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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16282	The manners, lauues, and customes of all nations collected out of the best vvriters by Ioannes Boemus ... ; with many other things of the same argument, gathered out of the historie of Nicholas Damascen ; the like also out of the history of America, or Brasill, written by Iohn Lerius ; the faith, religion and manners of the Aethiopians, and the deploration of the people of Lappia, compiled by Damianus a ̀Goes ; with a short discourse of the Aethiopians, taken out of Ioseph Scaliger his seuenth booke de emendatione temporum ; written in Latin, and now newly translated into English, by Ed. Aston.; Omnium gentium mores, leges, et ritus. English. 1611	Boemus, Joannes, ca. 1485-1535.; Góis, Damião de, 1502-1574.; Nicolaus, of Damascus.; Léry, Jean de, 1534-1611. Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Brésil.; Scaliger, Joseph Juste, 1540-1609. De emendatione temporum.; Aston, Edward, b. 1573 or 4.	1611 (1611)	STC 3198.5; ESTC S102777	343,933	572

hee indued him with celestiall vnderstanding and named him Adam of the redde earth or claye whereof he was framed And to the end he should not bee alone the Lord casting him into a dead slumber tooke a ribbe from out his side and framing woman thereof gaue her vnto him as his wife and companion and placed them in the pleasantest part of all the earth watered on all parts with most pleasant riuers and delectable fountaines which place for the euer fresh and pleasant aspect was of the Greekes called Paradice wherein for a space they liued a most blessed life free from all euill the earth producing all things of her owne accord But no sooner had they transgressed the commandement of their maker but that they were expelled from that most sacred seat and happy habitation thrust into the earth to till the same out of which they were taken which being then for a curse restrained of her former fruitfulnesse and bringing forth nothing willingly they got their liuings with sweate and sorrow their bodies being become subiect to heat and cold and all kinde of infirmities Their first begotten sonne they called Cain the second Abell after whom they had many other children So that the world growing richer in age and the earth more inhabited as the multitude of people increased so did wickednesse waxe more rife and men growing worse worse accounting iniury for innocencie and the contempt of Gods maiesty for piety were come to that height of iniquity that God in all the world scarce finding Noah only whom for the reparation of mankind he thought fit to be preserued with his houshold sent the generall deluge which drowning all the world destroyed the fowles of the aire and all liuing creatures breathing vpon the face of the earth some few seed pares only excepted defended by the Arke from the force of the floud After the rage of the waters had continued for fiue months space the Arke rested vpon the hils of Armenia and Noah his company going forth into the earth by Gods speciall grace assistances in short time the almost extinguished estate of all mortall creatures was repared And Noah because all parts of the earth might be re-peopled sent his sonnes nephews and kinsfolke with their companies to dwell some into one country some into an other Into Aegipt according to the opinion of Berosus he sent Esennius with the Colonies of Cham Tritamen into Lybia and Cyrene and Iaphet Priscus Attolaa to inioy the rest of Affrick Into East Asia hee sent Canges with some of the sonnes of Gomer Gallus Sabus surnamed Thurifer went into Arabia foelix Arabus ruled in the deserts of Arabia and Petreius in that part of Arabia called Petreia Chanaan hee placed in Damascus in the confines of Palestine In Europe hee made Thuysco King of Sarmatia from the riuer of Tanais to the riuer of Rhene to whom were ioyned the sonnes of Istrus and Mesa with their brethren who had the gouernment from the hill Adulas to Messembria Pontica Vnder whome Tyrus Archadius and Aemathius gouerned in Italy Gomerus in France Samotes possessed that part of France betwixt the riuers Garunia and Sequana and Iuball was Lord of the Celtibers That short and vntimely alienation of the children from their progenitors of whose life and manners they had little taste was cause of all the diuersity which insued for Cham beeing constrained to flye with his wife and children for scorning and deriding his father seated himselfe in that part of Arabia which was afterwards called by his name where hee left no religious ceremonies to his posterity as hauing receiued none from his Father whereof insued that as in tract of time diuerse companies beeing sent out of that coast to inhabite other countries and possessing diuerse partes of the world for the reiected seede did exceedingly increase many of them fell into inextricable errors their languages were varyed and all knowledge and reuerence of the true and liuing God was vtterly forgotten and abolished in so much as many of them might well bee sayd to liue a life so vnciuill and so barbarous as hardly could there any difference bee discerned betwixt them and brute beasts Those which went into Aegypt admiring the motion and brightnesse of the heauenly lights and ascribing a certaine God-head to the Sunne and Moone began to worship them for gods calling the Sunne Osyris and the Moone Isis the Ayre they reuerenced vnder the name of Iupiter the Fire of Vulcan the Skye of Pallas and the Earth of Ceres giuing diuine honors vnto other things likewise vnder diuerse other names and appellations Nor did that black clowde of darknesse hang onely ouer the land of Aegypt but what countries soeuer were first inhabited by the off-spring of Cham were vtterly ouer-whelmed in ignorance of true pietie and wholy inthralled in Satans slauerie Neither was there euer land the mother of more Colonies then that part of Arabia wherein cursed Cham and his crew remained so great was that destruction which the vntimely banishment of one man brought to all man-kinde Whereas on the contrary part the issue of Sem and Iaphet being lawfully instructed by their parents and elders and contented to liue in their owne limits wandred not abroad into all parts of the world as those others did which is the cause that the desire of the truth I meane the worship of the true God and godlinesse was vntill the comming of the Messias priuately practised in one country onely The false opinion of the Ethnicks concerning mans originall CAP. 2. BVT the ancient Philosophers beeing voyde of knowledge of the true God-head haue written long sithence many Histories of Nature haue otherwise thought of mans originall for some of them were of opinion that the world was without beginning and incorruptible and that the stock of humaine kinde hath beene for euer Some others supposed both world and worldly men to haue beginning and to be likewise subiect to corruption for say they at first the nature of heauen and earth being mingled together and vnseperated had one onely forme or Idaea out of which chaos each body being seperated from other the world attained this shape it now carryeth the ayrie being in continuall motion the firye part thereof for his lightnesse required the vppermost seate and by the same reason the Sunne and all other starres obtained their courses That part which was mixt with moysture by reason of his weight remained still in his propper place which being than mingled together of the moyst part thereof was made the sea and the harder part became earth though then soft and slimy which afterwards growing harder and thicker by the heate of the sunne the force of the heate by little and little swelling and puffing vp the superficies or vttermost part thereof there were in many places diuerse humors congealed together wherein appeared certaine putrifactions

their luxurie is sought out in all places but such as the earth produceth without labour or toyle furnisheth their tables with wholesome and vnhurtfull diet by which meanes they be very healthfull and vnacquainted with the names and nature of sundrie diseases No one imploreth helpe of another where no one liueth to himselfe but all in common They haue no superiour but be all equals and therefore voide of enuie and emulation for the equality of pouerty maketh them all rich condēnations they haue none because they do nothing worthie of correction nor be they led by any law for that they commit no crimes onely this one law is generall to them all not to transgresse the law of nature which nourisheth labour and industrie exerciseth no auarice and flyeth idlenesse They giue not their bodies to lust thereby to weaken them and they possesse all things they desire not esteeming couetousnesse to bee a plague and scourge most cruell which impouerisheth all those shee layeth hold on and finding no end of obtayning the more rich shee groweth the more is her beggerie The Sunne yeeldeth them heate the deaw moisture the riuers asswage their thirst and the earth affoordeth them beddes where carke and care approch not neare their couches nor be their minds wearied or vexed with vaine cogitations Pride hath no power amongst them being al men of one condition nor is any one oppressed with other bōdage but only this that their bodies prostrate themselues to do seruice to their soules They make neither lime nor bricke wherwith to build them houses but rather chuse to inhabite in holes digged in the earth or vnder the hollownes of hils where they neither feare force of winds nor rage of tempest but suppose that the couerings of houses are not so sure a defence against showers as their holes whereof they haue a double vse for they serue them for houses while they liue and for buriall when they die Costly apparell they haue none but couer their members with rushes or to speake more truely with shamefastnesse Their women be not adorned to please others neither do they affect more beautie then they bee borne with the men accompany with women not for lust but for loue of increase They haue no war but continuall peace which is confirmed not by force but by friendship the father followeth not his sonne to his sepulchre nor is there any monuments made for the dead nor the ashes of their burned bodies inclosed in costly coffins which things they account as a punishment not as an honour vnto them These Brachmans as is sayd bee not oppressed with any pestilence or other diseases because they defile not the ayre with their beast-like acts but with them nature is euer agreeable to the season and the Elements hold on their course without offence a sparing and moderate diet is their purest Phisicke which is a readie medicine not onely to cure but to preuent all diseases whatsoeuer Pastimes and Enterludes they affect not but when they would view any spectacle they remember the monuments of things done and bewayle them as most ridiculous They be not delighted as many of vs be in old wiues tales but in the goodly order of the frame of the world and the disposition of naturall things they haue no trafficke into other Countries nor do they studie the art of Elo quence and Rhetoricke but haue one simple and common Dialect amongst them teaching them only to speake the truth They frequent neither Court nor Scholes whose doctrine beeing repugnant defineth nothing certain and stable Some of these people account honestie their Summum bonum and some pleasure They kill no harmelesse beast to performe their diuine Ceremonies saying that God accepteth not of sacrifices made with the bloud of things polluted but that he is rather delighted in the vnbloudy sacrifice and appeased by prayer for they hold that God is like men in this to be delighted in his own likenes In India also be a people called Catheae the men of that countrie haue many wiues who when their husband is dead appeale to the iudgement of certaine graue Iudges and plead their deserts towards their deceased husbands and she that by the sentence of the Iudges is approued to haue beene most officious and deare to her husband in his life time goes away reioycing at her conquest and attiring her selfe in her best apparell ascendeth the pyle and layeth her selfe downe by the bodie of her husband imbracing and kissing it and contemning the fire when it is put to the pyle in respect of her chastitie she is there with the carcase of her dead husband consumed to ashes and all the other wiues suruiue with shame and infamie Their children be not brought vp in their infancy according to the will of their parents but at the discretion of such as are publikely inioyned to that busines who by their office are to looke into their features and dispositions and if any be found slow or dul-spirited in their nonnage or decrepit or weake in any part of their bodies they suffer them to liue no longer but kill them out-right They marry their wiues not by wealth or Nobilitie but by beauty and not so much for pleasure as for procreation of children In some part of India is a custome vsed that those that are not able by reason of pouertie to place their daughters in mariage should bring them in the prime and flower of their age into the common market-place playing before them with pipes and other instruments of musick where the multitude beeing summoned and assembled together the maid comming neere vnto them first vncouereth the hinder part of her bodie vp to the shoulders and after that the fore-part and then if any one conceiueth liking of her she is giuen him in mariage Megasthenes writeth that vpon certaine hils in India be a manner of people with heads like dogs armed and fenced with nayles and clothed with beasts hydes they haue no humane voyce but a sound like the hoarse snarling or barking of dogges Those which liue about the riuer of Ganges eate no meat at all but liue onely by the smell of wild apples And when they trauell into other places remote they take of those apples with them that the smell of the apples may preserue their liues but if at any time their bodies receiue any noysome or stinking ayre they die instantly and some of these people were sayd to liue in Alexanders campe Wee reade of some people in India that haue but one eye and of othersome that haue such long ears as they hang down to their heeles and that they may lye downe and infold themselues in either of their eares by the hardnesse wherof they pull vp trees by the rootes that there be some also that haue but one foot and that so broad as when they lye with their faces vpwards the shadow of their foot defendeth them from the heate of the Sunne You may read in Ctesias

whether we go into their villages or marches or that they approch neere vnto our castels or bulwarkes they vrgently seeeke to get of vs some of these buttons offering vs their fruites and other commodities in exchange and oftentimes they will vrge vs for them with these glauering words Mair Deagat-orem amabe mauroubi that is to say You are a good French-man giue vs some bracelets of your glasse buttons In like manner do they importunatly require of vs combes which they call Guap or Kuap glasses also which they call Araua and other such like trinckets wherein they take great delight But aboue all things this seemeth most strange that although their bodies armes thighes and legges bee not distinguished with diuers colors like men and that they vse not those ornaments of fethers yet could wee neuer intreate them to put on any clothes made of that curled cloth or smocks though we oftentimes offered them for they persisted in that stubbornenesse from the which I thinke they be not yet reclaimed alledging for excuse the auncient receiued customes of all the borderers For all of them vse when they come neere any waters or riuers to fall downe and to take vp water with their hands to wash their heads and oftentimes like duckes they will plunge and diue into the water tenne times in one day and then to put off their garments so oftentimes in the day would bee very troublesome vnto them an excellent and goodly reason sure yet must wee needes allow it for wee could nothing alter or disswade them by disputing with them for so great a delight is nakednesse vnto them that not onely the free Tovovpinambaltian women which liued vppon the Continent would thus stubbornely reiect all apparell but the captiues also and slaues which wee bought of them and which we vsed as villaines and drudges to defend our castels could not bee restrained but would euery night before they slept put off their smockes and all their other apparel and wander naked vp and down the Iland To conclude if the power were in themselues either to take or leaue their garments for wee could hardly force them to put them on by beating they had rather indure the heate of the Sunne and hurt their armes and sholders with carrying stones and earth naked then to put on any clothes And thus much is sufficient to speake of the ornaments bracelets and all the other compleat attire of the American women and therefore without any further Epilogue to my speech I leaue it for euery one to conceiue of as to him seemeth good will in this place adde a word or two of the bigger sort of children those which be three or foure yeares of age and which they commonly call Canomi mitri for in these we were much delighted they be fatter of their bodies of a whiter bone then any children with holes in their lips their haires of their heads shorne round and their bodies oftentimes painted And in this manner they would come dancing by flockes to meet vs when we came to their villages And for to haue vs giue them some things they would often repeate these flattering words Covtovassat amaebe pinda that is good fellow giue mee these hookes and if they obtained of vs what they desired as oftentimes they did and that wee threw some tenne or twelue little hookes vppon the sand they would striue and scramble for them and greatly exult and reioyce and lying along vpon the ground would scrape in the earth like Conneys which was no little pleasure vnto vs Finally although I diligently perused and marked those barbarous people for a whole yeare together wherein I liued amongst them so as I might conceiue in my minde a certaine Idea or proportion of them yet I say by reason of their diuerse gestures and behauiours vtterly different from ours it is a very difficult matter to expresse their true proportion either in writing or painting but if any one couet to inioy the full pleasure of them I could wish him to goe into America himselfe But perhaps you will say it is more then one dayes iourney that is truth indeed and therefore I will not perswade any one to enterprise the matter ouer rashly But before I conclude my speach I must say something to answere those that either thinke or write that the often familiarity with those barbarous naked people and especially with the women is a great prouocation to lust and lasciuiousnesse I say therefore that although at the first sight that nakednesse may iustly bee accounted the nourishment of concupiscence yet notwithstanding as experience hath made manifest it is most true that men by that vnciuill and vncomely nakednesse are not so much as stirred in their mindes to lust so as I dare presume to affirme that gallant and gorgeous attire painted beauties counterfeit haire crisped and frisled lockes those great and costly rayles which women weare so artificially folded and wreathed those lawne gorgets loose and flaggering garments and such other like where-with our women doe so busily falsify and counterfet them-selues are more hurtfull and dangerous then the nakednesse of those barbarous women although in beauty they bee nothing inferiour vnto them so as if it were lawfull for others obseruing a decorum to follow their fashions I could alledge very substantiall reasons to make good my opinion and refute all arguments that can bee obiected for proofe of the contrary But not to dwell longer vpon this matter I referre mee to the testimonie of those which sayled with mee into Brasilia and which haue beheld both the one and the other yet would I not haue my words wrested to that sence as though I any wayes approoued that nakednesse against the authority of the holy Scripture which saith that Adam and Eua perceiuing they were naked after their sinne were ashamed for I detest the heresie of those which hauing violated the law of nature not well obserued in this case of those wretched and miserable Americans doe their vttermost indeuours to bring in this wicked and beastly custome But what I haue sayd touching these rude people tendeth to no other end but that it may appeare that we are no lesse faultie who condemning them that goe naked without regarde of shamefastnesse doe our selues offend as greeuously in the contrary to wit in sumptuous and gorgious apparell And now hauing described the externall habit and trimming of the Barbarians it will not breake square or order to say some-thing in this place of their manner of dyet And this is chiefly to bee noted that although they neither sowe nor haue any kinde of corne or graine nor plant any Vines yet notwithstanding as I haue often found true by experience doe they liue most finely and daintily though they bee vtterly destitute of bread and wine for they haue two sorts of rootes the one called Aypi the other Manyot both of which waxe so exceedingly within three or foure moneths that they will bee

elect another Patriarch by the most voyces but it is not lawfull to elect any other than one of Alexandria and one of incorrupt manners and vntainted conuersation who being created they signe their suffrages and giue them into the Legates hands that came for that purpose he foorthwith goeth to Cayre whither when he is come he offereth that creation vnto the Patriarch of Alexandria whose seate is alwaies there to be read And when he perceiueth which of the people of Alexandria they haue elected he foorth-with sendeth the man ordained to such honors with the Legate into Aethiopia who by an old ordonance ought alwaies to be an Eremit of the Order of S. Anthony with whom the Ambassadour goeth straight into Aethiopia where he is receiued of all men with great ioy and honor in which busines somtimes is spent a yere or two in al which time precious Iohn doth dispose of the reuenues of the Patriarke according to his pleasure Now the chiefest office of the Patriarch is to giue orders which none but he can either giue or take away but he can bestow vpon none either Bishopricke or other Church-benefice this onely belongeth to precious Iohn who dispenceth of all things according to his will And the Patriarch beeing dead he whose power and yerely reuenues is the largest is made heire of the whole substance of all his goods Moreouer the office of the Patriarch is to proceed to excommunication against the stubborne the obseruation whereof is so strict as the punishment of perpetuall steruing to death is inflicted vpon the offenders Indulgences he giueth nor granteth none neither bee any interdicted the Sacraments of the church for any offence whatsoeuer be it neuer so hainous but onely for homicide the name of the Patriarchship in our speech is called Abunna but he which now executeth the office is called Marcus which was the proper name giuen him in Baptisme he is a man of an hundred yeares of age or aboue And you must note that we begin our yeare in the Kalends of September which day alwaies falleth vpon the vigill of Saint Iohn Baptist the other festiuall dayes as the Feast of the Natiuity of our Lord Easter and the rest bee celebrated with vs at the same times they be in the Roman Church And this I may not obscurely passe ouer as though it were not so that Saint Philip the Apostle did preach the Gospell and faith of our Sauiour Iesus Christ our Lord in our countrie Now if you desire to know of the name of our Emperour he is fully perswaded that hee was euer called precious Iohn and not Presbiter Iohn as is falsly bruted abrode for in one speech it is written with characters that signifie Ioannes Belull that is as much to say as precious or high Iohn and in the chaldaean tongue it is Ioannes Encoe which beeing interpreted doth signifie precious or high Iohn Neither is hee to be named Emperour of the Abyssini as Matheus hath vntruly declared but Emperour of the Aethiopians and Mathew beeing an Armenian could not throughly vnderstand our matters especially those which appertained vnto faith and Christian Religion and therefore he related many things in the presence of the most prudent and most potent king Emanuel of happy memory which with vs are nothing soe and this hee did not with a desire to speake vntruths for hee was a good man but for that hee was not throughly instructed in matters concerning our religion The succession of his Kingdomes and Empire doth not alwaies descend vpon the eldest sonne but vnto him vpon whome the father pleaseth to bestow it And hee which now gouerneth the Empire was his fathers third sonne which hee merited and obtayned by an awfull and holy reuerence to his father for when his father lay a dying he commanded all his sonnes to sit downe vpon his throne which all the rest of his children did sauing he and he refused saying God for bid that so much should be attributed vnto me that I should sit in my Lords chaire whose deuotion when his father saw hee indued him with all his Kingdomes Empire he is called Dauid the power of whose Empire as well ouer Christians as Ethnickes is large and ample wherin be many Kings and petty Kings Earles Barons and Peeres and much Nobility all which be most obedient to his command In all whose dominions there is no mony vsed but such as is brought from other places for they giue and receiue siluer and gold by weight wee haue many citties and great townes but not such as we see here in Portugall the reason whereof for the most part is that precious Ioan liueth alwaies in campes and tents which custome is vsed for this purpose that the nobility may continually excercise themselues in military affaires And this I may not omit to tell you that wee bee compasled about on all sides with the enimies of our faith with whom we haue many and euer prosperous conflicts which victories we attribute to gods diuine assistance written lawes we haue none in vse amongst vs neither be the complaints of those which sue others expressed in libells or writings but by words which is done least by the couetuousnesse of Iudges and counsellors controuersies should be protracted And this more I thinke sit to shew you that this Mathew was not sent by Dauid our Emperor vnto the most inuincible and potent King Emanuell of happy memory but by Queene Helena the Emperors wife surnamed the hand of Mary who at that time by reason of Dauids nonage tooke vpon her the gouernment of the Kingdomes being a woman without doubt most prudent and holy And the same Helen as shee was excceeding well learned writ two bookes in the Chaldean tongue one of the which is called Enzera Chebaa that is to say praise God vpon the Organes and instruments of Musicke in which booke shee disputeth very learnedly of the Trinitie and of the virginity of Mary the mother of Christ The other booke is called Chedale Chaay that is to say the sonne beame contayning very acute disputations of the law of God All these things concerning our faith religion and state of our country I Zaga Zabo by interpretation the grace of the father both Bishop and Preest and Bugana Raz that is Captaine Knight and Veceroy of the Prouince haue declared which I could not deny at your request my most deere Sonne in Christ Damianus nor yet any other man desiring to be instructed there in neither is it lawfull to deny it for two causes the first whereof is for that I am commanded by my most mighty Lord Precious Iohn Emperor of the Aethiopians to satisfie euery one that demandeth of me concerning our faith religion and prouinces that I should conceale nothing but faithfully declare vnto them the truth of al things both by words and writing the other reason is for that I deeme it very fitting and labour well spent that our names customes and ordinances and

the sytuation of our countries should bee publikely knowen which matters I neuer writ vnto any one till this time nor yet declared in words not that I was sparing of my labour but because no Christian after my comming into portugall desired to know such things of me whereof I could not nor cannot but greatly maruell And seeing by many arguments I perceiue that you much desire the knowledge of our affaires I beeseech you by the wounds of our Sauiour Christ and by his crosse to put this my confession of our faith and religion into the latine tongue that by your meanes all the Godly Christians of Europe may vnderstand our customes the integrity of our maners Moreouer if in your trauells you hap to goe to Rome then let mee intreat you to salute in my name the Pope the most reuerent Cardinalls Patriarches Archbishops and Bishops and all other the true worshippers of Christ by Christ Iesus in a kisse of peace and that you will desire of the Pope that hee will send vnto me Francis Aluarez furnished such letters whereby he may answere my Lord the Emperor of Aethiopia that after my long stay I may returne into mine owne country and visit my owne mansion house for I haue bin long here detained that before my death which by reason of my great age is at the dore I may effect that which I am commāded And that hauing furnished this Embassage I might dedicat the residue of my life vnto God only spēd my time in deuotion moreouer I intreate you if you finde any thing in my writings not well penned that you will frame it to the latine phrase but in such manner as in no point you alter the sēce lastly I desire you that in your translatiō you wil search the old new testament that you may know from what place I haue alleaged my authorities that you may be more certain in your translation but if I haue not handled euery thing so happily as may satisfie those which bee curious I am to be pardoned by reasō of my want of Chaldean bookes whereof I haue none for those I had I lost by misfortune in my iourny wherefore being destitute of the vse of all bookes I could speake of nothing but what was fresh in my memory yet haue I deliuered all things most faithfuly Farwel my deare beloued sonne in Christ Vlispone the twenty foure day of Aprill in the yeare of our Lord God 1534. When I had finished this busines I remembred my selfe of that place whereas I say that Christ descended into hel for the soule of Adam and for the soule of Christ which the same Christ receiued of his mother S. Mary the virgin Of which thing wee haue an assured testimony in those bookes which wee call the bookes of gouernance which Christ Iesus deliuered vnto his Apostles in which bookes be expressed these words which be called the misteries of doctrines by whose authority and testimony we all of vs continue in this opinion without doubting but after I came into Portugall I found diuines teaching a contrary doctrine against all our opinions which is so certaine as wee doe not onely beleeue this but also affirme that the soules of all men had their beginning from Adam and that as our flesh is of the seed of Adames flesh so like-wise our soule being as a candle kindled by the soule of Adam had her originall and nature from Adam whereby it appeareth that we bee all the seede of Adam both of the flesh and of the soule All the relation aboue sayd was written and subscribed with the Embassadors owne proper hand with the Chaldean caracters The deploration of the people of Lappia by the same Damianus a Goes I Thinke it not vnfitting most worthy Bishop to make some mention in the end of this treatise because this also appertaineth to faith and to the vnion of the Church of Iohn Magnus Gothus Archbishoppe of Vpsalia in the Kingdome of Suetia that by him we may be moued to take compassion of the people of Lappia for this Iohn Magnus Gothus was borne of very good parents and rich maruelous well seene in the Scriptures and of an honest conuersation and so addicted to the Roman Church that for the zeale therevnto he lost the great Archbishoppricke of Vpsalia with all the reuenewes thereunto belonging amounting to forty thousand crownes a yeare and al his patrimony besides and hauing lost both dignity and goods and tossed in the variable streames of fortune he lay close in Prussia liuing poorely a long time at the Citty Daniz in Germany where while I was dispatching my Kings affaires in those parts of Germany I grew into great familiarity and indissoluble friendship with him and with Olaus Magnus Gothus his brother which two I afterwards found vnlooked for at Vecenza in poorer estate then befor they wer vnto which place they went purposly by reason of a councel divulged wherby they conceiued much hope for themselues and redresse of their calamities And when the councell was discontinued adorned those good mē being vtterly depriued of al their goods wherwith while they inioyed them they often in those Northerne parts contended much in defence of the Roman Church and yet would haue contended if matters had prospered remoued to Venice there to get their liuing either vpon others liberality or by their owne industry and labour which was cheefly in teaching and instructing others for other succor could they get none but that they reposed their whole cōfidence in Gods assistance whither when they were come they were very curteously intertained only of Hieronymus Quirinus the Patriarke of Venice in his Patriarchship and ther they remaine to this day expecting the divulging of that councel vnder the Archbishoppricke of Vpsalia is contained a great part of that large and vast prouince of Lappia the people wherof be ignorant of the laws of our Sauiour Christ which as I vnderstand by many good and credible men proceeded from the abhominable extortion and couetuousnesse of the prelates and nobles for if they were Christians they should bee free from those taxations and tributes wherwith they as Ethnickes be punished on the other side the nobility and Bishops wax rich and welthy and therefore they forbid them to be Christians least bearing the sweet and delectable yoke of Christ they might withdraw from there tirany and extortion some part of their gaines and diminish some parte of their taxations wherby that miserable nation is most beastly and insatiably vexed and oppressed by those Monarches bearing the burthen most impatiently for if they were Christians they should pay no more tribute vnto them than other Christians pay vnto their princes And therefore nothing regarding the saluation of so many soules they preferre their horrible sacrilegious gaine before the true Faith and Christian religion so as they may rightly bee said to carry the keies and neither enter them-selues nor suffer others to enter Q insatiable