupling to give out That they were but the Actors and Instruments of his Designs But notwithstanding this Security they were all cut in Pieces by the Equites in the Foâ—rum who broke in among 'em and Numidicus especially by his Sons Industry was recallâ—d with the General Applause of the People The Wars abroad and the Dissentions and Corâ—uptions at home did not hinder Learning for that â—till flourish'd more than ever and Poetry was come almost to its highest pitch in Rome for a little before â—his flourish'd the Famous Lucretius an admirable Poâ—t in his kind and in many particulars scarce inferiâ—ur to Virgil. Now for the space of seven or eight Years there was no great Action abroad nor any oâ—en Sedition at home but however there was great Dissatisfaction among those of the Senatorian Order by reason of the Power of Judicature given to the Equites by C. Gracchus's Laws which prov'd an extraordinary Grievance to â—em The Common-wealth too was bought and sold the Publicans who Farmâ—d the Publick Revenues being as they were Equites both Judges and Parties Upon these accounts Drusus the Tribune a very eminent and well-designing Person endeavour'd to restore the Fathers to their Ancient Privileges and Authority and yet not offend the Equites and therefore the Senate being now reducâ—d to a small Number he preferr'd a Law that as many Equites should be added to them and that the Power of Judicature shou'd be committed equally to all that shou'd be then of this Body This gave great Offence to both Parties and Caepio also one of Drusuâ—'s Collegues oppos'd him and coming into the Senate there accus'd some of the Highest Rank of Illegal Endeavours to gain Offices Drusus to withstand his Designs again propos'd the Agrarian Law and that the Allies and Confederates of Italy the present Possessors might take it amiss he gave 'em hopes of the Freedom of the City A great Concourse of Strangers was occasion'd upon this account and as great a Contention raisâ—d where Philippus the Consul for opposing the Law for dividing the Lands was Disgracefully buffeted by one of the Strangers and violent Disturbances follow'd Drusus disappointed in this Particular still endeavour'd to perform his Promise to the Italians but going home accompany'd with a Great Multitude of People he was Stabb'd in the Court of his own House having Breath enough to say That the Common-wealth cou'd never find a Person more true to her Interest than he IV. These Troubles did not end with Drusus's Death for soon after a very Dangerous War broke out upon this account with most of the Italians call'd the Social or Italian War These People had for some time taken it very hainously that they were deny'd the Freedom of the City which had been partly Promis'd 'em in the time of the Gracchi But now Drusus's Death who had very much heightned their Expectations inrag'd 'em more than eveâ— especially when the Equites immediately after had by-force of Arms procur'd a Law for Banishing all the Great Persons who were not for their Interest The Italians also thought that they had sufficient Reason to expect this Privilege from that City whose Subsistance and Empire had been so much maintainâ—d by their Valour they commonly sending out double the Number of Troops to those of Rome Upon these Grounds they resolv'd to procure that by Force and Violence which cou'd not be obtain'd by Intreaties and Civil Means and thereupon they joyned together in a close Confederacy and privately sent Messages and Hostages to each other namely the Lucanians Apulians Marsi Peligni with many others and especially the old Enemies of Rome the Samnites who made their Preparations with equal Diligence and Secrecy These private Transactions being discover'd at Rome tho' late enough Spies were immediately sent out into all Quarters to make what further Discoveries they cou'd One of which happening to see a young Man of Asculum carryâ—d into another City for an Hostage thereupon acquainted Servilius the Pro-Consul who going to Asculum and reprimanding the Citizens of that Place was set upon and Slain together with all the Romans Their Designs being now wholly discoverâ—d for their greater Security they all broke out into open Rebellion However first they thought it most convenient to send to Rome to complain but their Messengers cou'd not be Admitted without Satisfaction and Repentance for what they had already done Whereupon the War was committed to both the Consuls together with Mariâ—s and Sylla and several othersâ— ther 's who had Pro-Consular Authority the Forces on either side amounting to about 100 000 fighting Men. The War was very dangerous and destructive and Râ—tilius the Consul in a short time lost his Life falling into an Ambuscade laid by the Marsi and the Romans receiv'd many terrible Blows so that they were constrain'd to List many who had been Slaves The Bodies of the Consul and several others being carryâ—d into the City so discourag'd the People that the Senate made a Decree that henceforward the Bodies of the Slain should be Bury'd where they Dy'd which as a Prudent Example was likewise follow'd by the Enemy After the Death of Rutilius his Army was committed to Marius his Lieutenant and Capio who acted in Conjunction with him Caepio was Slain not long after in an Ambuscade laid by Popedius one of the Italian Generals so Marius had his Desire of Commanding alone and did excellent Service as likewise did Sylla the same Year For the following Year Pompeius Strabo Father to Pompey the Great and Porcius Cato were made Consuls and now the Senate thought fit to give the Freedom of the City to such of the Italians as had not Revolted which much establishâ—d those who were somewhat wavering in their Minds and abated the Courages of the other already ingag'd Yet these were not chosen into any of the 35 Triben but were placâ—d by themselves behind all so that in Voting they cou'd not hinder the rest which afterwards causâ—d some Disturbance Cato the Consul did very good Service this Campaign which swell'd him with such an Opinion of himself that he boasted himself equal to Marius for which he was Slain by Marius's Son in the midst of a Battel against the Marsi His Collegue Pompey overthrew the Picentes and Asculani and having long Besieg'd Asculum he defeated the Enemy which Sally'd out upon him he likewise kill'd 18000 of the Mâ—rsi taking 3000 Prisoners And at last possessing himself of Asculum he caus'd all the Officers and Principal Men in the City to be first Scourg'd and then Beheaded Sylla
Upon this Cato recoverâ—d his Spirits and being transported with Fury thrust back the Physician rent open his Wound again and tearing his Bowels expir'd before their Eyes Thus dy'd Cato a Person of singular Justice Severity and Magnanimity upon the hearing of whose Death Caesar said Cato has eâ—vyâ—d me the Glory of saving his Life and therefore do I envy his Death designing as was thought to have conquerâ—d him by his Kindness and Generosity His Death compleatly finish'd Caesar's War in Africk Africk being entirely reduc'd to Subjection Caesar return'd to Rome to triumph for all his Victories and first to obtain the Favour of the People he gave 'em to understand That his last Victory had gainâ—d the Commonwealth of Rome a Country so large and rich that it cou'd yearly furnish the City with 200000 Bushels of Corn and 3000000 Pounds of Oil. After this he order'd the Preparations for his Triumph upon four successive Days the first design'd for the Triumph over Gaul shew'd in a great many Tables the Names of 300 Nations and 800 Cities conquer'd by the Death of a Million of Foes whom he had defeated in several Battels The second Triumph was over Aegypt The third shew'd the Defeat of Pharnaces in Asia And the fourth that of King Iuba in Africk which Triumphs were over Foreigners not Romans Here was the utmost Shew of Magnificence and all the Roman Soldiers follow'd their great General crown'd with Laurels and in that Equipage he went to the Capitol the Steps whereof he mounted upon his Knees forty Elephants being rang'd on each Side carrying great Candlesticks fill'd with Flambeaus The Silver Vessels and Statues of Goldsmith's Work which were us'd in these Triumphs amounted to 65000 Talents which is above twelve Millions of our Money besides 1822 Crowns of Gold weighingâ— 15033 l. which were Presents that the Princes and Cities had made him after his Victories according to the Customs of those Times Out of these Summs he paid his Soldiers besides what he had promisâ—d them in the beginning of the Civil Wars To every one 150 Pounds of our Money as much more to the Centurions and twice as much as that to the Tribunes and Commanders of the Cavalry and for their Retreat after the Wars he gave them Inheritances in several Places separated from Italy The People also were sensible of his Bounty for he distributed to each particular Person ten Bushels of Corn and ten Pounds of Oil and added 100 Denarii to the 300 he had promis'd 'em before Atfer this he nobly entertain'd the whole People at 22000 several Tables and that nothing might be wanting to the Pomp and Magnificence of these Feasts he caus'd 2000 Gladiators to fight before the People and made Representations of Sea and Land-Fights of four or five Thousand Men of a side besides all sorts of Plays and Shows These Entertainments drew so many People to Rome that the greatest part of 'em were forc'd to lie in the open Air and a great many were stifâ—ed in the Press among the rest two Senators Many great Honours were after this conferr'd upon Caesar among which was that of Master of Manners as if the Name of Censor was too mean for three Years all joyning to shew their great Forwardness in preferring him some out of Love and Respect others out of Fear and Flattery And indeed many began to dread the Severities of Marius and Sylla but Caesar's extraordinary Civility to both Parties and the Greatness of his Nature in a great measure freed 'em from any such Fears He began now to settle the Common-wealth and make many new Laws He committed the Power of Judicature to the Senators and Equites alone and both by Laws and his own Care he restrain'd the profuse Way of Living of rich Persons And because the City was manifestly exhausted by reason of Multitudes quitting it he propos'd Rewards to all such as had many Children Then considering that by his long Command in Gaul he himself had Opportunity of establishing an extraordinary Power by a Law he ordain'd That no Praetor shou'd Command above a Year in his Province nor a Consul above two Years after the Expiring of his Office Moreover to shew that nothing shou'd escape his Care he undertook to regulate the Roman Year which was at this time very much confounded and tho' Numa the second King of Rome had bestow'd much Pains about it yet still the Reckoning according to Lunar Months and the odd eleven Days and a quarter caus'd a great many Inconveniencies Whereupon Caesar after his consulting the most able Astronomers being also himself very well instructed in that Science whereof he had written regulated the Year according to the Course of the Sun allotting to each Year 365 Days and adding one Day more every fourth Year which was call'd the Bissextile and this is the Method which we to this Day follow and goes still by the Name of the Iulian Account and the Old Stile whereas the New Stile is call'd the Gregorian Account In this same Year flourish'd Catullus the Poet one of the principal Epigrammatists of all the Romans IV. While Caesar was thus employ'd in the Affairs of the Common-wealth the two Sons of Pompey had fortify'd themselves in Spain and as the People still passionately affected the Memory of their Father they soon gather'd together a powerful Army they also had very good Officers and among the rest Labienus which oblig'd Caesar to go in Person to oppose their Proceedings tho' not without some Unwillingness by reason that his beloved Mistress Cleopatra was now at Rome He was now just made Consul again and likewise Dictator for another Year and Lepidus who was Consul with him he chose for his Master of the Horse Caesar proceeded in his Expedition with his wonted Vigour and Celerity and arriv'd in Spain before the Enemy so much as imagin'd it Cneius the eldest of the two Pompey's had laid Siege to the City of Ulla and Sextus the younger Brother was in Corduba with a strong Garrison Caesar to raise the Siege and to give some Jealousie to Cneius advanc'd towards Corduba which occasion'd him to raise the Siege before Ulla and come and oppose Caesar but Caesar finding he cou'd not draw him to a Battel went and invested Attegna a Place of great Importance and full of Provisions This Siege lasted some considerable time and the Pompeys endeavour'd to throw in Succours into the Town but in vain till at last it was constrain'd to eapitulate Caesar being Master of this several other Places submitted to him and the Pompeys marching up and down and fearing the rest shou'd revolt were resolv'd to come to a general Battel their Army being now encamp'd in the Plains of Munda and Caesar's not far distant Both Generals were equally impatient to come to an Ingagement so that Cneius drew up his Men by Break of Day well posting himself upon a Hill and the Exactness of their Order shew'd his Troops to great Advantage
for Clemency as before he had for Valour Then to shew his generous Temper he caus'd Pompey's Statues to be set up again to shew that he esteem'd a great Soul and a magnanimous Spirit even in his greatest Enemy which occasion'd Cicero to observe in his Writing That Caesar by restoring Pompey's Statues secur'd his own In this second Iulian Year his Collegue Anthony procur'd by a Law that the Month Quintilis shou'd in honour of his Name be afterwards call'd Iuly and many other Laws were made In the mean time as he was no ways belov'd by those who were greatest in the Senate tho' his Ordinances had no other Design than the publick Good they forbore not to viliâ—ie him by their Raileries Now tho' Caesar had Information of their several Discourses he bore it all with so great a Moderation that when some other People had yet the Boldness to violate his Reputation by Libels he never so much as enquir'd after them All his Designs shew'd the Greatness of his Soul he made a Proposition for adorning of the City of Rome with a magnificent Temple consecrated to Mars and with a Theatre and likewise the building of a new Curia or Parish to be call'd Iulia. He rebuilt Carthage and Corinth sending Colonies to both Cities He undertook to level several Mountains in Italy to drein the Pontine Marshes near Rome and to empty the Lakes Works of prodigious Charge and likewise design'd to dig through the Isthmus of Peloponnesus by Corinth After these he design'd an Expedition against the Parthians to revenge the death of Crassus and they being conquer'd to enter thro' Hircania along the Banks of the Caspian Sea into Scythia to open himself a Way through Germany into Gaul and so return to Rome But all these vast Designs soon came to an End enjoying his Sovereign Authority but five Months Caesar's good Fortune which had appear'd by so many Victories his Merit and great Abilities supported by the Affection of the People and the Love of his Soldiers had now rais'd him to a Degree above all other Romans But as it usually happens in Common-wealths where overy one valuing himself upon his own Merit looks upon absolute Command as a Right which he one Day in his Turn may pretend to so it was now for that his extraordinary Advancement daily brought upon him the Jealousie of the Senators In the mean time in an extravagant manner they continually flatter'd his Vanity with new Honours preferring him in his Life time in some sort among the Gods and declaring his Person Sacred and Inviolable They gave him the Title of Father of his Country stamp'd Money with his Image order'd publick Sacrifices on his Birth-day and his Statue to be set up in all Cities and in all the Temples at Rome Some Authors have reported that he procur'd these Honours by his Authority others that they were freely bestow'd upon him However his accepting of all that was offer'd him caus'd him much Hatred from many which was discover'd more plainly one Day when the Senate had decreed him some new Honours and came all in a Body to the Temple of Venus where he was to acquaint him with their Decree and he whether out of a Mistake or Design rose not up but receiv'd 'em sitting which Neglect much offended the Senators and caus'd 'em to talk very freely and publickly about it particularly saying That he plainly affected the Title of King He had indeed the Power in effect but only wanted the Name which was odious to the Romans Caesar who well knew the Effects of that Aversion very cautiously defended himself from that Odium and one Day when some People call'd him Lord and King he made Answer That he was Caesar. Nevertheless he often let some Discourses fall which much promoted the Belief People had of his Ambition particularly That a Republick was nothing but a meer Name and Notion and that Sylla had discovered great Ignorance in laying down the Office of Dictator Caesar shortly after gave a fresh Occasion of Suspicion to the People by his displacing the Tribunes for imprisoning some Persons who had put Diadems upon his Statues And by another Instance soon after he still more plainly perceiv'd the Affections of the People at the Celebration of the Feasts call'd Lupercalia where he himself assisted at the Show seated upon a Tribunal in a Chair of Gold and his Triumphal Ornaments Anthony passing through the People who open'd to make him way went up to the Tribunal and presented a Crown to Caesar some clapp'd their Hands as if they approv'd of it but when Caesar put the Crown back there was a general Applause Anthony offer'd it a second time but still with as little Marks of Satisfaction from the People Caesar again refus'd it which was follow'd with loud Acclamations on all sides Caesar who had laid this Design before now plainly understood their Sentiments and thereupon rising commanded the Crown to be carry'd to the Capitol nevertheless he was so concern'd and so little Master of his Disorder that he said that Night to his Friends That he wou'd freely offer his Throat to any Man that wou'd cut it And tho' he had a thousand Testimonies of the Hatred he lay under he so abandon'd himself to his Designs that from this Moment he neglected all manner of Means of securing himself against his Enemies When he was advis'd by some not to trust Brutus too far he open'd his Breast saying Do you believe that Brutus cares for such poor Pillage as this He was sometimes heard to say That he had rather die once by Treason that to be so miserable as always to live in fear of it And at another time That the Republick had more Interest in his Preservation than himself that he had gain'd Glory and Power enough but after his Death the Common-wealth wou'd be more harass'd with Civil Wars then ever it had been And one Day being at Supper with Lepidus as his Friends disputed among themselves what Death was easiest he reply'd to 'em That which is most sudden and least foreseen He disbanded his Company of Spanish Guards and contented himself with the Protection of his Friends which Proceeding of his much facilitated an Enterprize upon his Life soon after The Design upon Caesar's Life was carry'd on with extraordinary Caution and Secrecy tho' above threescore Senators enter'd into this Conspiracy the Principal whereof was Brutus whose Life Caesar had sav'd after the Battel of Pharsalia and Cassius both Praetors at this time The Name of Brutus had been famous in Rome ever since Brutus the first Consul under the Foot of whose Statue was found written Wou'd to Heaven thou wert alive and certain Billets were thrown into the Praetor's Tribunal in these Words Brutus thou art asleep and not a true Brutus Cassius was Author of most of these things and he hated Caesar upon several Accounts particularly for his naming Brutus the eldest Praetor when he was above him in
some Infernal Spirits Enemies to Rome rather then Men and nothing ought further to be thought of than the honouring the Memory of this illustrious Hero and placing him among the Immortal Gods At the End of this Oration one of the principal Attendants as if some Fury had possess'd him tore off Caesar's Robe from the Trophy and shew'd it to the People crying out That it was the Spoil of a Person belov'd of the Gods and reverenc'd by the World even to Adoration This and several other things he spoke in a most moving Tone using many great Outcries and strange Postures of Sorrow which extreamly stirrâ—d up the People's Compassion At the same time was expos'd Caesar's Image in Wax which mov'd it self by Springs and shew'd the several Wounds which he had receiv'd upon his Face and in his Body and this Sight transported the People even to Madness and made 'em cry out That they wou'd inflect the most cruel Punishments and execute the most dreadful Revenges upon the Heads of all his Murtherers Upon the lighting of the Pile all the old Soldiers who had serv'd under him with an unexpressible Grief threw into the Fire all their Coronets Pikes Bracelets and other Tokens of Honours which he had given ' em A great many Ladies of Quality also threw in their Children's Robes and Ornaments with every thing they had of Value about ' em The People ran and tore up the Benches and Seats of the Magistrates just by and after that with flaming Brands from the Pile ran desperately to set Fire to the Conspirators Houses and meeting with one Cinna whom they mistook for another of that Name they immediately tore him in a thousand Pieces The Conspirators themselves being of the greatest Families and well guarded with no great Trouble repuls'd the People but nevertheless so great was the Rage and Threats of the People that they thought it much more safe to retire from the City All the Strangers in Rome mourn'd after their Customs and more particularly the Iews who watch'd several Nights at Caesar's Pile At last Divine Honours were given him and an Altar erected in the Place of his Burning where Octavius Caesar afterwards call'd Augustus caus'd a Temple to be built and a Pillar of Jasper twenty Foot high with this Inscription To the Father of his Country At the same time that Caesar was kill'd his Heir and Adopted Son Octavius afterwards call'd Augustus was at Apollonia in Greece who upon the first News of the Murther notwithstanding the earnest Advice of his Friends to secure himself there return'd to Rome with all speed with a full Resolution to revenge his Death not questioning but to find Anthony both a Friend and Assistant in this Design But Anthony now was so much chang'd and so busily employ'd in his Projects of raising and advancing himself that he cou'd hearken but little to such a Proposal and when Octavius publickly declar'd himself Caesar's Heir and demanded his Money of Anthony or at least some part of it he receiv'd him with great Coldness and Contempt of his Youth refusing to give him any upon several Pretences Yet neither Anthony's Repulses nor his Friends Advices to the contrary cou'd stop Octavius from pursuing his Designs who was now about eighteen Years old of a great Wit a lofty Mind and of a most insinuating Conversation and had a Face so Comely and Graceful that it acquir'd him a Veneration from all Men. That he might be certain to gain the People's Hearts he sold all his Inheritance to pay off the Legacies given 'em by his Uncle Caesar's Will which procur'd him much Love and Caesar's old Soldiers flock'd to him in considerable Numbers whom he accepted of out of Fear to Anthony who daily became more Suspicious both to the Senate and People Octavius manag'd his Affairs with so much Skill and Dexterity that those who before admir'd at his Boldness of opposing Anthony were now as much surpriz'd at his extraordinary Address and Authority Anthony on the other side being sensible of the passionate Affection the People had for Pompey to curry Favour propos'd the promoting Sextus his only surviving Son that in requital of his Father's Estate confiscated he might have an Allowance out of the Publick and the same Command of the Seas and Navy that his Father formerly had This was receiv'd with great Applause and strait enacted so Pompey was call'd back into Sicily where he afterwards manag'd a sharp War against Octavius Anthony was still Restless and resolv'd if it were possible to procure some Province to be assign'd him that he might get the greater Authority and the Difference daily increasing between him and Octavius he desir'd to command the six Legions which lay in Macedonia and obtain'd them by deceiving the Senate with a false Rumour that the Getae hearing of Caesar's Death had invaded that Province And because the Senate shew'd great Unwillingness to this Demand and more Jealousie of his Power he endeavour d to satisfie 'em by preferring a Law against any Man's being Dictator for the future and making it Death for any to offer at it These Legions he design'd to bring over into Italy to awe and command all and the better to effect this he preferr'd another Law for changing of Provinces and by that procur'd Macedonia for his Brother C. Antonius which had been assign'd to M. Brutus and the Hither Gaul for himself which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus The Senate wou'd by no means admit of this Demand but sent to D. Brutus to strengthen himself against the Pretensions of Anthony which caus'd Anthony to betake himself to the People where partly by Force and partly by Bribes he obtain'd it But still he was not altogether so Successful as he expected for his daily Quarrels with Octavius and his little Care of revenging Caesar's Death gain'd him the Hatred of his Soldiers so that when he had brought over his Legions two of 'em went over to Octavius who now was very busie in going through all Italy and gathering together Soldiers out of the Colonies which his Uncle had planted At length Anthony with a considerable Army march'd into Gaul from whence he commanded Decimus Brutus to depart who gave Way to him for some time but at last retreated to Mutina where Anthony soon after streightly besieg'd him And thus a new War broke out in about three quarters of a Year after Caesar's Death II. About this time new Consuls were made which were Hirtius and Pansa both great Friends of Iulius Caesar as well as Intimates of Cicero the former of which serv'd under Caesar and gave the Relation of the Wars of Aegypt and Africk which is annex'd to his Commentaries Upon their Assembling the Senate Anthony was declar'd Enemy to the State but especially by Cicero's Means who now had made many ingenious and severe Invectives against him which in Imitation of Demosthenes he publish'd under the Name of Philippicks This prov'd of great Advantage
Lethargy of his Softness and to make him consider how much his Actions were like to disgrace the glorious Name of Conquerour whereupon he gather'd together 200 Ships and a considerable Army which he had ready in those Parts His Design was immediately to march against the Parthians but the earnest Instances of his Wife Fulvia and his Friends oblig'd him to turn towards Italy He went from Alexandria to Tyre from whence passing by the Isles of Cyprus and Rhodâ—â— he arriv'd at Athâ—ns where he met Fulvia He much blam'd her and his Brother Lucius for occasioning the late Disorders and here he understood that Octavius had lately marry'd Scribonia the Sister of Libo Pompey's Father-in-Law This Octavius did to gain an Alliance with Pompey for the Sake of his Shipping not forgetting the least thing that might make for his Advantage and he manag'd all things with that Secresfie Skill and Industry that the most piercing Judgments cou'd by no means penetrate into the Bottom of this exquisite Politician's Designs Anthony suspecting Octavius's Conduct advanc'd towards Italy without shewing the least Concern for Fulvia whom he left Sick at Sycion which last Neglect and Scorn finish'd what his Iâ—fidelity had begun she dying soon after Anthony crossing the Ionian Sea was there met by Domitius who deliver'd up all his Fleet and Force to him from whence they sail'd to Brundusium where they were forbidden Entrance by a Carison plac'd there by Octavius This made such a Breach between 'em that Anthony immediately block'd up the Place and likewise procur'd Pompey from Sicily to invade Italy Octavius march'd directly to Brundusâ—â—m where the old Soldiers being unwilling to fight against Anthony the Army endeavour'd all Ways to reconcile these two great Men which Cocceius Friend to both at length with much Labour effected and Pollio on Anthony's side and Mecâ—â—nas on Octavius's both eminent Persons as Delegates made up this dangerous Breach All Offences and Affronts were mutually to be forgiven and a Marriage was propos'd between Anthony and Octavius's half-Sister Octavia and Widow of Marcellus a Lady of most extraordinary Beauty and as extraordinary Vertues and Accomplishments Tho' Cleopatra had so large a Share in Anthony's Heart yet he cou'd not without Baseness refuse a Lady of Octavia's admirable Qualities and to avoid all present Inconveniencies he marry'd her Then a new Division of the Roman Empire was made between these Commanders the Bounds of their Dominions being Codropolis a Town of Illyricum all from that place Westward being to obey Octavius and all Eastward Anthony Africk was left to Lepidus whose Authority declin'd daily and who having offended Octavius had been confin'd by him to that Province According to this Division Anthony sent Ventidius into Asia against the Parthians but the Troubles at Home seem'd much greater to both Anthony and Octavius who were now entertain'd with the sad and lamentable Complaints of poor People ready to starve for want of Provisions which Pompey hinder'd from coming either from the East or West by means of Sicily Sardinia and Corsica which he had in his Power and from Africk by his navy also which was then most powerful at Sea Octavius by reason of some former Affronts wou'd not be brought to any Accommodation with Pompey notwithstanding the continual Cries and Prayers of the Multitude whose Rage and Fury at last came to that height that he was nigh being ston'd by 'em and Anthony too by coming in to his Assistance At last both he and Pompey were so far persuaded as to come to an Enterview but the latter demanding large Privileges for the proscrib'd Persons and to be admitted into the Power and Place of Lepidus the Treaty was ineffectual Yet the pressing Necessities and frequent Mutinies of the People brought 'em together a second Time where among some other Articles it was concluded That Pompey shou'd retain all the Islands he had already and Peloponnesus over and above that he shou'd have the Privilege of demanding the Consulship in his Absence and of discharging that Office by any of his Friends That he shou'd leave the Sea open and pay the People what Corn was due out of Sicily And that the Proscrib'd Persons except such as were guilty of Caesar ' s Death shou'd have all their Liberty to return And so a Peace was concluded to the great Joy and Satisfaction of all People which they testify'd by many publick Games and Pastimes IV. All Civil Wars were now for a while at an End and Octavius and Anthony were about taking the Field against Foreigners but before that time they nam'd the Consuls for the four following Years Anthony and Libo for the first Octavius and Pompey for the second Domitius and Sosiâ—s for the third and Anthony and Octavius for the fourth by which time it was hop'd and discours'd that they wou'd restore the Liberty of the Common-wealth Octavius to keep his Soldiers in Military Discipline sent one Part of his Forces into Illyricum and led the rest into Gaul where there were some Disturbances Anthony departed for the East against the Parthians which War Ventidius had manag'd with good Success having got several Victories kill'd several of their principal Commanders and repell'd 'em in Media and Mesopotamia being the only General that cou'd revenge Crassiâ—s's Death or that triumph'd over that Nation Anthony there setled the Affairs of Syria and made Peace with Antiochus King of Comogena who had assisted the Parthians and he got the several Kings which he had establish'd in those Parts to be confirm'd by Ordinance of the Senate which were Darius in Pontus Pharnaces in Idumaea Herod in Iudaea Amintas in Pisidia and Polemon in Cilicia The City of Athens he chose to pass the Winter in with Octavia in which place he intirely gave himself over to his Pleasures and Diversions quitting all the Tokens and Marks of his Authority to live like a private Person and in his Court there was no Business discours'd of but only Learning and Philosophy As for Pompey he seem'd for a while to be satisfy'd but as the Treaty between him and Octavius only regulated their Pretensions not their Ambitions a Breach was soon made again the Pretences of which was That Anthony who was oblig'd by Articles to quit Peloponnesus wou'd not do it till Pompey had satisfy'd him for such Moneys as were due to him from the Inhabitants Pompey wou'd by no Means hearken to this but immediately fitted out a new Fleet and provided himself of Forces perhaps giving Credit to Menodorus who told him That the present Settlement of Affairs was no true Peace but rather a Cessation of Arms. He then renew'd his Cruisings and Pyracies which likewise renew'd the former Miseries and Grievances and made the People cry out That the Matter was only chang'd from three Tyrants to four But Metrodorus in a short time revolted to Caesar bringing in with him Corsica Sardinia and three Legions and soon after Octavius put to Sea to invade Sicily but
was beaten back by Pompey and was in great Danger of his Life and afterwards his Ships lying at Anchor were extreamly shatter'd and most of his Men cast away These Misfortunes oblig'd Octavius to fortiâ—y the Coasts of Italy lest Pompey shou'd attempt an Invasion and sent to Anthony for his Assistance Tho' he seem'd intirely taken up with such important Affairs he found some more agreeable in another place and Livia the Wife of Tiberius was the Subject of ' em The Beauty of this Woman join'd with her refin'd and dextrous Wit made a great Impression upon his Heart which was much alienated from Scribonia whom he divorc'd for her insupportable Temper and either by his Entreaties or Authority he oblig'd Tiberius to yield him Livia whom he marry'd tho' then big with Child the Priests all allowing of it Anthony was now arriv'd at Brundusium with 300 Sail giving out He came to assist Octavius in this War Octavius having not long before receiv'd the News of Agrippa's quelling the Gauls and having gather'd together a noble Fleet cou'd willingly have dispenc'd with Anthony's Civility He thought he was already too powerful and therefore sought all Arts and Pretences to excuse his going to meet Anthony which Proceedings did not a little displease him as having been jealous of Octavius for a long time Anthony had then particular need of Soldiers to employ against the Parthians and willing to spare the Charge of a Fleet he design'd Octavius shou'd take that and furnish him with Land-Forces Whereupon Octavia generously offer'd to go to her Brother and clear all Misunderstandings and reconcile all Differences that were like to arise which Anthony willingly agreed to Caesar receiv'd her with a Courtesie suitable to the great Affection he had for her but yet was so backward in answering her Requests that she publickly address'd her self to his two great Friends Agrippa and Mecoenas who had a profound Respect for her both for her great Merits and high Birth My Lords said she you see here Octavia a Woman of the greatest Quality of the World now ready to be made the most miserable of all her Sex if your great Care and Wisdom prevent not these Misfortunes The whole Roman People have fix'd their Eyes on me me the Sister of Caesar and Wife of Anthony if my ill Destiny shou'd bring these two to Arms you have the Chance of Fortune on your side but I must fall whoever gains and be reduc'd to the fatal Necessity of losing a Husband or a Brother This moving Argument join'd with the Affection Octavius had for his Sister brought him to an Enterview with Anthony where extraordinary Civility was shewn to each other all little Differences were accommodated and an Exchange made as Anthony desir'd and because the time of the Triumvirate set by the Senate was almost expir'd they prolong'd their Power for five Years more without ever regarding the Suffrages of the Senate or People After this Anthony departed once more for Syria leaving Octavius in Italy Octavius deferring his Expedition into Sicily till the following Year Octavius determin'd to invade Sicily from three several Quarters Lepidus who had now join'd him was to make a Descent from Africk Taurus from Tarentum and he himself from Puteoli Pompey was resolv'd to oppose each of these Commanders but at this time there needed not that Care for Octavius's Fleet was a second time shatter'd and disabl'd by a Storm which so swell'd Pompey with Vanity that he styl'd himself Neptune's Son However Octavius wou'd not give over his Enterprize for the same Summer having recruited his Forces and refitted his Navy he sent it out under the command of Agrippa who first overthrew Pompey's Fleet then was again worsted himself yet after that landed 21 Legions and 2000 Horse besides 5000 Light-arm'd Men. No great or memorable Action hapned on Land but Pompey sent to his Enemy to know if he wou'd fight by Sea much fearing the Land-Forces Octavius accepted of his Offer and in a general Battel in which Agrippa perform'd great Acts finally defeated him having sunk 28 of his Vessels The rest were either taken or broken seventeen only escap'd and at the sight of this great Overthrow all Pompey's Land-Forces surrender'd themselves to Octavius so that with his seventeen Vessels he fled to Anthony in Syria from whom he expected Protection in requital of what he had formerly given to his Mother Iulia. Messana still held out for Pompey but the Garison at last yielded to Lepidus and that brought all Sicily into subjection This Victory tho' so advantageous to Octavius prov'd the Ruine of Lepidus who now having got 22 Legions under his Command and a strong Body of Cavalry pleas'd himself with the ambitious Thoughts of getting all Sicily into his Hands to which he pretended a Right as first invaded by him Whereupon Octavius sent to him to complain of his Proceedings to whom Lepidus fiercely reply'd That Caesar had taken upon him all the Authority of the Triumvirate when he had as much Right to it as himself At this Octavius with great Boldness went alone to Lepidus's Camp with no other Assistance than that of his own Merit and the Authority he had gain'd by his Victories The Soldiers of Pompey look'd upon him with great Respect and drew round about him which Lepidus perceiving he hastned thither and made some of his Men charge Octavius who presently receiv'd a Hurt by a Dart. Yet Octavius with a great Presence of Mind went directly to the Place where the Eagles of the Legions were planted and taking one of 'em he advanc'd it in the Air whereupon all the Legionary Soldiers ran in Crouds and saluted him as their General Lepidus being thus abandon'd by his Soldiers quitted all the Marks of his Authority which he cou'd no longer keep took deep Mourning and came and threw himself at Octavius's Feet Octavius was much mov'd at this mortifying Spectacle to see a Triumvir who had dispos'd of the Lives of many noble Persons reduc'd to beg his own but he despis'd him too much to take his Life and tho' his Soldiers wou'd have kill'd him he sav'd him but turn'd him out of all his Authority and Power except that of Pontifex Maximus and banish'd him to Cyrcaeum Thus fell one Head of the Triumvirate and their Authority without any Competitor came wholly into the Hands of Octavius and Anthony which Authority became almost indisputable by the Death of Pompey who was shortly after slain by Anthony's Order in Phrygia having first made several Commotions in those Parts So that all Civil Wars were for a while ended in the Roman State which fell out in the 718th Year of the City and the 7th of the Second Triumvirate about 8 Years after Iulius Caesar's Death and 34 before our Saviour's Nativity CHAP. VI. From the Banishment of Lepidus to the Death of Anthony which made Way for Octavius's Absolute Authority and was the last Step to the Imperial State Containing the
space of six Years I. ROME now began to take Breath after so many Domestick Broils and Octavius was receiv'd at the City with a general Joy the Senators met him at the Gates and conducted him to the Capitol follow'd by all the People crown'd with Garlands of Flowers where after he had given Thanks to the Gods they waited on him to his Palace Octavius now thought of nothing so much as the gaining the Hearts and Inclinations of the People and he much endeavour'd to restore the publick Peace of the City which had of late been much disturb'd by Thieves and Robbers For that End he order'd Sabinus with his Troops to pursue and bring to Punishment all such as might be found in Italy and Sicily and likewise establish'd at Rome some Companies for the Guard of the City This and many other things he executed with such great Diligence and Dexterity that the Romans began to have an extraordinary Veneration for a Man who had such a surprizing Understanding at so small an Age. Some Cities of Italy proceeded even to the erecting Altars to him especially after one generous Act he did He had among Pompey's Papers a great Number of Letters and Memoirs of the chief Senators enough to occasion many new Disturbances These he brought into the Forum and before all the People threw 'em into the Fire protesting That he there sacrific'd all his private Resentments to the Good of the Commonwealth and design'd to give up his Authority as soon as Anthony shou'd return from the Parthian Expedition The People applauded him beyond Example and to shew that they ever desir'd to obey him they chose him Tribune for his Life and by this they likewise thought to oblige him to quit the odious Dignity of Triumvir Octavius willingly accepted of the perpetual Tribuneship but deferred the Suppression of the Triumvirate till Anthony's Return and sent Bibulus to communicate his Design to him and after he had dispos'd of the Government of the Provinces he march'd against the Illyrians It was believ'd that the Death of Pompey wou'd have establish'd a Peace through all the World especially since Anthony and Octavius might in the Extent and Riches of the Roman Empire have found all that cou'd be desir'd for the satisfying their Ambition But the secret Hatred between these two which broke out upon all publick Occasions now began to raise new Commotions in the Roman State The Passion of Anthony for Cleopatra and the extravagant Presents of whole Provinces which he made her serv'd Octavius for a plausible Pretence to renew the War and free himself from a Competitor so formidable both for his Valour and his Reputation among the Soldiers Anthony had now call'd Cleopatra into Syria and there gave her all Phoenicia Coelo-Syria and Cyprus with a great part of Cilicia Arabia and Iudaea which much displeas'd the Roman People who daily publish'd scurrilous Discourses of Anthony's Prodigality Anthony being inform'd of these Libels by his Friends from Rome immediately publish'd an Apology wherein he affirm'd That the Grandeur of the Roman Empire was never so conspicuous for the Conquests made as for the Liberality practis'd in bestowing the conquer'd Provinces That true Nobility was inlarg'd and multiply'd by the numerous Posterity that Soveraign Princes left in several Parts of the World and that was the Motive that induc'd Hercules from whom he deriv'd his Birth not to subject himself to the single Tye of one Wife but to leave the Foundation of several illustrious Races in all Parts where he extended his glorious Conquests These false Reasonings which were design'd to justifie his Passion prov'd more injurious to him and made him appear odious to the Romans who made Profession of a much stricter Morality Anthony besides had march'd against the Parthians with a mighty Power which made the East tremble but with very ill Success for at the Beginning the Enemy slew one of his Lieutenants and entirely defeated two Legions and even he himself was reduc'd to such Extremities that he often despair'd of his own Safety At last after the Loss of the fourth Part of his Troops and all his Baggage he sav'd himself in Armenia by the Advice of a Roman who had been Prisoner among the Partâ—ians ever since the Death of Crassus Tho' Anthony in this War behav'd himself with his usual Bravery yet the great Loss and shameful Retreat of such a General as he who in all probability was once able to have conquer'd his Enemies extreamly diminish'd his former Reputation And what was still more disadvantageous to him was the general Belief that these Misfortunes were owing to his Passion for Cleopatra which had caus'd him to take no Measures aright but such as shou'd hasten his Return to her But what principally enrag'd the Romans was the taking Artabazus King of Armenia whom Anthony led in Triumph into Alexandria This Rome cou'd by no means bear that a Roman General shou'd impart such a peculiar Honour to a Foreign Nation and that she shou'd be depriv'd of the Glory of insulting over vanquish'd Kings which for so many Years she had enjoy'd All these Faults of Anthony Caesar made Advantage of and above all exaggerated the little Value he had for his Country And when he found the People sufficiently exasperated against him he resolv'd to send Octavia to her Husband that he might have a plausible Pretence to declare War against him if he shou'd Offer her the Affront of sending her back without seeing her Anthony was now at Leucopolis between Tyre and Sidon where he stay'd with an Impatience he was not able to conceal frequently leaving the Table to run to the Sea-side himself to see if the Queen were coming At last she came with great Quantity of Cloathing for her Soldiers and a vast Summ of Money at least Anthony gave her the Honour of it when he distributed it Almost at the same time Niger arriv'd from Octavia who staid at Athens from whence she sent her Husband word that she had brought him Clothes and Arms Horses and Presents for his Officers and 2000 chosen Soldiers well arm'd This was very unwelcom News to Cleopatra who fearing she cou'd not prevail against so powerful a Rival when she appear'd immediately feign'd a deep Melancholy abstaining from Food to make her self lean and when she was near Anthony she beheld him with languishing Eyes and a despairing Countenance like one besides her self with Love She let fall Tears in his Presence and turn'd away her Face as if she desir'd to hide from him those Marks of her Grief These Artifices together with the smooth and cunning Flatteries of Cleopatra's Friends prevail'd so much upon Anthony's Weakness that they quite turn'd his Thoughts in favour of his Mistress He broke off his honourable Enterprize against the Parthians notwithstanding all the Instances of the King of Media who offer'd to join with him and oppose that People with his Cavalry accustom'd to their Way of Fighting He
himself a Wound which threw him dead at his Master's Feet Dear Eros cry'd he I thank thee for teaching me to do what I ought my self and upon that he thrust himself into the Belly and fell backwards upon his Bed Tho' the Wound was Mortal yet the Blood stopping he came to himself and most earnestly begg'd of his Friends to dispatch him but they all fled from him leaving him in a miserable Condition tossing and struggling with the Anguish of his Pain whilst Diomedes came to carry him to Cleopatra Anthony understanding Cleopatra yet liv'd begg'd and entreated in the most moving Manner in the World to be carry'd to her and with much difficulty and pain they lifted him up to the Door of the Monument Cleopatra having only her two Women durst not open the Door but let down Cords from the Window All the People of Alexandria were present at this sad Spectacle and nothing appear'd so lamentable as to see this great Man renown'd for so many Conquests and Victories bath'd in his Blood and just expiring holding out his Hands to Cleopatra and faintly endeavouring to raise himself and to see this famous Queen striving with her Body just out of the Window with the feeble Assistance of her Women to pull him up the People all the time seeming to assist her with their Cries and Tears When after much Pain she had drawn him up she embrac'd him and laid him gently upon her Bed tearing all her Cloathes in a most violent Passion beating her Face and Breast and calling Anthony her Lord her Husband her Emperour and tho' her own Misfortunes were very great and astonishing yet she forgot them all at the sight of this deplorable Object Anthony begg'd of her to moderate her Grief and Transports and ask'd for some Wine either because he was thirsty or because he thought it wou'd soon end him After he had drank he exhorted Cleopatra to endeavour to save her Life if she cou'd do it with Honour and for that End Proculus wou'd be her best Friend in Caesar ' s Camp that she wou'd not too deeply reflect upon the cruel Turn of Fortune which he felt in his last Days but rather think what Glory and Renown he had liv'd in famous for so many noble Victories Triumphs and Dignities and that after he had been the first Man of the World and the most illustrious of all the Romans he was at last overcome by a Roman At the finishing of this Discourse Anthony expired in the 53d Year of his Age a Person of as great Spirit and Valour as any among the Romans since the Death of Iulius Caesar yet softn'd overcome and entirely ruin'd by a Woman His Death put an End to all the Civil Wars and gave Octavius Opportunity to make his Fortunes as he pleas'd and from this Period many Historians date his Reign others three Years after and some from Iulius Caesar's Death This hapned in the 724th Year of the City the 3d of the 187th Olympiad and the 13th of the Second Triumvirate about 14 Years after Iulius Caesar's Death and 28 before our Saviour's Nativity CHAP. VII From the Death of Anthony to the perfect Settlement of the Empire by Octavius which finish'd all Disturbances and brought Rome to its utmost Glory Containing the space of about three Years I. OCtavius shew'd great Satisfaction at his Success and Fortune yet when Anthony's bloody Sword was brought to him the Sight of it oblig'd him to retire into his Tent where he cou'd not refrain from Tears when he reflected upon the deplorable End of a Person so eminent both for Birth and Valour and one with whom he had contracted so strict a Friendship and Alliance He call'd his Friends in to whom he declar'd That he had contributed nothing to the Overthrow of Anthony through any Hatred or Ambition shewing 'em the Copies of the Letters he had writ to him which contain'd nothing but just and reasonable Proposals and Anthony's Answers full of Passion and Disdain After this he sent Proculus to employ his utmost Address to seize upon Cleopatra extremely desiring to save her Treasure but more especially to grace his Triumph with this Queen who had so long triumph'd over the Roman Commanders Cleopatra refus'd Proculus Entrance but through the Door demanded Aegypt for her Children which caus'd Proculus after observing the Avenues of the Monument to return to Octavius who the same Instant sent Gallus with him to make her new Propositions While Gallus was discoursing with Cleopatra below Proculus with two others enter'd by the Window at which Anthony had been drawn up which one of her Women perceiving presently shreek'd out Wretched Princess thou art taken alive Upon which Cleopatra turn'd quick and drew out her Dagger to stab her self but Proculus caught hold of her saying Madam will you at once injure your self and Caesar in depriving him of the most illustrious Testimony he can give of his Generosity and make the best and gentlest Prince in the World pass for Cruel and Barbarous Whereupon he disarm'd her search'd her lest any Poison shou'd be conceal'd about her and after he had secur'd her he return'd to Octavius with this joyful News Octavius was extreamly satisfy'd to find this haughty Queen at his Disposal who before had lifted the Crown of Aegypt above the Empire of the Romans He first commanded Epaphroditus to Guard her with the greatest Care and yet to serve her like a Queen after which he made his Entrance into Alexandria after a solemn and pompous Manner The Majesty of Octavius follow'd by so many arm'd Soldiers who breath'd nothing but Destruction drove the Aegyptians into great Fears and Apprehensions imploring his Mercy upon their Knees Octavius told 'em He pardon'd 'em for the sake of their illustrious Founder Alexander for the extraordinary Beauty of the City and for his great Esteem he had for Arrius their Fellow-Citizen and Philosopher Several Kings Princes and Roman Senators begg'd of him the Body of Anthony to pay their last Respects to him but he wou'd not deprive Cleopatra of a Satisfaction so dear to her and more than that he took Care to furnish her with what was needful for the Pomp of the Funeral which she solemniz'd with extraordinary magnificence Octavius took further Care that nothing shou'd occasion the Encrese of Cleopatra's Afflictions but the Greatness of her Soul and the Nobleness of her Courage made the Loss of her Liberty insupportable to her Her excessive Melancholy and the many Blows she had given her Breasts put her into a slow Fever which gave her great Hopes of ending her Sorrows and her Life in a short time She had besides resolv'd to abstain from Eating if her Physician had not discover'd this Secret she had trusted him with to Octavius who immediately threatned to put her Children all to Death if she persisted in her Obstinacy This was the only thing she cou'd be sensible of and the Thoughts of this caus'd her to comply