his Country so intirely that he beheaded two of his Sons for conspiring against the Republick Q. By whom was that Conspiracy carried on A. By the Deputies whom Tarquin had dispatch'd to Rome to negotiate the Affair of his Restoration Q. Where did Brutus dye A. He lost his life soon after fighting with Aruns the Son of Tarquin in a Battel against those of Tarquin's Party and the Vejentes who espous'd his Quarrel Q. What happen'd to 'em in this Duel A. They ran one another through with their Lances The Wars which the Romans were oblig'd to maintain THE Hetruscan War The War of the Latins The War of the Volscians The War of the Vejentes The War of the Gauls The Second War of the Latins The War of the Samnites The War of the Tarentines The first Punic War The second Punic War The War of Antiochus The War of Macedonia The third Punic War The War of Corinth The War of Portugal The War of Numantia The War of the Slaves The War of Iugurtha The War of Mithridates Q. Besides these had they no Civil Wars A. Yes they had two the first between Marius and Sylla and the second between Caesar and Pompey 'T is true there were several Seditions which shall be recounted in their proper place Q. For what reason did the Romans undertake all these Wars A. To defend their Liberty preserve their Limits protect their Allies and enlarge their Empire The War of Etruria The Year of the World 3547. Of Rome 247. Q. WHich was the first War that the Romans were engaged in after the Expulsion of their Kings A. That of Etruria Q. How did it begin A. Porsenna King of that Countrey being resolved to support Tarquin's Party came to besiege Rome with a powerful Army Q. How was it ended A. By the Valour of Horatius Cocles and Mutius Scaevola's Bravery which so effectually daunted him that he sent Deputies to the Romans to offer them Peace Q. How many Hostages did they give him A. Twenty young Ladies of the greatest Beauty and Quality in the City Q. What remarkable Action was it that Horatius Cocles perform'd A. He alone sustain'd for some time the Fury of the Enemies who would have passed the Bridge to enter the City and at last when it was broken down he threw himself into the Tiber and swam cross it without abandoning his Arms all this while Q. And Mutius Scaevola's Action how was that A. He privately stole into the Enemies Camp with a design to kill the King but fail'd in his Attempt for he mistook the King's Secretary for the King himself Q. What did they do to Scaevola after this unfortunate Disappointment A. He was taken and brought before Porsenna Q And after what manner did he behave himself there A. He puts his criminal Right hand which committed the mistake into a Fire which happen'd to be there And know says he to the King that Three hundred of us young Roman Gentlemen have conspir'd your Death Q. What effects did so resolute an Action produce A. Porsenna affrighted at the Hardiness and Resolution of the Romans offered them a Peace and accepted of the above-mention'd Ladies by way of Hostages Q. What happen'd upon that A. Clelia who was one of the Twenty that were given in Hostage to Porsenna having slâ—pt from her Guards swims over the Tiber on Horseback and came back to Rome Q What did they do to her when she was arriv'd there A. The Consul fearing lest the world would accuse him of Infidelity was for surrendring her into Porsenna's hands who sent her honourably back again to Rome with some other young Romans and made a Peace The War of the Latins The Year of the World 3555. Of Rome 255. Q. WHich was the Second War that the Romans were obliged to sustain A. That of the Latins who took up Arms at the Instigation of Manlius Son-in-Law to Tarquin Q. And after what manner did it end A. A bloody Battel that was fought near the Lake of Regilus soon put an end to it Q. Who were the Generals of the two Armies A. Manlius was at the Head of the Latins and Aulus Posthumius commanded the Romans Q. Which side gain'd the Victory A. 'T was in suspence for some time but at last it declar'd it self in favour of the Romans Q. How many Men were kill'd upon the spot A. There were Forty thousand Men slain in the Action Thirty four thousand of the Latins in which number was Manlius And Six thousand of the Romans After the Death of Manlius the Tarquins lost all hopes of being ever restor'd The War of the Volscians The Year of the World 3559. Of Rome 259. Q. WHich was the Third War the Romans had A. That of the Volscians and the Aequi. Q. Why did they declare War against those People A. Because they continually disturbed and annoy'd the Romans Q. When did this War begin A. In the Year of Rome 259 and it lasted for several Years Q. By whom were the Volscians defeated A. By Quinius Cincinnatus who after he had perform'd many Glorious Exploits formerly retir'd to his Country house where he lived quietly Tilling his Ground and now was taken from the Plough to be made Dictator Q. What memorable things did he do A. By his Valour he sav'd the Army commanded by the Consul Marcus Minutius which was surrounded by the Enemy Q. After this Expedition what became of Cincinnatus A. He peaceably return'd to his old Employments at his Country-house Q. What other remarkable Things happen'd during this War A. The Adventures of Coriolanus Q. Who was this Coriolanus A. He was a Roman Gentleman whose Name was Martiuâ— Q. Who gave him then the Sir-name of Coriolanus A. The Consul Martius for having perform'd wonders at the taking of Corioli Q. What befel him A. He was condemn'd to Banishment in the Year of Rome 263. Q. Upon what account A. For having spoken contemptibly of the Tribunes Q. Whether fled he A. To the Volscians as being the most inveterate Enemies to the Romans and consequâ—ntly the fittest to execute his Revenge Q. What did he among the Volscians A. He engag'd them to renew the War with the Romans in the Year 263. Q. Did he command their Troops A. The Volscians chose him for their General with Tullius Accius who at that time Commanded them Q. And what famous Exploits did he perform A. He signalized himself in several Encounters wherein he always defeated the Romans Q. Did he always take the same advantage over the Romans A. No for being encamp'd near the Gates of the City with a design to besiege it vanquish'd by the Prayers and Tears of his Mother Veturia and his Wife Volumnia whom the Senate deputed to go and intercede with him he abandon'd his Enterprize and drew the Army off in the Year 266. Q. And what was done by way of Recompence to so fortunate a Mediation A. They built a Temple which was consecrated to the Fortune of the Women
other parts Lucretius Salust and Catullus who flourished a little before the Civil Wars between Caesar and Pompey as they writ with a purity equal or above any that preceded them so they are excell'd by few that follow'd after and Tully complains that much of the force and spirit and majesty of their Language was lost even in his time However 't is agreed on by most hands that in Augustus's time it arrived to its highest pitch of perfection and purity at which time Virgil Horace Ovid Tibullus Propertius Corn. Gallus Manilius though others place him in the Reign of Theodosius the Younger and not to mention any more Corn. Celsus the Physician and Livy the Historian flourished Q. When did it begin to decline A. As by a Fate peculiar to all sublunary things nothing continues long in the same state but must either advance or go backward the Roman Language began to decline soon after Augustus Now and then 't is true stept up an extraordinary Genius that in spite of the Age he lived in preserv'd the ancient Purity as for instance Minutius Faelix under the Emperor Severus but we have few Instances of this nature For the first hundred years and something more it escaped tolerably well but soon after Trajan's time we find it was strangely corrupted Q What Reasons are commonly assign'd for the decay of their Eloquence and Language A. The former is generally ascribed to the loss of their Liberty and the subversion of the Old Government which allow'd a greater latitude and freedom of speaking than they enjoy'd under their Emperors Several Reasons may be given for the latter as first their affectation to incorporate so many Greek Words and Phrases into their Tongue a Vanity complain'd of by Iuvenal In the Age before they seldom used them but in case of necessity and even then as is evident from Tully's Example they writ them in Greek and not in Latin Characters Q. What other Causes are assign'd for it A. The continual Irruptions of the Northern Nations who like a mighty Torrent swept every thing before them Such prodigious swarms of people still breaking in upon them could not but occasion a vast alteration in their Language To this may be added the introducing of a new Religion viz. the Christian in the Empire the Professors of which brought in with 'em a new set of Phrases and Words that were none of the politest and wholly unknown before as seeming always to have a greater regard to the truth of what they delivered than to the purity of their Diction Q. How did it fare after this A. From the Tenth to the middle of the 15th Century little or no Learning was stirring in these Western parts of the World The Monks who were the only people that possest any share of it amusing themselves in the study of School-divinity as 't is commonly call'd Those that were the Historians in those Ages leaving nothing but miserable jejune Relations of things behind them larded with frequent Miracles of their Saints which seem to have been written in defiance of Eloquence as well as of good sense Q. How came it to revive again A. 'T was occasion'd by two remarkable Accidents that happen'd within a short space of one another The first was the invention of Printing at Mentz in Germany in the Year 1440. by the help of which to the incredible benefit of the Learned World we can print more Volumes in a day and that more correctly than the Ancients could have written in an year The second was the taking of Constantinople by the Turks about twelve years after which forced several of the Learned Greeks to quit their Native Countrey and come into Italy where they were forced to teach Greek for their own sustenance Of this number were Theodorus Gaza Constantinus Lascharis Chalcondilas Chrysoloras Trapezuntius who began to revive the study of that Language which for the space of Five hundred years had been perfectly buried Q. What Persons of Note encouraged Learning at that time A. Pope Nicholas the Fifth that great Friend to the Muses and Restorer of Letters employ'd the most Learned Men of that Age to compare and revise the Old MSS. and print them and we are particularly obliged to him for putting out Polybius After him Aeneas Sylvius alias Pope Pius the Second who was himself a man of great Learning promoted it by his Example and Encouragement About this time the Art of Painting which had been totally lost for so many Ages began to flourish in Italy and in the compass of an hundred years arrived to its highest perfection Q. What were their principal Studies at this time A. To retrieve the purity of the Latin and Greek Tongues and learn their Antiquities for which end they convers'd with their Politest Authors compar'd various Readings turn'd over Glossaries and Old Scholia upon Ancient Historians Orators and Poets consulted old Inscriptions examin'd old Statues and Basso Relievos in which as Italy abounded above all other Countries of Europe so it furnished them with a better opportunity to be skill'd in the Ancient Habits Utensils Sacrifices c. than the rest of their Neighbours The most eminent men for this sort of Learning were Laurentius Valla Pomponius Laetus Alexander ab Alexandro Rodolphus Agricola Q How long was this Learning confin'd to Italy A. Not long for although the Italians had the honour to revive it and made a very considerable progress in it yet about the latter end of the 15th Century when Copies of Books were pretty well multiplied by Printing Learning crost the Alpes and soon after Erasmus Budaeus Beatus Rhenanus c. dispersed that sort of Knowledge through England France Germany and the Low Countries Q. What Learned men had we then in England A. In King Henry the VIIIth's time which was the soonest that we came acquainted with the Belles lettres in England we had an admirable Set of Philologers in this Nation who were excellent Critics and had a great command of the Latin Tongue Sir Thomas More Cardinal Pool Linacer Collet Cheek Ascham and several more often to be met with in Erasmus's Epistles Indeed about the beginning of the 16th Century a remarkable turn of Affairs happen'd in this part of the World which did not a little contribute to advance all sorts of Learning Q. What was that A. In the Year 1519. Luther made a publick defection from the Papal Authority which till then was generally receiv'd without any manner of examination This change of the Scene obliged both Parties viz. those of the Reformation and the Champions for the Church of Rome to prosecute their Studies in the Learned Languages vigorously The former to justify their Separation and to prove that Antiquity was of their side and the latter to keep their ground still and preserve the remainder of their Credit and Interest with the People When this Theological War was over men applied themselves to all the other parts of Learning and in
Thirdly those who of Slaves were set at liberty by their Masters and these last were call'd Liberti Q How many ways were there of obtaining the Freedom of the City of Rome A. Three 1. By Birth both or at leâ—st one of the Parents being free and these were called Cives Originarii 2. By Gift when the Freedom was bestowed on any Stranger or Nation and these were called Civitate Donati 3. By Manumission Q. After what manner was that perform'd A. The Servant was brought before the Consul or Praetor by his Master who laying his hand upon his head cry'd Hunc liberum esse volo and with that turn'd him rouâ—d gave him a Cuff on the Ear and was said emittere servumâ—è manis Then the Praetor laid a certain Rod call'd Vindicta upon his head and answer'd Dico eum esse liberum more Quiritum At that time he received a Cap as a token of Liberty whence ad pileum vocaâ—e aliquâ—m is to set one free Q. Into how many Orders did Romulus divide the City of Rome A. Into two viz. the Patricians or Nobles and the Plebeians or People Afterwaâ—ds a third Order namely that of the Knights or Equites was added Q. What Privileges did the Patricians at that time enjoy A. They had a Right to aspire to all the Dignities and Offices of the State but in succeeding times the Plebeians were not excluded from them exâ—ept some few which were never executed but by Patricians Of their Army Q OF how many several parts was the Roman Army compos'd A. Of three parts The first were the Roman Legions wherein none but the Roman Citizens served The second consisted of the Allies that is to say the People of Italy And the third was made up of Auxiliary Troops sent by Foreigners Q. How were the Allies paid A. They sâ—rved gratis and had nothing but a certain quantity of Corn given them As for the Auxiliary Troops they were daily paid but they did not take the Military Oath as the Allies did Q. What did a Legion comprehend A. A certain number of Horse and Foot Q. Into how many Companies were the Infantry and Cavalry divided A. Into Ten in every Company of Foot there were three Bands of Soldiers and in every Band two Centuries Q. Into how many Centuries were the Troops of Horse divided A. Each into three Centuries and so there was consequently sixty Centuries and thirty Decuries in every Legion Q. Who commanded the Infantry A. Six Tribunes with sixty Centurions one to each Century Q. By whom were the Decuries commanded A. By thirty Decurions and by one Officer to whom they gave the name of Praefect and this Praefect was at the head of a whole entire Wing Q. How many men had they in each Company of Foot A. Sometimes four hundred and twenty and sometimes they amounted to six hundred men Q. How many men were there in each Turma or Troop of Horse A. No more than thirty ten in each Decury but in the Wing three or four hundred Q From whence did the Roman Legions take their name A. From their Rank thus for instance those that were of the first call'd themselves Soldiers of the first and those that were of the second call'd themselves Soldiers of the second Legion Q. What Authority had the first more than the second Legion A. It was superior to all the rest as well for Quality as Number because it was commanded by the most experienc'd Officers Q. Had they not another very considerable Body besides this A. Right and that was the Praetorian Regiment which always follow'd the Commander in chief who as he rais'd this Company so he often pickt out the best men he could find in the other Troops or at least his best Friends to compose it Augustus had Nine of these Troops of Guards but they became afterwards so unruly that instead of guarding the Emperors they frequently displaced and killed them Q. How many Legions had the Romans in the time of the Consuls A. At first there were only four that were equally divided between the two Consuls afterwards the Allies were oblig'd to furnish them with four more Q. Did not the number of them rise considerably higher in following Ages A. Yes for in the second Punic War the Romans had in Italy Sicily and Spain Twenty five Legions but in the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey they amounted to forty and at the Siege of Mutina the Army of Anthony and that of the Consuls was compos'd of Fifty Legions Q How were the Allies ranked A. They were disposed after such a manner that they cover'd the two sides of the Roman Legions which made these Troops be call'd Alae or Wings their Commanders not calling themselves Tribunes but Praefects Q. What difference did they make between a Wing and a Cornu A. They indifferently used the latter when they spoke of the Roman Legions and their Allies whereas they seldom made use of the former when they spoke of Legions but almost always when they spoke of the Troops of Horse furnished by the Allies Q. What was a Wing at that time when the Republic flourish'd A. Nothing but the Horse of the Allies but under the Emperors they gâ—ve this name to the Auxiliary Troops Of the Soldiers Q HOW many sorts of Soldiers had the Romans in their Infantry A. There were four sorts of them Q. What was the first A. Those that were light arm'd and consequently fittest for all sorts of nimble Service These were generally young Fellows Q. Who were they that compos'd the second A. The Hastati or Pike-men who were somewhat more advanc'd in age Q. What was the third A. Those that for their Age and Valour were called Principes they carried a Buckler and used Hangers and were all in the strength and vigor of their Age. Q. What was the fourth A. They were the Triarij old experienc'd Soldiers that fought in the third rank They used Bucklers Hangers and the Pilum Q. How many Bands were there in every Cohors A. Three as I have already told you The first consisting of Pikemen the second of the Principes the third of the Triarij who were always Six hundred but the others were sometimes more and sometimes less Q What particular Commander belonged to these light-arm'd Soldiers A. They had none but were equally divided among the three other bodies Q. Had they not several names A. At first they were call'd Ferentarij Lorarij and Accensi because they filled up what was wanting in the Legions Afterwards the name of Velites was given them and lastly that of Antâ—signani of Veloces of Archers and Slingers all which names are derived either from their Arms or their rank and as they were not over-charged with Arms they generally began the fight by casting of Darts Stones or Arrows Q. Who were the Evocati A. They were certain old Soldiers who after they had serv'd their time were desir'd by the Generals of the Army to make
were engag'd 33 The War of Hetruria 34 The War of the Latins 36 The War of the Volscians 37 The War of the Vejentes 40 The War of the Gauls 42 The War of the Latins 46 The War against the Samnites 47 The War against the Tarentines 49 The first Punic War 53 The second Punic War 58 The War of Macedonia 69 The War of Antiochus 70 The second Macedonian War 71 The third Punic War 74 The War of Corinth 75 The War of Portugal 76 The destruction of Numantia 77 The War of the Slaves 78 The War against Jugurtha 80 The War against Mithridates 82 The Civil War between Marius and Sylla 85 The taking of Jerusalem 87 The War between Caesar and Pompey 88 Of the several Seditions 92 A Chronological Table of the Roman Emperors 100 Julius Caesar the first Roman Emperor 103 Augustus the 2d Emperor 116 Tiberius the 3d Emperor 128 Caligula the 4th Emperor 133 Claudius the 5th Emperor 138 Nero the 6th Emperor 142 Galba the 7th Emperor 148 Otho the 8th Emperor 149 Vitellius the 9th Emperor 151 Vespasian the 10th Emperor 154 Titus the 11th Emperor 158 Domitian the 12th Emperor 161 Nerva the 13th Emperor 165 Trajan the 14th Emperor 167 Adrian the 15th Emperor 173 Antoninus Pius the 16th Emperor 177 M. Aurelius and L. Verus making together the 17th Emperor 180 Commodus the 18th Emperor 183 Pertinax the 19th Emperor 185 Julian the 20th Emperor 187 Severus the 21st Emperor 188 Caracalla and Geta making together the 22d Emperor 191 Macrinus and his Son making together the 23d Emperor 194 Heliogabalus the 24th Emperor 195 Alexander the 25th Emperor 197 Maximin and his Son making together the 26th Emperor 200 Balbinus and Pupienus making together the 27th Emperor 202 Gordianus the Younger the 28th Emperor 203 Philip and his Son making together the 29th Emperor 205 Decius the 30th Emperor 206 Gallus and Volusianus his Son making together the 31st Emperor 207 Aemilianus the 32d Emperor 208 Valerianus the 33d Emperor 209 Gallienus the 34th Emperor 211 Claudius II. the 35th Emperor 213 Quintillus the 36th Emperor 215 Aurelianus the 37th Emperor ibid. Tacitus the 38th Emperor 217 Florianus the 39th Emperor 218 Probus the 40th Emperor 219 Carus the 41st Emperor 221 Numerianus the 42d Emperor 222 Carinus the 43d Emperor 223 Diocletian and Maximian making together the 44th Emperor 224 Galerius and Constantius making together the 45th Emperor 227 Constantine the Great the 46th Emperor 230 The Division of the Empire between the three Sons of Constantine the Great making together the 47th Emperor 236 Julian the Apostate the 48th Emperor 239 Jovian the 49th Emperor 242 Valentinian the Great the 50th Emperor 244 Valens the 51st Emperor 245 Gratian the 52d Emperor 247 Theodosius the Great the 53d Emperor 248 Arcadius the 54th Emperor 253 Honorius the 55th Emperor 254 Of the Fall and Decay of the Roman Empire 257 Of the increase purity and decay of the Roman Eloquence and Learning 263 An Abridgment of the Principal Customs of the Romans 271 Of their Months ibid. Of their Year and the distinction of their days 273 Of the Republic 275 Of the Army 277 Of the Soldiers 280 Of the Leaders 282 After what manner they ranked their Army for Battel 286 Of the Honours paid to the Conquerors 288 Of the Augurs 290 Of the manner of the Roman Apparel 293 Of their Games 295 Of their Funerals 297 Of their Eating 301 Of their Priests 302 Of the Roman States 305 Of their Gladiators 307 Of the Sibylline Oracles among the Romans 309 Of their Sacrifices 311 Of their Marriages 313 Of several other Roman Antiquities and Customs 316 THE END Books Sold by Richard Baldwin THE Works of F. Rabelais M. D. In Five Books or the Lives Heroick Deeds and Sayings of the Good Gargantua and Pantagruel and his Voyage to the Oracle of the Bottle As also his Historical Letters To which is added the Author's Life and Explanatory Remarks By Mr. Motteux Never before Printed in English Bibliotheca Politica Or an Enquiry into the Antient Constitution of the English Government with Respect both to the just Extent of Regal Power and to the Rights and Liberties of the Subject Wherein all the chief Arguments as well against as for the Late Revolution are Impartially represented and considered In XIII Dialogues Collected out of the best Authors both Antient and Modern To which is added An Alphabetical Index to the whole Work The Four Epistles of A. G. Busbequius concerning his Embassy into Turky Being Remarks upon the Religion Customs Riches Strength and Government of that People As also a Description of their Chief Cities and Places of Trade and Commerce To which is added His Advice how to manage War against the Turks Done into English The Bounds set to France by the Pyrenean Treaty and the Interest of the Confederates not to accept of the Offers of Peace made at this Time by the French King To which are added some short Reflections shewing how far England is concern'd in the Restitution of that Treaty Together with a List of the Towns and Countries that the French have taken since that time Letters of State Written by Mr. Iohn Milton To most of the Sovereign Princes and Republicks of Europe From the Year 1649. till the Year 1659. To which is added An Account of his Life Together with several of his Poems And a Catalogue of his Works never before Printed Mathematical Magick Or the Wonders that may be performed by Mechanical Geometry In Two Books Concerning Mechanical Powers Motions Being one of the most easie pleasant useful and yet most neglected part of Mathematicks not before treated of in this Language Mercury or the Secret and Swift Messenger Shewing how a man may with privacy and speed communicate his Thoughts to a Friend at any distance The Second Edition By the Right Reverend Father in God Iohn Wilkins late Lord Bishop of Chester Printed for Rich. Baldwin where are to be had The World in the Moon England's Interest Or a Discipline for Seamen Wherein is proposed a Sure Method for Raising Qualified Seamen for the well Manning Their Majesties Fleet on all Occasions Also a Method whereby Seamen will be obliged mutually to Relieve each other on board the Men of War yearly or thereabout except where any Seaman by his own voluntary Consent shall be willing to stay longer Likewise is shewed the Advantages which by these Methods will accrue to the Nation in general and in particular to the Merchants and Seamen For hereby the Wages now given in Merchant-Ships will be brought lower and every Seaman will have the liberty of chusing his own Commander after the first year and continuing with him if he so likes By Captain George St. Lo. An Answer to a Paper written by Count d'Avaux the French King's Ambassador in Sueden concerning the Proposals of Peace made by France to the Confederates An Essay concerning Obedience to the Supream Powers and the Duty of
Praetorship what did he next A. He obtain'd the Government of Spain Q. And what did he do there A. He perform'd several glorious Exploits which deserv'd a Triumph but he preferr'd the Consulship to that Glory and at last obtain'd it in the Year 695. by the Assistance of Pompey and Crassus to whom he joyn'd himself Q Being advanc'd to that high Dignity what did he A. He distributed his Lands among the People of Rome Q And what happen'd to him afterwards A. By his Artifices and excessive Liberalities he so far establish'd himself in the good Graces of the People that he procur'd the Government of Gaul to be conferr'd upon him Q When did he go to take Possession of it A. In the Year 696. Q. How long was he Governor there A. Nine years during which time he subdued all the Provinces that lye between the Pyrenees the Alps the Rhine and the Rhone and made them Tributary to Rome Q. Was not he the first Roman that adventur'd to pass the Rhine A. Right and built a Bridge over it to go and give Battel to the Germans who were on the other side Q. What other remarkable Things did he perform A. He made a Descent likewise upon Britain which before him was unknown to the Romans Q. How often was Fortune contrary to him during these Nine years A. Thrice The first happen'd to him in Britain where his Naval Forces had like to have been lost by a Tempest The second in Gaul where one of his Legions was intirely Defeated And the third upon the Frontiers of Germany where his Lieutenants sell into an Ambuscade and were cut in pieces Q. Having plac'd good Governors in Britain and Gaul what did he next A. He repassed into Italy Q. And how was he received there A. Being at Luca the Two Consuls with above Two hundred Senators and Four hundred Knights went to Congratulate him upon his great Conquests Q. What did he afterwards A. He demanded a Triumph and the Consulship Q. Was it granted him A. No for Pompey being jealous of Caesar's Glory so manag'd his Cabals that they refused him both one and the other Q. How did Caesar bear this A. The Person whom he sent to Rome to make this demand sets his Hand to his Sword and tells them that what they refused him That meaning his Sword would give him Q. What follow'd upon this A. Caesar marches towards Rome at the Head of his Army which had Conquer'd the Gauls and passes the Rubicon a small River which parted that Government from Italy Q. What was done at Rome in the mean time A. Pompey gets Caesar declar'd an Enemy to the Republick Q. And did this stop Caesar's Cariere A. He continues his March to Rome which was abandon'd by Pompey and his Party Q. Whither went Pompey A. To Brundusium from whence he escapes by Night into Epirus where he was pursued by Caesar. Q. Did not Caesar repass the Adriatic alone in a Fisherman's Boat A. Yes and when the Master began to despond of safety cheer'd him with Quid times Caesarem vehis Q. Was there a Battel between them A. At first Pompey had great Advantages over him and had certainly ruin'd him if he had known how to have used his good fortune Q. How then did he miscarry A. Instead of protracting the War and starving his Enemy which he might easily have done he fights Caesar at Pharsalia where he was totally defeated in the Year 706. After this he flies towards Egypt to King Ptolomy but before he reach'd the Shore his Throat was cut in the Long-boat by Achillas and Septimius Q. Was it not in this Voyage that Caesar became passionately in love with Cleopatra A. Yes but her Brother Ptolomy who thought to have obliged Caesar everlastingly by dispatching of Pompey finding himself not so well receiv'd as he expected Q. Resolved to destroy him did he not A. Right and besieged him in the Palace where with a handful of Men Caesar for a while kept off a Numerous Army at last by setting the Neighbouring Buildings on fire where the finest Library in the World which is supposed among a thousand other Curiosities now lost to have had Solomon's History of Plants was unluckily burnt to the ground he makes his Escape to the Pharos and from thence with his Sword in one hand and his Commentaries in the other Swims to his Fleet and after he had entirely defeated Ptolomy's Forces who was drown'd in endeavouring to save himself by flight he puts the whole Kingdom into the hands of Cleopatra Q. What Actions did Caesar perform afterwards A. He beats Pharnaces Son to Mithridates who had assisted Pompey with his Troops in Thessaly Q. What was remarable in this Victory A. 'T was so easy and sudden that Caesar writ no more than these three Words to inform his Friends of it Veni Vidi Vici When this was done he vanquishes Iuba King of Mauritania who encouraged by L. Scipio and Cato renewed the Civil War in Afric Here he causes Afranius and Three hundred Senators to be slain who still continued to support that Party Q. After his return to Rome what did Caesar apply himself to A. To reform the Calender and accordingly added Ten days to the Year which Numa had made to consist of only Twelve Lunar Months that is to say of 355 Days whereas by Caesar's new Alteration it was made to consist of 365 Days and 6 compleat Hours reserving the six Hours to the end of every fourth year to make a compleat Day which he placed before the 6th of the Calends of March. Q. How was the Year named which consisted of 366 Days A. Bissextile because the Sixth of the Calends was twice reckon'd that Year This manner of Computation was called the Iulian from Iulius Caesar the Inventor of it Q. When was Caesar declar'd Perpetual Dictator by the Senate A. After he had vanquish'd Pompey's Sons in Spain Q. What Honours did they pay him A. A Temple was dedicated to him as to a God which so far possessed him with Pride that he slighted them and began to set up for a Sovereign Q. Was not this the Cause of the Conspiracy that was form'd against him A. Yes Q. Who were the chief Contrivers of it A. Marcus Brutus and L. Cassius D. Brutus and Trebonius Q. Was not his Death manifestly foretold by some strange Presages A. Yes but he contemn'd and neglected them Q. What sort of Presages were they A. Some months before his Death a certain Astrologer whose name was Spurina told him That the Ides of March would prove fatal to him Calpurnia his Wife the night before he was kill'd dreamt that the Cieling of the House fell down and that her Husband was murder'd between her Arms. Nay the very day he was assassinated having order'd some Beasts to be sacrificed he found them all defective Q. These Prognosties and his own Indisposition did they not make him consider with himself for some time whether he
universally Learned Father of the Latin Church Ausonius a famous Poet and Orator and Master to the Emperor Gratian who rewarded him with the Consulate Paulinus Bishop of Nola in Campania who is first reported to have put Bells to a Sacred use from whence they are called Nolae and Campanae Arcadius the Fifty fourth Emperor The Year of Rome 1135. Of the Birth of I. C. 395. Q. WHom did Arcadius marry A. Eudoxia whom he suffer'd to govern absolutely as she thought fit the consequences of which had like to have prov'd as fatal to Religion as it did to the Empire for she banish'd St. Chrysostom who had been translated from the See of Antioch Constantinople only for inveighing against her Vices Q. Whom did he intrust at his death to be his Son's Guardian A. Isdigerdes King of Persia who acquitted himself very honourably in this Trust for he plac'd him under the Tuition of the Learned and Wise Antiochus nay he openly declared That whoever attempted any thing against the Interest and Welfare of this young Prince must expect to find him his Enemy Q. How old was he when he died A. He died in the One and thirtieth year of his Age and in the Eleventh of his or rather his Wife's Reign who died in Child-bed Honorius the Fifty fifth Emperor The Year of Rome 1135. Of the Birth of I. C. 395. Q. GIve me the true Character of Honorius A. He was of a sweet agreeable Disposition an enemy to Application and Business he even had an aversion to Publick Affairs however he was very zealous for the Christian Religion in favour of which he made several Edicts Q What remarkable things fell out in his Reign A. After the Goths had spread themselves all over Italy and were Masters of the City of Rome several Tyrants usurp'd the Sovereign Authority Q. Whom did these Tyrants nominate for their Emperor A. Attalus the Son of Alaricus Honorius offer'd to make him his Partner in the Empire which he refused with a great deal of scorn and arrogance and yet accepted the Imperial Dignity after it was offer'd to him by the Senate Q. Did he long possess the Empire A. No he was soon stript of it and being abandon'd by the Gauls to whom he fled for Protection he was taken Prisoner by Constantius A. D. 415. and deliver'd to the Justice of the Emperor Honorius Q. And how did he use him A. He gave him his Life and contented himself only with cutting off one of his hands Q. Why did he serve him so A. That this Rebel for the remainder of his life might carry the Punishment of his Crime about him and have everlastingly before his eyes the marks of his Rebellion Q. What memorable Accidents happened after this A. One Constantine that commanded the Guards and had nothing to recommend him but only his Name was declared Emperor but being taken Prisoner was strangled at Ravenna Then Iovian and Sebastian possest themselves of Gaul but being seized at Narbo were both put to death Q. Who was it that afterwards usurped the Empire of the Gauls A. Heraclius who passed into Italy with a Navy of Seven hundred Sail but being beaten there he made his Escape to Carthage where he was strangled Q. What other matters happened after the Death of these Tyrants A. The Goths entred France under the Conduct of their King Ataulphus Q. How old was the Emperor Honorius when he died of his Dropsey A. Thirty five Years A. D. 425. Q. What sort of a Reign was his A. Nothing but a continued Scene of Troubles Commotions Tumults and Wars occasion'd by the Vandals the Hunns and other barbarous Nations that daily pour'd new Swarms of People into the Roman Provinces Towards the end of his Reign A. D. 413 the Burgundians erected a new Kingdom towards the Rhone The Franks A. D. 420 erected another in Gaul from them call'd France under their first King Pharamond And the year following Vallia King of the Goths after the death of Ataulphus constituted a Kingdom in Spain The Vandals possessed that part of it which was formerly call'd Boetica and now from them Andalusia as the Goths in conjunction with the Alani fix themselves in Provincia Tarraconensis which was afterwards called Gothalania and corruptly Catalonia The beginning of the Scotish Kingdom too is generally placed about the year of our Lord 422 the Scots from Ireland settling themselves in the Northern parts of Great Britain under their King Fergus Q. What Learned men lived about these times A. Pelagius a Britain a warm Asserter of the Omnipotency of Free-Will and as violent a Depressor of God's Grace whom St. Austin encounter'd so vigorously Prudentius Sedulius and Paulinus famous for Poetry but infinitely exceeded by Claudian who rais'd his Reputation as much by the Elegance and Sweetness of his Versification as he lessen'd it by the Meanness of his Subject Of the Fall and Decay of the Roman Empire Q. WHat were the principal Causes of the Decay of the Roman Empire A. Pride and Luxury and Divisions at home the frequent Mutinies of the Army who deposed their Emperors at pleasure and the perpetual Invasions of the Northern Nations Q. Who caused the greatest Desolations in the Empire A. The Goths the Hunns the Lombards and Vandals who in their turn ravaged the several Provinces of it erecting new Kingdoms and establishing their Laws and Customs where ever they came Q. By whom was Rome taken A. It was taken and retaken by Alarie King of the Goths A. D. 410. and about 1163 years after the building of it For the space of three days this Imperial City which for Nine hundred years had defied the Attacks of all its Enemies even of Hannibal himself was ravag'd and plunder'd at the discretion of the barbarous Conquerors Not long after it was taken by Totila and after him by Theodoricus who made so magnificent an Entry into it that St. Austin wholly astonish'd at so prodigious a show wished that he had seen three things upon earth Q. What were they A. Iesus Christ in the flesh St. Paul in the Pulpit and Ancient Rome in its splendor Q. Did not the Roman Empire for some time make a happy Progress A. It advanc'd rather than decreas'd from Iulius Caesar down to Nero but afterwards Galba Otho and Vitellius so weaken'd it by their Civil Wars that it was scarce in a condition to preserve it self from the Insults of its Enemies Q. Who restored this Empire to its Ancient Splendor A. In Trajan's time as it possess'd the greatest Extent of Ground so it visibly recover'd its former Reputation From that Period it by degrees declin'd till the time of Constantine the Great who by putting an end to all intestine Broils retriev'd in some manner its ancient Credit but through a fatal ill management did it a greater Injury at last than all his Predecessors before him Q. How did that happen A. First he transplanted the Seat of the Empire from Rome where it
to the Roman Empire as he pursued Mithridates Q. What was the end of that Unfortunate Prince A. Seeing himself prest hard on every side he was thinking to make the best of his way into Gaul and shelter himself there but the Revolt of his Son Pharnaces together with that of his Army fully compleated his Ruin Q. After what manner died he A. He endeavour'd ineffectually to dispatch himself by Poyson and after several vain Attempts to hasten Death that way was forced to Stab himself Historiâ—ns frequently mention him for his great skill in Languages and an Antidote of his own Invention still bears his Name Q. When did this War fully terminate A. In the Year 691 under Cicero's Consulate after it had lasted Forty years The Civil War between Marius and Sylla The Year of the World 3966. Of Rome 666. Q. WHat was the Cause of the Civil war between Marius and Sylla A. Ambition on both sides Q. What stands Marius charg'd with A. He procures the Command of the Army design'd against Mithridates for himself by the means of Sulpitius the Tribune who by his own Authority had takâ—n it away from Sylla Q. And what did Sylla for his part A. Enraged at this Usage he enters Rome with an Army puts to death Sulpitius the Author of this whole Intrigue and beats out Marius who thereupon fled into Afric Q. What became of Marius A. Having got Men enough together to make a small Army he went to joyn Cinna who wâ—s ejected out of Rome by Octavius his Colleague Q. And what happen'd to him afterwards A. Sertorius and Carbo having likewise joyn'd these two great Men with abundance of their Friends they resolv'd all four to march directly towards Rome Q. When they had entred the City what did they do A. They made a most terrible Slaughter there Q. After this cruel Revenge was over what does Marius next A. He gets himself to be declar'd Consul now the Seventh time and dies the Year following Q. When Marius was dead what Measures did Sylla take A. Having concluded a Peace with Mithridates he came back into Italy in the Year 672 and after he had vanquish'd Carbo Norbanus and Marius the Younger enters Rome and makes himself be created Dictator Q. Being elevated to this Dignity how did he behave himself A. He in his turn banishes all those of the contrary Party sends back the greatest part of the Senators but especially Sertorius and proscribes so great a number of them that 't is said they amounted to Two thousand Q. After all this Havock and Destruction what became of Sylla A. He resign'd the Dictatorship at the end of Three years Q. And was not that very acceptable to the People of Rome A. They were so well pleas'd at it that when he died the Year following they order'd a most magnificent Funeral for him Q. Were no considerable Persons of Marius's Party remaining A. None but Sertorius who had retired into Spain but Metellus assisted by Pompey made War against him Q. And did the Event answer his Expectations A. He frequently fought him without any extraordinary Success to boast off till being at last assassinated by his own People Pompey in a short time reduced all Spain under the Obedience of the Romans The Taking of Jerusalem The Year of the World 3691. Of Rome 691. Q. AFter Pompey in Conjunction with Crassus had defeated the Slaves that rebell'd and had clear'd the Seas of Pyrates what did he next A. He march'd into Iudea to determine some Difference which arose between the Two Brothers Aristobulus and Hircanus concerning the Kingdom of Iudea Q. What did he there A. Having been ill receiv'd by Aristobulus he took Ierusalem by force and made them level the Walls of it Q. What was remarkable during the Siege A. He had so great a Respect for the Temple that he prohibited his Soldiers to touch the least thing belonging to that Sacred Place Q. And what did he do afterwards A. He makes Iudea a Tributary Province of the Empire sets Hircanus on the Throne and carried the Proud Aristobulus chain'd and bound to set off the Triumph which he celebrated at Rome The War between Caesar and Pompey The Year of the World 3993. Of Rome 693. Q. WHat was the principal Cause of this War A. 'T was Ambition occasion'd all those Calamities which the Roman Empire suffer'd during the Course of this War Q. How happen'd it A. Pompey Caesar and Crassus seeing themselves to be the most powerful Men of the Republick made a League together and so concerted Matters that the Administration of all Affairs wholly rested on them This Government was commonly call'd the Triumvirat Q. What did Caesar to confirm his Treaty A. He gave his Daughter in Marriage to Pompey Q. How did they share the Empire between them A. Caesar took the Government of Gaul Pompey that of Spain Crassus that of Syria which he therefore demanded because he expected to make great Advantages of that rich Province Q. After they had thus divided it what did they do next A. Caesar and Crassus went each of them to their Government Pompey staid at Rome and contented himself to send his Lieutenants into Spain Q. Which was Crassus's first Action in Syria A. He pillag'd the Temple of Ierusalem and carried away all its Riches Q. Was he not soon after punish'd for this Sacrilege A. Yes for in an Expedition against the Parthians he was entirely defeated by Surena General of their Army Q. What happen'd to him in this Battel A. He lost the greatest part of his men there his own Son was slain and having the misfortune himself to fall into the Hands of the Enemy they cut off his Head which being carried to Orodes King of the Parthians he caus'd his Mouth to be open'd and pouring some melted Gold into it said Now satisfy thy self with Gold of which thou hast always been so desirous Q. What did Orodes mean by so doing A. He only laugh'd at his Avarice which influenced him to undertake that War Q. After Crassus was dead how did Caesar and Pompey order Matters A. Pompey not enduring to bear an Equal nor Caesar a Superior they mutually envied one another Q. What Measures did Pompey take A. He prevail'd with the Senate to recal Caesar from his Government as soon as his time was expir'd and to Disband his Army Q. And did Caesar comply with these Instructions A. As he rightly apprehended that his Conquest of Gaul had created him several Enemies and very well saw whither this tended he sent them word That he was resolv'd to put himself in a Condition to defend himself against his Enemies and that he would not dismiss his Army unless they would oblige Pompey to do the same Q. How did they receive his Proposal A. They would not hearken to it which obliged him to assemble all his Forces together and march immediately towards Rome Q. Did not Pompey endeavour to hinder his March A.
Stature the Fore-part of his Head bald His Constitution which was naturally weak he improv'd by continual Exercise his Humour was extremely pleasing and his Conversation agreeable he had a strong Voice There was something very Majestick and Noble in the Air of his Face He was Easy with his Friends Exact in his Military Discipline Resolute in his Enterprizes Indâ—fâ—tigable in time of Danger He often marched on foot with his Head bare before his Soldiers without fearing either the Rain or the Sun Augustus the Second Emperor The Year of the World 4011. Of Rome 711. Q. FRom whom was Augustus descended A. He was Caesar's Kinsman as being Son to Accia the Daughter of Iulia who was Caesar's Sister Q. Where resided he when Caesar made him his Heir A. He followed his Studies at Apollonia a City of Macedonia Q. Who was it that took Augustus's part against Anthony A. Cicero because he refus'd to give him Caesar's Will upon the score of his being too young Q. What course did Anthony take A. He left Rome with an Army which he had got ready and went to besiege D. Brutus in * Now Modena Mutina Q. What did the Romans do in this Juncture A. Hirtius and Pansa the two Consuls with Octavius Caesar on whom was conferr'd the Title of Proconsul marched immediately against him with an Army Q Upon this Advice how does Anthony manage his Affairs A. He raises the Siege to meet them and so both Parties came to blows Q. Was it a bloody Battel A. The two Consuls indeed lost their Lives there However Anthony was intirely routed and Brutus set at liberty Q. After this defeat whither went Anthony A. He was forced to fly to save his Life and pass'd the Alpes with a small Retinue Q. Where did he retire for Protection A. He made his Applications to Lepidus Governor of Gallia Transalpina Q What methods did Octavius take after he heard of the strict Alliance between Anthony and Lepidus A. He was desirous of coming into the same Confâ—deracy being disgusted at the Senate for refusing to make him Consul Q. How was this New League called A. The second Triumvirate Q. And what did Octavius after he was thus reconciled to Marc Anthony A. He prevails with him to come into Italy with Lepidus to confer together Q. Where was this Interview made A. In a small Island between Modena and Bolognia where all three met Q. What Resolutions did they here fall upon A. Octavius promis'd Anthony to marry his Sister-in-Law Q. Was it not likewise concerted to revenge themselves to the utmost upon the Murderers of Caesar A. Yes and they divided all the Forces and all the Provinces of the Empire between themselves Q. How did they divide the Empire A. They resolved that Anthony should have all Gâ—ul except the Provinâ—e of Narbâ— the Government of which fell to Lepidus's share as did that of Spain and that Caesar should command Afric Sicily and the other Isles Q. Who had the Charge of the War against Brutus and Cassius A. Caesar and Marc Anthony Q. What bargains did they mâ—ke in relation to their mutual Enemies A. Augustus basely abandon'd Cicero to the Indignation of Anthony and he for his part abandon'd his own Unkle to the resentments of Octavius Lepidus had a Brother named Paulus whom he left to the discretion of the other two Q. Why was Cicero proscrib'd by Anthony A. Because he had cruelly gall'd him with those bitter Invectives the Philippies which Orations were so called in imitation of Demosthenes who had formerly handled King Philip after the same free manner Q. Relate to me the manner of Cicero's Death A. He was slain by an ungrateful Monster whose name was Popilius whom he had formerly defended This profligate wretch having pursued him as he was going to make his escape into Greece cut off his Head and his Hands which Anthony afterwards nail'd to the * The Rostra Place where the Orators made their Harangues Q. What became of the other two A. Paulus made his Escape and Lucius Caesar sav'd himself by the cunning of his Sister who having stopt those that were sent to murder him at the gate gave him an opportunity to slip cut at the back door Q. Do you know the number of the proscrib'd A. They were about Three hundred Senators and Three thousand Roman Knights Q. When the Proscriptions were over what did Caesar and Anthony do A. They march'd against Brutus and Cassius and left Lepidus in Rome Q. Where was the Battel fought A. In Thessaly near the City of Philippi Q. Which way did the Success incline A. At first Cassius was beaten back by Anthony and Caesar by Brutus but a false Alarm being given on one side the equality soon vanished Cassius who for his part had been forc'd to give way imagining that Brutus was in the same condition kill'd himself Q. And what became of Brutus A. Having made a gallant opposition to Caesar and Anthony for some time he was at last defeated and fearing to fall into his Enemies hands made away with himself Q. What did Anthony do with the Ashes of Brutus A. He sent them to his Mother in a small Vessel of Silver Q. And how did Porcia his Wife receive the News A Being inform'd her Husband was dead she was resolv'd no longer to survive him so she dispatch'd her self by swallowing burning Coals Q. But after this Victory did not Caesar and Anthony fall out again A. They quarrel'd about some Domestick Concerns Q. Was not the difference afterwards made up between them A. Yes by Anthony's marrying Octavia the Sister of Caesar. Q After this Accommodation what happen'd to Anthony A. He went into Asia to meet his beloved Cleopatra there Q. And where was Caesar A. He came back to Italy where he fell out with Lucius Antonius Brother to the Triumvir and made War against him Q. And how did it succeed on his side A. Having forc'd the other out of Rome and shut him up in Perusium he soon obliged him to surrender himself Q. What does Lepidus in the mean time A. He endeavours in spite of Caesar to make himself Master of Sicily after they had taken it out of the hands of Sextus Pompeius Q. And how did Caesar requite him for his pains A. He turn'd him out of the Triumvirate and banish'd him to a small City where he spent the remainder of his life in private Q. What did Anthony do to please Cleopatra A. He discarded Octavia and married that Charming Queen of Egypt Q. And what follow'd upon this Marriage A. Being desirous to present her with the Empire of the whole World he declares War against Caesar who was already but too much provoked against him for this last Action Q. Where was this important Battel fought A. At Actium a Promontory of Epirus where the last Century the famous Battel of Lepanto was fought between the Venetians and the Turks wherein the Infidels were beaten Q. How
was found dead in his Tent after a terrible Tempest Q. To what did the Romans ascribe his Death A. To the Divine Vengeance for endeavouring to carry his Victories beyond Ctesiphon because there was an Ancient Oracle which forbad the Romans to extend their Empire beyond that Capital City of the Persians Numerianus the Forty second Emperor The Year of Rome 1022. Of the Birth of I. C. 282. Q. WAS not Numerianus mightily concern'd for his Father's Death A. He was so afflicted at it that the Tears he shed incessantly upon this occasion so far injur'd his Eyesight that he was forced to be carried in a close Litter because he could not endure the light Q. What became of him at last A. His Father-in-Law Aper who was Captain of the Guards and had an Ambition to be Emperor got him to be assassinated in this Litter Q. Did not Aper take care to conceal his death from the Army A. That the Soldiers might not have the least suspicion of the matter he accompanied the Litter as if the Emperor had been still alive in it Q. What Answer did he give those persons that asked to see him A. That the Emperor had given Orders not to let the Litter be open'd because the Day-light extremely incommoded his eyes Q. Who commanded the Army all this while in the Emperor's Name A. Aper who by this means pretended to possess himself soon of the Empire but the noisom smell of the dead body discover'd his Villany and gave occasion to Diocletian one of the Principal Officers of the Army to kill him upon the spot Q. And did this Action please the Army A. They liked it so well that they immediately with one common consent proclaim'd him Emperor without considering that they had another Lawful Emperor still living Q. Who was he A. Carâ—nus the Brother of Numerianus Carinus the Forty third Emperor The Year of Rome 1022. Of the Birth of I. C. 282. Q. WHere was Carinus when he heard that his Father was dead and his Brother Numerianus assassinated A. He was then in Gaul where he minded nothing else but satisfying his Brutal Appetite Q. Was he not surprized when he receiv'd advice that Diocletian was proclaim'd Emperor and was marching towards him to dispute the Legality of his Title A. Yes and immediately made a Truce with his Vices to go and fight him Q. Where was the Battel fought A. In Moesia a Province of Asia Minor Q. Which side got the better on 't A. Carinus had obtain'd the Victory but as he pursued the Enemy in their flight he was assassinated by a Collonel of his own Army Q. For what Provocation A. Because he had formerly abused this Collonel's Wife Q. When did this happen A. In the Year of J. C. 285. after he had reign'd Three Years Diocletian and Maximian making together the Forty fourth Emperor The Year of Rome 1024. Of the Birth of I. C. 284. Q. WHere was Diocletian born A. In Dalmatia of very obscure Parentage but he prov'd a man of great Generosity Q. What was foretold concerning him A. That he should be made Emperor as soon as he had slain a Boar upon which account he kill'd several in hunting but to no purpose At last when he had slain Aper the Captain of the Guards he saw that was the Boar he was to kill for which reason he cried out aloud I have kill'd the Boar and the Army proclaim'd him Emperor Q. After the Imperial Purple was thus conferr'd upon him how did he manage Affairs A. Finding the Empire was invaded on every side and that himself alone was not able to oppose the Violence of the Barbarians he took his old Friend Maximian an ill-bred clownish sort of a Brute but a good Soldier his Partner in the Empire Q. What did these two do in conjunction A. They chose each of them Constantius Chlorus and Galerius to command their Armies Q. What method did they take to engage them more strongly in their Interests A. They created them Caesars and afterwards obliging them to be divorced from their Wives Diocletian gave his Daughter Valeria to Galerius and Maximian his Daughter Theodora to Constantius Q. These two Emperors and two Caesars were they successful in their Wars A. They were so fortunate in all their Attempts against the Enemies of the Empire that they obtain'd as many Victories as they fought Battels and after they had spent ten years thus in their Wars crown'd with Glory and Success they entred all four Triumphantly into Rome where Diocletian caused himself to be call'd Iovianus and Maximian took the Title of Herculianus Q. After these two Great Men had made themselves absolute Masters of the Empire what is it that Historians tell us they did A. To the great amazement of all the world both of them voluntarily quitted the Empire Diocletian at Nicomedia and Maximian at Milan Q. Where did Diocletian pass his Retirement A. At Salonae a small City of Dalmatia the place of his Nativity where he spent the remainder of his life in cultivating his Gardens Q. And where did Maximian live privately A. In Lucania Q. How long did they reign A. Diocletian reign'd almost Twenty Years and Maximian Eighteen Q. Was not Diocletian a cruel Persecutor of the Christians A. Out of an implacable Malice to the Professors of that Religion he design'd to extirpate them utterly out of the world and what by the Cruelty of his Edicts the Bigotry of his Ministers and the barbarous Variety of his Torments made a greater havock of them than any of his Predecessors In Egypt only a Hundred and fourteen thousand are said to be put to death and Seven hundred thousand sent into Banishment The Thebaean Legion together with their Commander Mauritius were cut off by Maximian but this relation by some Modern Critics is look'd upon to be Fabulous Q Was not Maximian soon weary of this retired life A. Yes and being desirous to leave it in order to reassume the Imperial Dignity he earnestly importunes Diocletian to remedy those Evils which Constantius and Galerius had occasion'd by their ill conduct Q. What answer did Diocletian return him A. Showing him the Coleworts growing in his Garden he told him he took a greater pleasure to plant them than to govern the Empire Q. What courses did Maximian take finding himself despised and neglected by all the world A. He withdrew to his Daughter who was the Wife of Constantius and endeavouring to engage her to poison her own Husband she discover'd his Perfidiousness to Constantius who caus'd him to be slain Galerius and Constantius making together the Forty fifth Emperor The Year of Rome 1044. Of the Birth of I. C. 304. Q. WHen were Galerius and Constantius proclaimed Emperors A. They did not take possession of the Empire till Diocletian and Maximian had abdicated Q. What were they before they were advanced to that Honour A. They were only Caesars Q. How did they divide the Empire between them A.
the Roman Church keeps a solemn Festival on the Third of May. Q. What Learned Men flourished now A. Lactantius the worthy Disciple of Arnobius and Praeceptor to Crispus Constantine's Son employed his Eloquence of which he was a great Master in confuting the Errors of Paganism and defending the Truth of the Christian Religion Q. How many Wives had he A. Two The latter was Fausta the Daughter of Maximian Q. How many Children had he by Fausta A. Three Sons Constantine Constans and Constantius and two Daughters whose names were Flavia Iulia Constantina and Helena Q. What did he leave to these Three Princes A. He was so overseen in his Politicks as to commit that unpardonable Solecism of leaving them all three Joint-heirs of his Empire which they divided among them Q. What had the Eldest for his Dividend A. He had for his share Gaul and all beyond the Alpes Q. What had Constans A. He possess'd Rome Italy Afric Sicily and the other Isles Sclavonia Thrace Macedonia and Greece Q. What fell to Constantius's share A. He was Master of Asia of the East and of Aegypt Q. Give me a description of Constantine the Great A. He had a noble Air a great Soul he was sincere valiant and modest well skill'd in the Latin and Greek Languages an excellent Horseman bold but provident in all his Enterprizes full-faced he had a thick Neck his Nose somewhat flat his Eyes sparkling his Hair thin he shaved all his Beard which none of his Predecessors from Adrian used to do Q. How many Brothers do they say Constantine the Great had A. Two viz. Constans the Father of Iulian and Dalmatius who left two Sons behind him one of whom named likewise Dalmatius was created Caesar in the Year of our Lord 335. Q. What was the name of Dalmatius's Second Son A. Annibalianus The Division of the Empire between the three Sons of Constantine the Great making together the Forty seventh Emperor The Year of Rome 1077. Of the Birth of I. C. 337. Q. WHat were the Names of these three Sons A. The First was called Constantine the Second Constantius and the Third Constans Q. After they had divided the Empire between themselves how did they manage Affairs A. They fell at Variance which occasioned bloody Civil Wars each of them being desirous to Enlarge his Territories but they were all destroy'd at last one after another Q. Where was Constantine the Younger Born A. At Arles and was Created Caesar in the Year 317 but he held the Consulship almost Four Months Q. Upon whom did he make War A. Upon his Brother Constans and thinking to take away those Provinces from him which he possess'd by the Dividend which his Father made of the Empire he Marched with his Forces into Italy where he was Slain and thrown into the River Aelna near Aquileia where Constans was at that time Q. How Old was he when this Accident befel him A. Twenty Five Years Old and had Reign'd Three of them Q. What did Constans Inherit by his Death A. He had Gaul Spain and Great Britain Q. When was Constans Third Son to Constantine the Grâ—at according to Historians Created Caesar A. Upon Christmas Day in the Year 333. Q. What were the First Exploits that Constans perform'd A. He Vanquish'd the Franks and compelled them to make an Alliance with him his great Merits and the Sweetness of his Temper being Invincible Charms that drew the Affections of all Mankind after him Q. What do you particularly observe of him in History A. He always took the Part of the Orthodox against the Arrians who Disturb'd the Tranquility of the Church Q. Did any Unfortunate Accident befal this Prince A. Magnentius who had Usurp'd the Empire put him to Death in Aelna a City in Rousillon in the Year 350 he was then about Thirâ—y Years Old and had Reign'd Thirteen of them Q. When was Constantius the Second Son of Constantine the Great Created Caesar. A. In the year 324 but he dishonoured this high Dignity by murdering several of his Relations as also by espousing and professing the Arian Heresy for suffering himself to be seduced by the Flatteries of his Wife and the Insinuations of some Heretics he persecuted the Church and banish'd the Orthodox Bishops Q. Upon whom did Constantius make War A. Upon Sapores King of Persia a great Persecutor of the Christians but Constantius had the worst in all the Battels and all the Sieges he was engag'd in Q. Who was it that got himself declared Emperor by the Army in Hungary A. Vetranio at the same time when Magnentius usurp'd the Sovereign Authority Q. What care did Constantius take to oppose his Designs A. He marched Westwards to fight Vetranio and obliged Magnentius to retire to Lyons where he laid violent hands upon himself Q. After Constantius had made himself sole Master of the Empire how did he behave himself A. He became so insolent that he once more began to persecute the Catholic Prelates so that the Church was in a very miserable condition under this detestable Prince Q. How stood the Affairs of the Church in his time A. Arianism almost universally prevail'd and only the Bishop of Rome and S. Athanasius who compil'd the Creed bearing his nâ—me were left to stem the Tide Q. When was Iulian afterwards sirnam'd the Apostate made Caesar A. In the Year 355 and having beaten the Barbarians out of Gaul he was Saluted Emperor about the Year 360 and Marched with his Army towards the East Q. What Measures did Constantius take when he heard he was in Illyrium and was Marching directly against him A. He changed his Design of an Expedition he had projected against the Persians and came back from Antioch to Tarsus where he first felt his Fever and from thence to Mopsuestia in Cilicia so call'd from the Fountains of Mopsus where he died Q. How old was he then A. Forty Years and had reign'd in all 25 Years 3 Months and 15 Days Julian the Apostate the Forty eighth Emperor The Year of Rome 1101. Of the Birth of I. C. 361. Q. WHO succeeded Constantius in the Empire A. Iulian the Apostate Q. Where was he born A. In Byzantium in the Year 331. Q. Whose Son was he A. The Son of Constans Brother to Constantine the Great and of Basilina Q. Whom did he marry A. Helena Q. Why was he sirnam'd the Apostate A. Because he turn'd Pagan after he had been educated in the Christian Religion and had read the Holy Scriptures in the Church before the Congregation Q. When was he sole Emperor A. In the Year 363 he was proclaim'd Augustus by his Soldiâ—rs but he had been created Caesar before his Election to the Empire Q. Where was he proclaim'd Emperor A. At Paris Q. What did he do in the beginning of his Reign A. He put all the Friends of Constantius to death or sent them into banishment he only encourag'd the Augurs the Victimarii and the Philosophers he order'd the Idolatrous
had so long inhabited to Constantinople by which means he abandon'd Italy and the Provinces which lay nearest it to the Invasion of the Barbarians and what was equally dangerous to the Ambitious Attempts of the Bishops of Rome who had always a mighty hankering after Temporals Next he considerably enfeebled it by dividing it between his Three Sons Q. How long did the Eastern Empire continue A. From the Sons of Constantine the Great for the space of Twelve hundred years or thereabout to Constantine Palaeologus the last Emperor of Constantinople who was prest to death in the Crowd when Mahomet the second Emperor of the Turks took the City of Constantinople in the Year of the Creation of the World 5505 and of the Birth of J. C. 1453. Q. How long was the Empire of the East in the possession of the French A. Fifty six years viz. from the year 1204 to 1260. Q. How came it to fall into the hands of the French A. By the Valour of Baldwin Earl of Flanders who made himself Emperor of Constantinople and it was retaken by another Baldwin the fourth of that name Q. In whose hands did the Western Empire continue A. The Emperors of Constantinople endeavour'd all they could to keep it under their obedience and for that end sent their Deputies there who had continual Brigues and Quarrels with the Popes so that at last they had no manner of Authority or Credit in Italy about the time that Charlemagne was King of France Q. How did that happen A. Pope Leo the III d. finding himself now in a capacity to exercise that power of disposing of Empires which his Predecessors had so long thirsted after and besides having great obligations to the French Nation who had protected the Holy See from the Insults of the Lombards promoted Charles the Great to the Empire of the West Q. By whom was he proclaim'd Emperor A. By the consent of all the Estates viz. the Clergy the Nobility and the People The Pope himself placing the Imperial Crown upon his head Q. When did this happen A. On Christmas-Day in St. Peter's Church at Rome in the Year of our Lord 801. Q. And did this famous Conqueror acquit himself worthily in his place A. He lived Fourteen Years after his Elevation to this Dignity and reign'd with that universal Esteem of the world that they were used to say of him He was a Conqueror like Caesar Peaceable like Augustus and a Restorer of the Church like Constantine He summon'd a Council at Frankfort where the use of Images in Churches confirm'd by the second Council of Nice was condemn'd and he died at Aix la Chapelle in Germany in the 72 d. Year of his Age. Q. From whom did Conradus I. usurp the Imperial Crown A. From Charles the Simple King of France who was Grandson to Charles the Great and the only person left alive of the Race of that great Emperor Q. For what reason do they say Leo III. excited the People to proclaim Charles the Great and bestow the Empire upon him and his Descendents and Successors the Kings of France A. For their Piety and Zeal to Holy Church Nay Leo the Third solemnly protested he would excommunicate all those that should presume to disturb them in the possession of the Imperial Dignity Q. Did it always continue in that Line A. No for about fourscore and five years after this Pope Gregory V. a German by Nation and Cousin-German to the Emperor Otho III. of the House of Saxony to perpetuate the Empire in those of his own Countrey made the Decree which is commonly called the Golden Bull because the Seal is made of that rich Metal Q. What did the Pope ordain in this Bull A. That only the Germans should have a right to elect the Emperor for which end he established Six Electors Three Ecclesiastick and Three Lay Princes Others pretend they were established long before and that this Pope did only confirm them Q. Who are the Ecclesiastick Electors A. The Archbishops of Ments Colen and Triers who are all Chancellors of the Empire the first for Germany the second for Italy and the third for France Q. Who are the Secular Electors A. 1. The Prince Palatine of the Rhine Comptroller of the Houshold 2. The Duke of Saxony Master of the Horse 3. The Duke of Brandenburg Great Chamberlain Q Was not one more added to the Secular Electors A. The King of Bohemia was taken into the number at first to be Arbitrator in the Case whenever the Votes fell equal on both sides Q. And has not a new Elector been added to them since A. Yes for the Prince Palatine having forfeited his Electorate which was given to the Duke of Bavaria they constituted another for him at the Peace of Munster Since the late Revolution in England the Emperor has been induced to create a new Electorate in favour of the Duke of Hanover in consideration of the great Services he has done the Empire particularly in this present Confederacy against France but as 't is opposed by several Princes of the Empire who have enter'd their respective Protestations against it we cannot positively tell what will become of this Affair Q. Who was the first of the House of Austria that obtain'd the Empire A. Rodolphus Earl of Habspurgh whom after a tedious Interregnum which had like to have proved fatal to the Empire the Electors unanimously chose He overcame Ottocarus King of Bohemia and in consequence of that Victory bestowed Austria upon his Son Albert and laid the foundation of that powerful House which has brought forth so many Emperors and Princes to Europe and which ever since the days of Charles the Fifth who first projected the Election of a King of the Romans has enjoy'd the Empire Of the Increase Purity and Decay of the Roman Eloquence and Learning Q. IN what Condition was the Roman Language at first A. For the first Five hundred years that is till they had made themselves Masters of Italy it continued very unpolite and barren and produced no Authors of Eminence and Note Their Speech is a corruption of the Aeolic Greek which was spoken in the Southern Provinces of that Countrey called Graecia Magna and now comprehends the Kingdom of Naples Their Ecclesiastical Terms as well as the Rites and Ceremonies and whole body of their Theology were borrowed from the Hetruscans Q. Who were the first Roman Authors A. Not to mention those whose Works are lost for that would be an unnecessary labour Plautus and Terence have an established Reputation Plautus seems to have proposed Aristophanes the Author of the old Comedy for his Pattern as Terence copies Menander and entertains us with the New Q. What Alterations did it receive afterwards A. From Terence's time who flourished after the second Punic War and is the standard of the Latin Dialogue and Conversation by reason of their frequent Commerce with the Greeks and other Politer Nations their Language daily improved in all