departed from Tarentum and was slain at Argos a City of Greece In the Consulship of Caius Fabricius Luscinus and C. Claudius Cinna and in the four hundred sixty first year of the City Ptolemy sent Embassadours from Alexandria to Rome to make a friendship with the Romans which they obtained Quintius Gulo and C. Fabius Pictor being Consuls the Picentes raised a War and the next Consuls Pub. Sempronius and Appius Claudius overcame them for which Conquest they triumphed At this time the Romans built these Cities Ariminum in Gaul and Beneventum in Samnium In the Consulship of Marcus Attilius Regulus and Lucius Junius Libo the Roman people proclaimed War against the Salentini a people living in Apulia and vanquished the Brundusini with their City for which there was another Triumph In the four hundred seventy seventh year of the City the Roman Name was famous to all the World yet they had not waged War out of Italy Wherefore they made a Muster to know their Forces there were found two hundred ninty two thousand and three hundred thirty four although they had always been fighting ever since the building of the City The first forein War they made was against the Africans in the Consulship of Appius Claudins and Quintus Fulvius They fought them in Sicily and Appius Claudius triumphed over the Africans and Hiero the King of Sicily The next year Valerius Marcus and Octacilius being Consuls the Romans performed great Actions in Sicily they received into their protection the Taurominitani the Catanenses with fifty Cities The third year they designed to make War with Hiero the King of Sicily But he with all the Nobility of Syracuse desired to make Peace with the Romans and gave them two hundred Talents the Romans overcame the Africans in Sicily for which they triumphed the second time In the fifth year of the Punick War which was carried on against the Africans in the Consulship of Caius Duillius and Cnaeus Cornelius Asina the Romans fought first by Sea having prepared Ships headed with Iron which they call Liburnae Cornelius the Consul was killed by stratagem Duillius having joyned Battel defeated the Carthaginian Admiral and having took one and thirty of his Ships sunk fourteen he took seven thousand Prisoners and slew three There was no Victory more acceptable to the Romans than this because being a people invincible at Land they appeared now very powerful by Sea In the Consulship of Caius Aquilius Florus and Lucius Scipio Scipio took the Islands Corsica and Sardinia and having brought captive from thence several thousand obtained a Triumph L. Manlius Volso and M. Attilius Regulus being Consuls the Romans carried the War over into Africa and fighting by Sea against Hamilcar the Carthaginian General defeated him for he having lost sixty four Ships made homewards the Romans lost two and twenty but being come into Africa they first made the City Clypea surrender it self The Consuls went unto Carthage and having wasted many of their Towns Manlius after his Conquest returned to Rome bringing with him seven and twenty thousand Captives Attilius Regulus tarried in Africa He drew up his Army and fighting against three Carthaginian Captains overcame them and having slain eighteen thousand of their men and taken five thousand with eight Elephants received seventy Cities into the Roman protection Now the Carthaginians being routed desired to make peace with the Romans which Regulus denying but upon very hard terms they desired the Lacedaemonians to help them and Xantippus the General which they had sent defeated Regulus the Roman Geral with a total overthrow for of all his Army there escap'd onely two thousand fifteen thousand men were taken with their General thirty thousand slain and Regulus cast into Prison Marcus Aemilius Paulus and Servius Fulvius Nobilior being Consuls sailing to Africa with a Fleet of three hundred Ships overcame the Africans first in a Sea-fight Aemilius the Consul having sunk one hundred and four of their Ships took thirty with the men in them and having slain or taken fifteen thousand of the Enemy enriched his Souldiers with costly Spoils Now the Romans had subdued all Africa if the scarcity of provisions had not been such that their Army could not subsist there any longer The Consuls as they sailed homewards were Shipwrecked about Sicily and the Tempest so great that out of four hundred and sixty four Ships they could scarce save eighty neither was so great a storm ever heard of But the Romans soon set out another Fleet of two hundred Sail nor was there any one daunted with their former misfortune Cnaeus Servilius Cepio and C. Sempronius Blaesns the Consuls sailing to Africa with two hundred and sixty Ships took some Cities and returning home with rich Spoil were also Shipwracked Wherefore the Romans being afflicted with these continual calamities the Senate Decreed they should abstain from Sea-fights and onely keep a Fleet of sixty Ships to guard Italy In the Consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Caius Furius Pacilus Metellus the Consul in Sicily overcame a General of the Africans marching with thirty Elephants and great Forces and having slain twenty thousand of his men took six and twenty Elephants and gathered together divers others stragling up and down in the Country by the assistance of the Numidians who helped him in that War and brought them to Rome in great Pomp filling all the Roads with an hundred and thirty Elephants After these misfortunes the Carthaginians sent Regulus the Roman General whom they had taken Prisoner to desire the Romans to make peace and exchange their Captives he being come to Rome and brought into the Senate acted nothing as a Roman saying he was no Roman from that Day he had been taken by the Africans hindering even his Wife from embracing him he persuaded the Romans not to make peace with the Carthaginians for they being weaken'd with so many misfortunes were now hopeless he was not of so great value that they should restore so many Captives for him being an old Man and for a few Romans who had been taken Therefore he obtained his request For no body granted Peace to the Africans desiring it Upon his return to Carthage the Romans would have had him to have stay'd at Rome but he answered he could not live there with the same honour as before having been a Slave to the Carthaginians Wherefore when he returned to Africa they put him to a very cruel Death P. Claudius Pulcher and C. Junius being Consuls Claudius fighting with ill Omens against the Carthaginians was defeated for of two hundred and twenty Ships he fled with thirty the Enemy having taken ninety and sunk the rest twenty thousand being made captive Also the other Consuls Fleet was shipwracked but he saved his Army having landed it on the coast hard by Caius Luctatius Catulus and Aulus Posthumius Albinus being Consuls in the twenty third year of the Punick War having the management of the War sailed into Sicily with three hundred Ships
the Africans had a Fleet of four hundred against him Luctatius Catulus went sick a Shipboard for he had been wounded in the former Battel The Romans fought very valiantly over against Lilybaeum a City of Sicily they took seventy three Carthaginian Ships and sunk an hundred and twenty five they took thirty two thousand Prisoners having slain thirteen thousand with a great quantity of Gold and Silver Of the Roman Fleet there were but twelve Ships sunk This fight was on the sixth of the Ides of March The Carthaginians soon after desired to make Peace with the Romans which they granted them They restored the Romans their Captives and the Carthaginians having desired their own Captives might be ransomed the Senate commanded those who were in publick Prisons to be sent to them gratis expecting a Ransom onely for them in the possession of private men and upon their return to Carthage it should rather be paid out of the Treasury than by the Carthaginians Quintus Luctatius and Aulus Manlius being Consuls made War with the Falisci whose City heretofore abounded with Riches which War they finished within six days having slain fifteen thousand of the Enemy and granted Peace to the rest taking away half of their Land The Third Book OF EVTROPIVS The War with the Ligurians Sardinians Illyrians and the Cisalpine Gauls the second War with the Carthaginians with other passages From V. C. 512. to 551. By Mr. William Williams THE first Punick War being ended which continued for twenty two years the Romans being grown famous sent Embassadours to Ptolomy the Aegyptian King promising him aid because Antiochus the King of Syria had made War upon him He returned thanks to the Romans but accepted not their help for now the Battel was over At the same time Hiero the most powerful King of Sicily came to Rome to behold the Plays and gave two hundred thousand bushels of Wheat as a gift to the People In the Consulship of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus and Fulvius Flaccus at which time Hiero came to Rome the War also was carried on against the Ligurians in Italy and in conquering them the Romans triumphed The Carthaginians attempted now to renew the War inciting the Sardinians to rebel who ought to have been subject to the Romans according to their former Articles Yet Embassadours from the Carthaginians coming to Rome obtained Peace In the Consulship of Titus Manlius Torquatus and Caius Attilius Balbus the Roman people triumph'd over the Sardinians there being no Wars in any place the Romans enjoy'd peace which onely hapned when Numa Pompilius reigned from the building of Rome Lucius Posthumius Albinus and Cnaeus Fulvius Centumalus being Consuls waged War against the Illyrians and having taken many Cities the Kings of that Country submitted themselves and then the Romans triumphed first over the Illyrians In the Consulship of Lucius Aemilius great Armies of the Gauls passed over the Alps but all Italy assisted the Romans and 't is written by Fabius the Historian who was then a Soldier that eight hundred thousand Men were in readiness for that War but Affairs were manag'd so prosperously by the Consuls that forty thousand of the Enemies were slain and a Triumph Decreed for Aemilius Not many years after the Romans fought against the Gauls in Italy the War was ended in the Consulship of M. Claudius Marcellus and Cnaeus Cornelius Scipio Then Marcellus fighting with a small body of Horse slew with his own hand the King of the Gauls who was called Viridomarus After that with his Collegue he destroyed the great Forces of the Gauls and took Mediolanum and brought great Spoil to Rome and Marcellus triumphing carried the spoils of a certain Gaul on a Truncheon upon his shoulder In the Consulship of M. Minutius and P. Cornelius War was made with the Istri because they had robbed the Roman Ships which carried provision and they were all overcome The same year the Carthaginians began the second Punick War by Hannibal their General who besieged Saguntum a City of Spain in League with the Romans being in the twentieth year of his age his Army consisting of a hundred and fifty thousand Foot and twenty thousand Horse The Romans sent to Hannibal to keep the peace but he would not see the Embassadours Then sending also to Carthage that they should command Hannibal not to wage War against the Allies of the Roman people they received no civil answer In the mean while the Saguntines were overcome through Famine and being taken by Hannibal were put cruelly to the Sword Then Publius Cornelius Scipio having march'd with an Army into Spain and Tiberius Sempronius into Sicily War was proclaimed against the Carthaginians Hannibal having left his Brother Asdrubal in Spain passed over the Pyrenaean Mountains and made his way through the Alps hitherto unpassable in that part Hannibal is reported to have brought along with him eighty thousand Foot and twenty thousand Horse and seven and thirty Elephants In the mean while many Ligurians and Gauls listed themselves under Hannibal Sempronius Gracchus having notice of Hannibal's coming ship'd his Army out of Sicily to Ariminum Publius Cornelius Scipio first fought Hannibal the Battel being joyn'd his Soldiers fled and Scipio returned wounded into his Camp Sempronius Gracchus and Hannibal fought at the River Trebia He also was overcome Many in Ital submitted themselves to Hannibal he coming from thence into Tuscia fought Flaminius and slew him with five and twenty thousand Romans the rest being put to flight After that Quintus Fabius Maximus was sent against him He by not fighting stop'd the career of the Conqueror and after having found an opportunity overcame him In the five hundred and fortieth year from the building of the City Lucius Aemilius and P. Terentius Varro are sent against Hannibal succeeding Fabius in that War who admonish'd both the Consuls that they could overcome the eager and impatient Hannibal no otherwise than by deferring the Battel But through the rashness of Varro the other Consul contradicting him they fought at a Village in Apulia called Cannae both the Consuls were overcome by Hannibal In that Battel three thousand Africans were slain and a great part of Hannibal's Army wounded the Romans never suffer'd more in any Punick War for in this Fight Aemilius Paulus the Consul was slain and twenty that had been Consuls or Praetors thirty Senators were taken or kill'd three hundred Noble Men forty thousand Soldiers three thousand and five hundred Horse In which misfortunes the Romans disdain'd to mention Peace They listed their Servants having made them free a thing never done before After that Battel many Italian Cities which obeyed the Romans yielded themselves to Hannibal Who profering the Romans to redeem their Captives it was answered by the Senate that they wanted no such Citizens who when they were armed could not defend themselves After that he put them all to death with divers Torments and sent three bushels of golden Rings to Carthage which he pulled from the
Battels also desired Peace When it came to a Treaty Peace was granted upon the same Conditions as before Scipio having added to the old Sum of five hundred thousand pound a thousand pound more for their late Rupture The Propositions displeased the Carthaginians and they commanded Hannibal to fight The War was carried on against Carthage by Scipio and Masinissa another King of the Numidians who had made a League with Scipio Hannibal sent three Scouts to the Roman Camp whom being taken Scipio commanded to be led through the Camp that the whole Army should be view'd by them that a Dinner should be given them presently and after that to be dismissed that they might tell Hannibal what they had seen in the Roman Camp In the mean time the Armies are drawn up in Batalia by both these Captains the like never was seen in the memory of Man the Armies being drawn up by the most skilful of all Generals Scipio was Conqueror Hannibal himself being almost taken who first escaped with many Horse then with twenty last of all with four Twenty thousand pound in Silver was found in his Camp and eight hundred in Gold with other rich furniture After that Battel Peace was made with the Carthaginians Scipio returning to Rome triumphed with great honour and hence was stil'd Africanus Thus ended this second Punick War after it had lasted nineteen years The Fourth Book OF EVTROPIVS The three Macedonian Wars the third Carthaginian the Syrian with King Antiochus with those in Achaia Asia Spain Transalpine Gaul and in Africa against Jugurtha with other co-incident Actions From V. C. 551. to 648. By Mr. Brune Clench THE second Punick War being ended the Macedonian followed against King Philip. In the five hundred fifty first year from the building of the City Titus Quintius Flaminius was sent against King Philip fought with good success Peace was granted to him upon these Conditions That he should not make War upon the Grecian Cities which the Roman protected against him that he restore the Captives and Deserters and keep but a Fleet of fifty Ships paying yearly four thousand pound in Silver for ten years with his Son Demetrius for a Hostage also Titus Quintius making War with the Lacedaemonians overcame Nabides their General who submitted himself upon the Consuls conditions who upon his return led Demetrius the Son of Philip and Armenes the Son of Nabides two noble Hostages before his triumphal Chariot in great glory After the Macedonian War the Syrian begun against King Antiochus in the Consulship of Publius Cornelius Scipio and Marcus Acilius Glabrio Hannibal took part with this King having left Carthage his native Country for fear they should deliver him up to the Romans Marcus Acilius Glabrio fought fortunately in Achaia and having taken King Antiochus's Camp in a Battel by Night put him to flight and restored Demetrius to his Father Philip because he helped the Romans against Antiochus In the Consulship of Lucius Cornelius Scipio and Caius Laelius Scipio Africanus went Lieutenant General under his Brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio the Consul against Antiochus Hannibal who was his Admiral was overcome in a Sea-fight Afterwards Antiochus himself was overthrown in a great Battel at Sipylum and Magnesia Cities of Asia by Lucius Cornelius Scipio the Consul Eumenes the Brother of King Attalus who built Eumenia in Phrygia assisted by the Romans in that fight fifty thousand Foot and four thousand Horse of the King's side being slain then Antiochus sought Peace which was granted to him though overcome by the Senate upon the same Conditions as before that he should depart out of Europe and Asia that he should bound himself with the Mountain Taurus pay ten thousand Talents give twenty Hostages with Hannibal the cause of the War All the Cities of Asia which Antiochus lost in this War were given to King Eumenes by the Senate likewise many Cities were given to the Rhodians who assisted the Romans against him Scipio return'd to Rome and triumphed with great honour taking the name of Asiaticus by imitation from conquering Asia as his Brother was called Africanus from overcoming Africa In the Consulship of Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Marcius Philippus Marcus Fulvius triumphed for his Victory over the Aetolians Hannibal after the Victory over Antiochus lest he should be delivered to the Romans fled to Prusias the King of Bithynia being also demanded of him by Titus Quintius Flaminius when he was to have been given up to the Romans he drank Poison and was buried at Libyssa in the borders of Nicomedia Philip the King of Macedonia being dead who had both fought with the Romans and afterwards help'd them against King Antiochus his Son Perseus rebelled in Macedonia having rais'd a great Army to carry on the War Cotys the King of Thrace and the King of Illyricum called Gentius aided him Eumenes the King of Asia Ariarathes King of Cappadocia Antiochus King of Syria Ptolemaeus King of Aegypt with Masinissa the King of Numidia help'd the Romans but Prusias King of Numidia although he married Perseus's Sister stood neuter being civil to both Parties Publius Licinius the Consul and General of the Romans was beaten by the King in a fierce Battel neither would the Romans grant Peace to the King desiring it though they were overcome but upon these Conditions That he should surrender up himself and his Cavalry to the Senate and Roman people A little after Lucius Aemilius Paulus the Consul was sent against him and Caius Anicius the Praetor into Illyricum against Gentius but he being easily overcome in one Battel soon after yielded up himself as his Mother also did with his Wife two Sons and Brother to the Romans Thus the War was ended in thirty days the overthrow of Gentius being sooner known than that the War was begun But Aemilius Paulus the Consul fought the third of the Nones of September with Perseus and overcame him with the slaughter of twenty thousand of his Foot all the Horse being fled with the King the Romans onely with the loss of an hundred gain'd this Victory with the surrendry of all the Cities in Macedonia which the King possess'd He being forsaken of his Friends submitted himself to Paulus but Aemilius did not esteem him as a conquered Man for he would not suffer him though he desired it to lie at his feet but placed him next to him these Conditions were granted to the Macedonians and Illyrians that they should live free paying but half the Tribute they paid to their Kings that it might appear the Roman People fought more for Justice than for Riches Paulus delivered these things in a very great Assembly of the People and treated the Embassadours that came from many parts at a most costly Banquet saying that it became the same General to overcome in War and to appear great in his Entertainment A little after having taken seventy Cities of Epirus which had rebelled against him he distributed the Spoils to the Soldiers and
from Athens and took the City afterwards a Battel being fought with Archelaus he so overthrew him that out of his hundred and twenty thousand there scarce remain'd ten and of Sylla's Army onely fourteen were slain Mithridates upon the news of this Battel recruited Archelaus with eighty thousand chosen Men out of Asia with whom Sylla fought again In the first Battel twenty thousand of the Enemy were slain with Diogenes the Son of Archelaus In the second all the Forces of Mithridates were cut off Archelaus himself three days lying hid in the Marshes Mithridates upon hearing of this began to treat with Sylla At that time also Sylla overcame the greatest part of the Dardani Scordisci Dalmatians and Moesians and received the rest into his protection When Embassadours came from King Mithridates desiring a Peace Sylla answered that he would not grant it unless the King deserting those places which he was possessed of returned into his own Kingdom Yet afterwards in a personal Treaty Peace was made between them That Sylla hasting to the civil War might be in no danger in his absence For whilst Sylla overcame Mithridates in Achaia and Asia Marius who was fled and Cornelius Cinna one of the Consuls renewed the War in Italy and having entred the City Rome slew the most Noble and consular Men of the Senate and proscribed many having pulled down the House of Sylla they compelled his Sons and Wife to secure themselves by flight every one of the Senate that remain'd flying out of the City came to Sylla in Greece intreating him that he would succour his native Country He passed over into Italy to fight against Norbanus and Scipio the Consuls he fought the first Battel against Norbanus not far from Capua where he slew seven thousand of the Enemy and took six thousand with the loss of one hundred twenty four of his own Then he marched against Scipio but before the Battel Scipio surrendred his Army without bloodshed But upon the new Election of Consuls at Rome Marius the Son of Marius and Papirius Carbo being chose Sylla fought Marius the younger and fifteen thousand of the Enemy being slain lost four hundred Men. Afterwards entring the City and pursuing Marius the younger to Praeneste he besieged him there and forced him to kill himself Then he had a fierce Battel with Lamponius and Carinates Captains of Marius's Party at the Gate Collina Eighty thousand Men were reported to have been in the Army against Sylla twelve thousand yielded themselves the rest were either slain in Battel in the Camp or in flight so unsatiable was the revenge of the Conquerors Cnaeus Carbo the other Consul fled from Ariminum into Sicily and there was slain by Cnaeus Pompeius whom but a young Man twenty one years of age Sylla upon the observation of his industry had made Commander of his Armies with the esteem of being next to himself Upon the death of Carbo Pompey recovered Sicily and passing into Africa slew Domitius one of Marius's Faction and Hiarbas King of Mauritania who aided Domitius After these things Sylla triumphed for conquering Mithridates with great Glory And Cnaeus Pompeius in the twenty fourth year of his age which never had been granted to any of the Romans triumphed for his Victory in Africa Thus these two cruel Wars ended the Italian which is called the Social and the Civil War both which carried on for the space of ten years destroyed above a hundred and fifty thousand twenty four Consular Men eight Praetors sixty Aediles and almost three hundred Senators The Sixth Book OF EVTROPIVS The Wars with Sertorius with the Gladiators and the Pirats the end of the Mithridatic The conquest of Crete and of Tigranes King of Armenia The Catilinarian Conspiracy the death of Crassus in Parthia the Wars in Gaul by Julius Caesar with the civil War between him and Pompey From V. C. 675 to 710. By Mr. Leonard Powel IN the Consulship of Marcus Aemilius and Quintus Catulus when Sylla had setled the Commonwealth new Wars arose one in Spain another in Pamphylia and Cilicia the third in Macedonia the fourth in Dalmatia For Sertorius who was of Marius's Party against Sylla fearing the fate of those who were slain stirr'd up the Spaniards to the War Quintus Caecilius Metellus his Son who overcame King Jugurtha and Lucius Domitius the Praetor were sent Generals against him Domitius was slain by Hirtulejus one of Sertorius's Captains But Metellus fought Sertorius with various success Afterwards when he was thought unfit by himself to manage the War Cnaeus Pompeius was sent into Spain Sertorius fought with variety of fortune against these two Generals till at last killed in the eighth year of the War by his own Soldiers Thus the War was ended by Cnaeus Pompeius a young Man and Quintus Metellus Pius and almost all Spain subdu'd by the Romans Appius Claudius after his Consulship being sent into Macedonia Skirmish'd with several people of the Province Rhodopa and there falling sick died Cnaeus Scribonius after the expiration of his Consulship was sent to succeed him he overcoming the Dardani marched a Conqueror even to the Danube and obtain'd a Triumph having ended the War in three years Publius Servilius a valiant Man was sent Proconsul into Cilicia and Pamphylia After the Conquest of Cilicia he besieged and took the best Cities of Lycia amongst these he took Phaselis Olympus with Corycus of Cilicia then going against the Isauri and they submitting he ended the War in three years The first of all the Romans that marched to the Mountain Taurus returning home he received a Triumph according to his merits and had the name of Isauricus Cnaeus Cosconius being Proconsul was sent into Illyricum he subdued the greatest part of Dalmatia took Salonae and ending the War returned to Rome in three year At the same time Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Catulus's fellow Consul would have raised a civil War but his insurrection was suppress'd in one Summer Then many received their triumphs together Metellus and Pompey from Spain Curio from Macedonia and Servilius from Isauria In the year of the City six hundred seventy six in the Consulship of L. Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta Nicomedes King of Bithynia died and made the Romans his Heir Mithridates having broken the Peace would have again invaded Asia and Bithynia Both the Consuls sent against him had various success for Cotta was overcome by Mithridates in a Battel at Chalcedon and being driven into the City was besieged there But when Mithridates marched from thence to Cyzicus that taking it he might invade all Asia Lucullus the other Consul encountred him and whilst Mithridates was busie in the Siege of Cyzicus he blocked him up in the Rear and overcame him in many Battels At last driving him to Byzantium now call'd Constantinople Lucullus also overcame his Captains in a Sea-fight Thus in one Summer and Winter Lucullus destroy'd almost an hundred thousand of Mithridates Soldiers In the year of the City
to Domitius and was led captive by him to Rome where both the Consuls triumphed with great Glory In the Consulship of Marcus Porcius Cato and Quintus Marcius Rex in the six hundred thirty third year from the building of the City the Colony of Narbona was planted in Gaul afterwards the Consuls Lucius Metellus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola triumphed for their conquest in Dalmatia In the six hundred thirty fifth year from the building of the City Caius Cato the Consul fought dishonourably with the Scordisci In the Consulship of Caius Caecilius Metellus and Cnaeus Carbo the two Brothers of Metellus triumphed the same day one for Thrace and the other for Sardinia and 't was then reported at Rome that the Cimbri were come out of Gaul into Italy In the Consulship of P. Scipio Nasica and L. Calpurnius Bestia the War began against Jugurtha King of Numidia for killing the two Kings Adherbal and Hiempsal Sons of Micipsa his Brothers and Confederates with the Romans Calpurnius Bestia the Consul is sent against him but being bribed with the King's Money he made a disgraceful Peace with him which was disliked by the Senate Spurius Posthumius Albinus went the next year to fight Jugurtha He fought by his Brothers ill conduct ingloriously against the Numidians Quintus Caecilius Metellus the Consul was the third that was sent he reduced his Army to Roman Discipline with great severity and order though without capital punishment he overcame Jugurtha in many Battels either taking or hilling his Elephants and when he was making an end of the War Caius Marius succeeded him he overcame both Jugurtha and Bocchus the King of Mauritania who assisted Jugurtha against the Romans having taken some Cities in Numidia he finish'd the War Jugurtha being taken by that great Man Cornelius Sylla his Quaestor whom Bocchus had delivered up though before he had fought for him The Cimbri were overcome in Gaul by Marcus Junius Silanus the Collegue of Quintus Metellus the Scordisci and Triballi in Macedonia by Minucius Rufus and the Lusitani in Spain by Servilius Caepio There were two triumphs for Jugurtha first Metellus then Marius before Marius's Chariot Jugurtha was led in chains with his two Sons and not long after strangled in Prison by the command of the Consul The Fifth Book OF EVTROPIVS The War with the Cimbri c. with Mithridates King of Pontus the Civil War between Marius and Sylla with other interfering Actions From V. C. 648 to 675. By Mr. James Lowther WHILST War was made in Numidia against Jugurtha the Roman Consuls Marcus Manilius and Quintus Caepio were overcome at the River Rhodanus by the Cimbri Teutones Tigurini and Ambrones Nations of Germany and Gaul and the Romans were almost all slain having lost their Tents with a great part of their Army The fear at Rome was scarce so great in Hannibal's time in the Carthaginian Wars lest the Gauls should come again to Rome Wherefore Marius after the Jugurthine Victory the second time was made Consul and the management of the War was Deceed him against the Cimbri and Teutones Also the third and fourth Consulship was conferr'd upon him because the Cimbrian War continued in his fourth Consulship he had Quintus Luctatius Catulus for his Collegue Then fighting with the Cimbri he slew two hundred thousand in two Battels and took eighty thousand and their General Teutobodus for which good service in his absence he was created Consul In the mean time the Cimbri and Teutones whose Forces were yet very great passed over into Italy Caius Marius and Quintus Catulus again fought with them but Catulus the more successfully For in that Battel which both of them fought one hundred and forty thousand were slain either in the fight or in the pursuit sixty thousand taken and but three hundred Roman Soldiers lost in both Armies three and thirty Ensigns were taken from the Cimbri of which Marius his Army got two Catulus his Army thirty one Thus the War was ended and a Triumph Decreed for each of them Sextus Julius Caesar and Lucius Marcius Philippus being Consuls in the six hundred and fifty ninth year from the building of the City when almost all other Wars were now ended the Picentes Marsi and Peligni made a grievous War in Italy who when they had obeyed the Roman people for many years then began to assert their Liberty This War was very dangerous P. Rutilius the Consul was slain in it Caepio a Noble Young Man and Portius Cato the other Consul But the Picentes and the Marsi had these Captains against the Romans Titus Vietius Hierus Asinius Titus Herennius and Aulus Cluentius the Romans fought fortunately against them under Caius Marius now the sixth time a Consul and Cnaeus Pompeius yet under Lucius Cornelius Sylla most successfully who amongst other extraordinary actions so overcame Cluentius Captain of the Enemies with great Forces without losing one of his Men. This War was prolonged for the space of four years yet with great misfortune in the fifth year at last Lucius Cornelius Sylla being Consul ended it when before as Praetor he had valiantly performed many things in that War In the year of the City six hundred sixty two the first civil War began at Rome with the Mithridatick War C. Marius who had been six times Consul was the cause of it for when Sylla the Consul was sent to make War against Mithridates who had seiz'd upon Asia and Achaia being forced for some time to keep his Army in Campania that he might make an end of the War in Italy with the Confederates which we have mentioned Marius desired that he might be sent against Mithridates Whereupon Sylla in great anger came with his Army to Rome where he fought against Marius and Sulpicius and upon his first entrance slew Sulpicius and put Marius to flight Cnaeus Octavius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna being appointed Consuls for the year to come he marched into Asia For Mithridates King of Pontus and of Armenia the less with the Pontick Sea all about the Thracian Bosphorus at first would have drove Nicomedes the Ally of the Roman people out of Bithynia informing the Senate that he was bringing War upon him for the injuries which he had suffered the Senate sent word to Mithridates if he did so he should suffer a War from the Romans Wherefore in a rage he forthwith took Cappadocia expelling King Ariobarzenes a friend of the Romans and presently invaded Bithynia and Paphlagonia having driven out the Kings Pylaemenes and Nicomedes Confederates of the Roman People Then he marched unto Ephesus and sent Letters through all Asia that wheresoever the Roman Citizens were found they should be kill'd in one Day In the mean time Athens a City of Achaia was delivered to Mithridates by Aristones an Athenian For Mithridates had sent Archelaus his Captain into Achaia with one hundred and twenty thousand Horse and Foot by whom he won the rest of Greece Sylla besieged Archelaus at Piraeeus not far
when he marched out armed a Crow sat upon his right Arm and a little while after when they were fighting the same Crow struck at the eyes of the Gaul with his Wings and Claws that he could not see before him wherefore the Gaul being slain Valerius the Tribune gained not onely the Victory but also a Name For afterwards he was called Corvinus for this Deed and made Consul in the three and twentieth year of his Age. The Latins who would not send the Romans Soldiers began to exact this of them that one of the Consuls should be chosen out of their People and the other from the Romans which being denied they took up Arms against them but being overcome with a great slaughter the Romans triumphed and for this brave Action the Statues of the Consuls were placed upon the Pulpit from whence they spoke their Orations Now the Romans begun to grow powerful for they made War with the Samnites living about a hundred and thirty miles from the City who were situate between Picenum Campania and Apulia L. Papirius Cursor commanded in this War with the honour of Dictator Who going to Rome charged Q. Fabius Maximus General of the Horse to whom he committed the care of the Army not to fight in his absence But he having found an opportunity fought very successfully and routed the Samnites For which thing the Dictator commanded him to be beheaded because he had fought against his Command yet he was freed by the great favour of the Soldiers and the People and there arose so great a mutiny against Papirius that he had like to have been killed amongst them Afterwards in the Consulship of Titus Veturius and Spurius Posthumius the Romans very dishonourably were overcome by the Samnites and made Slaves by them But the Senate and the People broke the Peace which had been made through meer necessity Afterwards L. Papirius the Consul overcame the Samnites and making seven thousand of them Slaves triumphed for the Victory obtained against them At the same time Appius Claudius Censor brought into the City Rome the Water called from his name Claudia and paved the Appian way The Samnites having renewed the War overcame Q. Fabius Maximus and slew three thousand of his Men. Afterwards having his Father Fabius Maximus for his Lieutenant he subdued the Samnites and took most of their Towns Then P. Cornelius Rufinus and Manius Curius Dentatus being Consuls were both sent against the Samnites and overcame them in several great Battels Then they finished the War which the Romans had waged with the Samnites for nine and forty years Neither was there now any Enemy in Italy who would make trial of Roman Valour A few years after some Forces of the Gauls joined themselves with the Tusci and the Samnites but as they marched to Rome Cn. Cornelius Dolabella defeated them At the same time the Romans proclaimed War against the Tarentini who lived in the farthermost part of Italy because they had affronted their Embassadors they desired Pyrrhus the King of Epirus who was descended from Achilles to help them against the Romans who came soon after into Italy This was the first time the Romans fought with a forein Enemy P. Valerius Laevinus the Consul was sent to fight them who having taken Pyrrhus's Spies commands them to be led about his Camp to view his Army and then be sent back to tell Pyrrhus how the Romans managed their Actions Upon the joyning of the Battel Pyrrhus fled yet he overcame the Romans by the help of his Elephants which they feared having never seen them before But the Night putting an end to the fight Laevinus fled Pyrrhus took eighteen hundred Romans whom he used very honourably and also buried their dead whom when he saw lying upon the ground with their wounds in their Breast and Face and with a stern countenance he is reported to have held up his hands to Heaven uttering these words That he might have conquered the whole World if it had been his fortune to have had such valiant Soldiers Afterwards Pyrrhus having joyned the Samnites the Lucani and the Brutii to his Army marched to Rome wasting all places with fire and sword he destroyed Campania and came to the City Praeneste eighteen miles from Rome A little while after he retreated into Campania being affraid of the Army which followed him under the command of a Consul The Romans sent Embassadors to Pyrrhus to desire him to restore them their Captives whom he received very honourably and sent back their Captives without ransom He very much admired one of the Roman Embassadours Fabricius by name and when he knew him to be poor he would have enticed him to leave the Romans and come over to him promising the fourth part of his Kingdom Fabricius despised it Wherefore Pyrrhus esteeming the Romans at a high rate sent an Embassadour a great Man by name Cineas to make Peace with them on equal terms which were that he might reserve that part of Italy which he had Conquer'd The Romans liked not the Propositions Therefore the Senate sent word to Pyrrhus that he could have no peace with the Romans if he stayed in Italy Then the Romans commanded all those Captives which Pyrrhus had restored to be esteemed infamous who should have defended themselves with their Arms neither should they regain their former credit till they had brought back the spoils of their Enemies Pyrrhus his Embassadour returned with this answer whom when Pyrrhus asked what sort of place he found Rome he reply'd That he had seen a Country of Kings that they were all as brave Men there as he was counted in Epirus and Greece P. Sulpicius and Decius Mus the Consuls are sent Generals against him Upon the joining of the Battel Pyrrhus was wounded and his Elephants slain he lost in the Fight twenty thousand the Romans onely five thousand Pyrrhus fled to Tarentum the second year after Fabricius was sent to fight him whom before he could not bribe being one of the Embassadours having promised him the fourth part of his Kingdom Then his Camp and the King 's being nigh one another Pyrrhus his Physician came to him by Night promising to poyson the King if he would reward him for it whom he commanded to be carried bound to Pyrrhus and to be told that he had undertaken to kill him The King admiring at him is reported to have said This is that Fabricius whom 't is harder to disuade from honesty than to alter the Sun's course Then the King went into Sicily Fabricius having defeated the Samnites and the Lucani triumphed Then Manius Curius Dentatus and Cornelius Lentulus were sent against Pyrrhus Curius fought him and cut off his Army and having driven him to Tarentum took his Camp in the same day with the loss of three and twenty thousand of the Enemy Curius Dentatus triumphed in his Consulship he was the first Man that brought Elephants to Rome being four in number A little while after Pyrrhus
Fingers of the Roman Knights Senators and Soldiers In the mean while Asdrubal Hannibal's Brother remaining with a great Army in Spain that he might bring that Nation under the power of the Africans was overcome by the two Scipio's and lost in that Battel thirty five thousand Men ten thousand of these being taken and twenty-five thousand slain but twelve thousand Foot four thousand Horse with twenty Elephants were sent to him from Carthage to repair his Forces The fourth year after Hannibal came into Italy Marcus Claudius Marcellus the Consul fought successfully against him at Nola a City of Campania Hannibal took many of the Roman Cities in Apulia Calabria and amongst the Brutii at which time also Philip the Macedonian King sent Embassadours to Hannibal promising him aid against the Romans upon this condition that having destroy'd them Hannibal would help him against the Greeks Therefore the Embassadours of King Philip being intercepted and their Embassy known the Romans commanded Marcus Valerius Laevinus to go into Macedonia and Titus Manlius Torquatus the Proconsul into Sardinia for that Province also being underhand stirr'd up by Hannibal had deserted the Roman interest So at one time the Romans fought in four several Countries in Italy against Hannibal in Spain against Asdrubal in Macedonia against King Philip in Sardinia against another Asdrubal a Carthaginian this Asdrubal was taken by Titus Manlius the Pro-consul who had been sent into Sardinia twelve thousand of his Soldiers were slain in that Battel a thousand five hundred taken and Sardinia being subdued by the Romans Manlius the Conqueror brought the Captives and Asdrubal to Rome In the mean while King Philip was overcome by Laevinus in Macedonia and Asdrubal and Mago the third Brother of Hannibal in Spain by the two Scipio's The tenth year after Hannibal came into Italy in the Consulship of P. Sulpicius and Cnaeus Fulvius He came within four miles of Rome his Horse came up to the Gates Not long after for fear of the Consuls coming with an Army Hannibal withdrew into Campania both the Scipios were slain by Asdrubal his Brother in Spain who had been Conquerors for many years yet the Army remained intire for they were overcome more by accident than by Asdrubal's valour At which time also a great part of Sicily was taken by Marcellus the Consul which the Africans had seized and great plunder was carried to Rome from the famous City Syracuse Laevinus made a League in Macedonia with King Philip and many people of Greece and with Attalus King of Asia and passing into Sicily he took Hanno an African Captain at the City Agrigentum together with the Town and sent him to Rome with the principal Captives forty Cities having submitted he took twenty six Thus having subdued all Sicily and Macedonia he returned to Rome with great glory Hannibal having set upon Cnaeus Fulvius the Consul unawares slew him with eight thousand Soldiers In the mean time both the Scipio's being slain and no Roman General in Spain Publius Cornelius Scipio was sent being four and twenty years old the Son of Publius Scipio who had been General there a Man far surpassing almost all the Romans of his time and those that came after him He took Carthage in Spain in which the Africans kept all their Gold Silver and provisions for War also the best Hostages which Hannibal had received from the Spaniards he took Mago Hannibal's Brother in that City whom he sent with others to Rome There was great joy at Rome for this news Scipio restored the Spanish Hostages to their Parents for which kindness almost all the Spaniards unanimously surrendered themselves to him After which things he put to flight Asdrubal Hannibal's Brother and took very great Spoil In the mean while Q. Fabius Maximus re-took Tarentum in Italy where Hannibal had great Forces he slew there Carthalo one of Hannibal's Captains and sold twenty five thousand Captives and having distributed the plunder among his Soldiers sent the price of those that were sold to the Treasury Then many Cities of the Romans which sided with Hannibal yielded themselves to Fabius Maximus The year following Scipio performed famous actions in Spain and recovered several Towns by himself and his Brother Lucius Scipio Yet they fought unsuccessfully in Italy for Claudius Marcellus the Consul was slain by Hannibal The third year after Scipio came into Spain he continued his noble Deeds he receiving into protection the King of Spain overcome in a great Battel and was the first that asked no Hostage of the Conquer'd Hannibal despairing that Spain could be kept against Scipio any longer sent for his Brother Asdrubal to Italy with all his Forces who coming the same way his Brother Hannibal had come fell into the Ambush laid by Appius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator at Sena a City in Picenum yet he was slain fighting valiantly his great Forces were either taken or kill'd and a great Sum of Gold and Silver sent to Rome After this Hannibal began to doubt of the event of the War and the Romans being mightily encouraged sent for Publius Cornelius Scipio out of Spain who came to Rome with great glory In the Consulship of Quintus Caecilius and Lucius Valerius all the Cities which were under the Power of Hannibal among the Brutii deliver'd themselves up to the Romans In the fourteenth year after Hannibal came into Italy Scipio who had acted in Spain successfully was made Consul and sent to Africa something Divine was thought to have been in that Man insomuch that he was believed to have conference with the Gods He fought in Africa against Hanno the Carthaginian General and routed his Army In the second Battel he took his Camp with four thousand and five hundred Soldiers with the slaughter of eleven thousand He took Syphax King of Numidia who had assisted the Africans and seized his Camp who was sent by Scipio to Rome with the most considerable Numidians and infinite Spoils which thing being known almost all Italy deserted Hannibal who was commanded by the Carthaginians to return into Africa now laid waste by Scipio Thus the seventeenth year Italy was freed from Hannibal who was reported to have left it with tears Embassadours from Carthage desiring Peace of Scipio were sent by him to the Roman Senate a Truce for forty five days was granted them till they could return from Rome where they made a Present of thirty thousand pound in Silver The Senate commanded a Peace should be made with the Carthaginians according to the will of Scipio who granted it upon these Conditions That they should keep a Fleet but of thirty Ships that they should pay five hundred thousand pound in Silver and restore the Captives and Fugitives In the mean time Hannibal arriving in Africa the Peace was broken and many Hostilities committed by the Africans yet their Embassadours coming out of the City and seiz'd by the Romans were dismissed by Scipio's command Hannibal being overcome by Scipio in many
return'd to Rome with great pomp in Perseus's Ship reported to have been of an unusual bigness with sixteen ranks of Oars and triumphed most magnificiently in his golden Chariot with his two Sons standing on each side of him and Perseus in the forty fifth year of his age with his two Sons going before him Caius Anicius also triumphed over the Illyrians and Gentius is led before his Chariot with his Brother and Children The Kings of many Nations came to Rome to this great Sight Amongst the rest Attalus and Eumenes Kings in Asia with Prusias King of Bithynia were entertained with much honour and they laid up the Presents which they brought in the Capitol with the consent of the Senate Also Prusias recommended his Son Nicomedes to them The following year Lucius Memmius fought successfully in Spain and afterwards Marcellus the Consul fortunately managed his Affairs there Then the third Carthaginian War begun in the six hundredth year from the building of the City in the Consulship of Lucius Manlius Censorinus and Marcus Manilius fifty one years after the second Punick War These carried the War to Carthage against whom Asdrubal fought as General and Famea commanded the Horse then Scipio the Nephew of Scipio Africanus was a Tribune of the Soldiers him all the Romans feared and respected for he was esteemed very serviceable both in their Battels and at their Councils therefore many things were managed fortunately through him by these Consuls neither did Asdrubal or Famea shun any thing more than to fight against that Squadron of the Romans where Scipio fought About the same time Masinissa the King of Numidia who for sixty years was in League with the Romans in the ninety seventh year of his age died leaving fortry four Sons behind him and ordered Scipio to divide his Empire amongst them Now Scipio being grown famous though but a young Man was made Consul and sent against Carthage he took it and sack'd it and finding there the Spoils which Carthage had gathered together from the destruction of many Cities he restor'd back upon proof to several Cities of Sicily Italy and Africa their Ornaments Thus Carthage was destroyed about seven hundred years after it was built and Scipio by his merit obtained the Name which his Grandfather had being stil'd for his Valour AFRICANVS the YOVNGER In the mean time one called Pseudophilippus took up Arms in Macedonia and utterly defeated Publius Juvencius the Roman Praetor sent against him After him Quintus Caecilius Metellus was sent thither by the Romans and twenty thousand of the Enemy being slain he recovered Macedonia and reduced Pseudophilippus under his Power War was also proclaimed against the Corinthians the Inhabitants of a most famous City in Greece for an affront done to the Roman Embassadours This City Mummius the Consul took and destroy'd then there were three noble Triumphs at Rome at the same time of Africanus out of Africa before whose Chariot Asdrubal was led of Metellus from Macedonia before whom Andriscus went otherwise called Pseudophilippus of Mummius from Corinth before him were carry'd brazen Statues Pictures and other Ornaments of that famous City One Pseudoperseus also rebelled in Macedonia having gathered together several Slaves pretending himself to be Perseus's Son but was overcome with seventeen thousand of his Men by Tremellius the Quaestor At this time an Hermaphrodite being seen at Rome was drowned in the Sea by the appointment of the Southsayers At the same time Metellus perform'd noble Acts in Celtiberia amongst the Spaniards Quintus Pompeius succeeded him a little after Quintus Caepio was sent Commander to the same War which indeed Viriatus waged against the Romans in Lusitania upon which through fear Viriatus was slain by his Soldiers after having made the Spaniards rebel against the Romans for fourteen years He was a Shepherd at first afterwards chief amongst the Thieves at last he stir'd up so many people to this War that he was thought the assertor of the Spaniards liberty against the Romans and when his Murtherers sought their rewards from Caepio the Consul he answered 't was never acceptable to the Romans to have a General murther'd by his own Men. Then Quintius Pompeius the Consul being overcome by the people of Numantia a rich City of Spain made a dishonourable Peace After him Caius Hostilius Mancinus made another League with the Numantians which the Senate and People commanded to be broken and Mancinus the Author of it to be given up to his Enemies that they might revenge the injury of this Rupture upon the cause of it wherefore after so great an ignominy the Roman Army being twice overcome by the Numantians Publius Scipio Africanus was made Consul the second time and sent to Numantia he first corrected the vicious Soldiers without any cruelty more by labour than punishment Then he took many Cities in Spain partly by force and partly by surrendry after a long Siege he took the City Numantia by Famine and ras'd it taking the rest of the Province into his protection About that time Attalus a King in Asia the less the Brother of Eumenes died and by making the Roman people his Heir added Asia to their Empire by his Will A little after Decimus Junius Brutus triumphed with great glory for his Victory over the Callaeci and the Lusitan and Publius Scipio Africanus triumphed the second time over the Numantians the fourteenth year after his first Triumph in Africa In the mean time War was rais'd in Asia by Aristonicus the Son of Eumenes whom he had by an Harlot this Eumenes was the Brother of King Attalus Publius Licinius Crassus was sent against him with the assistance of many Kings For Nicomedes King of Bithynia help'd the Romans and Mithridates King of Pontus with whom afterwards the Romans had a severe War and Ariarathes King of Cappadocia Pylaemenes King of Paphlagonia yet Crassus was overcome and slain in Battel his head brought to Aristonicus and his body buried at Smyrna Afterwards Perpenna the Roman Consul who succeeded Crassus hearing of the event of the War hastened into Asia and having overcome Aristonicus in Battel compelled him through want of Provision to a surrendry at the City Stratonice whither he had fled Aristonicus was strangled in Prison at Rome by the command of the Senate but Perpenna could not enjoy his triumph dying in his return home at Pergamum In the Consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Titus Quintius Flaminius Carthage in Africa by the command of the Senate was rebuilt as it is in my time two and twenty years after Scipio destroy'd it the Romans planting a Colony there In the six hundred twenty seventh year from the building of the City Caius Cassius Longinus and Sextus Domitius Calvinus being Consuls waged War with the Gauls on the other side of the Alps and the Arverni with Bituitus their King killing a great multitude of them at the River Rhodanus the spoil was great from the very Chains taken from them Bituitus surrender'd himself
six hundred seventy eight M. Licinius Lucullus govern'd the Province of Macedonia the Cousin of that Lucullus who managed the War against Mithridates In Italy on a sudden arose a new War for seventy four Gladiators under the command of Spartacus Chrysus and Oenomaus having broken out of their fencing School at Capua fled away and wandering through Italy commenc'd as great a War as Hannibal did for overcoming many of the Roman Captains and two of their Consuls they gathered together an Army of almost sixty thousand Men at last they were conquered by M. Licinius Crassus the Proconsul in Apulia and after many calamities in Italy the War was ended the third year by him In the year of the City six hundred and eighty in the Consulship of P. Cornelius Lentulus and Cnaeus Aufidius Orestes onely the Mithridatick and Macedonian Wars disturb'd the Roman Empire Lucius Lucullus and M. Lucullus managed them For L. Lucullus after his Victory over Mithridates at Cyzicus and his Captains in a Sea fight pursued him and having recovered Paphlagonia and Bithynia he marched into his Kingdom and took Sinope and Amisus two famous Cities in Pontus The second Battel was fought at the City Cabira where Mithridates had gathered together great Forces from all his Countries thereabouts when five thousand Romans putting to flight Mithridates with thirty thousand of his best Soldiers plunder'd his Camp Lucullus also subdu'd Armenia the less which Mithridates governed But he was received after his flight by Tigranes King of the greater Armenia who then reigned with great Fame and oftentimes beating the Persians had seiz'd upon Mesopotamia Syria and part of Phaenicia but Lucullus demanding Mithridates that fled entred Armenia Tigranes his Kingdom took there the famous City Tigranocerta and with eighteen thousand so overthrew Tigranes coming against him with six hundred thousand Cuirassiers one hundred thousand Archers and armed Men that he cut off a great part of his Armenians From thence he marched to the City Nisibis which he took with the King's Brother But those whom Lucullus had left in Pontus with part of the Army to defend the Romans with their conquest in the adjacent Countries behaving themselves carelesly and covetously gave an opportunity to Mithridates of breaking into Pontus and so the War was renewed and one sent to succeed Lucullus having taken Nisibis and preparing the War against the Persians the other Lucullus who governed Macedonia was the first of all the Romans that waged War against the Bessi and overcame them in a great Battel on the Mountain Aemus and having taken the City Vscudama which the Bessi inhabited in one Day and Cibyle he marched Conquerer even to the Danube From thence he went against many Cities bordering on Pontus where he sacked Apollonia and took Calaâ—â—s Parthenopolis Tomi Histrum and all Buzia After the War was ended he returned to Rome and both of them triumph'd but Lucullus who managed the War against Mithridates triumphed with greater glory being Conquerour of so considerable Kingdoms The Macedonian War being ended and by reason of Lucullus his return to Rome the Mithridatic War continuing which Mithridates with new Forces prosecuted there arose a War in Crete Caecilius Metellus was sent thither and in three year having subdued all the Provinces and being stil'd Creticus he triumphed from the conquest of that Island About the same time Libya was added to the Roman Empire by a grant in King Apion's will in which Province there were these famous Cities Berenice Ptolemais and Cyrene Whilst these things were perform'd the Pirats so infested the Seas that the Romans though the Conquerers of all the World could not safely sail Wherefore this War was Decreed to be managed by Cnaeus Pompeius who with great fortune and celerity ended it in few months Afterwards the War against Mithridates and Tigranes was committed to him which having undertook he overcame Mithridates in Armenia the less in a Battel by Night and plunder'd his Camp cutting off forty thousand of the Enemy with the loss onely of twenty of his Soldiers and two Centurions Mithridates fled with his Wife and two Attendants Afterwards when he tyranniz'd over his people in a mutiny of his Soldiers raised by his own Son Pharnaces he was forc'd to poison himself Thus Mithridates died at Bosphorus a Man of great industry and conduct he lived seventy reigned sixty and made War with the Romans forty years Then Pompey made War against Tigranes who surrender'd himself and coming to him in his Camp sixteen miles from Artaxata fell at his feet and delivered up his Crown which Pompey restored again and received him honourably but took away Syria Phaenicia Sophone besides fining him in six thousand Talents of Silver to be paid to the Romans for raising War against them without a cause Afterwards Pompey brought War on the Albani and thrice overcame Orodes their King who at last obtain'd a Peace by his Letters and Presents to Pompey He also overcame in a Battel Anthaces the King of Iberia who submitted to him He gave Armenia the less to Dejotarus the King of Galatia for assisting him in the Mithridatic War And restoring Paphlagonia to Attalus and Pylemenes he made Aristarchus the King of the Colchi Then he subdued the Ituraei and the Arabians and coming into Syria made Seleucia near Antioch a free City because it had not aided King Tigranes He restor'd the people of Antioch their Hostages and added some grounds to the Daphnenses to enlarge their Groves being delighted with the pleasantness of the place and its many Springs From thence he marched into Judaea and in the third month took Jerusalem the chief City and having slain twelve thousand Jews he receiv'd the rest into his protection Having performed these things he returned into Asia and so ended this long War In the Consulship of Marcus Tullius Cicero the Orator and C. Antonius in the year of the City six hundred eighty nine Lucius Sergius Catilina a Man of high birth but of a very vitious Disposition plotted with some audacious Noble Men against his Country but he was driven out of the City by Cicero and his Associates upon apprehension strangled in Prison Catiline also overcome in a Battel was slain by Antonius the other Consul In the year of the City six hundred and ninety in the Consulship of D. Junius Silanus and L. Murena Metellus triumphed for conquering Crete and Pompey for the Piratic and Mithridatic Wars no pomp of a Triumph was ever like to Pompey's for Mithridates his and Tigranes's Sons also Aristobulus the King of the Jews with a great Sum of Money were carried before his Chariot At that time there was no considerable War in all the World with the Romans In the year of the City six hundred ninety three Caius Julius Caesar who was afterwards Emperour and L. Bibulus were made Consuls Caesar having obtain'd by Order of Senate the Government of Gaul and Illyricum with ten Legions first overcame the Helvetii who are now
called the Sequani Then after his Victories in very great Battels he marched a Conquerour even to the British Ocean He was almost nine years in subduing all Gaul which lies between the Alps the River Rhone the Rhine and the Ocean in compass three thousand and two hundred miles Then he brought War upon the Britans who never before heard of the Roman Name and having overcome them he took their Hostages and made them tributary to the Roman Empire and ordered Gaul to pay an annual tribute of above three hundred thousand pounds And then passing the Rhine overcame the Germans in very great Battels he was so fortunate that he fought but thrice unsuccessfully once in Person against the Arverni twice in his absence in Germany where his two Lieutenants Titurius and Arunculeius were slain in an Ambush About the same time in the year of the City six hundred ninety seven Marcus Licinius Crassus Pompey's Collegue made the second time Consul was sent against the Parthians and when he fought at Carrae both contrary to the Omens and Praedictions of the Southsayers he was overcome by Surena one of Orodes his Captains and at last was slain with his Son a famous and valiant young Man The residue of his Army was saved by Cnaeus Cassius his Questor who with great resolution and courage so repair'd the calamity that repassing the Euphrates he overcame the Persians in many Battels Now that lamentable and horrible civil War came on which besides the calamities that happen'd in Battel changed the condition of the Roman Name For Caesar returning Conquerour from Gaul required another Consulship and it being without dispute carried on his side he was oppos'd by Marcellus the Consul Bibulus Pompey and Cato and commanded having dismissed his Army to return to Rome for which Affront from Ariminum where he mustered his Soldiers he march'd against his native Country The Consul with Pompey the whole Senate and all the Nobility fled out of the City into Greece Pompey being General rais'd War against Caesar in Epirus Macedonia and Achaia Caesar having entered the City forsaken made himself Dictator Thence marching into Spain he routed Pompey's brave and stout Armies under the three Generals L. Afranius M. Petreius and M. Varro Then returning he marched into Greece where fighting against Pompey he was in the first Battel overthrown and put to flight but the Night drawing on he escaped and upon Pompey 's not pursuing him he said Pompey knew not how to conquer he being only that Day in his Power to have been overcome Afterwards they fought in Thessaly at Palaeopharsalus with great Armies on both sides Pompey's Army consisted of forty thousand Foot and seven thousand Horse in the left Wing with five hundred in the right besides the Auxiliary Forces of all the East all the Nobility with a great number of Senators Praetors and such as had been Consuls and the Conquerors of ny Nations Caesar's Army amounted to thirty thousand Foot with a thousand Horse The Roman Forces were never greater at one time nor never commanded by more valiant Generals they might have overcome the whole World if they had fought against their Enemies But after a sharp fight Pompey being overcome and his Camp plunder'd fled to Alexandria that he might receive aids from the King of Aegypt whose Guardian he had been by order of Senate in his minority but he following Pompeys fortune more than true friendship slew him and sent his Head and Ring to Caesar which he looking on is reported to have wept beholding the Head of so worthy a Man and once his Son-in-law Afterwards Caesar coming to Alexandria Ptolemy had Designs upon his life for which reason Caesar made War with him and he being overcome was drowned in the Nile but his body was afterwards found covered with a Gold Coat of Mail. Caesar having won Alexandria gave that Kingdom to Cleopatra Ptolemy's Sister with whom he had been dishonourably acquainted Caesar returning from thence overcame in a Battel Pharnaces great Mithridates's Son who aided Pompey in Thessaly and also rebelling in Pontus had seiz'd upon many of the Roman Cities upon which misfortune he kill'd himself Then Caesar upon his return to Rome made himself the third time Consul with M. Aemilius Lepidus who was the year before in his Dictatorship General of the Horse From thence he went into Africa to the War which very many of the Nobility with Juba King of Mauritania had raised against him The Roman Generals were P. Cornelius Scipio of the ancient Family of Scipio Africanus he was Father-in-law to Pompey the Great M. Petreius Q. Varius and M. Porcius Cato L. Cornelius Faustus the Son of Sylla the Dictator and Pompey's Son-in-law Caesar in a pitch'd Battel after many Skirmishes overcame them Cato Scipio Petreius and Juba slew themselves but Faustus was put to death After a year Caesar coming back to Rome made himself Consul the fourth time but soon went into Spain where Cnaeus and Sextus Pompey's Sons had levy'd a great War they fought many Battels the last was at the City Munda in which Caesar was so near overcome that seeing his Soldiers sly he would have slain himself lest after so great Military Glory and fifty six years old he should fall into the power of these young Men at last having rallied his Forces he overcame them and slew Pompey's eldest Son and put to flight the younger Now Caesar having ended the Civil Wars through all the World returned to Rome and began to govern too insolently and against the customs of the Roman Liberties He would bestow Honours at his own pleasure which were before given by the people neither would he rise up to the Senate coming to salute him he performed other things after a regal tyrannick manner Whereupon above sixty Senators and Roman Knights conspired against him The chief of the Conspirators were the two Bruti of Brutus's Family who was the first that was made a Roman Consul and had expell'd the Kings with Cnaeus Cassius and Servilius Casca who stab'd Caesar on a certain day with twenty three Wounds when he came to the Senate The Seventh Book OF EVTROPIVS The Reign of Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian From A. V. 710. to V. C. 850. By Mr. Thomas Cornwallis CAESAR being kill'd about the seven hundred and ninth year of the City the Civil Wars were renewed The Senate favouring the murtherers of Caesar Antony the Consul one of Caesars party endeavoured to overthrow them in a Civil War Having therefore disturbed the Commonwealth and done many ill things he was judged an enemy by the Senate The two Consuls Pansa and Hirtius were sent to pursue him with Octavianus Caesar's Nephew a young man eighteen years old whom he made his Heir and commanded to bear his name This is he who afterwards was call'd Augustus and obtained the Empire Wherefore these three Generals marching against Antony overcame him but it happened out that
as his Fortune For after the Civil War he often beat the Goths and at last having granted them peace he left even amongst those Barbarians a great remembrance of his favour He was addicted to civil Arts and generous Exercises an affector of true Friendship which he altogether sought to procure by his liberality and easiness as he was severe to some of his Friends so he was extraordinary kind to the rest letting no opportunity slip to make them rich and eminent He made a great many Laws some good and just very many superfluous and some severe He first attempted to advance the City Constantinople called after his own name to so great a pitch as to make it equal with Rome in his Design to make War against the Parthians who had harassed Mesopotamia he died in a publick Vill of the City Nicomedia in the one and thirtieth year of his Reign and the sixty sixth of his age His Death was foretold by a blazing Star called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which of an unusual bigness appeared for some time and he was deservedly made a God He left three of his own Sons and one of his Brothers to succeed him but Dalmatius Caesar a most hopeful Man not unlike his Uncle was slain a while after by a Military Faction with the consent rather than by the command of his Cousin Constantius Moreover Constans his Captains slew Constantine making War against his Brother and unadvisedly fighting at the City Aquileia Thus the Commonwealth was reduced to two Emperours Constans his Reign for some time was great and just afterwards through sickness and the persuasions of some of his worst Friends being grown vicious and intolerable to the Subjects of the Provinces and unacceptable to his Soldiers he was slain by the Faction of Maxentius not far from Spain in a Castle called Helena in the eighteenth year of his Reign and the thirteenth of his age He performed a great many valiant actions in War and was terrible to his Army all his life-time without much cruelty Constantius his fortune was various for he suffer'd very many injuries from the Persians who had oftentimes sacked his Towns besieged his Cities and beaten his Armies never had he any success in Battel against King Sapores unless at Singara where the eagerness of his Soldiers lost in probability a certain Victory who tumultuously and foolishly against the reason of War demanded to fight the day being far spent After the death of Constans Magnentius having got Italy Africa and Gaul there arose an insurrection in Illyricum Veteranio being made Emperour by the consent of the Soldiers and now a very old Man and beloved by all by reason of his long continuance and success in War was chosen Prince and Governour of Illyricum He was a virtuous Man observing the ancient Roman manners and of obliging civility but ignorant of all liberal Sciences so that he did not learn even the rudiments of Learning till he was old and made Emperour but Constantius who to revenge his Brothers Death had raised a Civil War put an end to the Reign of Veteranio who after a new and unusual manner by the agreement of the Soldiers was forced to lay down the Imperial Power There arose also a mutiny at Rome by the means of Nepotianus Constantine's Sisters Son who seizing upon the Empire with a party of Gladiators met with a Death worthy of his cruel beginnings being slain on the eight and twentieth day by Magnentius his Captains and his head carried all about the City upon a Javelin There were great Proscriptions and much slaughter of the Nobility at that time Not long after Magnentius was put to flight and very near taken in the Battel at Mursa the great strength of the Romans in that fight was much weaken'd even Soldiers that were fit to manage any forein Wars and might have procured security and many Triumphs to the Commonwealth Soon after Constantius sent Gallus his Uncles Son as Caesar to the East and Magnentius beaten in several Battels in the third year and the seventh month of his Reign killed himself at Lugdunum as his Brother Decentius whom he had sent with an Imperial Authority to govern Gaul did also among the Senones At this time Constantius also having committed a great many out-rages killed Gallus Caesar a man fierce by nature and prone to tyranny if he had been absolute Sylvanus also attempting an Insurrection in Gaul died before the thirtieth day then Constantius was the only Prince and Augustus of the Roman Empire Soon after he sent Julian Caesar to Gaul who was his Cousin and the Brother of Gallus having given him his Sister in marriage At that time the Barbarians sacked a great many Towns besieged others and had horribly wasted all places The Roman Empire by these misfortunes was in a tottering condition by whom with indifferent Forces the great Army of the Alamanni was suppressed at Argentoratum a City of Gaul their most considerable King was taken and Gaul was regained to the Empire This Julian afterwards performed a great many valiant actions against the Barbarians and drove the Germans beyond the River Rhine and restored the Roman Empire to its former Confines Not long after when the German Army was removed from their Garrison in Gaul Julian was chosen Emperor by the Soldiers and after a years space he marched to gain Illyricum whilst Constantius was busie in managing the Parthian Wars who died in his march between Cilicia and Cappadocia in the eight and thirtieth year of his Reign and the five and fortieth of his age and deserved to be numbred amongst the Gods he was a man of an exceeding calm temper easie and giving too much credit to his friends and familiars he was also too uxorious but in the first years of his Reign he behaved himself with great modesty he also enriched his friends nor did let any of them want honor whose industrious services he had made use of yet inclinable to seseverity if he grew jealous of any design upon his Empire but otherwise mild whose success was greater in the Civil than in Forein Wars After this Julian gained the Empire and with great preparation made War with the Parthiuns in which Expedition I my self was present he made some Towns and Castles of the Persians to surrender or else took them by force and having depopulated Assyria he encamp'd for some time at the Town Ctesiphon and returning Conqueror was slain by the Enemy whilst he too rashly pressed on in the Battel on the sixth of the Kalends of July in the seventh year of his Reign and the one and thirtieth of his age and was translated amongst the Gods an extraordinary man designing admirarably to govern the Commonwealth if he had lived he was very skilful in Liberal Sciences and much more learned in Greek than in Latin he was very eloquent and had a memory most ready and tenacious and in some things more resembling a Philosopher he