of these streams at the Equator divers Rivolets of Atomes of each Pole are continuated from one Pole to the other 4. Of these Atomes incorporated with some fit matter in the bowels of the earth is made a stone 5. This stone works by emanatitions joyn'd with agreeing streams that meet them in the air and in fine it is a Loadstone 6. A Method for making experiences upon any subject 7. The Loadstones generation by Atomes flowing from both Poles is confirmed by experiments observed in the stone it self 8. Experiments to prove that the Loadstone works by emanations meeting with agreeing streams CHAP. XXI Positions drawn out of the former doctrine and confirm'd by experimental proofs 1. The operations of the Loadstone are wrought by bodies and not by qualities 2. Objections against the former position answer'd 3. The Loadstone is imbu'd with his vertue from another body 4. The vertue of the loadstone is a double and not one simple virtue 5. The vertue of the Loadstone works more strongly in the Poles of it than in any other part 6. The loadstone sends forth its emanations spherically Which are of two kinds and each kind is strongest in that hemisphere through whose polary parts they issue out 7. Putting two loadstones within the sphere of one another every part of one loadstone doth not agree with every part of the other loadstone 8. Concerning the declination and other respects of a needle towards the loadstone it touches 9. The vertue of the loadstone goes from end to end in lines almost parallel to the axis 10. The virtue of a loadstone is not perfectly spherical though the stone be such 11. The intention of nature in all the operations of the loadstone is to make an union betwixt the attractive and the attracted bodies 12. The main Globe of the earth not a loadstone 13. The loadstone is generated in all parts or climates of the earth 14. The conformity betwixt the two motions of magnetick things and of heavy things CHAP. XXII A solution of certain Problems concerning the Loadstone and a short summ of the whole doctrine touching it 1. Which is the North and which the South Pole of a loadstone 2. Whether any bodies besides magnetick ones be attractive 3. Whether an iron placed perpendicularly towards the earth doth get a magnetical virtue of pointing towards the North or towards the South in that end that lies downwards 4. Why loadstones affect iron better than one another 5. Gilbert's reason refuted touching a capped loadstone that takes up more iron than one not capped and an iron impregnated that in some case draws more strongly than the stone it self 6. Galileus his opinion touching the former effects refuted 7. The Authours solution to the former questions 8. The reason why in the former case a lesser Load stone draws the interjacent iron from the greater 9. Why the variation of a touched needle from the North is greater the nearer you go to the Pole 10. Whether in the same part of the world a touched needle may at one time vary more from the North and at another time lesse 11. The whole doctrine of the load stone summ'd up in short CHAP. XXIII A description of two sorts of Living creatures Plants and Animals and how they are framed in common to perform vital motion 1. The connexion of the following Chapters with the precedent 2. Concerning several compositions of mix'd bodies 3. Two sorts of living creatures 4. An engin to express the first sort of living creatures 5. An other engin by which may be express'd the second sort of living creatures 6. The two former enginâ— and some other compâ—risons upplyed express 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of living creatures 7. How plants are fram'd 8. How Sensitive creatures are form'd CHAP. XXIV A more particular survey of the generation of Animals in which is discover'd what part of the animal is first generated 1. The opinion that the seed contains formally every part of the parent 2. The former opinion rejected 3. The Authours opinion of this question 4. Their opinion refuted who hold that every thing contains formally all things 5. The Authours opinion concerning the generation of Animals declared and confirm'd 6. That one substance is chang'd into another 7. Concerning the â—atching of Chickens and the generation of other animals 8. From whence it â—ppens that the defi◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—scences of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 seen in their children 9. The difference between the Authours opinion and the former 10. That the heart is iâ—ued with the generalâ— spâ—ific virtues of the whole body 〈◊〉 confirm'd the doctrine of the two former paragraphs 11. That the heart is the first part generated in a living creature CHAP. XXV How a Plant or Animal comes to that Figure it hath 1. That the Figure of an Animal is produced by ordinary second causes as well as any other corporeal effect 2. That the several figures of bodies proceed from a defect in one of the three dimensions caused by the concurrence of accidental causes 3. The former doctrine is confirmed by several instances 4. The same doctrine apply'd to Plants 5. The same doctrine declared in leafs of trees 6. The same apply'd to the bodies of Animals 7. In what sense the Authour admits of Vis formatrix CHAP. XXVI How motion begins in Living creatures And of the Motion of the Heart Circulation of the Blood Nutrition Augmentation and corruption or death 1. From whence proceeds the primary motion and growth in Plants 2. Monsieur des Cartes his opinion touching the motion of the heart 3. The former opinion rejected 4. The Authours opinion concerning the motion of the heart 5. The motion of the heart depends originally of its fibers irrigated by bloud 6. An objection answer'd against the former doctrine 7. The circulation of the bloud and other effects that follow the motion of the heart 8. Of Nutrition 9. Of Augmentation 10. Of death and sickness CHAP. XXVII Of the motions of Sense and of the Sensible Qualities in gegeral in particular of those which belong to Touch Tast and Smelling 1. The connexion of the subsequent Chapters with the precedent 2. Of the senses and sensible qualities in general And of the end for which they serve 3. Of the sense of touching and that both it and its qualities are bodies 4. Of the tast and its qualities that they are bodies 5. That the smell and its qualities are real bodies 6. Of the conformity betwixt the two senses of smelling and tasting 7. The reason why the sense of smelling is not so perfect in man as in beasts with a wonderful history of a man who could wind sent as well as any beast CHAP. XXVIII Of the sense of Hearing and of the sensible quality Sound 1. Of the sense of hearing and that sound is purely motion 2. Of divers arts belonging to the sense of hearing all which confirm that sound is nothing but motion 3. The same is confirmed by the effects caused
by its Equator And consequently it is impossible that its sphere of activity should be perfectly spherical Nor doth Cabeus his experience move us to conceive the loadstone hath a greater strength to retain an iron laid upon it by its Equator then by its Poles for to justifie his assertion he should have tried it in an iron wire that were so short as the poles could not have any notable operation upon the ends of it since otherwise the force of retaining it wil be attributed to the Poles according to what we have above deliver'd and not to the Equator The eighth position is that The intention of nature in all the operations of the Loadstone is to make an union betwixt the attractive and the atracted â—bodies Which is evident out of the sticking of them together as also out of the violence wherwith iron comes to a Loadstone which when it is drawn by a powerful one is so great that through the force of the blow hitting the stone it will rebound back and then fall again to the stone And in like manner a needle upon a pin if a Loadstone be set near it turns with so great a force towards the pole of the stone that it goes beyond it and coming back again the celerity wherwith it moves maketh it retire it self too far on the other side and so by many undulations at last it comes to rest directly opposite to the pole Likewise by the declination by means of which the iron to the stone or the stone to the earth approaches in such a disposition as is most convenient to joyn the due ends together And lastly out of the flying away of the contrary ends from one another which clearly is to no other purpose but that the due ends may come together And in general there is no doubt but ones going to another is instituted by the order of nature for their coming together and for their being together which is but a perseverance of their coming together The ninth position is that The nature of a Loadstone doth not sink deeply into the main body of the earth as to have the substance of its whole body be magnetical but only remans near the surface of it And this is evident by the inequality in virtue of the two ends for if this magnetick virtue were the nature of the whole body both ends would be equally strong For would the disposition of one of the ends be different from the disposition of the other Again there could be no variation of the tending towards the North for the bulk of the whole body would have a strength so eminently greater then the prominences and disparities of hils or seas as the varieties of these would be absolutely insensible Again if the motion of the Loadstone came from the body of the earth it would be perpetually from the center not from the Poles so there could be no declination more in one part of the earth then in another Nor would the Loadstone tend from North to South but from the centre to the circumference or rather from the circumference to the centre And so we may learn the difference between the loadstone and the earth in their attractive operations to wit that the earth doth not receive its influence from another body nor doth its magnetick virtue depend of another magnetick agent that impresses it into it which nevertheless is the most remarkable condition of a Loadstone Again the stongest vertue of the Loadstone is from pole to pole but the strongest virtue of the earth is from the centre upwards as appears by fireforks gaining a much greater magnetick strength in a short time then a Loadstone in a longer Neither can it be thence objected that the loadstone should therfore receive the earths influences more strongly from the centerwards then from the poles of the earth which by its operation and what we have discours'd of it is certain it doth not since the beds where Loadstones lie and are form'd be towards the bottome of that part or back of the earth which is imbued with magnetick virtue Again this virtue which we see in a Loadstone is substantial to it wheras the like virtue is but accidental to the earth by means of the Suns drawing the northern and southern exhalations to the Equator The last position is that The loadstone must be found over all the earth and in every country And so we see it is both because iron mines are found in some measure almost in all countries cause at least other sorts of the earth as we have declared of potearths cannot be wanting in any large extent of country which when they are baked and cool'd in due positions have this effect of the Loadstone and are of the nature of it And Dr. Gilbert shews that the loadstone is nothing else but the Ore of Steel or perfectest iron and that it is to be found of all colours and fashions and almost of all consistences So that we may easily conceive that the emanations of the Loadstone being every where as well as the causes of gravity the two motions of magnetick and weighty things both of them derive their origine from the same source I mean from the very same emanations coming from the earth which by a divers ordination of nature make this affect in the loadstone and that other in weighty things And who knows but that a like sucking to this which we have shew'd in magnetick things passes also in the motion of gravity in a word gravity bears a fair testimony in behalf of the magnetick force and the Loadstones working returns no mean verdict for the causes of gravity according to what we have delivered of them CHAP. XXII A Solution of certain Problemes concerning the Loadstone and a short sum of the whole doctrine touching it OUt of what is said upon this subject we may proceed to the Solution of certain questions or problemes which are or may be made in this matter And first of that which Dr. Gilbert disputes against all former writers of the Loadstone to wit which is the North and which the South pole of a stone Which seems to me only a question of the name for if by the name of North and South we understand that end of the stone which has that virtue that the North or South pole of the earth have then 't is certain that the end of the stone which looks to the South pole of the earth is to be called the North pole of the loadstone and contrariwise that which looks to the North is to be called the South pole of it But if by the names of North and South pole of the stone yoâ— mean those ends of it that lie and point to the North and South poles of the earth then you must reckon their poles contrariwise to the former account So that the terms being once defined there will remain no further controversie about the
point Dr. Gilbert seems also to have another controversie with all Writers to wit whether any bodies besides Magnetical ones be attractive Which he seems to deny all others to affirm But this also being fairly put will peradventure prove no controversie for the question is either in common of attraction or else in particular of such an attraction as is made by the loadone Of the first part there can be no doubt as we have declared above and is manifest betwixt gold and quicksilver when a man holding Gold in his mouth it draws to it the quicksilver that is in his body But for the attractive to draw a body to it self not wholly but one determinate part of the body drawn to one determinate part of the drawer is an attraction which for my part I cannot exemplifie in any other bodies but Magnetical ones A third question is Whether an iron that stands long unmoved in a window or any other part of a building perpendicularly to the earth contracts a Magnetical virtue of drawing or pointing towards the North in that end which looks downwards For Cabeus who wrote since Gilbert affirms it out of experience but either his experiment or his expression was defective For assuredly if the iron stands so in the Northern Hemisphere it will turn to the North and if in the Southern Hemisphere it will turn to the South for seeing the virtue of the loadstone proceeds from the earth and the earth has different tempers towards the North and toward the South pole as hath been already declared the virtue which comes out of the earth in the Northern Hemisphere will give to the end of the iron next it an inclination to the North pole and the earth of the Southern Hemisphere will yield the contrary disposition to the end which is nearest it The next Question is why a loadstone seems to love iron better then another loadstone The answer is because iron is indifferent in all its parts to receive the impression of a loadstone wheras another loadstone receives it only in a determinate part and therfore a loadstone draws iron more easily then it can another loadstone because it finds repugnance in the parts of another Loadstone unless it be exactly situated in a right position Besides iron seems to be compared to a Loadstone like a more humid body to a dryer of the same nature and the difference of male and female sexes in Animals manifestly shew the great appetence of conjunction between moisture and dryness when they belong to bodies of the same species Another question is that great one Why a Loadstone cap'd with steel takes up more iron then it would do if it were without that caping Another conclusion like this is that if by a Loadstone you take up an iron and by that iron a second iron and then pull away the second iron the first iron in some position will leave the Loadstone to stick to the second iron as long as the second iron is within the sphere of the Loadstones activity but if you remove the second out of that sphere then the first iron remaining within it though the other be out of it will leave the second and leap back to the Loadstone To the same purpose is this other conclusion that The greater the iron is which is entirely within the compass of the Loadstones virtue the more strongly the Loadstone will be moved to it and the more forcibly stick to it The reasons of all these three we must give at once for they hang all upon on string And in my conceit neither Gilbert nor Galileo have hit upon the right As for Gilbert he thinks that in iron there is originally the virtue of the loadstone but that it is as it were asleep till by the touch of the Loadstone it be awaked and set on work and therfore the virtue of bath joyn'd together is greater then the virtue of the Loadstone alone But if this were the reason the virtue of the iron would be greater in every regard and not only in sticking or in taking up wheras himself confesses that a cap'd stone draws no further then a naked stone nor hardly so far Besides it would continue its virtue out of the sphere of activity of the loadstone which it doth not Again seeing that if you compare them severally the virtue of the Loadstone is greater then the virtue of the iron why should not the middle iron stick closer to the stone then to the further iron which must of necessity have less virtue Galileo yeelds the cause of this effect that when an iron touches an iron there are more parts which touch one another then when a Loadstone touches the iron First because the Loadstone hath generally much impurity in it and therfore divers parts of it have no virtue wheras iron by being melted hath all its parts pure and secondly because iron can be smooth'd and polish'd more then a Loadstone can be and therfore its superficies touches in a manner with all its parts whereas divers parts of the stones superficies cannot touch by reason of its ruggedness And he confirms his opinion by experience for if you put the head of a needle to a bare stone and the point of it to an iron and then pluck away the iron the needle will leave the iron and stick to the stone but if you turn the needle the other way it will leave the stone and stick to the iron Out of which he infers that 't is the multitude of parts which causes the closs and strong sticking And it seems he found the same in the caping of his Loadstones for he used flat irons for that purpose which by their whole plane did take up other irons wheras Gilbert cap'd his with convex irons which not applying themselvs to other irons so strongly or with so many ports as Galileo's did would not by much take up so great weights as his Nevertheless it seems not to me that his answer is sufficient or that his reasons convince For we are to consider that the virtue which he puts in the iron must according to his own supposition proceed from the Loadstone and then what imports it whether the superficies of the iron which touches another iron be so exactly plain or no or that the parts of it be more solid then the parts of the stone For all this conduces nothing to make the virtue greater then it was since no more virtue can go from one iron to the other then goes from the Loadstone to the first iron and if this virtue cannot tie the first iron to the Loadstone it cannot proceed out of this virtue that the second iron be tyed to the first Again if a paper be put betwixt the cap and another iron it doth not hinder the magnetical virtue from passing through it to the iron but the virtue of taking up more weight then the naked stone was able to do is therby
render'd quite useless Therfore 't is evident that this virtue must be put in somthing else and not in the application of the magnetical vertue And to examine his reasons particularly it may very well fall out that whatever the cause be the point of a needle may be too little to make an exact experience in and therfore a new doctrine ought not lightly be grounded upon what appears in the application of that And likewise the greatness of the surfaces of the two irons may be a condition helpful to the cause whatever it be for greater and lesser are the common conditions of all bodies and therfore avail all kinds of corporeal causes so that no one cause can be affirm'd more then another meerly out of this that great doth more and little doth less To come then to our own solution I have consider'd how fire hath in a manner the same effect in iron as the virtue of the Loadstone hath by means of the cap for I find that fire coming through iron red-glowing hot will burn more strongly then if it should come immediatly through the air also we see that in Pitcole the fire is stronger then in Charcole And nevertheless the fire will heat further if it come immediately from the source of it then if it come through a red iron that burns more violently where it touches and likewise charcoal will heat further then pitcoal that near hand burns more fiercely In the same manner the Loadstone will draw further without a cap then with one but with a cap it sticks faster then without one Whence I see that it is not purely the virtue of the Loadstone but the virtue of it being in iron which causes this effect Now this modification may proceed either from the multitude of parts which come out of the Loadstone and are as it were stop'd in the iron so the sphere of their activity becomes shorter but stronger or else from some quality of the iron joyn'd to the influence of the loadstone The first seems not to give a good account of the effect for why should a little paper take it away seeing we are sure that it stops not the passage of the loadstones influence Again the influence of the Loadstone seems in its motion to be of the nature of light which goes in an insensible time as far as it can reach and therfore were it multiply'd in the iron it would reach further then without it and from it the virtue of the Loadstone would begin a new sphere of activity Therfore we more willingly cleave to the latter part of our determination And therupon enquiring what quality there is in iron whence this effect may follow we find that it is distinguish'd from a loadstone as a metal is from a stone Now we know that metals have generally more humidity than stones and we have discours'd above that humidity is the cause of sticking especially when it is little and dense These qualities must needs be in iron which of all metals is the most terrestrial and such humidity as is able to stick to the influence of the loadstone as it passes through the body of the iron must be exceeding subtile and small And it seems necessary that such humidity should stâ—k to the influence of the loadstone when it meets with it coâ—sidering that the influence is of it self dry and that the nature of iron is a kin to the loadstone wherfore the humidity of the one the drought of the other will not fail of incorporating together Now then if two irons well polish'd and plain be united by such a glew as results ouâ— of this composition there is a manifest appearance of much reason for them to stick strongly together This is confirm'd by the nature of iron in very cold Countreys and very cold weather for the very humidity of the air in times of frost will make upon iron sooner then upon other things such a sticking glew as will pull off the skin of a mans hand that touches it hard And by this discourse you will perceive that Galileo's arguments confirm our opinion as well as his own and that according to our doctrine all circumstances must fall out just as they do in his experiences And the reason is clear why the interposition of another body hinders the strong sticking of iron to the cap of the loadstone for it makes the mediation between them greater which we have shew'd to be the general reason why things are easily parted Let us then proceed to the resolution of the other cases proposed The second is already resolv'd for if this glew be made of the influence of the loadstone it cannot have force further then the loadstone it self has and so far it must have more force then the bare influence of the loadstone Or rather the humidity of two irons makes the glew of a fitter temper to hold then that which is between a dry loadstone and iron and the glew enters better when both sides are moist then when only one is so But this resolution though it be in part good yet doth not evacuate the whole difficulty since the same case happens between a stronger and a weaker Loadstone as between a Loadstone and iron for the weaker Loadstone while it is within the sphere of activity of the greater Loadstone draws away an iron set betwixt them as well as a second iron doth For the reason therfore of the little Loadstones drawing away the iron we may consider that the greater Loadstone hath two effects upon the iron betwixt it and a lesser Loadstone and a third effect upon the little loadstone it self The first is that it impregnates the iron and gives it a permanent vertue by which it works like a weak Loadstone The second is that as it makes the iron work towards the lesser Loadstone by its permanent virtue so also it accompanies the steam that goes from the iron towards the little Loadstone with its own steam which goes the same way so that both these steams in company climb up the steam of the little Loadstone which meets them and that steam climbs up the enlarged one of both theirs together The third effect which the greater Loadstone works is that it makes the steam of the little loadstone become stronger by augmenting its innate virtue in some degree Now then the going of the iron to either of the Loadstones must follow the greater and quicker conjunction of the two meeting steams and not the greatness of one alone So that if the conjunction of the two steams between the iron and the little Loadstone be greater quicker then the conjunction of the two steams which meet betwixt the greater Loadstone and the iron the iron must stick to the lesser Loadstone And this must happen more often then otherwise for the steam which goes from the iron to the greater Loadstone will for the most part be less then the steam which goes from the lesser Loadstone
diffused in many several branches peradventure it will not be displeasing to the Reader to see the whole nature of the loadstone sum'd up in short Let him then cast his eyes upon one effect of it very easie to be tried and acknowledg'd by all writers though we have not as yet mention'd it 'T is that a knife drawn from the pole of a loadstone towards the Equator if you hold the point towards the pole gains a respect to one of the poles but contrariwise if the point of the knife be held towards the Equator and be thrust the same way it was drawn before that is towards the Equator it gains a respect towards the contrary pole 'T is evident out of this experience that the virtue of the loadstone is communicated by way of streams and that in it there are two contrary streams for otherwise the motion of the knife this way or that why could not change the efficacity of the same parts of the loadstone 'T is likewise evident that these contrary streams come from the contrary ends of the loadstone As also that the virtues of them both are in every part of the stone Likewise that one loadstone must of necessity turn certain parts of it self to certain parts of another loadstone nay that it must go and joyn to it according to the laws of attraction which we have above deliver'd and consequently that they must turn their disagreeing parts away from one another and so one loadstone seem to fly from another if they be so apply'd that their disagreeing parts be kept still next to one another for in this case the disagreeing and the agreeing parts of the same loadstone being in the same straight line one loadstone seeking to draw his agreeing part near to that part of the other loadstone which agrees with him must of necessity turn away his disagreeing parts to give way to his agreeing parts to approach nearer And thus you see that the flying from one another of two ends of two loadstones which are both of the same denomination as for example the two South ends or the two North ends doth not proceed from a pretended antipathy between those two ends but from the attraction of the agreeing ends Furthermore the earth having to a Loadstone the nature of a Loadstone it follows that a Loadstone must necessarily turn it self to the poles of the earth by the same laws and consequently must tend to the North must vary from the North must incline towards the centre and must be affected with all such accidents as we have deduced of the Loadstone And lastly seeing that iron is to a Loadstone a fit matter for it to impress its nature in and easily retains that magnetike virtue the same effects that follow between two Loadstones must necessarily follow between a Loadstone and a piece of iron fitly proportionated in their degrees excepting some little particularities which proceed out of the naturalness of the magneticke virtue to a Loadstone more then to iron And thus you see the nature of the Load-stone sum'd up in gross the particular joynts and causes whereof you may find treated at large in the main discourse Wherin we have govern'd our selvs chiefly by the experiences that are recorded by Gilbert and Cabeus to whom we remit our Reader for a more ample declaration of particulars CHAP. XXIII A description of the two sorts of Living Creatures Plants and Animals and how they are framed in common to perform vital motion HItherto we have endeavour'd to follow by a continual third all such effects as we have met with among Bodies and to trace them in all their windings and drive them up to their very root original source for the nature of our subject having been yet very common hath not exceeded the compass and power of our search inquiry to descend to the chief circumstances and particulars belonging to it And indeed many of the conveyance wherby the operations we have discoursed of are performed be so secret and abstruse as they that Look into them with less heedfulness and judgment then such a matter requires are too apt to impute them to mysterious causes above the reach of humane nature to comprehend and to calumniate them of being wrought by occult and specifick qualities wherof no more reason could be given then if the effects were infused by Angelical hands without assistance of inferiour bodies which uses to be the last refuge of ignorant men who not knowing what to say and yet presuming to say something fall often upon such expressions as neither themselvs nor their hearers understand but if they be well scan'd imply contradictions Therfore we deem'd it a kind of necessity to strain our selvs to prosecute most of such effects even to their notional connexions with Rarity and Density And the rather because it hath not been our luck yet to meet with any that has had the like design or done any considerable matter to ease our pains VVhich cannot but make the Readers journey somwhat tedious to him to follow all our steps by reason of the ruggedness and untrodenness of the paths we have walk'd in But now the effects we shall henceforward meddle with grow so particular and swarm into such a vast multitude of several little joynts and wreathy labyrinths of nature as were impossible in so summary a treatise as we intend to deliver the causes of every one of them exactly which would require both large discourses and abundance of experiences to acquit our selvs as we ought of such a task Nor is there a like need of doing it as formerly for as much as concerns our design since the causes of them are palpably material and the admirable artifice of them consists only in the Dedalean and wonderful-ingenious ordering and ranging them one with another VVe shall therfore intreat our Reader from this time forwards to expect only the common sequel of those particular effects out of the principles already laid And when some shall occur that may peradventure seem at first sight enacted immediately by a virtue spiritual and that proceeds indivisibly in a different strain from the ordinary process which we see in bodies and bodily things that is by the virtues of rarity and density working by local motion we hope he will be satisfied at our hands if we lay down a method and trace out a course wherby such events and operations may follow out of the principles we have laid Though peradventure we shall not absolutely convince that every effect is done just as we set it down in every particular and that it may not as well be done by some other disposing of parts under the same general scope for 't is enough for our turn if we shew that such effects may be perform'd by corporeal agents working as other bodies do without confining our selvs to an exactness in every link of the long chain that must be wound up in the performance
Of the great effects of Rarefaction 4. The first manner of condensation by heat 5. The second manner of condensation by cold 3. That Ice is not water rarifiâ—d but condensed 7. How wind snow and hail are made and wind by rain allayed 8. How parts of the same or divers bodies are joyned more strongly together by condensation 9. Vacuities cannot be the reason why water impregnated to the full with one kind of salt will notwithstanding receive more of another 10. The true reason of the former effect 11. The reason why bodies of the same nature jâ—yn more easily together then others 1. What attraction is and from whence it proceeds 1. The true sense of the Maxime that Nature abhors from vacuity 3. The true rea son of attraction 4. Water may be brought by the force of attraction to what height soever 5. The doctrine touching the attraction of water in Syphons 6. That the Syphon doth not prove water to weigh in its own orb 7. Concerning attraction caused by fire 8. Concerning attraction made by virtue of hot bodies amulets c. 9. The natural reason given for divers operations esteemed by some to be magical 1. What is Filtration and how it is effected 2. What causes the water in filtration to ascend 3. Why the filter will not drop unless the label hang lower then the water 4. Of the motion of Râ—stitution and why some bodies stand bent others not 5. Why some bo dies return only in part to their natural figure others entirely 6. Concerning the nature of those bodies which shrink and stretch 7. How great wonderful effects proceed from smal plain and simple principles 8. Concerning Electrical at action and the causes of it 6. Cabeus his opinion reâ—uted concerning the cause of Electrical motions 1. The extreme heat of the Sun under the Zodiack draws a stream of air from each pole into the Torrid Zone * Chap. 18. Sect. 7. 2. The Atoms of these two streams coming together are apt to incorporate with one another 3. By the meeting and mingling together of these streams at the Equator divers rivolets of Atoms of each Pole are continuated from one Pole to the other 4. Of these Atoms incorporated with some fit matter in the bowels of the earth is made a stone 5. This stone works by emanations joyned with agreeing streams that meet them in the air and in fine it is a Loadstone 6 A methode for making experiences on any subject 7. The Loadstones generation by atoms flowing from both Poles is confirmd by experiments observ'd in the stone it self 8. Experiments to prove that the Loadstone works by emanations meeting with agreeing streames 1. The operations of the loadstone are wrought by bodies and not by qualities 2. Objections against the former position answer'd 3. The Loadstone is imbued with his virtue from another body 4 The virtue of the Loadstone is a double and not one simple virtue 5. The virtue of the Loadstone works more strongly in the poles of it then in any other part 6. The loadstone sends forth its emanations spherically Which are of two kindâ— and each kind is strongest in that Hemisphere through whose polary parts they issue out 7. Putting two loadstones within the sphere of one another every part of one loadstone doth not agree wâ—th every part of the other loadstone 8. Concetning the declination and other respects of a needle towards the loadstone it touches 8. The virtue of the Loadstone goes from end to end in lines almost parallel to the Axis 10. The virtue of the Loadstone is not perfectly spherical though the stone be such 11. The intention of nature in all the operations of the loadstone is to make an union betwixt the attractive and attracted bodies 12. The main globe of the earth is not a Loadstone 13. The loadstone is generated in all parts or Climâ—t's of the earth 14. The conformity betwixt the two motions of magnetick things and of heavy things 1. Which is the North and which the South Pole of a Loadstone 2. Whether any bodies besides magnetick ones be attractive 3. Whether an iron placed perpendicularly towards the earth gets a magnetical virtue of pointing towards the north or towards the south in that end that lies downwards 4. Why loadstones affect iron better than one another 5. Gilberts reason refuted touching a cap'd Loadstone that takes up more iron then one not cap'd and an iron impregnated that in some case draws more strongly then the stone it self Galileus his opinion touching the former effects refuted 7. The Authors solution to the former questions 8. The reason why in the former case a lesser Loadstones draws the interjacent iron from the greater 9. Why the variation of a touched needle from the North is greater the nearer you go to the Pole 10. Whether in the same part of the world a touched needle may it one time vary more fâ—om the North and at another time less 11. The whâ—le doctrine of the loâ—dstone sum'd up in short 1. The connexion of the following Chapters with the precedent ones 2. Concerning several compositions of mixed bodies 3. Two sorts of Living Creatures 4. An engine to express the first sort of living creatures 5. Another Engine by which may be expressed the second sort of living creatures 4. The two former engines and some other comparisons applied to express the two several sorts of living creatures 7. How plants are framed 8. How Sensitive Creatures are formed 1. The opinion that the seed contains formally every part of the parent 2. The former opinion rejected 3. The Authours opinion of this question 4. Their opinion refuted who hold that every thing contains formally all things 5. The Authors opinion concerning the generation of Animals declared and confirm'd That one substance is changed into another 7. Concerning the hatching of Chickens and the generation of the other Animals 8. From whence it happens that the deficiences or excresences of the parents body are often seen in their children 9. The difference between the Authors opinion anâ—â—he former 〈◊〉 10 That the heart is imbued with the general specifike vertues of the whole body wherby is confirm'd the doctrine of the two former Paragraphes 11 That the heart is the first part generated in a living creatures 1. That the figure of an Animal is produced by ordinary second causes as well as any other corporeal effect 2. That the several figures of bodies proceed from a defect in one of three dimensions caused by the circumference of accidental causes 3. The former doctrine is confirmd by several instances 4. The same doctrine applyed to plants 4. The same doctrine declared in leaves of trees 16. The same applied to the bodies of Animals 7. In what sense the Author admits of vis formatrix 1. From whence proceeds the primary motion growth in Plants 2. Mr. des Cartes his opinion touching the motion of the heart 3. The former opinion rejected 4. The Authors opinion
whom and Dr. Harvey our Nation may claim even in this latter age as deserved a crown for solid Philosophical learning as for many ages together it hath done formerly for acute and subtile speculations in Divinity But before I fall to particulars I think it worth warning my Reader how this Great Man arrived to discover so much of Magnetical Philosophy that he likewise if he be desirous to search into nature may by imitation advance his thoughts and knowledge that way In short then all the knowledg he got of this subject was by forming a little Loadstone into the shape of the earth By which means he compassed a wonderful design which was to make the whole globe of the earth maniable for he found the properties of the whole earth in that little body which he therfore called a Terrella or little earth and which he could manage and try experiences on at his will And in like manner any man that has an aim to advance much in natural Sciences must endeavour to draw the matter he enquires of into some smal model or into some kind of manageable method which he may turn and wind as he pleases and then let him be sure if he hath a competent understanding that he will not miss of his mark But to our intent the first thing we are to prove is that the Loadstone is generated in such sort as we have described For proof wherof the first ground we will lay shall be to consider how in divers other effects it is manifest that the differences of being exposed to the North or to the South cause very great variety in the same thing as hereafter we shall have occasion to touch in the barks and grains of trees and the like Next we find by experience that this virtue of the Loadstone is receivd into other bodies that resemble its nature by heatings and coolings for so it passes in iron bars which being throughly heated and then laid to cool North and South are therby imbued with a Magnetick virtue heat opening their bodies and disposing them to suck in such atoms as are convenient to their nature that flow to them whiles they are cooling So that we cannot doubt but convenient matter fermenting in its warm bed under the earth becomes a Loadstone by the like sucking in of affluent streams of a like complexion to the former And it fares in like manner with those fiery instruments as fireforks tongues shovels and the like which stand constantly upwards and downwards for they by being often heated and cool'd again gain a very strong verticity or turning to the Pole and indeed they cannot stand upwards and downwards so little a while but they will in that short space gain a manifest verticity and change it at every turning Now since the force and vigour of this verticity is in the end that stands downwards 't is evident that this effect proceeds out of an influence receiv'd from the earth And because in a Load-stone made into a globe or consider'd so to the end you may reckon Hemispheres in it as in the great earth either Hemisphere gives to a needle touch'd upon it not only the virtue of that Hemisphere where it is touch'd but likewise the vertue of the contrary Hemisphere we may boldly conclude that the virtue which a Loadstone is impregnated with in the womb or bed of the earth where it is form'd and grows proceeds as well from the contrary Hemisphere of the earth as from that wherin it lyes in such sort as we have above described And as we feel oftentimes in our own bodies that some cold we catch remains in us a long while after the taking it and somtimes seems even to change the nature of some part of our body into which it is chiefly enter'd and hath taken particular possession of so that whenever new atoms of the like nature again range about in the circumstant air that part so deeply affected with the former ones of-kin to these in a particular manner seems to rissent and attract them to it and to have its guests within it as it were waken'd and rous'd up by the strokes of the advenient ones that knock at their doors Even so but much more strongly by reason of the longer time and less hinderances we may conceive that the two virtues or atoms proceeding from the two different Hemisphere constitute a certain permanent and constant nature in the stone that imbibes them which then we call a Loadstone and is exceeding sensible as we shall hereafter declare of the advenience to it of new atoms a like in nature and complexion to those it is impregnated with And this virtue consisting in a kind of softer and tenderer substance then the rest of the stone becomes thereby subject to be consumed by fire From whence we may gather the reason why a Loadstone never recovers its magnetick virtue after it hath once lost it though iron doth for the humidity of iron is inseparable from its substance but the humidity of a Loadstone which makes it capable of this effect may be quite consumed by fire and so the stone may be left too dry for ever being capable of imbibing any new influence from the earth unless it be by a kind of new making it In the next place we are to prove that the Loadstone works in that manner we have shew'd For which end let us consider how the atoms that are drawn from each Pole and Hemisphere of the earth to the Equator making up their course by a manuduction of one another the hindermost cannot chose but still follow on after the formost And as it happens in filtration by a cotton cloath if some one part of the cotton have its disposition to the ascent of the water more perfect and ready then the other parts have the water will assuredly ascend faster in that part then in any of the rest so if the atoms find a greater disposition for their passage in any one part of the Medium they range through then in another they will certainly not fail of taking that way in greater abundance and with more vigour and strength then any other But 't is evident that when they meet with such a stone as we have described the helps by which they advance in their journey are notably encreas'd by the floud of atoms they meet coming out of that stone which being of the nature of their opposite pole they seise greedily upon them and therby pluck themselvs faster on like a Ferry man that draws on his boat the swiftlier the more vigourously he tâ—gs and pulls at the rope that lyes thwart the river for him to hale himself over by And therfore we cannot doubt but this floud of atoms streaming from the pole of the earth must needs pass through that stone with more speed and vigour then they can do any other way And as we see in the running of water if it meets with any lower
cranies then the wide channel it streams in it will turn out of its straight way to glide along there where it findes an easier and more declive bed to tumble in so these atoms will infallibly deturn themselvs from their direct course to pass through such a stone as far as their greater conveniency leads them And what we have said of these atoms which from the Poles range through the vast sea of air to the Equator is likewise to be appli'd to those atoms which issue out of the stone so that we may conclude that if they meet with any help which may convey them on with more speed and vigour then whiles they stream directly forwards they will likewise deturn themselvs from directly forwards to take that course And if the stone it self be hang'd so nicely that a less force is able to turn it about then is requisite to turn awry out of its course the continued stream of atoms which issues from the stone in this case the stone it self must needs turn towards that stream which climbing and filtring it self along the stones stream draws it out of its course in such sort as the nose of a Weather-cock buts it self into the wind Now then it being known that the strongest stream comes directly from the North in the great earth and that the Southern stream of the Terrella or Loadstone proportion'd duly by nature to incorporate with the North stream of the earth issues out of the north end of the stone it follows plainly that when a Loadstone is situated at liberty its North and must necessarily turn towards the North pole of the World And it will likewise follow that whenever such a stone meets with another of the same nature and kind they must comport themselvs to one another in like sort that is if both of them be free and equal they must turn themselvs to or from one another according as they are situated in respect of one another So that if their axis be parallel and the South pole of the one and the North of the other look the same way they will send proprtionate and greeing streams to one another from their whole bodies that will readily mingle and incorporate with one another without turning out of their way or seeking any shorter course or chāging their respects to one another But if the poles of the same denomination look the same way and the loadstones do not lie so as to have their axis parallel but that they incline to one another then they will work themselvs about till they grow by their opposite poles into a straight line for the same reason as we have shew'd of a loadstones turning to the pole of the earth But if only one of the loadstones be free and the other fixed and that they lie inclined as in the former case then the free stone will work himself till his pole be opposite to that part of the fixed stone from whence the stream which agrees with him issues strōgest for that streā is to the free loadstone as the Northern streā of the earth is to a loadstone compared to the earth But withal we must take notice that in this our discourse we abstract from other accidents and particularly from the influence of the earths streams into the loadstones which will cause great variety in these cases if they lie not due North South when they begin to work And as loadstones and other magnetick bodies thus of necessity turn to one another when they are both free and if one of them be fast'ned the other turns to it so likewise if they be free to progressive motion they must by a like necessity and for the same reason come together and joyn themselves to one another And if only one of them be free that must remove it self to the other for the same vertue that makes them turn which is the strength of the steam will likewise in due circumstances make them come together by reason that the steams which climbe up one another by the way of filtration and thereby turn the bodies of the stones upon their centers when they are only free to turn must likewise draw the whole bodies of the stones entirely out of their places and make them joyn when such a total motion of the body is an effect that requires no more force than the force of conveying vigorously the streams of both the Magnetick bodies into one another that is when there is no such impediment standing in the way of the Magnetick bodies motion but that the celerity of the atomes motion mingling with one another is able to overcome it For then it must needs do so and the magnetick body by natural coherence to the steam of atomes in which it is involved follows the course of the steam in such sort as in the example we have heretofore upon another occasion given of an eggs-shell fill'd with dew the Sun-beams converting the dew into smoke and raising up that smoke or steam the eggs-shell is likewise rais'd up for company with the steam that issues from it And for the same reason it is that the Load-stone draws iron For iron being of a nature apt to receive and harbor the steams of a Loadstone it becomes a weak loadstone and works towards a loadstone as a weaker Loadstone would do so moves towards a Loadstone by the means we have now described And that this conformity between iron and the Loadstone is the true reason of the Loadstones drawing iron is clear out of this that a Loadstone will take up a greater weight of pure iron then it will of impure or drossie Iron or of Iron and some other mettal joyn'd together and that it will draw further through a slender long Iron then in the free open air all which are manifest signs that iron co-operates with the force which the Loadstone grafts in it And the reason why iron comes to a loadstone more efficaciously then another loadstone doth is because loadstones generally are more impure then iron is as being a kind of Oar or Mine of Iron and have other extraneous and Heterogeneal natures mix'd with them whereas iron receives the loadstones operation in its whole substance CHAP. XXI Positions drawn out of the former Doctrine and confirm'd by experimental proofs THe first Position is that The working of the loadstone being throughout according to the tenour of the operation of bodies may be done by bodies and consequently is not done by occult or secret qualities Which is evident out of this that a greater loadstone has more effect then a lesser and that if you cut away part of a loadstone part of his vertue is likewise taken from him and if the parts be join'd again the whole becomes as strong as it was before Again if a loadstone touch a longer iron it gives it less force then if it touch a shorter nay the vertue in any part is sensibly lesser according as it is further from
the touched part Again the longer an iron is in touching the greater vertue it gets and the more constant And both an iron and a loadstone may lose their vertue by long lying out of their due order and situation either to the earth or to another loadstone Besides if a loadstone touch a long iron in the middle of it he diffuses his vertue equally towards both ends and if it be a round plate he diffuses his vertue equally to all sides And lastly the vertue of a loadstone as also of an iron touched is lost by burning it in the fire All which symptoms agreeing exactly with the rules of bodies make it undeniable that the vertue of the loadstone is a real and solid body Against this position Cabeus objects that little atomes would not be able to penetrate all sorts of bodies as we see the vertue of the loadstone doth And argues that although they should be allow'd to do so yet they could not be imagin'd to penetrate thick and solid bodies so suddenly as they would do thin ones and would certainly shew then some sign of facility or difficulty of passing in the interposition and taking away of bodies put between the loadstone and the body it works upon Secondly he objects that atomes being little bodies cannot move in an instant as the working of the loadstone seems to do And lastly that the loadstone by such abundance of continual evaporations would quickly be consumed To the first we answer That atomes whose nature 't is to pierce iron cannot reasonbly be suspected of inability to penetrate any other body and that atomes can penetrate iron is evident in the melting of it by fire And indeed this objection comes now too late after we have so largely declared the divisibility of quantity and the subtility of nature in reducing all things into extreme small parts for this difficulty has no other avow then the tardity of our imaginations in subtilizing sufficiently the quantitative parts that issue out of the loadstone As for any tardity that may be expected by the interposition of a thick or dense body there is no appearance of such since we see light pass through thick glasses without giving any sign of meeting with the least opposition in its passage as we have above declared at large and magnetical emanations have the advantage of light in this that they are not obliged to straight lines as light is Lastly as for Loadstones spending themselves by still venting their emanations odoriferous bodies furnish us with a full answer to that objection for they continue many years palpably spending themselvs and yet keep their odour in vigour wheras a loadstone if it be laid in a wrong position will not continue half so long The reason of the duration of both which makes the matter manifest and takes away all difficulty which is that as in the root of a vegeâ—able there is a power to change the advenient juyce into its nature so is there in such like things as these a power to change the ambient air into their own substance as evident experience shews in the Hermetike Salt as some modern writers call it which is found to be repair'd and encreas'd in its weight by lying in the air and the like happens to Saltpeter And in our present subject experience informs us that a Loadstone will grow stronger by lying in due position either to the earth or to astronger Loadstone whereby it may be better impregnated and as it were feed it self with the emanations issuing out of them into it Our next position is that This virtue comes to a magnetick body from another body as the nature of bodies is to require a being moved that they may move And this is evident in iron which by the touch orby standing in due position near the loadstone gains the power of the Loadstone Again if a Smith in beating his iron into a rod observe to lay it North South it gets a direction to the North by the very beating of it Likewise if an iron rod be made red hot in the fire and kept there a good while together and when it is taken out be laid to cool just North and South it will acquire the same direction towards the North. And this is true not only of iron but also of all other sorts of bodies whatever that endure such ignition particularly of pot-earths which if they be moulded in a long form and when they are taken out of the Kiln be laid as we said of the iron to cool North and South will have the same effect wrought in them And iron though it has not been heated but only continued long unmoved in the some situation of North and South in a building yet it will have the same effect So as it cannot be denied but this virtue comes to iron from other bodies wherof one must be a secret influence from the North. And this is confirmd by a Loadstones losing its virtue as we said before by lying a long time unduly disposed either towards the earth or towards a stronger Loadstone wherby in stead of the former it gains a new virtue according to that situation And this happens not only in the virtue which is resident and permanent in a Loadstone or a touch'd iron but likewise in the actual motion or operation of them As may be experienc'd First in this that the same loadstone or touch'd iron in the South hemisphere of the world hath its operation strongest at that end of it which tends to the North and in the North Hemisphere at the end which tends to the South each pole communicating a vigour proportionable to its own strength in the climate where it is receiv'd Secondly in this that an iron joyn'd to a Loadstone or within the Sphere of the Loadstones working will take up another piece of iron greater then the Loadstone of it self can hold and as soon as the holding iron is removed out of the sphere of the Loadstones activity it presently lets fall the iron it formerly held up And this is so true that a lesser loadstone may be placed so within the sphere of a greater loadstones operation as to take away a piece of iron from the greater Loadstone and this in virtue of the same greater Loadstone from which it plucks it for but remove the lesser out of the sphere of the greater and then it can no longer do it So that 't is evident in these cases the very actual operation of the lesser Loadstone or of the iron proceeds from the actual influence of the greater Loadstone upon and into them And hence we may understand that whenever a magnetick body works it has an excitation from without which makes it issue out and send its streams abroad so as 't is the nature of all bodies to do and as we have given examples of the like done by heat when we discours'd of Rarefaction But to explicate this point more clearly by
entring more particularly into it If a magnetick body lyes North and South 't is easie obvious to conceive that the streams coming from North and South of the world passing through the stone must needs excitate the virtue which is in it and carry a stream of it along with them that way they go But if it lies East West then the streams of North and South of the earth streaming along by the two poles of the stone are suck'd in by them much more weakly yet nevertheless sufficiently to give an excitation to the innate streams which are in the body of the stone to make them move on in their ordinary course The third position is that The virtue of the Loadstone is a double and not one simple virtue Which is manifest in an iron touch'd by a Loadstone for if you touch it only with one pole of the stone it will not be so strong and full of the magnetike virtue as if you touch one end of it with one pole and the other end of it with the other pole of the stone Again if you touch both ends of an iron with the same pole of the stone the iron gains its virtue at that end which was last touch'd changes its virtue from end to end as often as it is rub'd at contrary ends Again one end of the Loadstone or of iron touch'd will have more force on the one side of the Equator and the other end on the other side of it Again the variation on the one side of the Equator and the variation on the other side of it have different laws according to the different ends of the loadstone or of the needle which looks to those Poles Wherefore t is evident that there is a double virtue in the loadstone the one more powerful at one end of it the other at the other Yet these two virtues are found in every sensible part of the stone for cutting it at either end the virtue at the contrary end is also diminish'd and the whole loadstone that is left has both the same virtues in proportion to its bigness Besides cut the Loadstone how you will still the two poles remain in that line which lay under the Meridian when it was in the earth And the like is of the touched iron whose virtue still â—es along the line which goes straight according to the line of the Axis from the point where it was touch'd and at the opposite end constitutes the contrary pole The fourth position is that Though the virtue of the Loadstone be in the whole body Yet its virtue is more seen in the poles then in any other parts For by experience 't is found that a Loadstone of equal bulk works better and more efficaciously if it be in a long form then if it be in any other And from the middle line betwixt the two poles there comes no virtue if an iron be touch'd there but any part towards the pole the nearer it is to the pole the greater party it imparts Lastly the declination teaches us the same which is so much the stronger by how much it is nearer the pole The fifth position is that In the the loadstone there are emanations which issue not only at the poles and about them but also spherically round about the whole body in an orb from all parts of the superficies of it in such sort as happens in all other bodies whatever And these spherical emanations are of two kinds proportionable to the two polar emanations And the greatest force of each sort of them is in that Hemisphere where the Pole is at which they make their chief issue The reason of the first part of this position is because no particular body can be exempt from the Laws of all bodies and we have above declared that every physical body must of necessity have an orb of fluours or a sphere of activity about it The reason of the second part is that seeing these fluours proceed out of the very substance and nature of the loadstone they cannot choose but be found of both sorts in every part how little soever it be where the nature of the loadstone resides The reason of the third part is that because the polar emanations tend wholly towards the poles each of them to their proper pole it follows that in every Hemisphere both those which come from the contrary Hemisphere and those which are bred in that they go out at are all assembled in that Hemisphere and therefore of necessity it must be stronger in that kind of fluours then the opposite end is All which appears true in experience for if a long iron touches any part of that Hemisphere of a loadstone which tends to the North it gains at that end a virtue of tending likewise to the North and the same will be if an iron but hang loose over it And this may be confirm'd by a like experience of an iron bar in respect of the earth which hanging downwards in any part of our Hemisphere is imbued with the like inclination of drawing towards the North. The sixth position is that although every part of one loadstone do in it self agree with every part of another loadstone that is if each of these parts were divided from their wholes each of them made a whole by it self they might be so joyn'd together as they would agree nevertheless when the parts are in their two wholes they do not all of them agree together but of two loadstones only the poles of the one agree with the whole body of the other that is each pole with any part of the contrary Hemisphere of the other loadstone The reason of this is because the fluours which issue out of the stones are in certain different degrees in several parts of the entire loadstones wherby it happens that one loadstone can work by a determinate part of it self most powerfully upon the other if some determinate part of that other lie next it and not so well if any other part lies towards it And accordingly experience shews that if you put the pole of a loadstone towards the middle of a needle that is touch'd at the point the middle part of the needle will turn away and the end of it will convert it self to the pole of the loadstone The seventh position is that If a touched needle and a loadstone come together and touch one another in their agreeing parts whatever parts of them those be the line of the needles length will beÌ„d towards the pole of the stone excepting if they touch by the Equator of the stone the middle of the needle yet not so that if you draw out the line of the needles length it will go through the pole of the stone unless they touch by the end of the one and the pole of the other But if they touch by the Equator of the one and the middle of the other then the
needle will lie parallel to the axis of the stone And the reason of this is manifest for in that case the two poles being equidistant to the needle they draw it equally and by consequence the needle must remain parallel to the axis of the stone Nor doth it import that the inequality of the two poles of the stone is materially or quantitatively greater then the inequality of the two polles of the needle out of which it may at the first sight seem to follow that the stronger pole of the stone should draw the weaker pole of the needle nearer to it self then the weaker pole of the stone can be able to draw the stronger pole of the needle and by consequence that the needle should not lie parallel to the axis of the stone but incline somwhat to the stronger pole of it For after you have well consider'd the matter you will find that the strength of the pole of the stone cannot work according to its material greatness but is confined to work only according to the susceptibility of the needle which being a slender and thin body cannot receive so much as a thicker body may Wherfore seeing the strongest pole of the stone gives most strength to that pole of the needle which lies furthest from it it may well happen that the superiority of strength in the pole of the needle that is applied to the weaker pole of the stone may counterpoise the excess of the stronger pole of the stone over its opposite weaker pole though not in greatness and quantity yet in respect of the virtue which is communicable to the poles of the needle wherby its comportment to the poles of the stone is determin'd And indeed the needles lying parallel to the axis of the stone when the middle of it sticks to the equator of the stone convinces that upon the whole matter there is no excess in the efficacious working of either of the stone's poles but that their excess over one another in regard of themselvs is ballanced by the needles receiving it But if the needle hapen's to touch the loadstone in some part nearer one pole then the other in this case 't is manifest that the force of the stone is greater on the one side of the needles touch then on the other side because there is a greater quantity of the stone on the one side of the needle then on the other and by consequence the needle will incline that way which the greater force draws it so far forth as the other part doth not hinder it Now we know that if the greater part were divided from the rest and so were an entire Loadstone by it self that is if the Loadstone were cut off where the needle touches it then the needle would joyn it self to the pole that is to the end of that part and by consequence would be tending to it as a thing that is suck'd tends towards the sucker against the motion or force which comes from the lesser part and on the other side the lesser part of the stone which is on the other side of the point which the needle touches must hinder this inclination of the needle according to the proportion of its strength and so it followes that the needle will hang by its end not directly set to the end of the greater part but as much inclining towards it as the lesser part doth not hinder by striving to pull it the other way Out of which we gather the true cause of the needles declination to wit the proportion of working of the two unequal parts of the stone between which it touches and is joyn'd to the stone And we likewise discover their errour who judg that the part which draws iron is the next pole to the iron For 't is rather the contrary pole which attracts or to speak more properly 't is the whole body of the stone as streaming in lines almost parallel to the axis from the furthermost end to the other next the iron and in our case 't is that part of the stone which begins from the contrary pole and reaches to the needle For besides the light which this discourse gave us experience assures us that a Loadstone whose poles lie broadways not long-ways is more imperfect and draws more weakly then if the poles lay longways which would not be if the flâ—ours stream'd from all parts of the stone directly to the pole for then however the stone were cast the whole virtue of it would be in the poles Moreover if a needle were drawn freely upon the same Meridian from one pole to the other as soon as it were pass'd the Equator it would leap suddenly at the very first remove of the Equator where 't is parallel with the axis of the Loadstone from being so parallele to make an angle with the axis greater then a half right one â—o the end that it might look upon the pole which is supposed to be the only attractive that draws the needle which great change wrought all at once nature never causes nor admits but in all actions or motions uses to pass through all the Mediums whenever it goes from one extreme to another Besides there would be no variation of the needles aspect towards the North end of the stone for if every part sent its virtue immediately to the poles it were impossible that any other part whatever should be stronger then the polar part seeing that the polar part has the virtue even of that particular part and of all the other parts of the stone beside joyn'd in it self This therfore is evident that the virtue of the loadstone goes from end to end in parallel lines unless it be in such stones as have their polar parts narrower then the rest of the body of the stone for in them the stream will tend with some little declination towards the pole as it were by way of refraction Because without the stone the fluours from the pole of the earth coarct themselvs and so thicken their stream to croud into the stone as soon as they are sensible of any emanations from it that being as we have said before their readiest way to pass along and with in the stone the stream doth the like to meet the advenient stream where it is strongest and thickest which is at that narrow part of the stones end which is most prominent out And by this discourse we discover likewise another errour of them that imagine the Loadstone hath a sphere of activity round about it equal on all sides that is perfectly spherical if the stone be spherical Which clearly is a mistaken speculation for nature having so order'd all her agents that where the strength is greatest there the action must generally speaking extend it self furthest off and it being acknowledg'd that the Loadstone hath greatest strength in its Poles and least in the Equator it must of necessity follow that it works further by its Poles then
and Arithmatick the Mathematicians call drawing one number or one side into another for as in Mathematicks to draw one number into another is to apply the number drawn to every part of the number into which it is drawn as if we draw three into seven we make twenty one by making every unity or part of the number seven to be three and the like is of lines in Geometry So in the present case to every part of the hands motion we add the whole virtue of the cutting faculty which is in the knife and to every part of the motion of the knife we add the whole pressing virtue of the hand Therfore the encrease of the effect proceeding from two causes so working must also be parallel to the encrease of the quantities arising out of the like drawing in Mathematicks But in those 't is evident that the encrease is according to the order of the odd numbers and therfore it must in our case be the like that is the encrease must be in the said proportion of odd numbers Now that in those the encrease proceeds so will be evident if you consider the encrease of an Equicrure Triangle which because it goes upon a certain proportion of length and breadth if you compare the encreases of the whole Triangle that gains on each side with the encreases of the perpendicular which gains only in length you will see that they will proceed in the foresaid proportion of odd numbers But we must not imagine that the velocity of motion will always encrease thus for as long as we can fancy any motion but when it is arrived to the utmost period that such a moveable with such causes is capable of then it keeps constantly the same pace and goes equally and uniformly at the same rate For since the density of the moveable the force of the Agent moving it which two cause the motion have a limited proportion to the resistance of the medium how yeilding soever it be it must needs follow that when the motion is arrived to that height which arises out of this proportion it cannot exceed it but must continue at that rate unless some other cause give yet a greater impulse to the movable For velocity consisting in this that the movable cuts through more of the medium in an equal time 't is evident that in the encrease of velocity the resistance of the medium which is overcome by it grows greater and greater and by little and little gains upon the force of the Agent so that the superproportion of the Agent grows still lesser and lesser as the velocity encreases and therfore at the length they must come to be ballanced and then the velocity can encrease no more And the reason of the encrease of it for a while at the beginning is because coming from rest it must pass through all the intermediate degrees of velocity before it can attain to the height of it which requires time to perform and therfore falls under the power of our sense to observe But because we see it do so for some time we must not therfore conclude the nature of such motion is still to encrease without any period or limit like those lines that perpetually grow nearer and yet can never meet for we see our reason examining the causes of this velocity assures us that in continuance of time and space it may come to its height which it cannot exceed And there would be the pitch at which distance weights being let fall would give the greatest strokes and make greatest impressions 'T is true that Galileus and Mersenius two exact experimenters do think they find this verity by their experiences But surely that is impossible to be done For the encrease of velocity being in a proportion ever diminishing must of necessity come to an insensible increase in proportion before it ends for the space which the movable goes through is still encreased and the time wherin it passes through that space remains still the same little one as was taken up in passing a less space immediately before such little differences of great spaces passed over in a little time come soon to be undiscernible by sense But reason which shews us that if velocity never ceased from encreasing it would in time arive to exceed any particular velocity and by consequence the proportion which the mover has to the medium because of the adding still a determinate part to its velocity concludes plainly that it is impossible motion should increase for ever without coming to a period Now the impression which falling weights make is of two kinds for the body into which impression is made either can yield backward or it cannot If it can yield backward then the impression made is a motion as we see a stroke with a Racket upon a Ball or with a Pail-mail beetle upon a Bowl makes it flie from it But if the strucken body cannot yield backwards then it makes it yield on the sides And this in divers matters for if the smitten body be drie and brittle 't is subject to break it and make the pieces flie round about but if it be a tough body it squeeses it into a larger form But because the effect in any of these ways is eminently greater than the force of the Agent seems to be 't is worth our labour to look into the causes of it To which end we may remember how we have already declared that the force of the velocity is equall to a reciprocall force of weight in the virtue movent wherefore the effect of a blow that a man gives with a hammer depends on the weight of the hammer on the velocity of the motion and on the hand in case the hand accompanies the blow But if the motion of the hand ceases before as when we throw a thing then only the velocity and the weight of the hammer remain to be consider'd However let us put the hand and weight in one sum which we may equalize by some other virtue or weight Then let us consider the way or space which a weight lying upon the thing is to go forwards to do the same effect in the same time as the percussion doth and what excess the line of the blow hath over the line of that way or space such an excess we must add of equal weight or force to the weight we had already taken And the weight composed of both will be a fit Agent to make the like impression This Problem was proposed to me by that worthy religious man Father Mersenius who is not content with advancing learning by his own industry and labours but besides is alwayes out of his generous affection to verity inciting others to contribute to the publick stock of it He proposed to me likewise this following question to wit why there is required a weight of water in double Geometrical proportion to make a pipe run twice as fast as it did or have twice as much
extracted like a quintessence out of the whole mass is reser'd in convenient receptacles or vessels till there be use of it and is the matter or seed of which a new Animal is to be made in whom will appear the effect of all the specifical virtues drawn by the bloud in its iterated courses by its circular motion through all the several parts of the parents body Whence it follows that if any part be wanting in the body wherof this seed is made or be superabundant in it whose virtue is not in the rest of the body the vertue of that part cannot be in the bloud or will be too strong in the bloud and by consequence it cannot be at all or it will be too much in the seed And the effect proceeding from the seed that is the young Animal will come into the world savouring of that origine unless the Mother's seed supply or temper what the Father 's was defective or superabundant in or contrariwise the Father's correct the errours of the Mother's But peradventure the Reader will tell us that such a specifical virtue cannot be gotten by concoction of the blood or by any petended impression in it unless some little particles of the nourished part remain in the blood and return back with it according to that maxim of Geber Quod non ingreditur non immutat no body can change another unless it enter into it and mixing it self with it become one with it And that so in effect by this explication we fall back into the opinion which we rejected To this I answer that the difference is very great between that opinion and ours as will appear evidently if you observe the two following assertions of theirs First they affirm that a living creature is made mâ—erly by the assembling together of similar parts which were hidden in those bodies from whence they are extracted in generation wheras we say that bloud coming to a part to irrigate it is by its passage through it and some little stay in it and by its frequent returns thither at length transmuted into the nature of that part and therby the specifical vertues of every part grow greater and are more diffused and extended Secondly they say that the Embryon is actually formed in the seed though in such little parts as it cannot be discerned till each part have enlarged and increased it self by drawing to it from the circumstant bodies more substance of their own nature But we say that there is one Homogenal substance made of the blood which hath been in all parts of the body and this is the seed which contains not in it any figure of the Animal from which it is refined or of the Animal into which it hath a capacity to be turned by the addition of other substances though it have in it the vertues of all the parts it hath often run through By which term of specifike vertues I hope we have said enough in sundry places of this discourse to keep men from conceiving that we mean any such inconceivable quality as modern Philosophers too frequently talk of when they know not what they say or think nor can give any account of But that it is such degrees and numbers of rare and dense parts mingled together as constitute a mixed body of such a temper and nature which degrees and proportions of rare and dense parts and their mixture together and incorporating into one Homogeneal substance is the effect resulting from the operations of the exteriour agent that cuts imbibes kneads and boyls it to such a temper Which exteriour agent in this case is each several part of the Animals body that this juice or blood runs through and that hath a particular temper belonging to it resulting out of such a proportion of rare and dense parts as we have even now spoken of and can no more be with-held from communicating its temper to the bloud that first soaks into it and soon after drains away again from it according as other succeeding parts of bloud drive it on then a mineral channel can chuse but communicate its vertue to a stream of water that runs through it and is continually grating off some of the substance of the Mineral earth and dissolving it into it self But to go on with our intended discourse The seed thus imbued with the specifical vertues of all the several parts of the parents body meeting in a fit receptacle the other parents seed and being there duly concocted becomes first a heart Which heart in this tender beginning of a new Animal contains the several virtues of all the parts that afterwards will grow out of it and be in the future Animal in the same manner as the heart of a complete Animal contains in it the specificke virtues of all the several parts of its own body by reason of the bloods continual resorting to it in a circle from all parts of its body and its being nourished by that juice to supply the continual consumption which the extreme heat of it must needs continually occasion in its own substance wherby the heart becoms in a manner the Compendium or abridgment of the whole Animal Now this heart in the growing Embryon being of the nature of fire as on the one side it streams out its hot parts so on the other it sucks oyl or fewel to nourish it self out of the adjacent moist parts which matter aggregated to it being sent abroad together with the other hot parts that steam from it both of them together stay and settle as soon as they are out of the reach of that violent heat that would not permit them to thicken or rest And there they grow into such a substance as is capable to be made of such a mixture and are linked to the heart by some of those strings that steam out from it for those steams likewise harden as we shew'd more particularly when we discours'd of the tender stalks of plants and in a word this becoms some other part of the Animal Which thus encreases by order one part being made after another till the whole living creature be completely framed So that now you see how mainly their opinion differs from ours since they say that there is actually in the seed a complete living creature for what else is a living creature but bones in such parts nerves in such others bloud and humours contain'd in such and such places all as in a living creature All which they say But we make the seed to be nothing else but one mixed body of one homogeneal nature throughout consisting of such a multiplicity of rare and dense parts so ballanced and proportioned in number and magnitude of those parts which are evenly shuffled and alike mingled in every little parcel of the whole substance in such sort that the operation of nature upon this seed may in a long time and with a due process bring out such figures situation and qualities as fluidity consisence
they give of them they term Beauty and Health Habits the Dispositions of our Bodies to our Bodily Motions Powers as Strength which is the good temper of the Sinews a Power and Agility a Power so they use the names of the Concoctive the Nutritive the Rentitive the Excretive Power the health of the Eyes the Ears the Nostrils c. they call the Powers of Seeing of Hearing of Smelling c. and the like of many others But later Philosophers being very disputative and desiring to seem ignorant of nothing or rather to seem to know more than any that are gone before them and to refine their conceptions have taken the Notions which by our first Masters were set for common and confused explications of the Natures to serve for conveniency and succinctness of Discourse to be truly and really particular Entities or things of themselves and so have filled their Books and the Schools with unexplicable opinions out of which no account of Nature can be given and which is worse the way of searching on is bar'd to others and a mischievous Error grown into mens beliefs that nothing can be known By this means they have choak'd the most plain and evident definition of a Body bringing so many instances against it that unwary men are forced to desert and deny the very first Notions of Nature and reason For in truth they turn all Bodies into Spirits making for example Heat or Cold to be of it self indivisible a thing by it self whose nature is not conceivable not the disposition or proportion of the parts of that body which is said to be hot or cold but a real thing that hath a proper Being and Nature peculiar to it self wherof they can render you no account and so it may as well be against the notion of a body as not For if Light the vertue of the Loadstone the power of Seeing Feeling c. be things that work without time in an instant if they be not the dispositions of parts as parts whose nature is to be more or less to be next or far off c. how can it be truly said that the notion of a Body is to be of Parts For if this be a true definition of a Body it follows that all corporeal qualities and actions must likewise be some disposition and order of parts as parts and that what is not so is no body nor bodilily quality or propriety This then was it that obliged me to go so far about and to shew in common how all those effects which are so much admired in bodies are or may be made and continued by the sole Order of Quantitative Parts and Local Motion this hath forced us to anatomize Nature and to begin our dissection with what first occurrs to our sense from a body In doing which out of the first and most simple notion of Bigness or Quantity we found out the prime division of Bodies into Rare and Dense then finding them to be the Qualities of Dividing and of being Divided that is of local motion we gain'd knowledge of the common properties of Gravity and Levity from the combination of these we retrived the four first Qualities and by them the Elements When we had agreed how the Elements were made we examin'd how their action and composition raises those Second Qualities which are seen in all Mixt bodies and make their divisions Thence proceeding into the operations of life we resolv'd they are composed and order'd meerly by the varieties of the former nay that Sense and Fantasy the highest things we can discern out of man have no other sourse but are subject to the Laws of Parts and of Rarity and Density So that in the end we became assured of this important Maxime that nothing whatever we know to be a Body can be exempted frow the declared Laws and orderly motions of bodies To which let us add two other positions which fell also within our discovery the First that it is constantly founded in nature that none of the bodies we know move themselvs but their motion must be founded in some thing without them the Second that no body moves another unless it self be also moved and it will follow evidently out of them if they be of necessity and not prevaricable that some other principle beyond bodies is required to be the root and first ground of motion in them as Mr. White hath most acutely and solidly demonstrated in that excellent Work I have so often cited in my former Treatise But 't is time we should fall to our intended discourse leaving this Point setled by what we have already said that if we shew our Soul and her operations to be not-composed of parts we also therin conclude that she is a Spiritual Substance and not-a body Which is our design and intentioâ— in this Treatise And for this intent we must look upon those actions of Man which are peculiarly his and upon those things which result out of them and are call'd Opera or labores Hominum as Houses Towns Tillage Handicrafts Arms Ships Common-wealths Armies Books and the like in which Great Mens lives and thoughts have been spent In all these we find one general thrid to run quite through them and that all of them are composed of the same stuff and built upon the same foundation which is a long Chain of Discourses where every little part or Link is that which Scholars call a Syllogism and Syllogisms we know are framed of Enuntiations and they of single or uncomposed Apprehensions all which are actions wrought by the Understanding of a man But beyond these we cannot proceed to any further sub-division of parts and continue our selvs within the Orb of Humane Actions for simple apprehensions cannot be further resolv'd into other parts beyond the degree of apprehensions and yet still remain actions to a peculiar man So that we may be sure we shall have left nothing out to enquiry concerning Mans actions as he is man if we begin with anatomizing his first bare apprehensions and so go on by degrees compounding them till we come to faddom thâ—se great and admirable machines of Books and Works which hâ— as I may say weaves out of his own bowels and the like of which is done by no other creature whatever upon the face of our contemptible Earth These then which are all comprised under the names of Apprehensions of Enunciations or Judgments and of Discourses shall be the Subject of this second Treatise and in it we will first consider these operations in themselvs which done we will endeavour to prove out of the nature and manner of performing them that the Souls to whom they belong are Immaterial and Immortal SECOND TREATISE DECLARING The nature and operations of Mans Soul CHAP. I. Of simple Apprehensions THat we may duly understand what a right Apprehension is let us consider the preeminence that a man who apprehends a thing rightly hath over him who misses of doing so This
side who shall consider that he knows the thing which he rightly apprehends that it works in him and makes him work agreeable to its nature and that all the properties and singularities of it may be display'd by what is in him and are as it were unfolded in his mind he can neither deny nor doubt but that it is there in an admirable and spiritual manner If you ask me how this comes to pass and by what artifice Bodies are thus spiritualized I confesse I shall not be able to satisfie you but must answer that it is done I know not how by the power of the Soul Shew me a Soul and I will tell you how it works but as we are sure there is a Soul that is to say a Principle from whence these operations spring though we cannot see it so we may and do certainly know that this mystery is as we say though because we understand not the true and compleat na-nature of a Soul we can as little express the manner how it is done by a Soul Yet before we take our leave of this matter of Apprehensions we will in due place endeavour to say somthing towards the clearing of this obscure point Our second consideration upon the nature of Apprehension was that our primary and main notion is of Being This discovers some little glimpse of the nature of the Soul For 't is manifest that she applyes this notion as well to no-parts as to parts Which we prov'd in the first Treatise when we shew'd that we have a particular notion of Substance distinct from the notion of Quantity for Quantity and Parts being the same it follows that if there be a notion supposed by Quantity as in Substance there is it must of necessity abstract from parts and consequently we may conclude that the notion of Being which is indifferently applyable either to Quantity or Substance of its own nature wholly abstracts either from Parts or no-Parts I then infer that since this notion of Being is the very first and virgin notion our Soul is imbued with or capable of and is the root of all other notions and into which she resolvs every other notion so as when we have sifted and searsed the essence of any notion whatever we can discover nothing deeper than this or precedent to it and that it agrees so compleatly with our Soul as she seems to be nothing else but a capacity fitted to Being it cannot be denied but that our Soul must needs have a very near affinity and resemblance of nature with it But 't is evident that Being hath not of it self any parts in it nor of it self is capable of division and therfore 't is as evident that the Soul which is fram'd as it were by that patern and Idea and fitted for Being as for its End must also of it self be void of parts and incapable of division For how can parts be fitted to an indivisible thing And how can two such different natures ever meet proportionably If it be objected that the very notion of Being from whence we estimate the nature of the Soul is accommodable to parts as for example we see that Substance is endew'd with Quantity We answer that even this corroborates our proof For since all the substances which our senses are acquainted with have parts and cannot be without parts and yet nevertheless in our Soul the notion of such substance is found without parts 't is clear that such substance hath this meerly from our Soul and because it hath this indivisibility from our Soul it follows that our Soul hath a power and nature to bestow indivisibility upon what comes into her And since it cannot be deny'd but that if any substance were once existent without parts it could never after have parts 't is evident that the nature of the Soul is incapable of parts because it is existent without parts And that it is in such sort existent is clear for this effect of the Souls giving indivisibility to what she receives into her proceeds from her as she is existent Now since this notion of Being is of all others the first and Original notion that is in the Soul it must needs above all others savour most of the proper and genuine nature of the Soul in and by which it is what it is and hath its indivisibility If then it be press'd how can Substance in reality or in things be accommodated to Quantity since of it self it is indivisible We answer that such Substance as is the subject of and hath Quantity is not indivisible for such Substance cannot be subsistent without Quantity and when we frame a notion of it as indivisible 't is an effect of the force of our Soul that is able to draw a notion out of a thing that hath parts without drawing the notion of the parts Which shews manifestly that in her there is a power above having of parts and this vertue in her argues her existence to be such Our last consideration upon the nature of Appehension was how all that is added to the notion of Being is nothing else but respects of one thing to another and how by these respects all the things of the world come to be in our Soul The evidence we may draw from hence of our Souls immateriality will be not a whit less than either of the two former For let us cast our looks over all that comes into our senses see if from one end to another we can meet with such a thing as we call a respect it hath neither figure nor colour nor smell nor motion nor taste nor touch it hath no similitude to be drawn from by means of our senses To be like to be half or be cause or effect what is it The things indeed that are so have their resemblances and pictures but which way should a Painter go about to draw a likeness or to paint a half or a cause or an effect If we have any understanding we cannot chuse but understand that these notions are extremely different from whatever comes in to us by the mediation of our senses and then if we reflect how the whole negotiation of our understanding is in by respects must it not follow necessarily that our Soul is of an extream different nature from our Senses and Imagination Nay If we look well into this argument we shall see that wheras Aristotle pretends that Nihil est in intellectu quâ—d non prius fuit in sensu this Maxime is so far from true in rigour of the words that the quite contrary follows undeniably out of it to wit that Nihil est in intellectu quâ—d fuit prius in sensu Which I do not say to contradict Aristotle for his words are true in the meaning he spoke them but to shew how things are so much changed by coming into the understanding into the Soul that although on the one side they be the very same things yet on the
side an Incorporated Soul by reason of her being confined to the use her Senses can look on but one single definite place or time at once and needs a long chain of many discourses to comprehend all the circumstances of any one action and yet after all how short is she of comprehending all So that comparing one of these with the other 't is evident that the proportion of a Separated Soul to one in the Body is as all time or all place in respect of any one piece or least parcel of them or as the entire absolute comprehender of all time and all place is to the discoverer of a small measure of them For whatever a Soul wills in that state she wills it for the whole extent of her duration because she is then out of the state or capacitity of changing and wishes for whatever she wishes as for her absolute good and therfore employs the whole force of her judgment upon every particular wish Likewise the eminencie which a Separated Soul hath over place is also then entirely employ'd upon every particular wish of hers since in that state there is no variety of place left her to wish for such good in one place and to refuse it in another as while she is in the Body hapneth to every thing she desires Wherefore whatever she then wishes for she wishes for it according to her comparison to place that is to say that as such a Soul hath a power to work at the same time in all places by the absolute comprehension which she hath of place in abstract so every wish of that Soul if it were concerning a thing to be made in place were able to make it in all places through the excessive force and efficacy which she employs upon every particular wish The third effect by which among bodies we gather the vigour and energy of the cause that produces it to wiâ— the doing of the like action in a lesser time in a larger extent is but a combination of the two former 〈◊〉 therfore it requires no further particular insistance upon it to shew tha◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 this the proportion of a Separated to an 〈◊〉 Soul must needs be the self same as in the other seeing a Separated Soul's activity is upon all place is in an Indivisible of time Therfore to shut up this point there remains only for us to consider what addition may be made to the efficacity of a judgment by the concurrence of other extrinsecal helps We see that when an understanding man will settle any judgment or conclusion in his mind he weighs throughly all that follows out of such a judgment and considers likewise all the antecedents that lead him to iâ— and if after due reflection and examination of whatever concerns this conclusion which he is establishing in his mind he finds nothing to cross it but that every particular and circumstance goes smoothly along with and strengthens it he is then satisfied and quiet in his thoughts and yields a full assent therto which assent is the stronger the more concurrent testimonies he has for it And though he should have a perfect demonstration or sight of the thing in it self yet every one of the other extrinsecal proofs being as it were a new perswasion hath in it a further vigour to strengthen and content his mind in the fore-had demonstration for if every one of these be in it self sufficient to make the thing evident it cannot happen that any one of them should hinder the others but contrariwise every one of them must needs concurr with all the rest to the effectual quieting of his understanding in its assent to that judgment Now then according to this rate let us calculate if we can what concurrence of proofs and witnesses a Separated Soul will have to settle and strengthen her in every one of her judgments We know that all verities are chain'd and connected one to another and that there is no true conclusion so far remote from any other but may by more or less consequences and discourses be deduced evidently out of it it follows then that in the abstracted Soul where all such consequences are ready drawn and seen in themselvs without extention of time or employing of pains to collect them every particular verity bears testimony to any other so that every one of them is believ'd and works in the sence and virtue of all Out of which it is manifest that every judgment in such a Separated Soul hath an infinite strength and efficacity over any made by an embodyed one To sum all up in a few words We find three roots of infinity in every action of a Separated Soul compar'd to one in the Body First the freedom of her essence or substance it self Next that quality of hers by which she comprehends place and time that is all permanent and successive quantity and Lastly the concurrence of infinite knowledges to every action of hers Having then this measure in our hands let us apply it to a Well-order'd and to a Disorder'd Soul passing out of this world let us consider the oneset upon those goods which she shall there have present and shall fully enjoy the other languishing after and pining away for those which are impossible for her ever to obtain What joy what content what exultation of mind in any living man can be conceiv'd so great as to be compared with the happiness of one of these Souls And what grief what discontent what misery can be like the others These are the different effects which the divers manners of living in this world cause in Souls after they are deliver'd from their Bodies Out of which and the discourse that hath discover'd these effects to us we see a clear resolution of that so main and agitated question among the Philosophers Why a rational Soul is imprison'd in a gross Body of Flesh and Blood In truth the question is an illegitimate one as supposing a false ground for the Soul 's being in the Body is not an imprisonment of a thing that was existent before the Soul and Body met together but her being there is the natural course of begining that which can no other way come into the lists of nature For should a Soul by the course of nature obtain her first being without a Body either she would in the first instant of her being be perfect in knowledg or she would not if she were then would she be a perfect compleat immaterial substance not a Soul whose nature is to be a copartner to the Body and to acquire her perfection by the medâ—ation and service of corporeal senseâ— but if she were not perfect in Science but were only a capacity therto and like white paper in which nothing were yet written then unless she were 〈◊〉 into a Body she could never arrive to know any thing because motion alteration are effects peculiar to Bodies Therfore 〈◊〉 be agreed that she is naturally