Selected quad for the lemma: virtue_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
virtue_n	draw_v	iron_n	loadstone_n	1,525	5	13.0457	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A46234	An history of the wonderful things of nature set forth in ten severall classes wherein are contained I. The wonders of the heavens, II. Of the elements, III. Of meteors, IV. Of minerals, V. Of plants, VI. Of birds, VII. Of four-footed beasts, VIII. Of insects, and things wanting blood, IX. Of fishes, X. Of man / written by Johannes Jonstonus, and now rendred into English by a person of quality.; Thaumatographia naturalis. English	Jonstonus, Joannes, 1603-1675.; Libavius, Andreas, d. 1616.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1657 (1657)	Wing J1017; ESTC R1444	350,728	372

hath two motions the greatest is Southward Let it suffice what Scaliger writes Exerc. 131. Nature saith he is at concord and agrees with her self she unites by an admirable order all things above and below that it may be one by a perpetual necessity So that there are in things seperated not only steps entrances and retreats but also minglings of those things which seem to be wholly parted Bodinus pronounceth that all the 4 parts of the world are equally respected by the Loadstone Theatr. natur l. 2. For saith he the steel needle easily rubbed upon the Loadstone from that part of the Loadstone that pointed North before it was cut out of the rock if the needle be equally ballanced the end rubbed with the Loadstone will turn to the North. The same force there is to the South part if he needle be rubbed on the South part of the Loadstone Nor is the force lesse for the East or West part of the Loadstone though the stone cannot turn it self to the Poles of the world but only the steel needle that is touched with it But this I have said cannot be understood but by experience for if you put a peice of Loadstone upon a peice of Wood swimming in the water and you apply that side of the Loadstone that looked Southward before it was cut out of the Rock to the side of another Lodstone that looked Southward also before it was hewen forth the stone that swims will fly unto the opposite part of the Vessel with water but if you turn the Northern part of the Loadstone to the Southern part of another Loadstone swimming in the water the Loadstone that swims presently comes and joyns with it so that th●● both unite by an admirable harmony of nature though the Wood or the Vessell of water be between The same will be done if you put only an iron Needle thrust through a quil into a Vessell of water and hold in your hand a peice of a Loadstone one side of the Loadstone will drive off the needle the other will draw it So saith Bodin What concerns drawing that the Loadstone doth draw is maintained of the Aethiopian Loadstone Plin. l. 36. c. 16. experience hath proved it Libavius I saith he when I proved this wiped off all dust from the Loadstone and then I scraped away some powder of its own substance this was laid upon a paper or plank of wood and the powder scraped from it was laid under it the Loadstone moved and attracted The Loadstone draws the Loadstone by a certain line because there is a spirit in it like to the other and nature enclines and is carried to its like as much as may be It is as certain that it draws Iron also The hardnesse of Iron gives way and obeys and that matter which tames all things runs to I know not what empty thing and as it comes nearer it stands still and is held and sticks in imbraceings Plin. l. 36. c. 26. The vertue of it was found out when the nails of his shoos and top of his crook stuck fast for the first inventor was a Heyward Nor doth it draw Iron on each part with the same force The rule seems to be a right line Therefore where the vertue comes not the ends are turned and whilst one of them inclines to the needle the other accidentally turns from it and seems to reject it The same reason serves for divers Loadstones In the Midland Seas of Sardinia at the foot of the Mountaines that part they bend Eastward they say there is a Loadstone that draws Iron but on the opposite part one that drives it off and therefore it is called Theamedes Plin. l. 2. Wherefore do we go to Mountaines We may see it in every laboratory if we will beleive Libavius Syntagm Art Chymic Tract 1. l. 1. c. 19. There are opposite parts in one and the same stone contrary to the rest and it hath an example of sympathy and antipathy in it self as Vipers Scorpions and venemous Creatures have in themselves both their friends and their enemies I shall set down some examples of attraction Severus Milevitanus saw when Bathanarius heretofore governour of Africa put Silver under between the Stone and the Iron the Iron on the top moved and the Silver was in the middle and suffered nothing but with a most swift retrait the Man drew the stone downward and the stone drew the Iron upward August de civitat Dei lib. 21. cap. In Alexandria in Aegypt at the roof of the Temple of Serapus there was a Loadstone fastned in which held an Idol that had an Iron in the head so fast that it hung between the roof and the ground Euseb in Histor. Eccles. Agricola said he saw a round looking glasse that was three hands breadth broad and two high in the concave part whereof there was a Loadstone included above Agricola de subter●●n that drew an Iron boul placed at the bottom of the glasse unto it self so that the thick body of the glasse could not hinder the force of it the Iron Globe that useth to fall down was carried up Let us come to the cause and inquire whence comes this force in the Loadstone Each man speaks diversly and so many men allmost so many opinions Libav l. 1. de Bitum c. 12 saith that there is a bituminous nature in the Loadstone reduced to the disposition of Iron by a similitude of sympathy and mixture whereby the same principles grow in Iron And he adds that there is an Iron bituminous spirit common to them both but it flows not out continually and as strong from Iron as from the Loadstone by reason of the diversity of coagulation or commis●ion Others attribute that to the hidden forme Others alleage a mutual harmony of naturall things There are in the great world saith Langius l. 2. Epist. 55 under the concave of the Moon some things that by a secret consent agree wonderfully together The truth is the Loadstone is some kind of vein of Iron and Iron may be generated of it Sennert l. 8. Epit. c. 4. But the Loadstone loseth its attractive force if you work it in the fire For whilest it burns the brimstony spirit of it flyes forth as Libav l. 2. singul thinks We saw saith Porta Mag. natur l. 7. c. 7. with great delight the Loadstone buried in burning Coles to cast forth a blew brimstony Iron kind of flame which being dispersed the quality of its life departed and it lost its power to attract It yields to the injuries of the weather and dies with old age The expiring of it is hindred by oyntments rub'd upon it and the tenacious juice of Leeks others add oyle of Bricks Lem. l. 4. c. 10. de occult But Cardanus l. 7. de subtil denyeth this It will not lay hold on rusty Iron and much lesse on rust Scaliger Exerc. 112. Otherwise if Iron-filings were buried in dust or the Iron be on the other side of the

The Pumex stone is found in places that have been burnt baked out of the earth or stone because it hath holes in which the light ayr flotes and because it is without moysture it burns not They that have charge of Wines put it into a vessel of boyling new Wine and it presently gives off boyling Drunkards that strive for mastery in drinking arm themselves with the powder of it but unlesse they drink abundantly they are in danger saith Theophrastus CHAP. XIX Of Lapis Vitrarius and Specularis THere are three kinds of stones that will run in a burning furnace The one is like to transparent Jewels It hath their colour but is not so hard Of this kind is Alabandicus which melts in the fire and is melted for glasse The second kind is not much unlike it but hath not so many colours the third kind is lapis Vitrarius This hath its proper Veins also At A●nebe●gum in a Silver Mine it was found in the forme of a Crosse at Priberg like to an Ape pieces of it are found also out of the Earth but by the running of the waters they are polished by rubbing against some stones of their own or of some other kind The white stone is burnt beaten to powder searsed of that they make sand of these they blow glasses The River Belu● at the foot of the Mount Carmel rising in Phoenicia between the Coloney of Ptolemais and the City Tyre brings those kind of Sands fit for glasse to the Sea side which being tumbled with the Waves of the Sea shine their foulness being washed off Plin. l. 6. c. 26. The report is that a ship came loaded with Nitre the Merchants provided their Victualls as they were dispersed here and there on the Sea shore and when they found no stones to make them Tables of these took fire and the Sea shore●sand mingled with them thence those transparent Rivers of this noble liquor began to run and this was the beginning of Glasse But we must not think that Glasse is made of this Sand only To three parts of that they add one part of Nitre and of these melted cometh Amm●-●itre If Nitre be wanting mineral salt will supply the defect If this then either Sea salt or the Ashes of the hearb Anthyllis burnt But when that the matter of glasse melts in the fire it froths and the froth is taken off with a drag when they are forthwith hardned they are made into white loafs in which there is a mixt tast more salt than bitter Men report that in Tiberius's days there was a way invented to make glasse malleable and that his whole shop was ruin'd that the price of Gold Silver Brasse and other mettles should not be brought down but the fame of it is more constant than certain In our time especially at Venice is glasse of high esteem we have seen some that have framed divers works of it as bright as a Candle When Nero raigned by the art of making glasse was found out to make small Cups with two ears they called them Pinnati or Pterota one of them was sold for 6000 Denarit I referre the lapides speculares to these because they were of a bright substance as Basilius writes it was transparent like the Ayre The Antients used it for Windows as we do glasse Nero made a Temple for Fortune of these stones so that whosoever stood without was seen though the dores were shut the light appeared though not sent through Pancirolla l. 1. de veter deperd CHAP. XX. Of Crystal Iris and the Diamond COncerning the Originall of Crystall writers differ Pliny l 37. c. 2 saith that it is made by the most violent frost from Snow or Ice Agricola l. 6. fossill saith it is some sap congealed by cold in the bowels of the Earth The former opinion seems to be true For not only the name confirms it but the place also where it is bred for it is found in those places where the Winter Snows are in such unaccessible places of the Alps that oft times they are fain to be let down with ropes to draw it to them In Asia and Cyprus it is Plow'd up and carried along with the torrents Scalig. exe●c 119. From the Percinian Rocks which are in the extreame parts of Noricum it is pulled off from the tops of Mountaines there that are covered with no earth Somtimes there is a kind of coorse Silver in it of the colour of lead Ore and of divers weights In India it is found so great that they make a Vessel of it somtimes that will hold four Sextaryes Livia Augusta dedicated one in the Capitol that made a Vessell that held 50 pounds They are seldom found single many of them oft times stick upon one root somtimes rising together and somtimes a part They lye somtimes so fast that it is a hard matter to pul them off Every Crystall point and the whole body of it is with 6 Angles It cannot be melted by heat of the Sun The extreame cold hath so frozen it that it is not a small thing can melt it yet can it not endure heat Bodin l. 2. Theatr Natur. For in the hottest furnaces and great flames it will run by continuance being melted it will harden again and if you poure hot liquour into a Crystal cup it will break It is thought worn about one to cure the Vertigo and for that cause Men drink out of Venice Glasses Plater l. 1. de l. f. There are made of it both Glasses and Chamber pots such a one as Pliny writes was bough by a Matron that was not very rich for H. S. C. L. M. or 150000 sestertii Pancirolla had one of so pure matter and so transparent that it seemed almost to be ayre the outsides only being opposed to the view It had an adder in it with open mouth ready to devoure a young Lamb but he was hindred by the opposite Crosse. Pancirol de veter deperd l. 1. Also Iris is a white Jewel if it have a sexangular forme held against the Sun beams entring in at the Windows it casts the colours of the Rain-bow on the wall that is over against it The Diamond is found in many Mines The Indian Diamond exceeds not the kernel of a small nut that of Cenchros is no bigger than a millet seed Agricola l. 6. de fossil The Antients speak much of it namely that it cannot be broken by hammers that it takes all virtue from the Loadstone and so resists fire that it will never waxe hot Those of our days have found the contrary Camer memorab med c. 8. M. 42. For a hammer will break it and an iron pestle will bring it to powder It yields to fire and may be calcined with a long continued flame yet though in an hour by the fire it will lose its lustre it will recover it again by polishing with some defect in the lustre It hath been found that rubbing one against the other they have

in other birds But since it is not propagated ex traduce from an egg or seed it neither leaves egg nor seed nor gives more to another than nature gave to it For if it lay'd eggs that chickens might proceed from the Barnacle had been so bred her self but neither of these is so For as a Mule is not bred of a Mule but from the mingling of an Asse and Mare together so it doth not generate a Mule but continues alwaies Barren as this bird doth Bees are bred of Worms the Worms in the honey combs from honey by a wonderfull operation of nature though without any sensible body of seed yet not without virtuall seed imprinted on the Honey-Combs by the Bees which they first had from Heaven Nor is it possible that these effectual and spiritual qualities should proceed from the pure Elements or onely by propagation since the matter of the seed which is made of nutriment and blood could be extended in infinitum without diminution of it self For we observe that the Elements are but like dead and materiall receptacles of the formal vertues and that the matter of the seed is dayly supplyed and heaped up by the Elements And therefore it is necessary that the formative force should daily flow into the formed seeds or where they are wanting into a matter prepared by Nature from corruption or other operations From whence the form of this wonderfull Creature is easily drawn namely that it is an imaginative vertue of the Heavens or of the Sun actively infused into a viscous matter of that wood in those places so disposed by corruption that it may enliven it and promote it to be a new kind of living plant or bird included in a shell which so soon as it falls into the waters may swim and when the wings are grown fly about The final cause is the common ornament of the World the variety and wonderfull works of Nature the profit of those that dwell near and especially the providence omnipotence and clemency of our good and great God all whose attributes do appear to mankind as well from this creature as from the rest whilest he crowns the year with his free gifts and the whole earth with variety of Creatures So that he is far more mighty in creating and making different kinds of living Creatures than we are able to expresse them to nominate or to know them Let it suffice us that we have seen some part of the wonderfull works of God and taken a view of them for it is not possible for a mortall Man to be capable to apprehend them all yet to consider of none of them were brutish and we should so be more like unto Beasts than Men. OF Naturall VVonders The Seventh Classis Wherein are set down the Wonders of Four-footed Creatures Seneca l. 3. de ira c. 30. WE are troubled with frivolous and vain matters A red colour makes a Bull angry and a viper is stirred by a shadow A picture will make Bears and Lions fiercer All things that are cruell and ravening by nature are moved with vain things The same things happen to unquiet and foolish spirits they are stricken with jealousie and suspition of things CHAP. I. Of the Elk and the Ram. THe Elk is a four-footed beast commonly found in Scandinavia in Summer of an Ash-colour almost in Winter it turns toward black The horns are fit for footstools each of them is 12 pound weight and two foot long His upper lip hangs out so long that he cannot eat but going backwards Men write that he is subject to the falling sicknesse and that the remedy he hath is to lift up the right claw of the hinder foot and put it to his left Ear. It holds the same vertue if you cut it off when he goes to rut in August or September He is commended for his swiftnesse for he will run as much ground in one day as a horse shall in three He is very strong for a strong blow with his foot will kill the hunter The Ram for six Winter moneths sleeps on his left side but after the vernal equinoctiall he rests on his right Aelianus hath discovered this but the Butchers deny it In Camandu a Country of Tartary they are as big as Asses their tails weigh 30 pound weight One was seen in the Court of the King of the Arabians whose tail weighed 40 pound Vartom Cardanus ascribes that to its cold temperament when the rest of the bones will no more be extended Lest he should be choked with his own fat he sends down the humour unto his tail CHAP. II. Of the Asse IN the Kingdom of Persia Asses are so esteemed that one of them is sold for 30 pound of gold amongst the Pigmies they are as big as our R●ms Paul Venet. In Egypt they amb●e so swiftly that one will go 40 miles a day without any hurt Scalig. Exerc. 217. s. 1. She doth sparingly dip-in her mouth when she drinks She is afraid saith Cardanus For when she beholds the great shadow of her ears in the water she is fearfull they will be wet There are some found in Africa that do not drink She staleth when she seeth another stale or upon a dunghill For Nature doth stirre them up being slothfull by the acrimony of the smell Cardan l. 10. subtil Observation proves that where an Asse hath cropt a vine branch the vine will grow more fruitfull The monument of this matter was seen at Nauplia where an Asse of stone was set up in thankfull remembrance for posterity Vadimonius writes that there is a fruitfull Orchard in the middle whereof she was buried Aldrovand l. 1. de quadr c. 2. In Hetruria when they have eaten Hemlock they fall asleep that they seem to be dead The Countrey-men are deceived by it for oft-times they rise up and fright them when they have pull'd off their skins almost Mathiol in Dioscorid Sheep will run into the fold if you pen them in an Asses stall If one be stung by a Scorpion if he sit upon on Asse with his face toward the tayl the Asse will endure the pain and not he It is a sign of it because she will dye farting Merula Asses milk is commended Poppaea the Wife of Domitius Nero that conceived in all 500 times did wash her body in a Bath of Asses milk thinking to stretch her skin thereby Plin. l. 15. c. 40. 〈…〉 of crete being in a Consumption recovered by feeding on Asses flesh Moreover there are some in Scythia whose horn contains Stygian water for it will pierce through iron vessels Some in 〈…〉 have one horn in their forehead Who drinks out of that is preserved from a disease but if any venomous matter be drank it is ca●t forth They are so strong that they will kill a horse to travell with them Also that was a wonderfull one that was sent as a present with other gifts by the King of Assyria to Ferdinand of Naples for the hair was

that everything shall feed where it is bred Another kind of Worm is bred within when the moysture cannot come forth shut in by the drinesse of the Ayre about it then the heat contracts it when the corruption is made Then also food is administred to it from the same thing The same thing seems to happen to Apples and Trees that are Worm-eaten from drought For the little moysture that remains in the Tree causeth corruption whence the Worm proceeds but when there is plenty of nutriment it is otherwise for then the juyce is sent forth to the upper parts for it conquers by its quantity and cannot corrupt Next to this is that which happens to Vines for in these especially when the South wind blows Worms breed that are called Ipes that is when they are very moyst and the Ayre causeth fruitfullnesse then do they presently gnaw the matter that is of the same nature with them Also Carpae breed in Olive Trees the same way and such as breed in other things both when they bud and when they flowre or after that the flowers be over For the● all proceed from the same cause But this chiefly happens to Vines because 〈…〉 are moyst by nature and their moysture is without tast and watery 〈…〉 a moysture may be easily affected Somtimes Ipes cannot be bred because the ayre it pleasant and not too moyst Artic. 4. Of the Indian Worm and the March Worm IN Ganges it is miraculous they report there are blew Worms with two legs that are 60 cubits long and they say they are so strong that when Elephants come to drink they will catch hold of them by their trunk and carry them away Aelian speaks of an Indian Worm of seven cubits long and so thick that a Child of ten yeares old can hardly fathom it It hath one tooth in the upper part of the mouth and one below both are four square and almost a cubit long and so strong that what living creature it lays hold of with them it will easily crush them Somtimes it lyes hid in the bottom of a River in the mud it delights in At night it comes on land and catcheth whatsoever comes in the way The skin of it is 2 fingers thick The way to catch it is this they fasten a strong hook to an iron chain joyning also to it a rope of white broad flax and they wrap both the hook and rope in wool that the Worm may not bite them off Then they put a Lamb or a Kid for a bait upon the hook and so let it down into the River Thirty men stand ready with Darts Leashes and drawn Swords and strong pikes well pointed at the ends if they should have cause to strike When he is caught with the hook they draw him forth and kill him They hang him up against the Sun 30 dayes and thick oyl distills from it into earthen pots every worm will yield 5. Sextarii of oyl the rest of the body is good for nothing The vertue of this oyl is such that without any fire a measure of this poured on will fire any stack of wood Aelian It is said that the King of Persia took Cities from his Enemies with this oyl It cannot be put out but with abundance of thick clay The moneth of March in Germany is wonderfull that breeds young creatures in stinking filthy waters that are like to guts and feed only on sand If any man go into that water barefoot where this creature swims on the top of the water he shall have a circle on his legs as high as the water came Card. l. 7. de var. c. 37. CHAP. XXV Of Wasps WAsps then breed most when Wolves kill Horses or Oxen. Sometimes they are found in a Stags head sometimes in his nostrills One brought one of these formed Wasps houses that was wonderfully made to Pierius Valerianus at Bellunum from some Wood in a desart Which he describes thus There were 7. Concamerations or rounds one above another set at two fingers distance distinguished by little Pillars between that every one might have space enough to go and come to his house The diameter of the rounds unto the fifth was about 12 digits the others from the fifth were made narrower by little and little so that the last was 5. or 6. digits The first round that is the first Chamber was hanged to a bough of an old Tree fenced and guarded with a crust against all injuries of wind and weather Beneath there were six angled Cells very close together so that the other Chambers were all overcast with the same crust and made with the like Cells and all were held up with their pillars All these Creatures flew out of the upper stations and an innumerable multitude filled the middle Concamerations a thin skin being drawn for a cover upon the hole of every one of them when I had taken some of them away I saw the Wasps with their heads downwards that filled all those houses But those that were in the lowest rooms seemed like to Embryo's of like imperfect Worms they were also fenced with the same covering but very thin as snails in Winter kept for a milder time in the Spring But these all died there by the extream cold Winter yet none corrupted and after so many years they keep the same form and posture They are most lively for part their belly from their breast and they will live long and will sometimes prick one that toucheth their sting an hour after Aristotle saith That if you take a Wasp by the legs and make him to hum not those that have a sting but those that want one the rest will fly to help them If they appear before the end of October they foreshew a hard VVinter If they go in heaps under ground before the 7. Stars rise in the Evening they signifie the same A swarm of Wasps is naturally an ill omen So Livy thought when at Capua a great swarm of them flew into the Market place and settled in Mars his Temple They were collected carefully and burnt in the fire The Decemviri were commanded to their books and the Nine-daies sacrifice was appointed supplications were made and the City was purged If any one touch the skin of a man with the distilled water of the decoction of Hornets or VVasps the place will so swell that it will cause men to suspect poyson or a Dropsie or some great sicknesse The remedy is Theriac drank or smeered on it Mi●aldus Memor Cent. 7. c. The End of the Eighth Classis AN APPENDIX TO The Eighth Classis Wherein there is contained the Observation of Andreas Libavius a most famous Physitian concerning Silk-worms a singular History Anno 1599 at Rotenburgh SInce it is hard to explain the opinions and experiments of all Authors exactly and what they observed in divers places and ●imes to make a history thereof and to condemn or allow for this or that mans relation what every man hath found