Selected quad for the lemma: virtue_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
virtue_n	draw_v	iron_n	loadstone_n	1,525	5	13.0457	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A13348	A very necessarie and profitable booke concerning nauigation, compiled in Latin by Ioannes Taisnierus, a publice professor in Rome, Ferraria, & other uniuersities in Italie of the mathematicalles, named a treatise of continuall motions. Translated into Englishe, by Richard Eden. The contents of this booke you shall finde on the next page folowyng	Taisnier, Jean, 1508-ca. 1562.; Eden, Richard, 1521?-1576.	1575 (1575)	STC 23659; ESTC S101247	53,484	76

R. and L M Q Then by the fourth of the fyrste the triangle F G E. shal be of equall sydes and also of equall angles to the triangle F G R. Furthermore Q M is equidistant G R. by common science by R G. of the fyrst the angle F Q M. equal to the angle F R G. and the angle F R G. equal to the angle F M Q. and wheras the angle F R G. is cōmon to eyther of them then by the 4. of the syxt the same or al one shal be the proportion R G. to Q M. as is of G F. to M F. But as is G F. to M F. so is G F. to M L. Wherefore by N. of the fift G F. so hath it selfe to M L. as G R. to Q M. But by the 16. of the same M L. to Q M. hath it selfe as G F. to G R. Wherefore M L. equall M Q. whiche M Q. I diuide by equall in the poynt X by 10. of the fyrst wyl doo as before Then by the reasons aforesayde of the same the portion F X G. shal be equall to the trigon A B H. and the whole Superficies F G. N X. shal be equall to the whole trigon A B C. whiche is proposed The contrary appeareth thus Let be graunted a Superficies conteyned of two paraboll lynes as F N G. and F X G. proposing for example to fynde a superficiall of ryght lynts trianguler equal to the graunted superficies I drawe fyrst F G. Then after by 44. of the second of Apollonius Pergeus I find the Diameter of the parabol F N G. whiche is M N. whiche I draw to N L. to be equall M N. Then I drawe F L. which shal touch the parabol F N G. in the poynt F. by 33. of the first of the same Then from the poynt G. I draw a lyne G E. equidistant frō the Diameter M N L. by 31. of the fyrst of Euclide whiche I drawe vntyll it ioyne togeather with F L. the whiche doubtlesse shal be done by the second of the firste of V●tellio The poynt of the concourse or ioyning togeather is E. then I diuide F E. into three equal portions by the 11. of the syxth of Euclide in the poyntes S. and T. which poyntes I ioyne with the poynt G. by the lynes F G. and G R. Nowe shall there be three angles all equall to them selues by 38. of Euclide After this I constitute a Trigon B H C. equall to the Trigon F S G. by this meanes I drawe foorth H C. to the equalitie G S. by the 4. of the first of Euclide Then at the poynt H. I designe an angle B H C. equall to the angle F S G. by 23. of the first of Euclide and by 3. of the first of the same I drawe H B. vntyl it be equall F S. Afterwarde I ioyne B C. by a lyne Then by 4. of the first the tryangle B H C. shal be equall to the triangle F S G. and shal be equal to the portion F N G. by 17. Archimedes De Quadratura parabolae by the helpe of the first conception of Euclide I do the like of the portion F G X to whom by an equall triangle O P R. Then I drawe P Q equally distant O R. and R V. equally distant O P. by 31. of the firste of Euclide Then by 41. of the same O P R. shal be halfe of the superficies O V. Now then I somwhat protract C H. then vpon B H. I constitute a superficiall of equidistant sides hauyng an angle B H A. by 44. of the first of Euclide twyse assumpted the Diameter of the which superficies be A P B. Then by 41. of the same with the first conception of the Trigon A B C. shal be equal of the superficies F G N X. graunted which is the intent FINIS Exod. xxxv Bezaleel and Ahaliab Of this instrument reade the Cosmolabe of Besson An instrument in motion agreeyng with the motion of heauen Anno Dom. 1584. Lib. 3. Ca. 18 The inuention of a Shyp which can not be drowned A perpetual or continuall motion Michael Angelo Fiue kindes of Lode stones Lode stone male and female The best Lodestone of Hewe colour Lode stone s●●d for the weight of si●uer One lodestone draweth another Lode stones m●d●cin●● 〈◊〉 for the 〈◊〉 The stone Theamedes putteth iron from it Iron nayles drawen out of Shippes by the stone Art in manye thyngs passeth and amendeth nature The stone Magnes is knowen by colour vertue weyght and equalitie Colour Vertue Equalitie Howe to finde the poles by the stone A question of attraction of humours c. Scammonea and chole● A vire or a needle How the stone draweth ●ron or ariueth it away Agent and patient The stone diuided in the mydde●t From whence the stone hath his vertue The North starre is not the Pole. Euery part of this stone respect 〈◊〉 some part of heau●●● The greatest miracle in naturall thinges Denticles 〈◊〉 litle 〈…〉 that it 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 Calculus a litle rounde stone or small weyght lyke a pellet or plomm●● A strang experiment practised The ryuers of Tagus Danubius M●rueylous swiftnesse of a shyp Swyfte spe●●● after m●●nyng prayer Another experience of swift sayly●● The differēce of sh●ppe● in sa●●●ng The prop●●●●●● in ●●aming of shyppes ●●nes and 〈◊〉 It is easier to adde to inuentions then to inuent The newe ryuer from Antwerpe to Bruxels A no●●●le experiment The water intendeth to ●●●bus form● Why t●e water 〈◊〉 about ouerflowe the lande An experimēt The dr●wning of certayne ●●gio● This experiment may be proued with a great bell An other example of the foresayd experiment A secrete knowen is no more a miracle Ignorance causeth admiratiō Whirlepooles deuouryng Shyppes The lyke of earthquakes ●●●me and vndermin●ng The spirite of De●●gorgon To make said water fres●e There is a better way Eyght p●in●●●s of ●●u●n for 〈◊〉 and res●●●yng A right Horizon is when both the poles lye in the Horizon that is to them only which dwell vnder the Equinoctiall Poyntes of equall vertue in moouyng the water of the sea The aspectes whiche the Moone maketh with the Sunne euery moneth The Sunne Moone beyng in con●●●ction what effect●●s they ha●● in mo●●●● the w●●●● the sea A quarter of heauē is three signes A tyme wherin is neyther ebbyng nor flowyng The Moone being in ●●artile aspect or at the firste with the ●●arter some what effectes it causeth in ebbyng and flowyng A very litle ebbyng or flowyng Eyght daies ●●ter 〈…〉 A long tyme of flowyng The Moone being in opposition with the Sunne what effectes they haue in moouyng the water of the sea The Moone 〈…〉 The Moone beyng in the last quarter causeth the same effectes as in the first A briefe collection of all the premisses Ebhyng and flowyng begin not alwayes at one houre Great motio is of the water in the coniunction of the Sunne and Moone Greatest motions in opposition of the Sunne and Moone Smal motions of the water without determinate time alwayes in the quadratures of the Sunne and Moone Note The Moone foloweth the Sunne in rysing When flowyng s al e 〈◊〉 ●●ares after Sunne rysing Ebbyng after noone The Moone rysing before the Sunne Note A general obseruation for the beginnyng of ebbyng and flowyng Note In what Horizon this discourse taketh place The beginning 〈…〉 of 〈…〉 I he begynnyng of eb●●● 〈◊〉 by re●● 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 ch●●● Two flowyngs in one day and none in the nyght Note The ●●●●●enes ●f other 〈…〉 ●●●e cause 〈…〉 in ●●l by 〈◊〉 and 〈…〉 And lyk● 〈…〉 Narownesse of places may cause disorder Thomas de Aquino Motiō of the bodies 〈…〉 and siluer The 〈◊〉 of fyre Motion of heauen 〈◊〉 The greater body the quicker motion The greater fire the swyfter motion Perspectiue errour of Vitellio Archimedes Motions violent and naturall Apollonius Pergeus

further then the inuentions of our predecessors we had had nothyng in the Poets aboue Andronicus and nothyng in histories aboue the Annales or Cronicles of Byshoppes and had yet haue sayled in troughes or in boates Other haue ascribed this inuention to diuers other nations and persons as to the Troians and Mysians in Hellesponto and also that the ancient Britanes made boates of leather or hydes and sayled with them in the Ocean sea Plinie wryteth that Danaus was the fyrst that brought a Shyppe out of Grece into Egypt Some also geue the same to Minerua But most ryghtfully the inuention both of the Shyp and Art of Nauigation is ascribed to Noe who as wryteth Eusebius was long before Neptune or Danaus For doubtelesse sayth he the Arke of Noe was none other then a Shyp and the fyrste and onely exemplar of the buyldyng of all other Shyppes or vesselles of saylyng Also the moste ancient wryter Berosus the Chaldean as wryteth Iosephus calleth the Arke of Noe a Shyp The same Iosephus also sayth that the Nephues of Noe departyng to inhabite diuers partes of the worlde vsed many Shyppes c. Long after Noe the Tyrians were counted most expert in the Art of Nauigation and after them diuers other nations For wheras no Art is so perfect but may receyue encrease hereof doth it folowe that this Art also hath been greatly augmented and brought to further perfection by witty inuentions of the posteritie euen vnto our age wherof who so lysteth to knowe further more particulerly who inuented all other partes and instrumentes parteynyng to al sortes of Shyppes Art of Nauigation may reade the thyrde booke of Polidor Virgil Cap. xv De Inuentorib Rer. and Bayfius de re nauali Thus gentle Maister Wynter beseechyng your woorshyp to take in good part this testimonie of my thankfull hart suche as it is I beseeche the immortall God to prosper all your dooinges to his honor and the benefite of your Countrey ¶ To the right Reuerende father in Christe and honorable Prince Lorde Iohn Gebhard of the Earles of Mansfelt c. Archbishop of Colen Prince elector duke of Angaria and VVestphalia hygh Chaunceler of the Romayne Empire c. THE thing which to this day in maner from the beginning of the world great Philosophers with perpetual studie and great labour haue endeuoured to bring to effect and desired ende most gratious Prince hath neuerthelesse hitherto remayned eyther vnknowen or hydde not without great damage and hynderance of moste expert Mathematicians and Architecteurs and al other men of lyke practicall faculties And yf any there haue been whiche haue attayned to the experience of this continuall motion I suppose the same to haue been vexed and noted with the va●ne glorye of the incomparable paynter and grauer Michael Angelo who euen at the extreme rendryng of the spirit of lyfe dyd not vouchsafe to disclose vnto his owne sonne the secrets of his arte esteeming it greatly to the reputation of his fame and glory by this ingrate hydyng of his science falsely to obteyne a perpetual memorie with suche as shoulde succeede hym Or els truely he doubted as is commonly seene in all maner of doctrine and science that there shoulde still ryse vp certayne malitious and enuious quarrelers and troublous wits instigate by an euyl spirite to deface and suppresse trueth with slaunderous tongues especially agaynst artes Mathematikes of whiche kinde are Grauyng Payntyng and suche lyke whiche in al ages haue euer been subiect to this inconuenience of ignorant detractours except they be defended by the protection and title of fauourable princes And whereas suche sciences vnto the ignorant seeme ridiculus and suspicious neuerthelesse in the frame and experience of this continuall motion ought no suspicion to be bad And forasmuche as the same is very necessarie and profitable for the common wealth I was the bolder through confidence in your hyghnes clemencie vnder the grace and title of the same to put foorth this litle booke of continuall motion The whiche howe great profite and exercise it may bryng to excellent men of what so euer facultie experience it selfe shal easily declare Most humbly desiring your highnesse gratiously to accept this ray trauaile with such as are consecrate to the Muses and employ theyr labours to the profite of mankinde Your hyghnesse moste humble seruant and Oratour Iohn Taisnier Hannonius ▪ ¶ Of the nature and effectes of the Lode stone called in Latine Magues IT is a common prouerbe that in stones woodes and hearbes consysteth great vertue which saying is doubtlesse most manifest by the dayly experience of this stone beyng founde in sundry places of India it is sayde also that it was founde in Spayne by one named Heracleon as witnesseth Nicander whyle in keepyng of cattell the iron nayles of his showes and pyke of his staffe cleft fast to the stone Of the which Magnes are fiue kinds as Sotacus wryteth That is to wyt one of Ethiopia An other of Macedonia The thyrde is founde in Echio of Beotia The fourth about Troades of Alexandria The fyfth of Magnesia Asiae The difference of the stone is whether it be male or female The next difference is in coloure for that which is founde in Macedonia and Magnesia is ruddishe and blacke That of Beotia is more ruddish thē blacke That of Troades is blacke and of female kinde and therefore without vertue The worst of Magnesia Asiae is whyte and draweth not iron and is lyke vnto a punice stone They are proued the best which are most of blewe or heauenly colour That of Ethiope is most praysed and as Plinie sayth is solde for the weight of siluer This is found in Zimri a sandie region of Ethiope where is also founde Haematites Magnes of blooddy colour appearyng lyke blood yf it be grounde and also lyke saffron whiche in drawyng of iron is not of like vertue to the Hematites Magnes of Ethiopia whiche draweth vnto it another Magnes All these be profitable for medicines of the eyes eche of them accordyng to their portion and do specially stay Epiphoras that is droppyng of the eyes And also beyng brunt or made in powder they heale burninges And not farre from the same place of Ethiopia is a mountayne whiche bryngeth forth the stone called Theamedes which putteth from it and refuseth iron I haue often prooued the vertue and power of the stone Magnes by the needle whiche is in some Dialles by the attraction thereof moouyng it selfe from syde to syde and rounde about Although the stone were vnder a table yet doeth the needle being aboue the table naturally folow the moouyng of the stone It is therfore no marueyle yf there be great vertue in stones woodes and herbes It hath also been prooued that Shyppes compact with iron nayles saylyng by the sea of Ethiope and by tempest dryuen to lande to certayne capes or landes endes haue by these stones been eyther drawen to the bottome of the

sea or els the nayles beyng drawen out by the vertue of the stone the Shyp hath fallen in a thousande peeces And therefore the discreete and ware Cantabrians most expert Mariners saylyng by the sea of Ethiope frame their Shyppes with pynnes and hoopes of wood to auoyde the danger that myght chaunce of lyke occasion Agayne of the naure knowledge vertue equalitie qualitie and effectes of the stone Magnes or the Lode stone FOR as muche as euery thing that is good is so muche the better as it is more common therefore doo I intende to communicate vnto our posteritie this litle woorke of the nature effects and miracles of the stone Magnes The whiche although they may seeme to the ignoraunt common people to exceede the limittes of nature yet to expert men and Mathematitians they seeme not so strange notwithstandyng that it is almost impossible to manyfest al the secrets and miracles thereof For whereas Art inuenteth and bryngeth to perfection many thynges whiche are impossible to nature it is necessary that he who desyreth to doo great effectes in these thinges and the lyke be very expert in woorkyng with the hande neyther is it sufficient for him to be a perfect Naturalist Mathematitian or Astronomer for as muche as furthermore is requyred great dexteritie of handie woorke And for defaulte hereof it commeth to passe that in this our age these natural artes lie hid vnknowen This stone is knowen by colour vertue weyght and equalitie The best colour is lyke pure iron shynyng mixt with Indian or heauenly colour is in maner like iron poolished This stone is also oftentymes found in certayne regions of the North is brought from thence into certayne partes of Normandie and Flaunders The experience of the vertue of this stone is easie For if it drawe vnto it a great weyght of iron it is iudged to be stronge the heauier also the better By equalitie it is iudged yf it be al alyke of one substance and colour but yf it be vnequall with chappes holow places indented hauyng red spottes here and there it is vnapt to the art of nauigation or of continual motion It representeth the simititude of heauen For lyke as in heauē are two poynts immoueable ending the axiltre of the sphere vpon the which the whole frame of heauen is turned as may be founde by the arte wherby Cristall other stones are poolished euen so the stone Magnes reduced into a globous or rounde forme laying thereon a needle or any other lyke iron then which way so euer the needle turneth and resteth thereby is shewed the place of the poles And that this may be done more certaynely it must be oftentymes attempted and the lyne shewed by the needle must be obserued for such lynes shal cut the one the other in two pointes as the Meridian circles ioyne togeather in the poles of the worlde The same is geathered an other way This is done more certaynely yf in the round stone as is sayd be found the place which oftentimes draweth iron whiche beyng founde yf then the poynt do exactly appeare part of the broken needle muste be layde vpon the stone and be so often by litle and litle transposed vntyll the style or pyn by perpendicle or plommet do directly fal vpon the stone For there on the contrary parte by lyke maner shal be found the other pole A. shal be the true point and B. the false The maner to knowe the one pole from the other WHiche of the two poyntes aforesayde may aunsweare to the pole Artike or the North pole is founde in this maner Cause a large vessell to be fylled with water in the which cause the stone Magnes to be layde vppon a lyght boorde not deepe muche lyke the coueryng of a boxe so neuerthelesse that the two poyntes founde in the stone may lye equally eleuate in the sayd boxe and so by vertue of the stone the boxe shal be mooued to the place where the meridionall pole shall extēde toward the South the other opposite to the North shal rest ther. And thus shal it be easye to discerne whiche of the poynts answereth to the pole Articke to the pole Antartike so that the places of heauen be fyrste knowen by anye meanes That one stone draweth another HOw one stone draweth another we wil declare hereafter Lay the one as is sayd vpon a boorde or boxe in the water that it may freely flote hold an other in your hande If then the North part of the stone whiche you holde in your hande you turne to the South parte of that whiche floteth in the boxe or otherwise the South part to the North the floting stone shall turne toward your hand and yf contrarywyse you turne the lyke part to his lyke that is to say the South part to the South c. the flotyng stone shal flye from you By this experience is destroyed the reason of certayne Phisitions which dispute on this maner If Scammonea drawe vnto it choler by similitude or lykenesse of nature ergo muche more shoulde one Magnes draw another rather then iron for that which they assume falsely we haue nowe taught to be true The lyke iudgement is of a longe slender iron that is rubbed with this stone for yf in the water it be layde on a lyght peece of wood or a strawe or such lyke so that it may freely flote vpon the water the one ende of it shall turne to the North and the other to the South And yf holdyng the stone in your hand you turne his North poynt to the South extremitie or end or contrarywise the stone shal then draw iron But contrarily if you turne the lyke part to the lyke as is aforesayd A. The North part D. The South part it shall flye from the iron or dryue it away The reason wherof seemeth to be that the agent doth not onely endeuour to make the patient lyke vnto it selfe but also in such sort to vnite it with himselfe that of them two be made one as may appeare by this reasō Take the stone Magnes A D. of the which A signifieth the North poynt and D. the South Diuide the stone in two parts AB and C D. put A B. to the water as is sayde and by this meanes you shall see A. turne to the North and B. to the South For the breakyng or diuidyng of the stone diminish not the vertue therof so that it be Homogenie that is in all partes alike Take therfore A B. for the patient and CD for the agent Then wheras the agent in the best maner it may woorketh to conserue the order of nature it is manifest that D. can not drawe C. the South For although they coulde by that meanes be ioyned yet shoulde there not so be made one of them two the partes remaynyng in theyr vertue for yf A. shoulde remayne North then D. shoulde be South whiche is certayne to

haue the powre of the North. Impossible Impossible Naturall Neyther contrariwyse shal C. draw A. for both are Northly and so should B be the North whiche fyrste was South and D. in lyke maner for so should the order of nature be inuerted It remaineth therfore that A shal naturally draw D. B. shal draw C. For so euery way shall remayne equall strength of al. Some ignorant men were of opinion that the vertue of the stone Magnes commeth not of heauen but rather of the nature of the place where it is engendred saying that the mines thereof are founde in the North and that therefore euer one part of the stone extendeth towarde North. But these are ignoraunt that this stone is also founde in other places Wherof it should folow that it shoulde then extende it selfe aswell to other and diuers partes as to the North. Which thing is false as is wel knowen by common experience for it euer moueth to the North in what so euer place it be Neyther is it to be beleeued that the North starre of the Mariners is the Pole for as muche as that starre is without the Meridian lyne and but twyse within one reuolution of the fyrmament But whereas the marueylous vertue of this stone dependeth of heauen who would beleue that only two poyntes thereof shoulde so haue them selues and not rather that euery parte of it should not enclyne to some lyke part in heauen as may thus be prooued Let the stone be brought into a Sphericall or rounde fourme as is sayde and the Poles being founde in maner before declared let it be turned vppon two pynnes or Turners instruments and there be pullyshed vntyl it be on euery parte of equall heauynesse which you may wel fynde by often proouyng for that parte that falleth downe is heauiest whiche done fra●●e it a Meridian circle with a Horizon wherin fasten two other pynnes vpon the whiche it may easyly mooue and direct the Poles most exactly to the Poles of the world the which yf it come wel to passe reioyce that then you haue found almost one of the greatest miracles of natural thynges For you shal by this meanes see the Ascendent the place of the Sunne and the lyke c. at euery moment But yf it fal not out according to your desyre you ought not to impute that to the art but to your owne ignoraunce and negligence For yf you execute al thinges duely accordyng to the art you neede not to doubt the successe The composition of Instrumentes by the stone Magnes HOwe by this stone instrumentes maye be framed by the whiche may be founde the Azimuthes of the Sunne and Starres that is to say Vertical circles it shal not be necessary to shewe for as muche as the same is easily done by the Mariners Compasse or by the boxe with the Magnes or Lodestone inclosed and flotyng aboue the water with a pynne erected and in the vppermoste parte diuided into 360 partes after the maner of Astronomie Of continual motion FRom the begynnyng of the worlde in maner all naturall Philosophers and Mathematitians with great expences and labour haue attempted to fynde out a continuall motion or moouyng yet vnto this day haue fewe or none atteyned to the true ende of their desyre They haue attempted to doo this with diuers instrumentes wheeles and with quicksyluer not knowyng the vertue of this stone Neyther can continual motion be founde by anye other meanes then by the stone Magnes in this maner Make a holowe case of syluer after the fashion of a concaue glasse outwardly laboured with curious art of grauyng not onely for ornament but also for lyghtnesse for the lyghter that it is so much the more easlyer shal it be mooued neyther must it be so pearced through that such as are ignorant of the hyd secrete may easyly perceyue it The fourme of the stone The Pole The Pole It must haue on the inner syde certayne litle nayles denticles or smal teeth of iron of one equal weyght to be fastened on the border or margent so that the one be no further distant from the other then is the thycknesse of a beane or thicke pease The sayd wheese also must be in all partes of equal weyght then fasten the Exiltree in the myddest vpon the whiche the wheele may turne the Exiltree remaynyng vtterly unmooueable To the whiche Exiltree agayne shal be ioyned a pynne of syluer fastened to the same and placed betweene the two cases in the hyghest parte whereon place the stone Magnes Beyng thus prepared let it be fyrste brought to a rounde fourme then as is sayd let the Poles be founde then the Poles vntouched the two contrarye sydes lying betwene the Poles must be fyled and pullyshed and the stone brought in maner to the fourme of an egge and somewhat narower in those two sydes lest the lower parte thereof shoulde occupie the inferior place that it may touche the walles of the case lyke a litle wheele This done place the stone vpon the pynne as a stone is fastened in a ryng with suche art th●● the North Pole may a litle enclyne toward the denticles to the ende that the vertue thereof woorke not directly his impression but with a certayne inclination geue his influence vpon the denticles of iron Euery denticle therfore shall come to the North Pole and when by force of the wheele it shall somewhat passe that Pole it shall come to the South part whiche shall dryue it backe agayne whom then agayne the Pole Artike shall drawe as appeareth And that the wheele may the sooner doo his office within the cases inclose therein a litle Calculus that is a litle A. The stone B. The siluer plane E. Calculus rounde stone or pesset of copper or syluer of suche quantitie that it may commodiously be receyued within any of the denticles then when the wheeles shal be raysed vp the pesset or rounde weyght shall fal on the contrary parte And whereas the motion of the wheele downewarde to the lowest part is perpetuall and the fall of the pellet opposite or contrary euer receyued within any two of the denticles the motion shal be perpetuall because the weyght of the wheele and pellet euer enclyneth to the centre of the earth and lowest place Therfore when it shal permit the denticles to rest about the stone then shall it well serue to the purpose The myddle places within the denticles ought so artificially to be made holowe that they may aptly receiue the fallyng pellet or plommet as the fygure aboue declareth And briefly to haue wrytten thus much of continual motion may suffice ❧ Of most swift Motion by arte of Nauigation WE intende nowe to speake of moste swyft motion which to the cōmon sorte of men seemeeth incredible for that the same maye be doone by saylyng in a shyp or other vessell agaynst what so euer moste outragious course of any fludde or ryuer and agaynst