the_o 5._o intellectual_a habit_n before_o define_v that_o be_v intelligence_n science_n which_o be_v rational_a as_o grammar_n logic_n rhetoric_n mathema_n ticall_a as_o arithmetic_n geometry_n music_n astronomy_n physical_a as_o knowledge_n of_o the_o secret_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o the_o soul_n prudence_n be_v either_o monastical_a domestical_a political_n which_o be_v before_o define_v art_n be_v either_o liberal_a as_o husbandry_n architecture_n or_o mechanical_a as_o tailor_n craft_n shoemaker_n craft_n carpenter_n craft_n and_o sapience_n which_o contain_v both_o christian_a divinity_n &_o also_o philosopher_n divinity_n otherwise_o call_v metaphysical_a and_o supernatural_a wisdom_n and_o knowledge_n uncertain_a as_o opinion_n suspicion_n conjecture_n or_o moral_a which_o comprehend_v both_o virtue_n as_o justice_n fortitude_n temperance_n etc._n etc._n and_o vice_n which_o be_v either_o by_o excess_n as_o rash_a boldness_n prodigality_n by_o defect_n as_o cowardlâ—…nesse_n 〈◊〉_d what_o be_v disposition_n and_o how_o be_v it_o divide_v disposition_n be_v a_o habit_n begin_v but_o not_o perfect_v and_o it_o be_v either_o of_o the_o body_n or_o of_o the_o mind_n for_o to_o disposition_n may_v be_v refer_v whatsoever_o be_v before_o attribute_v to_o habit_n perfection_n in_o the_o thing_n only_o except_v in_o which_o they_o differ_v for_o lack_v of_o continuance_n by_o reason_n whereof_o disposition_n be_v say_v to_o be_v easy_o remove_v but_o habit_n not_o so_o because_o it_o be_v thorough_o ground_v as_o for_o example_n of_o the_o disposition_n that_o a_o man_n have_v to_o learning_n he_o be_v say_v to_o be_v studious_a but_o of_o perfect_a habit_n get_v by_o continual_a study_n in_o learning_n he_o be_v say_v to_o be_v learn_v which_o import_v a_o perfection_n which_o be_v more_o than_o a_o disposition_n of_o natural_a power_n and_o impotency_n the_o second_o kind_n of_o quality_n what_o be_v natural_a power_n it_o be_v a_o natural_a ability_n to_o do_v to_o suffer_v or_o to_o resist_v not_o get_v by_o exercise_n but_o give_v by_o nature_n to_o the_o mind_n or_o body_n to_o the_o mind_n as_o to_o have_v a_o good_a wit_n or_o memory_n to_o be_v apt_a to_o learning_n and_o such_o like_a to_o the_o body_n as_o to_o be_v healthful_a nimble_a strong_a and_o such_o like_a what_o be_v natural_a impotency_n it_o be_v a_o natural_a weakness_n either_o of_o the_o mind_n or_o body_n of_o the_o mind_n as_o to_o be_v dull_a of_o wit_n to_o be_v forgetful_a or_o unapt_a to_o be_v teach_v and_o such_o like_a of_o the_o body_n as_o to_o be_v sickly_a to_o be_v weak_a and_o feeble_a and_o unapt_a to_o suffer_v any_o thing_n that_o a_o able_a body_n can_v do_v or_o suffer_v what_o be_v comprehend_v under_o this_o second_o kind_n of_o quality_n to_o this_o kind_n may_v be_v refer_v all_o the_o natural_a power_n and_o impotency_n of_o the_o soul_n vegetative_a sensitive_a and_o intellective_a also_o all_o natural_a power_n or_o virtue_n of_o herb_n and_o stone_n and_o the_o natural_a influence_n of_o the_o heaven_n star_n element_n and_o of_o all_o the_o superior_a or_o upper_a body_n all_o which_o thing_n you_o may_v see_v plain_o set_v forth_o in_o this_o table_n follow_v natural_a power_n be_v either_o of_o the_o body_n as_o health_n hardiness_n nimbleness_n strength_n or_o of_o the_o mind_n if_o it_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n it_o be_v either_o power_n vegetative_a be_v either_o principal_a as_o nutritive_a augmentative_a generative_a or_o adiwant_fw-la as_o attractive_a immutative_a retentive_a expulsive_a power_n sensitive_a be_v either_o comprehensive_a which_o be_v either_o interior_n as_o common_a sense_n phantasie_n memory_n exterior_a as_o sight_n hear_v smell_a taste_v feel_v or_o motive_n which_o be_v either_o appetitive_a which_o be_v either_o concupiscible_a or_o irascible_a whereof_o spring_n all_o the_o perturbation_n and_o passion_n of_o the_o mind_n as_o love_v hate_v wrath_n progressive_a as_o to_o go_v to_o fly_v to_o swim_v or_o power_n intellective_a which_o be_v either_o speculative_a as_o to_o contemplate_v to_o understand_v or_o practive_a as_o to_o will_n to_o will_v to_o command_v to_o choose_v natural_a impotency_n be_v either_o of_o the_o body_n as_o to_o be_v sick_a to_o be_v weak_a to_o be_v feeble_a or_o of_o the_o mind_n to_o be_v forgetful_a to_o be_v unapt_a to_o be_v teach_v of_o passion_n and_o passable_a quality_n the_o three_o kind_n of_o quality_n what_o do_v the_o three_o kind_n of_o quality_n comprehend_v passion_n and_o passable_a quality_n what_o be_v passion_n it_o be_v a_o sudden_a motion_n of_o the_o mind_n or_o body_n that_o endure_v not_o long_o and_o therefore_o easy_a to_o be_v remove_v passion_n of_o the_o mind_n be_v a_o sudden_a fear_n or_o joy_n conceive_v of_o some_o evil_a or_o good_a that_o be_v offer_v and_o of_o the_o body_n as_o paleness_n of_o colour_n blush_v or_o tremble_v of_o the_o flesh_n what_o be_v passable_a quality_n it_o be_v a_o inveterate_a affection_n or_o motion_n of_o the_o mind_n or_o body_n not_o easy_a to_o be_v remove_v of_o the_o mind_n as_o madness_n grow_v of_o some_o continual_a sorrow_n or_o melancholy_n of_o the_o body_n as_o blackness_n of_o the_o face_n by_o continual_a boil_a heat_n of_o the_o blood_n or_o paleness_n by_o continual_a sickness_n of_o the_o body_n and_o therefore_o passable_a quality_n be_v compare_v and_o liken_v to_o habit_n and_o sudden_a passion_n to_o disposition_n what_o be_v comprehend_v under_o passable_a quality_n all_o the_o object_n of_o the_o five_o outward_a sense_n as_o colour_n light_n brightness_n which_o be_v the_o object_n of_o the_o sight_n sounds_z voice_n and_o noise_n the_o object_n of_o hear_v savour_n the_o object_n of_o taste_v odour_n and_o smell_n the_o object_n of_o smell_a tangible_a quality_n which_o be_v the_o object_n of_o feeling_n of_o which_o tangible_a quality_n some_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o and_o some_o second_o the_o first_o be_v these_o heat_n coldness_n moistness_n dryness_n the_o second_o be_v hardness_n softness_n heaviness_n lightness_n roughness_n smoothness_n and_o such_o like_a which_o be_v the_o chief_a passion_n or_o affection_n of_o the_o mind_n the_o chief_a affection_n be_v these_o four_o joy_n lust_n sorrow_n fear_n how_o be_v joy_n define_v and_o what_o good_a or_o evil_a branch_n do_v spring_v thereof_o joy_n be_v a_o sweet_a and_o delectable_a motion_n of_o the_o heart_n wherewith_o it_o be_v stirt_v and_o delight_v while_o it_o enjoy_v some_o good_a that_o be_v present_a or_o at_o the_o least_o seem_v good_a and_o hereof_o spring_v delight_n boast_v malevolence_n rejoice_v at_o other_o man_n evil_a what_o be_v lust_n and_o what_o affection_n do_v spring_v thereof_o lust_n be_v a_o motion_n of_o the_o mind_n stir_v up_o by_o think_v of_o some_o good_a indeed_o or_o seem_v good_a that_o be_v absent_a whereof_o do_v spring_v these_o affection_n hope_v desire_v love_n anger_n wrath_n and_o hatred_n what_o be_v sorrow_n and_o what_o affection_n do_v arise_v thereof_o it_o be_v a_o grievous_a motion_n of_o the_o heart_n cause_v it_o to_o shrink_v together_o while_o it_o fly_v some_o present_a evil_n that_o be_v evil_a indeed_o or_o seem_v evil_a and_o hereof_o spring_v these_o affection_n envy_n slander_v mercy_n agony_n lament_v calamity_n carefulness_n grief_n and_o desperation_n what_o be_v fear_n and_o what_o affection_n do_v rise_v thereof_o fear_n be_v a_o grievous_a motion_n cause_v the_o heart_n to_o shrink_v together_o while_o it_o fly_v some_o evil_n that_o be_v to_o come_v and_o hereof_o spring_v these_o affection_n heaâ—…nesse_n shame_n terror_n sound_v and_o such_o like_a all_o which_o thing_n you_o may_v see_v brief_o set_v forth_o in_o the_o table_n next_o follow_v the_o table_n of_o passion_n and_o passable_a quality_n passion_n be_v either_o of_o the_o mind_n as_o joy_n lust_n sorrow_n fear_v or_o of_o the_o body_n as_o sudden_a paleness_n sudden_a blush_a or_o tremble_v of_o the_o flesh_n passable_a quality_n contain_v all_o the_o inveterate_a passion_n both_o of_o mind_n and_o body_n before_o set_v down_o and_o also_o all_o the_o object_n of_o the_o five_o sense_n as_o colour_n sound_n odour_n savour_v tangible_a quality_n the_o object_n of_o the_o sight_n of_o hear_v of_o smell_v of_o taste_v of_o touch_v or_o feeling_n why_o be_v these_o object_n of_o the_o sense_n call_v passable_a quality_n because_o they_o make_v the_o sense_n to_o suffer_v as_o the_o colour_n of_o any_o thing_n by_o strike_v into_o the_o eye_n make_v the_o sight_n to_o suffer_v and_o cause_v either_o pleasure_n or_o grief_n to_o the_o sight_n so_o likewise_o the_o sweetness_n of_o honey_n in_o strike_v the_o taste_n delight_v it_o and_o contrariwise_o the_o bitterness_n of_o gall_n or_o such_o like_a thing_n endue_v with_o a_o bitter_a savour_n offend_v the_o taste_n of_o figure_n and_o form_n the_o four_o kind_n of_o quality_n what_o difference_n
that_o be_v put_v in_o fear_n and_o such_o like_a of_o oath_n what_o be_v a_o oath_n it_o be_v a_o religious_a affirm_v or_o deny_v some_o thing_n by_o call_v god_n to_o witness_v which_o be_v the_o strong_a bond_n that_o may_v be_v to_o bind_v man_n faith_n and_o conscience_n how_o be_v this_o place_n to_o be_v confirm_v or_o impugn_a he_o that_o will_v prove_v by_o this_o place_n must_v aggravate_v the_o integrity_n honesty_n and_o holiness_n of_o the_o party_n that_o be_v swear_v say_v that_o the_o oath_n of_o a_o honest_a holy_a and_o religious_a man_n be_v of_o great_a importance_n and_o he_o that_o will_v impugn_v it_o must_v do_v clean_o contrary_a say_v that_o they_o be_v naughty_a man_n that_o be_v swear_v and_o common_a juror_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o wicked_a custom_n of_o swear_v will_v easy_o be_v forswear_v or_o he_o must_v say_v that_o the_o party_n swear_v for_o fear_n love_n hatred_n for_o hope_n of_o gain_n reward_n and_o such_o like_a of_o witness_n what_o be_v witness_n witness_n be_v proof_n of_o thing_n do_v or_o not_o do_v who_o office_n be_v to_o speak_v what_o they_o have_v hear_v or_o know_v the_o confirmation_n or_o confutation_n of_o which_o proof_n depend_v upon_o the_o goodness_n or_o evilnesse_n of_o the_o person_n to_o what_o end_n serve_v the_o knowledge_n of_o place_n he_o that_o will_v write_v or_o speak_v of_o any_o matter_n probable_o wise_o or_o copious_o or_o will_v understand_v the_o effect_n tenor_n argument_n and_o proof_n of_o other_o man_n speech_n and_o write_n have_v as_o much_o need_n to_o be_v practise_v in_o these_o place_n as_o a_o huntsman_n be_v in_o know_v the_o haunt_v of_o his_o game_n which_o he_o hunt_v for_o without_o that_o he_o shall_v wander_v long_a time_n in_o vain_a and_o hardly_o find_v that_o which_o he_o seek_v neither_o be_v it_o enough_o to_o know_v the_o place_n unless_o you_o can_v apt_o apply_v they_o and_o use_v they_o when_o occasion_n shall_v serve_v in_o disputation_n make_v either_o by_o mouth_n or_o pen_n which_o require_v a_o continual_a exerciso_n of_o such_o as_o will_v be_v perfect_a therein_o and_o therefore_o to_o the_o intent_n you_o may_v the_o better_o learn_v how_o to_o exercise_v yourself_o in_o the_o foresay_a place_n i_o have_v think_v good_a here_o to_o give_v you_o at_o the_o least_o one_o example_n set_v down_o by_o hunneus_fw-la in_o his_o logic_n the_o theme_n of_o which_o example_n be_v thus_o man_n ought_v to_o embrace_v virtue_n which_o theme_n he_o do_v not_o only_o handle_v after_o the_o logical_a manner_n with_o short_a speech_n but_o also_o after_o the_o rhetorical_a manner_n with_o copious_a speech_n use_v therein_o this_o threefold_a order_n for_o first_o he_o bring_v in_o such_o proof_n as_o be_v to_o be_v gather_v in_o respect_n of_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o theme_n second_o those_o that_o be_v to_o be_v gather_v in_o respect_n of_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o same_o and_o three_o those_o that_o be_v to_o be_v have_v in_o respect_n of_o both_o the_o theme_n or_o proposition_n subject_n man_n ought_v to_o embrace_v virtue_n what_o argument_n be_v to_o be_v gather_v on_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o subject_n of_o this_o proposition_n these_o that_o follow_v and_o first_o from_o the_o definition_n thus_o sith_o of_o all_o sensible_a creature_n man_n be_v the_o most_o noble_a and_o most_o worthy_a creature_n for_o that_o he_o be_v endue_v with_o reason_n and_o counsel_n and_o be_v create_v like_o to_o the_o image_n of_o god_n it_o be_v most_o meet_a therefore_o that_o such_o a_o creature_n shall_v be_v like_o his_o creator_n in_o life_n adorn_v with_o such_o virtue_n and_o goodness_n as_o be_v answerable_a to_o true_a judgement_n which_o the_o logician_n will_v brief_o express_v in_o this_o manner_n it_o become_v every_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n to_o love_v virtue_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n ought_v to_o love_v virtue_n from_o the_o etymology_n it_o become_v every_o creature_n that_o be_v make_v of_o the_o slime_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v void_a of_o all_o arrogancy_n and_o pride_n to_o be_v lowly_a humble_a and_o obedient_a to_o his_o creator_n and_o to_o embrace_v virtue_n in_o observe_v the_o law_n of_o god_n devout_o and_o religious_o wherefore_o man_n call_v in_o latin_a homo_fw-la of_o this_o word_n humo_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v earth_n or_o rather_o slime_n of_o the_o earth_n take_v his_o original_n from_o so_o base_a and_o vile_a a_o thing_n aught_o to_o be_v humble_a and_o void_a of_o all_o pride_n and_o arrogancy_n and_o to_o love_v virtue_n above_o all_o thing_n be_v always_o obedient_a to_o god_n his_o creator_n and_o ready_a to_o do_v his_o most_o holy_a precept_n and_o commandment_n logical_o thus_o every_o sensible_a creature_n that_o be_v create_v of_o the_o slime_n of_o earth_n aught_o to_o be_v obedient_a to_o his_o creator_n and_o to_o embrace_v virtue_n therefore_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v obedient_a to_o his_o creator_n and_o to_o embrace_v virtue_n from_o the_o matter_n man_n be_v make_v of_o the_o self_n same_o matter_n of_o which_o all_o other_o unliving_a dumb_a &_o unsenâ—…ble_a creature_n be_v make_v that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o the_o four_o element_n whereby_o he_o be_v subject_a to_o alteration_n and_o corruption_n wherefore_o man_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v proud_a or_o arrogant_a but_o modest_a humble_a lowly_a and_o obedient_a show_v in_o all_o the_o action_n of_o his_o life_n that_o he_o be_v not_o unmindful_a of_o his_o base_a estate_n and_o condition_n nor_o ignorant_a from_o whence_o he_o come_v and_o what_o he_o be_v even_o no_o better_a than_o earth_n and_o dust_n logical_o thus_o man_n be_v make_v of_o a_o base_a matter_n as_o all_o other_o thing_n be_v therefore_o man_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v proud_a but_o to_o love_v the_o virtue_n of_o humility_n and_o obedience_n from_o the_o form_n or_o shape_n of_o man._n it_o have_v be_v always_o most_o firm_o and_o with_o one_o whole_a consent_n agree_v and_o believe_v even_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o world_n that_o the_o true_a shape_n of_o man_n be_v a_o reasonable_a soul_n immortal_a and_o capable_a of_o everlasting_a blessedness_n which_o soul_n god_n of_o his_o goodness_n do_v breathe_v into_o man_n to_o the_o intent_n that_o he_o shall_v continual_o serve_v honour_n and_o obey_v he_o during_o this_o mortal_a life_n and_o after_o death_n enjoy_v eternal_a life_n what_o great_a madness_n be_v it_o then_o to_o think_v that_o man_n have_v obtain_v at_o god_n hand_n so_o noble_a a_o shape_n ought_v not_o to_o embrace_v all_o noble_a virtue_n and_o to_o govern_v all_o his_o action_n in_o such_o godly_a and_o virtuous_a manner_n as_o he_o may_v at_o length_n attain_v to_o the_o everlasting_a joy_n whereunto_o he_o be_v first_o create_v and_o form_v logical_o thus_o man_n consist_v of_o a_o soul_n capable_a of_o eternal_a felicity_n ergo_fw-la man_n ought_v to_o love_v virtue_n whereby_o he_o may_v attain_v to_o that_o felicity_n from_o the_o general_a kind_n sigh_v it_o be_v give_v by_o nature_n to_o every_o sensible_a body_n to_o seek_v his_o own_o safety_n and_o to_o be_v best_a affect_v that_o be_v to_o have_v his_o full_a perfection_n according_a to_o his_o kind_a the_o love_n of_o virtue_n therefore_o whereby_o man_n be_v make_v not_o only_o perfect_a in_o this_o life_n but_o also_o attain_v thereby_o everlasting_a joy_n in_o the_o life_n to_o come_v must_v needs_o be_v to_o he_o most_o natural_a logical_o thus_o every_o sensible_a body_n willing_o desire_v that_o which_o be_v agreeable_a to_o his_o nature_n and_o kind_n therefore_o man_n must_v needs_o love_v virtue_n as_o a_o thing_n most_o fit_a for_o his_o kind_n from_o the_o special_a kind_n both_o man_n and_o woman_n rich_a and_o poor_a young_a and_o old_a of_o what_o state_n or_o call_v soever_o they_o be_v if_o they_o intend_v to_o lead_v a_o good_a and_o godly_a life_n have_v need_n of_o virtue_n wherefore_o all_o man_n that_o will_v live_v well_o aught_o to_o embrace_v virtue_n logical_o thus_o both_o rich_a and_o poor_a young_a and_o old_a aught_o to_o love_v virtue_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n ought_v to_o love_v virtue_n from_o the_o common_a accident_n every_o man_n after_o that_o he_o have_v end_v this_o short_a course_n of_o life_n must_v appear_v at_o the_o last_o day_n before_o the_o terrible_a judgement_n seat_n of_o god_n there_o to_o render_v account_n of_o all_o his_o deed_n and_o word_n both_o good_a and_o bad_a whereas_o every_o man_n that_o have_v do_v well_o shall_v receive_v for_o his_o good_a deed_n a_o most_o glorious_a reward_n even_o life_n everlasting_a but_o the_o wicked_a for_o his_o evil_a deed_n shall_v be_v condemn_v to_o hell_n fire_n that_o never_o shall_v be_v quench_v a_o just_a reward_n for_o his_o desert_n wherefore_o all_o man_n ought_v
such_o part_n in_o order_n but_o if_o all_o the_o part_n which_o the_o thing_n contain_v have_v not_o oneself_o end_n but_o diverse_a then_o divide_v it_o by_o such_o difference_n as_o every_o part_n may_v have_v his_o proper_a end_n moreover_o if_o the_o form_n matter_n or_o cause_n efficient_a have_v diverse_a respect_n and_o consideration_n than_o according_a to_o that_o diversity_n make_v diverse_a division_n and_o first_o declare_v what_o be_v common_a to_o all_o the_o part_n in_o general_n and_o what_o be_v proper_a to_o every_o one_o in_o particular_a final_o if_o some_o one_o whole_a thing_n lie_v hide_v than_o it_o be_v to_o be_v find_v out_o by_o look_v into_o some_o of_o the_o particular_a part_n thereof_o and_o these_o be_v all_o the_o chief_a point_n contain_v in_o the_o latin_a treatise_n which_o my_o friend_n aâ—…ontius_n write_v the_o methodo_fw-la and_o though_o that_o petrus_n ramus_n make_v but_o one_o kind_n of_o method_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o first_o principle_n or_o element_n yet_o i_o be_o sure_a he_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o to_o go_v forward_o and_o backward_o be_v two_o diverse_a thing_n though_o not_o contrary_a as_o do_v well_o appear_v by_o the_o compositive_a and_o resolutive_a method_n before_o define_v i_o do_v not_o yet_o perfect_o understand_v by_o all_o this_o with_o what_o method_n a_o simple_a question_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v therefore_o i_o pray_v you_o show_v the_o true_a way_n and_o order_n thereof_o the_o method_n or_o way_n in_o handle_v a_o simple_a question_n depend_v upon_o these_o 9_o interrogative_n that_o be_v to_o say_v 1._o first_o what_o signification_n the_o name_n or_o word_n have_v whereof_o the_o question_n be_v make_v and_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v take_v 2._o second_o whether_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n or_o not_o 3._o three_o what_o it_o be_v 4._o four_o what_o be_v the_o part_n or_o special_a kind_n thereof_o 5._o five_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n 6._o six_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n 7._o seven_o what_o thing_n be_v incident_a or_o appertinent_a unto_o it_o 8._o eight_o what_o thing_n be_v like_a unto_o it_o 9_o and_o ninth_o what_o thing_n be_v contrary_a to_o it_o all_o which_o question_n aristotle_n reduce_v into_o these_o four_o that_o be_v to_o say_v whether_o it_o be_v what_o it_o be_v what_o manner_n of_o thing_n it_o be_v and_o why_o it_o be_v give_v example_n of_o a_o simple_a question_n handle_v according_a to_o the_o nine_o question_n before_o recite_v as_o for_o example_n if_o we_o have_v to_o treat_v of_o virtue_n first_o we_o must_v show_v the_o diverse_a signification_n of_o virtue_n for_o virtue_n signify_v sometime_o power_n and_o ability_n as_o when_o we_o say_v virtue_n attractive_a virtue_n digestive_a or_o virtue_n expulsive_a but_o here_o virtue_n be_v to_o be_v take_v for_o a_o moral_a habit_n bring_v forth_o good_a and_o commendable_a action_n second_o whether_o virtue_n be_v or_o not_o it_o plain_o appear_v by_o the_o diverse_a do_n of_o man_n whereof_o some_o be_v good_a some_o be_v bad_a three_o what_o virtue_n be_v we_o know_v by_o the_o definition_n thereof_o in_o say_v that_o virtue_n be_v a_o moral_a habit_n incline_v man_n will_n to_o do_v that_o which_o be_v always_o good_a and_o agreeable_a to_o true_a judgement_n four_o the_o kind_n of_o virtue_n be_v diverse_a as_o prudence_n justice_n temperance_n fortitude_n modesty_n and_o such_o like_a five_o the_o cause_n of_o virtue_n be_v also_o diverse_a for_o the_o cause_n efficient_a thereof_o be_v good_a and_o man_n will_n obedient_a to_o true_a reason_n and_o to_o true_a judgement_n the_o matter_n or_o subject_n of_o virtue_n be_v the_o mind_n or_o heart_n of_o man_n the_o final_a cause_n be_v blessedness_n six_o the_o effect_n of_o virtue_n be_v tranquillity_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o many_o prosperous_a success_n and_o also_o public_a utility_n and_o peace_n seven_o thing_n incident_a to_o virtue_n be_v these_o the_o honour_n praise_n and_o commendation_n of_o good_a man_n eight_o thing_n of_o affinity_n or_o like_a to_o virtue_n be_v all_o good_a inclination_n disposition_n or_o good_a natural_a affection_n as_o to_o be_v love_v kind_a and_o merciful_a nine_o thing_n contrary_a to_o virtue_n be_v all_o manner_n of_o vice_n as_o pride_n covetousness_n hypocrisy_n dissimulation_n etc._n etc._n what_o method_n be_v to_o be_v obsern_v in_o handle_v a_o compound_n question_n a_o compound_n question_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v by_o argue_v and_o reason_v on_o both_o side_n whereof_o we_o shall_v treat_v hereafter_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n we_o have_v to_o speak_v of_o a_o proposition_n without_o the_o which_o no_o argument_n can_v be_v make_v for_o all_o argument_n do_v consist_v of_o proposition_n here_o end_v the_o second_o book_n the_o art_n of_o logic_n the_o three_o book_n chap._n i._n of_o a_o proposition_n what_o be_v a_o proposition_n it_o be_v a_o perfect_a speech_n whereby_o something_o be_v manifest_o declare_v to_o be_v true_a or_o false_a whereof_o be_v such_o speech_n special_o compound_v of_o noun_n and_o verb_n which_o noun_n will_v be_v of_o the_o nominative_a case_n and_o the_o verb_n of_o the_o indicative_a mood_n as_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n for_o the_o logician_n do_v seldom_o allow_v any_o such_o speech_n as_o be_v either_o of_o the_o optative_a imperative_a interrogative_n or_o vocative_n mood_n as_o i_o will_v to_o god_n i_o have_v a_o good_a horse_n this_o speech_n be_v not_o account_v to_o be_v so_o true_a or_o certain_a as_o to_o say_v i_o have_v a_o good_a horse_n of_o how_o many_o part_n do_v a_o proposition_n consist_v of_o three_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o subject_n predicat_fw-la and_o copulat_fw-la what_o be_v the_o copulat_fw-la it_o be_v the_o verb_n substantive_n call_v in_o latin_a sum_n es_fw-mi fui_fw-la that_o be_v to_o be_v which_o do_v couple_n or_o join_v the_o predicat_fw-la with_o his_o subject_n as_o when_o we_o say_v man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n here_o in_o this_o proposition_n the_o word_n man_n be_v the_o subject_n and_o the_o word_n sensible_a body_n be_v the_o predicat_fw-la and_o the_o verb_n be_v be_v the_o copulat_fw-la which_o copulat_v be_v not_o always_o incident_a to_o every_o proposition_n and_o special_o when_o the_o predicat_fw-la be_v some_o other_o verb_n and_o not_o the_o verb_n substantive_a as_o plato_n dispute_v socrates_n walk_v which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v as_o plato_n be_v dispute_v socrates_n be_v walk_v how_o many_o way_n be_v a_o proposition_n divide_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v according_a to_o substance_n quality_n and_o quantity_n according_a to_o substance_n thus_o of_o proposition_n some_o be_v say_v to_o be_v categoricall_a that_o be_v simple_a and_o some_o hypotheticall_a that_o be_v compound_n of_o which_o compound_v proposition_n we_o mind_n not_o to_o speak_v before_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o all_o thing_n belong_v to_o a_o categoricall_a and_o simple_a proposition_n which_o be_v twofold_a that_o be_v to_o say_v absolute_a and_o modall_a what_o be_v a_o absolute_a categoricall_a proposition_n it_o be_v a_o speech_n which_o affirm_v or_o deny_v something_o absolute_o without_o any_o respect_n as_o when_o we_o say_v god_n be_v true_a or_o every_o man_n be_v a_o liar_n and_o this_o be_v otherwise_o call_v of_o the_o logician_n propositio_fw-la categorica_fw-la de_fw-la inesse_fw-la how_o be_v a_o simple_a proposition_n divide_v according_a to_o quality_n into_o a_o affirmative_a and_o negative_a proposition_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v affirmative_a and_o when_o negative_a it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v affirmative_a when_o the_o predicat_fw-la be_v affirm_v of_o the_o subject_n as_o when_o i_o say_v that_o john_n be_v learn_v and_o that_o be_v negative_a when_o the_o predicat_fw-la be_v deny_v of_o the_o subject_n as_o john_n be_v not_o learned_a and_o note_v that_o in_o such_o kind_n of_o speech_n the_o negative_a be_v always_o join_v to_o the_o verbo_fw-la how_o many_o way_n be_v a_o simple_a proposition_n divide_v according_a to_o quantity_n four_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v to_o say_v into_o a_o universal_a particular_a indefinite_a and_o singular_a proposition_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v universal_a when_o some_o universal_a sign_n be_v add_v to_o the_o subject_n which_o word_n be_v say_v to_o be_v universal_a sign_n these_o all_o every_o whatsoever_o whosoever_o none_o no_o body_n not_o one_o none_o at_o all_o every_o where_o no_o where_o and_o such_o like_a as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o liar_n no_o man_n be_v true_a when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v a_o particular_a proposition_n when_o some_o particular_a sign_n be_v add_v to_o the_o subject_n which_o call_v you_o particular_a sign_n these_o some_o any_o many_o few_o and_o such_o like_a as_o some_o man_n be_v wise_a few_o be_v wise_a when_o
apt_a to_o speak_v and_o every_o thing_n that_o be_v apt_a to_o speak_v be_v man_n what_o be_v conversion_n by_o accident_n it_o be_v that_o whereby_o the_o term_n be_v change_v and_o also_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o proposition_n but_o not_o the_o quality_n what_o proposition_n be_v convert_v this_o way_n a_o universal_a affirmative_a into_o a_o particular_a affirmative_a and_o a_o universal_a negative_a into_o a_o particular_a negative_a give_v example_n every_o patience_n be_v fortitude_n ergo_fw-la some_o fortitude_n be_v patience_n again_o no_o virtue_n be_v vice_n ergo_fw-la some_o vice_n be_v not_o virtue_n what_o be_v conversion_n by_o contraposition_n it_o be_v that_o whereby_o neither_o quantity_n nor_o quality_n be_v change_v but_o only_a term_n finite_a into_o term_n infinite_a that_o be_v to_o say_v term_v limit_v into_o term_n unlimited_a which_o call_v you_o term_v infinite_a all_o noun_n have_v a_o negative_a set_v before_o they_o as_o not_o man_n not_o beast_n what_o proposition_n be_v convert_v this_o manner_n of_o way_n a_o universal_a affirmative_a into_o a_o universal_a affirmative_a and_o a_o particular_a negative_a into_o a_o particular_a negative_a give_v example_n of_o the_o first_o thus_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n and_o every_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o a_o sensible_a body_n be_v not_o man_n of_o the_o second_o thus_o some_o virtue_n be_v not_o justice_n ergo_fw-la some_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o justice_n be_v not_o virtue_n these_o speech_n in_o english_a have_v some_o savour_n but_o to_o be_v speak_v in_o latin_a after_o the_o school_n manner_n be_v very_o barbarous_a or_o rather_o monstrous_a as_o ualerius_n term_v they_o as_o to_o say_v quaedam_fw-la non_fw-la justitia_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la non_fw-la virtus_fw-la chap._n vi_o of_o a_o modall_a proposition_n what_o be_v a_o modall_a proposition_n it_o be_v that_o which_o affirm_v or_o deny_v something_o not_o absolute_o but_o in_o a_o certain_a respect_n sort_n or_o mood_n which_o mood_n be_v common_o the_o predicat_fw-la in_o this_o kind_n of_o proposition_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o subject_n call_v of_o the_o logician_n dictum_fw-la what_o be_v a_o mood_n mood_n be_v a_o word_n determine_v and_o limit_v the_o signification_n of_o some_o other_o word_n whereunto_o it_o be_v join_v as_o a_o wise_a man_n a_o white_a horse_n for_o here_o this_o word_n wise_a be_v add_v to_o man_n do_v limit_n and_o restrain_v the_o general_a signification_n of_o the_o word_n man_n which_o otherwise_o of_o itself_o comprehend_v both_o wise_a and_o foolish_a and_o the_o like_a be_v to_o be_v say_v of_o any_o other_o general_a word_n whereunto_o any_o such_o addition_n be_v put_v but_o of_o mood_n make_v modall_a proposition_n there_o be_v but_o these_o four_o that_o be_v possible_a contingent_a impossible_a and_o necessary_a how_o manifold_a be_v a_o modall_a proposition_n twofold_a that_o be_v coniunct_n and_o disiunct_o when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v coniunct_n when_o the_o mood_n be_v place_v either_o in_o the_o beginning_n or_o end_v of_o a_o proposition_n as_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o john_n be_v sick_a or_o thus_o that_o john_n be_v sick_a it_o be_v possible_a when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v disiunct_n when_o the_o mood_n be_v place_v so_o as_o it_o divide_v the_o one_o part_n of_o the_o subject_n from_o the_o other_o as_o for_o john_n it_o be_v possible_a to_o be_v sick_a and_o the_o disiunct_n be_v say_v many_o time_n to_o be_v true_a when_o the_o coniunct_n be_v false_a be_v both_o make_v of_o self_n term_n as_o for_o example_n the_o logician_n affirm_v this_o to_o be_v true_a a_o white_a man_n it_o be_v possible_a to_o be_v black_a but_o this_o other_o a_o white_a man_n to_o be_v black_a it_o be_v possible_a they_o affirm_v to_o be_v false_a what_o make_v they_o so_o to_o do_v since_o by_o construction_n these_o two_o speech_n in_o sense_n do_v seem_v to_o be_v all_o one_o because_o the_o mood_n be_v the_o disiunct_n which_o by_o part_v and_o sever_n the_o subject_n make_v the_o proposition_n to_o seem_v speak_v in_o diverse_a respect_n as_o man_n to_o be_v white_a in_o one_o respect_n and_o black_a in_o another_o and_o so_o the_o speech_n to_o be_v true_a chap._n vii_o of_o the_o proposition_n equivalency_n and_o conversion_n of_o modall_a proposition_n we_o tell_v you_o before_o that_o of_o modall_a proposition_n some_o be_v call_v coniunct_o and_o some_o disiunct_n and_o as_o for_o the_o modal_n disiunct_n they_o differ_v but_o little_a from_o absolute_a proposition_n before_o declare_v and_o therefore_o we_o have_v here_o chief_o to_o deal_v with_o opposition_n equivalency_n and_o conversion_n belong_v to_o modall_a coniunct_n the_o matter_n whereof_o being_n not_o altogether_o so_o necessary_a as_o some_o man_n affirm_v i_o mind_n to_o make_v no_o long_a speech_n thereof_o but_o for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o opposition_n equivalency_n and_o conversion_n thereof_o it_o be_v needful_a first_o to_o declare_v the_o quantity_n and_o quality_n of_o a_o modall_a proposition_n of_o both_o which_o thing_n though_o aristotle_n make_v no_o mention_n but_o only_o a_o little_a of_o quality_n yet_o the_o latter_a writer_n do_v necessary_o suppose_v modall_a proposition_n to_o be_v endue_v with_o quantity_n and_o quality_n for_o they_o say_v that_o the_o mood_n necessary_a be_v much_o like_a to_o a_o sign_n universal_a affirmative_a the_o mood_n impossible_a to_o a_o sign_n universal_a negative_a the_o mood_n possible_a and_o contingent_a which_o be_v both_o of_o one_o value_n be_v like_a to_o sign_n particular_a affirmative_a now_o as_o touch_v the_o quality_n which_o be_v to_o be_v either_o affirmative_a or_o negative_a like_a as_o the_o negative_a in_o absolute_a proposition_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o verb_n even_o so_o in_o modall_a proposition_n it_o be_v add_v to_o the_o mood_n as_o by_o the_o example_n set_v down_o in_o the_o figure_n of_o opposition_n hereafter_o follow_v you_o may_v easy_o perceive_v chap._n viii_o of_o the_o opposition_n of_o modal_n how_o many_o way_n be_v modall_a proposition_n say_v to_o be_v opposite_a they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v opposite_a four_o manner_n of_o way_n even_o as_o absolute_a proposition_n be_v than_z be_v to_o say_v contrary_o subcontrary_o contradictoriy_n and_o subalternate_o as_o you_o see_v in_o this_o figure_n follow_v wherein_o the_o mood_n be_v set_v before_o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_n the_o better_a to_o show_v the_o quantity_n &_o quality_n of_o every_o proposition_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o equivalency_n and_o conversion_n of_o modall_a proposition_n the_o schoolman_n do_v affirm_v that_o modall_a proposition_n be_v easy_o make_v equivalent_a by_o reason_n that_o they_o may_v be_v utter_v four_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v to_o say_v two_o manner_n of_o way_n affirmative_o and_o two_o manner_n of_o way_n negative_o the_o first_o way_n affirmative_o be_v when_o no_o negative_a be_v add_v either_o to_o the_o subject_n or_o to_o the_o mood_n as_o for_o a_o man_n to_o be_v just_a it_o be_v possible_a contingent_a impossible_a or_o necessary_a the_o second_o way_n affirmative_o be_v when_o the_o negative_a be_v add_v to_o the_o verb_n of_o the_o subject_n the_o mood_n remain_v still_o affirmative_a as_o for_o a_o man_n not_o to_o be_v just_a it_o be_v possible_a contingent_a etc._n etc._n the_o first_o way_n negative_o be_v when_o the_o negative_a be_v only_o add_v to_o the_o mood_n as_o a_o man_n to_o be_v just_a it_o be_v not_o possible_a contingent_a etc._n etc._n the_o second_o way_n negative_o be_v when_o the_o negative_a be_v both_o add_v to_o the_o verb_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o also_o to_o the_o mood_n as_o a_o man_n not_o to_o be_v just_a it_o be_v not_o possible_a contingent_a etc._n etc._n which_o be_v all_o one_o and_o equivalent_a to_o this_o affirmative_a proposition_n say_v that_o for_o a_o man_n to_o be_v just_a it_o be_v possible_a contingent_a etc._n etc._n for_o two_o negative_n as_o well_o in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n as_o in_o we_o do_v always_o make_v a_o affirmative_a again_o as_o touch_v the_o conversion_n of_o modal_a proposition_n they_o say_v that_o the_o disiunct_n be_v like_a to_o a_o absolute_a or_o simple_a proposition_n may_v be_v convert_v both_o simple_o and_o per_fw-la accidens_fw-la but_o the_o coniunct_n suffer_v no_o conversion_n &_o though_o the_o schoolman_n do_v set_v down_o diverse_a &_o manifold_a rule_n and_o have_v invent_v these_o 4._o word_n of_o art_n that_o be_v purpurea_fw-la iliace_n be_o abimus_fw-la edentuli_n attribute_v as_o well_o to_o the_o vowel_n as_o to_o the_o consonant_n thereof_o certain_a signification_n for_o the_o better_a understanding_n &_o bear_v in_o memory_n the_o equivalency_n &_o conversion_n of_o the_o say_v modal_a proposition_n yet_o because_o in_o my_o opinion_n they_o be_v more_o meet_a to_o breed_v preposterous_a
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in_o this_o life_n to_o fly_v vice_n and_o to_o embrace_v virtue_n from_o whence_o all_o good_a action_n do_v spring_n logical_o thus_o every_o man_n shall_v render_v account_n at_o the_o last_o day_n of_o all_o his_o deed_n both_o good_a and_o bad_a and_o shall_v receive_v a_o just_a reward_n according_a to_o the_o same_o ergo_fw-la every_o man_n while_o he_o live_v in_o this_o world_n aught_o to_o fly_v vice_n and_o to_o embrace_v virtue_n from_o the_o cause_n efficient_a sigh_v man_n be_v create_v by_o god_n the_o creator_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o author_n of_o all_o goodness_n excellency_n and_o virtue_n and_o be_v form_v according_a to_o the_o very_a image_n and_o likeness_n of_o god_n it_o behove_v man_n therefore_o to_o imitate_v his_o creator_n and_o by_o lead_v a_o godly_a and_o virtuous_a life_n to_o show_v that_o he_o be_v somewhat_o like_o he_o though_o not_o able_a in_o all_o thing_n to_o attain_v to_o the_o perfection_n of_o so_o perfect_a a_o pattern_n logical_o thus_o 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after_o those_o habit_n whereby_o humane_a nature_n be_v best_a adorn_v and_o make_v most_o perfect_a and_o that_o virtue_n among_o such_o habit_n be_v the_o chiese_n because_o that_o thereby_o the_o mind_n of_o man_n be_v teach_v to_o know_v what_o truth_n be_v and_o his_o will_n thereby_o be_v always_o incline_v to_o honest_a and_o laudable_a action_n man_n therefore_o ought_v with_o all_o his_o power_n and_o endeavour_n to_o embrace_v virtue_n logical_o thus_o man_n ought_v chief_o to_o love_v those_o habit_n whereby_o his_o nature_n be_v make_v perfect_a therefore_o man_n ought_v to_o love_v virtue_n from_o the_o special_a kind_a it_o be_v most_o meet_a yea_o most_o necessary_a for_o all_o man_n to_o love_v fortitude_n and_o temperance_n for_o by_o temperance_n man_n will_n be_v bridle_v and_o keep_v from_o all_o evil_a lust_n and_o affection_n and_o by_o fortitude_n he_o be_v make_v free_a from_o fear_n of_o death_n and_o as_o without_o temperance_n man_n life_n can_v be_v honest_a so_o without_o fortitude_n his_o death_n can_v be_v commendable_a wherefore_o it_o plain_o appear_v how_o necessary_a a_o thing_n it_o be_v for_o a_o man_n to_o embrace_v virtue_n as_o that_o which_o chief_o make_v his_o life_n honest_a and_o laudable_a and_o his_o death_n glorious_a and_o honourable_a logical_o thus_o a_o man_n ought_v to_o love_v fortitude_n and_o temperance_n ergo_fw-la he_o ought_v to_o love_v virtue_n from_o the_o corruption_n of_o the_o subject_n the_o destruction_n of_o virtue_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o most_o grievous_a evil_n for_o the_o light_n of_o virtue_n be_v extinct_a the_o mind_n be_v immediate_o wrap_v in_o such_o darkness_n as_o it_o can_v see_v nor_o discern_v what_o be_v honest_a what_o be_v profitable_a or_o what_o be_v hurtful_a by_o mean_n whereof_o man_n fall_v into_o most_o filthy_a vice_n which_o do_v so_o infect_v and_o corrupt_v the_o life_n of_o man_n as_o it_o become_v most_o detestable_a both_o to_o god_n and_o man_n whereby_o it_o plain_o appear_v how_o noble_a a_o thing_n virtue_n be_v and_o with_o what_o love_n and_o diligence_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v embrace_v of_o all_o man_n logical_o thus_o the_o destruction_n of_o virtue_n be_v evil_a therefore_o virtue_n be_v good_a and_o worthy_a to_o be_v belove_v from_o the_o use_n of_o the_o subject_n the_o use_n of_o virtue_n make_v man_n life_n commendable_a holy_a glorious_a and_o acceptable_a both_o to_o god_n and_o man_n than_o which_o nothing_o can_v be_v in_o this_o world_n more_o to_o be_v desire_v of_o man_n wherefore_o it_o manifest_o appear_v that_o virtue_n be_v so_o noble_a a_o thing_n as_o all_o man_n ought_v to_o bestow_v all_o their_o study_n labour_n and_o care_n in_o obtain_v the_o same_o logical_o thus_o the_o use_n of_o virtue_n be_v good_a therefore_o virtue_n be_v good_a from_o common_a accident_n sigh_v all_o man_n do_v great_o desire_v to_o have_v their_o conscience_n quiet_v and_o their_o mind_n free_a from_o all_o evil_a lust_n affect_n and_o passion_n which_o with_o continual_a strife_n do_v molest_v the_o same_o and_o thereby_o do_v cause_n man_n to_o lead_v a_o miserable_a life_n man_n therefore_o ought_v to_o refuse_v no_o pain_n nor_o labour_n so_o as_o he_o may_v attain_v to_o virtue_n which_o be_v always_o accompany_v with_o that_o tranquillity_n of_o mind_n and_o conscience_n that_o be_v so_o much_o desire_v logical_o thus_o the_o tranquillity_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o conscience_n be_v to_o be_v desire_v ergo_fw-la virtue_n which_o be_v always_o accompany_v with_o that_o tranquillity_n be_v to_o be_v desire_v from_o the_o cause_n efficient_a sigh_v true_a virtue_n be_v not_o to_o be_v get_v by_o any_o man_n labour_n exercise_n or_o industry_n without_o the_o great_a grace_n of_o god_n who_o be_v chief_a author_n and_o giver_n of_o all_o good_a gift_n it_o well_o appear_v that_o virtue_n be_v a_o most_o excellent_a thing_n and_o most_o worthy_a to_o be_v have_v in_o admiration_n and_o therefore_o with_o fervent_a love_n and_o diligence_n to_o be_v embrace_v of_o all_o man_n logical_o thus_o god_n the_o chief_a author_n of_o all_o good_a be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a of_o virtue_n therefore_o virtue_n proceed_v of_o so_o worthy_a a_o cause_n must_v needs_o be_v a_o excellent_a thing_n and_o worthy_a of_o all_o man_n to_o be_v embrace_v from_o the_o effect_n true_a honour_n and_o glory_n have_v be_v always_o have_v among_o all_o man_n in_o great_a admiration_n because_o it_o seem_v not_o only_o by_o man_n judgement_n but_o also_o by_o the_o divine_a judgement_n of_o god_n to_o be_v always_o attribute_v to_o virtue_n wherefore_o since_o virtue_n do_v yield_v such_o noble_a fruit_n and_o effect_n virtue_n must_v needs_o be_v a_o noble_a thing_n itself_o and_o worthy_a of_o all_o man_n to_o be_v embrace_v logical_o thus_o the_o effect_n of_o virtue_n which_o be_v true_a honour_n and_o glory_n be_v good_a
and_o to_o be_v desire_v from_o the_o end_n sigh_v everlasting_a blessedness_n be_v of_o such_o excellency_n as_o neither_o tongue_n be_v able_a to_o express_v the_o joy_n thereof_o nor_o mind_n to_o conceive_v the_o same_o and_o therefore_o aught_o to_o be_v desire_v above_o all_o thing_n as_o the_o just_a reward_n of_o all_o goodness_n and_o final_a end_n of_o all_o evil_a and_o that_o virtue_n be_v the_o only_a mean_a to_o bring_v man_n to_o that_o bless_a end_n who_o then_o will_v once_o think_v that_o virtue_n be_v not_o to_o be_v esteem_v above_o all_o thing_n and_o worthy_a of_o all_o man_n to_o be_v embrace_v logical_o thus_o the_o end_n of_o virtue_n which_o be_v everlasting_a felicity_n be_v to_o be_v desire_v ergo_fw-la virtue_n be_v to_o be_v desire_v hitherto_o you_o have_v show_v how_o the_o aforesaid_a theme_n be_v to_o be_v prove_v with_o argument_n fetch_v aswell_o from_o the_o subject_n as_o the_o predicate_v now_o show_v what_o argument_n be_v to_o be_v fetch_v from_o both_o join_v together_o these_o that_o follow_v and_o such_o like_a and_o first_o by_o comparison_n from_o the_o less_o to_o the_o more_o from_o the_o less_o to_o the_o more_o if_o man_n will_v not_o let_v to_o bestow_v any_o pain_n labour_n or_o cost_v to_o preserve_v their_o body_n from_o death_n sickness_n or_o any_o other_o hurt_n how_o much_o more_o than_o ought_v they_o to_o endeavour_n themselves_o to_o obtain_v virtue_n which_o will_v preserve_v their_o soul_n from_o all_o corrupt_a affection_n and_o evil_a vice_n and_o thereby_o deliver_v they_o from_o death_n everlasting_a logical_o thus_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v careful_a of_o his_o bodily_a health_n ergo_fw-la much_o more_o of_o his_o soul_n health_n which_o be_v chief_o preserve_v by_o virtue_n from_o similitude_n or_o likeness_n as_o the_o beauty_n of_o the_o body_n be_v pleasant_a to_o man_n eye_n even_o so_o the_o beauty_n of_o the_o mind_n or_o soul_n be_v as_o acceptable_a to_o god_n and_o therefore_o as_o man_n will_v be_v diligent_a and_o careful_a in_o deck_v and_o adorn_v his_o body_n to_o please_v the_o eye_n of_o man_n even_o so_o he_o ought_v to_o be_v most_o careful_a to_o deck_v his_o soul_n and_o mind_n with_o such_o virtue_n as_o do_v make_v the_o same_o in_o god_n sight_n most_o acceptable_a logical_o thus_o as_o the_o deck_v of_o the_o body_n be_v pleasant_a to_o man_n eye_n so_o the_o deck_v of_o the_o soul_n be_v please_v to_o god_n from_o authority_n dauid_n the_o prophet_n in_o the_o 34._o psalm_n say_v thus_o turn_v from_o evil_a and_o do_v that_o which_o be_v good_a the_o prophet_n micheas_n also_o agree_v hereunto_o in_o say_v thus_o deal_v just_o with_o all_o man_n love_v mercy_n and_o walk_v diligent_o in_o the_o way_n of_o god_n by_o which_o word_n these_o two_o godly_a prophet_n do_v teach_v no_o other_o thing_n than_o that_o man_n forsake_v all_o kind_n of_o vice_n shall_v with_o all_o diligence_n embrace_v virtue_n logical_o thus_o god_n teach_v by_o his_o prophet_n david_n and_o also_o by_o micheas_n that_o man_n shall_v fly_v vice_n and_o love_v virtue_n ergo_fw-la man_n ought_v to_o love_v virtue_n by_o daily_o exercise_v yourself_o in_o such_o example_n as_o this_o be_v you_o shall_v in_o short_a time_n learn_v the_o right_a use_n of_o the_o place_n and_o be_v able_a thereby_o ready_o to_o apply_v they_o to_o every_o good_a purpose_n here_o end_v the_o four_o book_n of_o logic_n the_o five_o book_n of_o logic_n chap._n i._n of_o argumentation_n and_o of_o the_o four_o kind_n thereof_o in_o general_a and_o also_o of_o the_o first_o principle_n of_o a_o syllogism_n have_v hitherto_o sufficient_o speak_v of_o word_n both_o simple_a and_o compound_n whereof_o all_o question_n do_v consist_v also_o of_o definition_n and_o division_n of_o method_n of_o proposition_n and_o of_o the_o place_n it_o rest_v now_o that_o i_o declare_v unto_o you_o the_o form_n and_o kind_n of_o reason_v call_v argumentation_n which_o be_v the_o mean_n whereby_o in_o all_o compound_n question_n the_o truth_n may_v be_v discern_v from_o falsehood_n wherein_o consist_v the_o chief_a fruit_n of_o logic_n and_o therefore_o you_o shall_v understand_v that_o there_o be_v four_o principal_a kind_n or_o form_n of_o argumentation_n that_o be_v a_o syllogism_n a_o induction_n a_o ethymeme_n and_o example_n i_o say_v here_o principal_a because_o there_o be_v diverse_a other_o form_n which_o though_o they_o be_v not_o so_o necessary_a yet_o i_o will_v bries_o treat_v of_o they_o hereafter_o but_o for_o so_o much_o as_o the_o syllogism_n be_v the_o chief_a whereunto_o all_o other_o be_v reser_v as_o thing_n unperfect_a unto_o a_o thing_n perfect_a i_o will_v first_o speak_v of_o a_o syllogism_n and_o of_o all_o the_o part_n thereof_o but_o yet_o before_o i_o define_v or_o divide_v a_o syllogism_n i_o think_v it_o very_o necessary_a to_o declare_v unto_o you_o the_o first_o principle_n aswell_o material_a as_o regular_n of_o a_o simple_a syllogism_n consist_v of_o simple_a proposition_n which_o call_v you_o material_a principle_n material_a principle_n be_v three_o simple_a proposition_n and_o three_o term_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o subject_n the_o predicate_v and_o the_o mean_a term_n hereafter_o define_v whereof_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o predicate_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o outermost_a limit_n or_o bound_n of_o any_o simple_a proposition_n why_o be_v they_o call_v term_n or_o limit_n because_o they_o limit_v a_o proposition_n even_o as_o dole-stone_n or_o mere_n do_v limit_v a_o piece_n of_o ground_n in_o the_o field_n and_o be_v the_o uttermost_a part_n or_o bound_n whereunto_o any_o proposition_n be_v to_o be_v resolve_v as_o for_o example_n in_o this_o proposition_n every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n these_o two_o word_n man_n and_o sensible_a body_n be_v the_o term_n limit_n or_o bound_n whereof_o as_o the_o say_a proposition_n be_v compound_v so_o into_o the_o same_o it_o be_v to_o be_v resolve_v as_o into_o his_o uttermost_a part_n that_o have_v any_o signification_n for_o letter_n and_o syllable_n of_o themselves_o be_v without_o signification_n and_o therefore_o can_v limit_v no_o speech_n so_o that_o the_o term_n of_o proposition_n must_v be_v either_o noun_n or_o verb_n which_o be_v only_a voice_n significative_a as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o which_o be_v the_o principle_n regulative_a the_o principle_n regulative_a of_o a_o syllogism_n be_v these_o two_o phrase_n of_o speech_n to_o be_v speak_v of_o all_o and_o to_o be_v speak_v of_o none_o what_o be_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o all_o that_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_v be_v true_o speak_v of_o the_o subject_n must_v needs_o be_v also_o speak_v of_o all_o that_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o say_a subject_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n here_o this_o word_n sensible_a body_n be_v not_o only_o speak_v of_o man_n in_o general_a but_o also_o of_o peter_n and_o john_n and_o of_o every_o other_o man_n in_o particular_a comprehend_v under_o the_o foresay_a subject_n man_n what_o be_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o none_o it_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_v be_v deny_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n be_v deny_v also_o to_o be_v speak_v of_o any_o thing_n contain_v in_o the_o subject_n as_o when_o i_o say_v no_o man_n be_v a_o stone_n here_o like_a as_o this_o word_n stone_n be_v deny_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o man_n so_o it_o be_v also_o deny_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o peter_n and_o john_n &_o of_o every_o other_o singular_a man_n out_o of_o which_o definition_n be_v gather_v two_o necessary_a rule_n which_o be_v they_o the_o first_o rule_n be_v whatsoever_o be_v true_o affirm_v of_o his_o natural_a and_o proper_a subject_n be_v also_o affirm_v of_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v contain_v under_o the_o say_a subject_n the_o second_o rule_n be_v thus_o whatsoever_o be_v deny_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o any_o subject_n be_v also_o deny_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o every_o thing_n contain_v under_o the_o say_a subject_n whereto_o serve_v these_o rule_n the_o first_o rule_n confirm_v all_o syllogism_n affirmative_a and_o the_o second_o confirm_v all_o syllogism_n negative_a chap._n ii_o of_o a_o syllogism_n what_o it_o be_v how_o it_o be_v divide_v and_o of_o what_o part_n it_o consist_v what_o be_v a_o syllogism_n a_o syllogism_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o argument_n contain_v three_o proposition_n whereof_o the_o two_o first_o common_o call_v the_o premise_n be_v dispose_v according_a to_o mood_n and_o figure_n and_o grant_v the_o three_o proposition_n otherwise_o call_v the_o conclusion_n differ_v from_o the_o other_o two_o follow_v of_o necessity_n by_o virtue_n of_o the_o premise_n how_o these_o three_o proposition_n be_v call_v and_o what_o mood_n and_o figure_n be_v shall_v be_v declare_v hereafter_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n mark_v
which_o principle_n who_o so_o be_v ignorant_a can_v be_v skilful_a in_o that_o science_n as_o if_o a_o man_n will_v profess_v geometry_n and_o know_v not_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o point_n or_o prick_v of_o a_o line_n or_o superficies_n or_o of_o such_o common_a maxim_n as_o these_o be_v the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o his_o part_n take_v equal_a from_o equal_a and_o equal_a remain_n etc._n etc._n shall_v quick_o bewray_v his_o own_o ignorance_n sophistical_a disputation_n use_v nothing_o but_o deceiâ—…full_a argument_n or_o fallax_n whereof_o there_o be_v thirteen_o kind_n hereafter_o set_v down_o but_o first_o i_o will_v show_v you_o which_o be_v the_o five_o mark_n and_o end_v of_o sophistry_n chap._n four_o of_o the_o five_o mark_n and_o end_v of_o sophistry_n aristotle_n say_v that_o the_o fraudulent_a disputation_n of_o the_o sophister_n tend_v always_o to_o one_o of_o these_o five_o end_n or_o mark_v that_o be_v either_o by_o force_n of_o argument_n to_o bring_v you_o into_o some_o absurdity_n which_o he_o call_v elench_v that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o reprehension_n or_o reproof_n or_o else_o to_o make_v you_o to_o confess_v that_o which_o be_v manifest_o false_a or_o to_o grant_v some_o paradox_n which_o be_v asmuch_o to_o say_v as_o a_o opinion_n contrary_a to_o all_o man_n opinion_n or_o to_o allow_v of_o incongrue_fw-la speech_n contrary_n to_o the_o rule_n of_o grammar_n call_v in_o latin_a solecismus_n or_o to_o admit_v some_o vain_a repetition_n call_v in_o latin_a nugatio_fw-la give_v example_n of_o all_o these_o five_o mark_n of_o the_o first_o mark_n let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n if_o in_o dispute_v of_o virtue_n you_o have_v perhaps_o grant_v that_o the_o meditation_n of_o virtue_n do_v make_v a_o man_n sad_a the_o sophister_n will_v force_v you_o by_o argument_n to_o deny_v again_o that_o which_o you_o before_o grant_v thus_o all_o thing_n that_o be_v contrary_a harâ—…_n contrary_a effect_n but_o it_o be_v proper_a to_o vice_n to_o make_v the_o mind_n of_o man_n sad_a ergo_fw-la virtue_n make_v his_o mind_n glad_a this_o kind_n of_o reason_v be_v more_o plain_o teach_v before_o when_o we_o talk_v of_o reduction_n by_o impossibility_n of_o the_o second_o mark_n let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n every_o dog_n have_v power_n to_o bark_v but_o there_o be_v a_o certain_a star_n call_v the_o dog_n ergo_fw-la that_o star_n have_v power_n to_o bark_v the_o fallax_fw-la of_o this_o argument_n consist_v only_o in_o the_o word_n dog_n which_o be_v equivoke_v as_o shall_v be_v declare_v more_o at_o large_a hereafter_o when_o we_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o that_o elench_v or_o fallax_fw-la of_o the_o paradox_n which_o be_v the_o three_o mark_n let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n the_o sophister_n will_v make_v you_o to_o grant_v that_o a_o rich_a and_o happy_a king_n be_v wretched_a by_o force_n of_o argument_n thus_o whosoever_o be_v subject_a to_o sin_n be_v wretched_a but_o all_o rich_a and_o happy_a king_n be_v subject_a to_o sin_n ergo_fw-la all_o rich_a and_o happy_a king_n be_v wretched_a and_o miserable_a in_o this_o be_v also_o a_o fallax_fw-la because_o that_o happiness_n be_v speak_v here_o in_o two_o respect_n for_o there_o be_v worldly_a happiness_n and_o heavenly_a happiness_n of_o the_o four_o mark_v call_v incongruitie_n of_o speech_n i_o can_v hardly_o give_v you_o any_o fit_a example_n in_o our_o native_a tongue_n because_o that_o our_o english_a adiective_n do_v not_o differ_v in_o case_n gender_n and_o number_n and_o therefore_o i_o pray_v you_o content_v yourself_o with_o this_o latin_a example_n for_o it_o be_v a_o easy_a matter_n for_o a_o englishman_n to_o speak_v false_a latin_a then_o false_a english_a the_o sophister_n will_v make_v you_o to_o allow_v of_o this_o false_a latin_a mulier_fw-la est_fw-la candidus_fw-la by_o force_n of_o argument_n thus_o omnis_fw-la homo_fw-la est_fw-la candidus_fw-la at_o mulier_fw-la est_fw-la homo_fw-la ergo_fw-la mulier_fw-la est_fw-la candidus_fw-la the_o english_a whereof_o be_v thus_o every_o man_n be_v white_a but_o woman_n be_v man_n ergo_fw-la a_o woman_n be_v white_a here_o this_o word_n white_a in_o the_o latin_a be_v of_o the_o masculine_a gender_n contrary_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o grammar_n but_o this_o may_v be_v very_o well_o refer_v to_o the_o fallax_fw-la call_v form_n of_o speech_n hereafter_o declare_v of_o the_o five_o mark_n call_v nugation_n let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n the_o sophister_n will_v make_v you_o to_o allow_v of_o this_o vain_a repetition_n plato_n be_v learn_v a_o man_n learned_a by_o force_n of_o argument_n thus_o plato_n be_v learn_v but_o plato_n be_v a_o man_n learned_a ergo_fw-la plato_n be_v learn_v a_o man_n learned_a here_o the_o premise_n and_o the_o conclusion_n be_v all_o one_o thing_n and_o therefore_o contrary_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o logic_n but_o leave_v these_o thing_n as_o superfluous_a and_o in_o my_o judgement_n serve_v to_o small_a purpose_n if_o i_o may_v so_o say_v without_o offence_n i_o mind_n therefore_o now_o to_o return_v to_o my_o matter_n first_o intend_v chap._n v._n how_o to_o confute_v all_o manner_n of_o elenche_n or_o fallax_n whatsoever_o they_o be_v every_o fallax_fw-la consist_v either_o in_o word_n or_o in_o thing_n and_o of_o those_o that_o consist_v in_o word_n there_o be_v in_o number_n six_o and_o of_o other_o consist_v in_o thing_n there_o be_v seven_o so_o as_o in_o all_o there_o be_v thirteen_o as_o i_o say_v before_o which_o be_v those_o six_o that_o consist_v in_o word_n equivocation_n amphibologie_n or_o doubtful_a speech_n conjunction_n division_n accent_n and_o figure_n or_o form_n of_o speech_n show_v what_o these_o fallax_n be_v and_o give_v example_n equivocation_n be_v when_o the_o deceit_n consist_v in_o the_o doubtfulness_n equivocatio_fw-la of_o some_o one_o word_n have_v diverse_a signification_n as_o for_o example_n every_o dog_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a star_n call_v a_o dog_n ergo_fw-la that_o star_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n here_o the_o conclusion_n be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o this_o word_n dog_n have_v diverse_a signification_n another_o example_n the_o prophet_n say_v that_o there_o be_v no_o evil_a in_o the_o city_n but_o god_n do_v it_o but_o there_o be_v horrible_a evil_n in_o the_o city_n ergo_fw-la god_n be_v the_o author_n of_o evil_n the_o conclusion_n be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o in_o the_o mayor_n this_o word_n evil_a signify_v punishment_n and_o in_o the_o minor_a it_o signify_v sin_n another_o example_n whosoever_o love_v christ_n observe_v his_o word_n and_o be_v belove_v of_o the_o father_n but_o no_o body_n that_o break_v the_o law_n observe_v the_o word_n of_o christ_n therefore_o no_o body_n be_v belove_v of_o the_o father_n here_o the_o mayor_n be_v doubtful_a because_o this_o voice_n word_n may_v be_v take_v either_o for_o the_o word_n of_o the_o law_n or_o else_o for_o the_o word_n of_o the_o gospel_n which_o the_o apostle_n do_v ever_o keep_v as_o christ_n himself_o say_v and_o therefore_o they_o be_v belove_v of_o the_o father_n and_o so_o consequent_o every_o true_a christian_a that_o do_v keep_v the_o pure_a doctrine_n of_o christ_n be_v belove_v of_o the_o father_n but_o the_o word_n of_o the_o law_n say_v that_o every_o one_o be_v curse_v that_o abide_v not_o in_o all_o amphibologia_fw-la or_o doubtful_a speech_n be_v when_o some_o whole_a amphibologia_fw-la sentence_n be_v doubtful_a and_o may_v be_v interpret_v diverse_a way_n as_o the_o oracle_n of_o apollo_n in_o say_v that_o croesus_n pass_v the_o river_n of_o halis_n shall_v overthrow_v a_o great_a empire_n by_o which_o oracle_n be_v mean_v that_o he_o shall_v overthrow_v his_o own_o empire_n and_o not_o the_o persian_a empire_n which_o by_o wrong_n construe_v that_o oracle_n he_o hope_v to_o subdue_v composition_n or_o conjunction_n be_v the_o join_v together_o of_o compositio_fw-la thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v sever_v as_o for_o example_n two_o and_o three_o be_v even_o and_o odd_a but_o five_o make_v two_o and_o three_o therefore_o five_o be_v both_o even_a and_o odd_a which_o kind_n of_o argument_n be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o those_o thing_n be_v join_v together_o which_o ought_v to_o be_v sever_v division_n be_v when_o thing_n be_v sever_v which_o shall_v be_v join_v divisio_fw-la together_o as_o all_o the_o wise_a man_n of_o greece_n be_v seven_o solon_n and_o periander_n be_v wise_a man_n of_o greece_n therefore_o solon_n and_o periander_n be_v seven_o here_o the_o consequent_a be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o solon_n and_o periander_n be_v sever_v from_o the_o rest_n whereunto_o they_o shall_v be_v join_v the_o fallax_fw-la of_o accent_n be_v when_o word_n be_v not_o right_o and_o accentus_fw-la simple_o pronounce_v as_o when_o we_o do_v add_v to_o or_o take_v from_o a_o word_n any_o aspiration_n letter_n or_o syllable_n and_o thereby_o alter_v the_o