Cornice is 33. minutes The Pedestals aboue the same Cornices were not measured and thereon stood Images and aboue the Cornices marked B. were Images placed against the 4. Pillasters which represented the prisoners with whom hee went in tryumph The letters which stand here are aboue the Arch in the place maked A. besides many others which stand in diuers places of the Arch. IMP. CAES. FL. CONSTANTINO MAX. P. F. AVGVSTO S. P. Q. R. QVOD INSTINCTV DIVINITATIS MENTIS MAGNITVDINE CVM EXERCITV SVO TAM DE TYRANNO QVAM DE OMNI EIVS FACTIONE VNO TEMPORE IVSTIS REMPVBLICAM VLTVS EST ARMIS ARCVM TRIVMPHIS INSIGNEM DICAVIT I Haue spoken of the proportion of the measures of the Tryumphant Arch of the Emperour Constantine now I will speake of the seuerall parts and Cornicements and set their measures downe And first the Base marked F. is of the Pedestall of the said Arch the height whereof is a Palme and 30. minutes The height of the Plinthus vnder the Base is 28. minutes the rest of the parts are measurably deuided and proportioned accordingly The height of the Cornices of the Pedestall which stand marked vnder the Base E. is 42. minutes and is also proportioned according to the principall The counter-Base vnder the Base of the Columnes which I thinke were placed there accidentally to heighten the Columnes is 32. minutes high the whole height of this Base of the Columnes is 53. minutes touching the height of the Columnes I spake before and also of the Capitals of which Capitals the forme standeth not here for that the like doth stand in my fourth Booke of the Order of Composita the height of the Architraues Fréeses and Cornices is also spoken of before and this Cornice is very séemely for that there is no licenciousnesse in it which is in some other Bases of this Arch as it is in the impost of the middlemost Arch marked C. the which impost is greater and of more members and parts then the great and principall Cornice and is altogether confused in members and that which is most intolerable the Dentiles and Mutiles are one aboue the other and although the Dentiles were not there yet there néeded not such a Cornice to beare vp an Arch. Herein the workeman of the Theater of Marcellus was more circumspect then this for the imposts of the Arches of the said Theater are the fayrest and best of shew for imposts that euer I saw and such as from the which a man may learne to make the like The impost of the lesser Arches marked D. is one Palme and 23. minutes and an halfe high the which impost would stand much better if the two flats betwéene the Astragall aboue and the Echine vnder were turned into playnnesse only which then would serue for an Abacus or also for a crowne hauing the due Proiecture The Base vnder the second story marked A. is 16. minutes high the height of the vppermost Cornice is 43. minutes which height should bee too little in so great a distance if it were not that the great Proiecture or Gallery or ouerhanging holpe it not because they are seeing vpwards from vnderneath which sheweth it to be much greater then it is therefore I much commend this Cornice in this respect And truely all the Cornices whereof the crowne hath more proiecture then height answere alwayes better and may be made thinner of stone so that the members of the building endure lesse wayght neuerthelesse you must not make them of too many licencious proiectures but you shall read hereof in Vitruuius where he entreateth of the Order of crownes after the maner of Ionica and Dorica for he doeth there teach you clearely inough This Figure should â—and in Folio 52. and the Figure in Folio 52. should stand in this place WIthout Ancouen vpon the hauen there is an head which reacheth it selfe a good way into the Sea which weâ— not made without great cost and charges it was to defend the ships from the Leuant sea Vpon the end of the height thereof standeth an Arch tryumphant all of Marble and Corinthia worke and there is nothing in it but the Capitals which are done in very good worke and in trueth this building is so handsome and of so good correspondencie the members also agrâ—â—ing with the whole body that a man although he vnderstand no Art would neuerthelesse take pleasure in the beautie thereof And those that vnderstand somewhat séeing such congruitie are not ouely well contented but also thanke the good workeman that hath giuen vs somewhat in these dayes to learne out of this fayre and well made building in the ornaments whereof there is the order of Corinthia as well obserued and kept as in any other Arch that is to be found and by reason of the strength thereof it is all whole onely it is vnfurnished of many ornaments This faire Arch as it is conceyued Nerua Traianus caused to be builded whereupon in the highest part of the Arch as it is sayd his Image was erected sitting on horse backe séeming to threaten she clouds and people ouer whom he looked and gouerned lest they should rebell againe which Image was of Copper excellently well made There were also betwéene the Columnes aboue the Cornices certaine Images of Copper as the letters in those places written doe shew there are also tokens of holes which shewes that there were Kings of Copper or other such like things hanging in them which might bee taken from the Eothes Vandals or other enemies This building was measured by the ancient foote the ground whereof standeth hereunder The widenesse of the Arch is ten foote the thickenesse inwards is nine foote and two minutes the thicknesse of the Columnes is two foote 11. minutes the Intercolumnes for spaces betwéene the Columnes is 7. foote 5. minutes the Columnes stand without the wall 1. foote and 11. minutes the height of the Arch is 25. foot and 1. third part and this height although it holdeth more then two foure squares is not therefore misshapen when you behold the whole masse together the height of the Pedestals with all their Cornices is 5. foote the breadth is thrée foote 15. minutes and a halfe the height of the Bases of the Columnes together with the Vnderbases are 1. foote and 36. minutes the height of the Columnes to the Capitals is 19. foote 22. minutes and a halfe the thicknesse vnder the Capitall is one foote and 56. minutes the height of the Capitall is 2. foote 24. minutes with the Abacus and the Abacus is 10. minutes the sayd Capitall you shall find in my fourth Booke in the beginning of the order of Corinthia the height of the Architraue is one foote and 12. minutes the height of the Freefe is one foote and 18. minutes the height of the Cornice is 1. foote and 22. minutes the height of the Plinthus aboue the Cornice is one foote 6. minutes and a halfe the height of the Base aboue the sayd
of the parts thereof and first I will begin with the nether parts as that was placed first aboue the ground The height of the Plinthus vnder the Base of the Pedestall is one foot although that vnder it there lieth another of much more height but it is vnder the earth the height of the Cimatie turned about aboue it with the Astragalus is 4. ounces the flat of the Pedestall is 3. foot high the Cimatie aboue it is 4. ounces so much also is the vnder-Base aboue the Cimatie the height of the Base of the Columnes is 10. ounces and is very well cut and grauen and although the forme is Dorica yet the delicate works thereof shew that it is Corinthia the Columnes are fluited or chaneled from the top to the bottom and there are also many hollowings without the Pilaster as the Figure hereafter doeth shew The height of the Capitall with the Abacus is two foote and one ounce the which Capitall is higher then the thicknesse of the Columne beneath Neuerthelesse it is very well and sheweth pleasing to sight it is also richly wrought as it is here shewed in the Figure thereof and alwayes as the Capitall of Corinthia is in such proportion against the Columne I would thinke it better to the view of workemen then if with the Abacus it had but the height of the Diameter of the Columne and although Vitruuius writeth thus as is before sayd yet may his text be falsified The height of the Architraue is one foot and one ounce the height of the Fréese is one foote and two ounces the height of the Cornice is a foote and ten ounces which Cornice is very licencions although it be rich of worke because such richnesse of worke confoundeth it but that which is most vnséemely in it is the Echine with the Ouale aboue the Seima a thing in trueth much vnsightly and that which is more worthy laughter is that the said Echine in the vpper part is cut through without being couered with any list that it might not bee consumed with the water But there hath alwayes béene licencious workemen as there are yet in our dayes who to please the people make much grauing in their workes without respecting the qualities of the orders and will also in Dorica worke which should bee fast and strong vse much grauing and cutting as in Corinthia worke which by their folly asketh many ornaments But wise and iudicious workemen will alwayes obserue Decorum and if they make worke after Dorica maner they will follow good Antiquities which for the most part agrée with Vitruuius precepts If they make any worke after the Corinthia maner then they couer them with Ornaments as that kind of worke requireth This I haue set downe to aduertise those thereof that know it not for they that know it néede not my aduice Now to come to the purpose agayne Aboue this Cornice there is a Basement which maketh out thrée Pedestals the Plinthus vnder the Basement which is there set against the proiecture of the Cornices for otherwise in looking vp it would darken the Base is a foot high aboue it standeth the Base whereof the height is 10. ounces the flat of the Basement is 2. foot 1. ounce high the Cornice aboue it is halfe a foote high which Cornice is very seemely and the parts thereof deuide themselues very well from each other for that betwéene the two carued members there standeth one playne aboue the Cornice is that member or part called Corona lisis as I vnderstand Vitruuius whereof the height is 5. ounces Aboue these there are some stones that shew to no end at all but it may be thought that some things stoode vpon them the height of these stones is 10. ounces the height of the Impost of this Arch is 10. ounces the which Impost is very licenciously made and although those 3. members one aboue the other are diuers yet they are like each other in proiecture and therefore in the worke they stand to no good effect the other parts you shall know by the Caracters in the great Arch. IN Verona there are many tryumphant Arches among the rest there is one Gate called Castel Vecchio the which truely is of good proportion this Arch as men conceaue was wrought both before and behind and also on the sides it had two goings in as you may perceaue by the ground which is yet séene although I shewed but one side onely This building was measured by the same foot wherewith the Arch of Pola aforesayd was measured The widenes of this Arch is ten foote and an halfe the thicknesse of the Columnes is two foot and two ounces the intercolumnes are 4. foot and 3. ounces the Pilaster or Pillar of the Arch is 2. foote and 2. ounces broad The thickenesse of the Arch in the sides inward is 4. foot and an halfe the widenesse of the Tabernacle betwéene the Columnes is two foot and ten ounces and thus much for the widenesse and thickenesse but comming to the height the Base of the Pedestall of the Columnes together with the Plinthus is one foote and thrée ounces high the flat of the Pedestall is foure foot thrée ounces and an halfe the Cornice is ten ounces and an halfe the height of the Base of the Columnes is one foot the height of the body of the Columne without Base or Capitall is 17. foote and thrée ounces the height of the Capitall is two foot foure ounces and an halfe The height of the Architraue is one foot and an halfe the height of the Fréese is one foote 7. ounces and an halfe the height of the Cornice is one foot and ten ounces and although that in this Figure there is the Frontispice yet you sée it not in the Arch for from the first Cornice vpwards there is nothing at all neuerthelesse although the wall is this yéere consumed yet you may sée there some signes whereby a man may conceaue that the Frontispice hath béene there The vppermost Cornice is not there and therefore I set no measures according to all Antiquities but I haue made one with such measure and formes as my selfe would haue made it hauing for a common rule that the vppermost things stand the fourth part lesse then the nethermost this Cornice therefore shall be the fourth part lesse then that which standeth vnder it and is thus deuided that the whole height should be set in foure parts and an halfe the halfe part shall be for the Astragal with the list and the fourth part shal be for the Scima The Proiecture must be like the height so shall this vppermost Cornice be made in maner aforesaid Betwéene the Columnes stand Tabernacles wherein there were Images whereof the widenesse is two foot and ten ounces the height is seuen foote and the depth thereof in the wal is one foote and ten ounces the height of their Basement is 4. foot with the Base and Scima the little Pillars on
ground hereunder doeth shew betwéene the one and the other Pilaster there are 22. Palmes round about this Porticus there are 48. niches or hollow places but there are no more then 16. to set Images therein all the rest are but for shewes as being not déepe inough cut into the wall which places were beautified with small Pillars somewhat bearing out from the wall as you sée them and were Corinthia worke but now it is spoyled of all such ornaments The ground of the Figure following THe height of the Arch is 44. Palmes the height of the Bases beneath marked E. is 1. Palme and an halfe The Facie D. within the corners is turned into a Cornice and is the like height The iudgement of the workman pleased me well in the piece which is that he made no Cornice in the inuermost part that might trouble the people that should be therein the height of the other Cornices are not measured but the formes of them diligently counterforted follow hereafter THe fiue places of Cornices hereunder set downe are the ornaments of the Porticus aforesayd The Base E. and the Facie D. were measured and in this forme the great measure set downe but the other were counterfeited by sight with these heights where they stand and there is little difference betwéene the one and the other for parts and also in height The Figure C. is the Facie vnder the first Niche or hollow place THe Arch Tryumphant next following is called Titus Arch Tryumphant whereof this Figure hereunder is the ground and is measured with the ancient foote The widenesse of the Arch is 18. foote and 17. minutes The thicknesse of the Columne is a foote and 26. minutes and an halfe The foote wherewith this is measured is of 64. minutes whereof the halfe is here set downe I Haue spoken of the widenesse and thicknesse now I will set downe the height And first the height of the Bow of Arch is as much agayne as the breadth The Base of the Pedestall is 2. foote 4. minutes lesse in height The Cornice of the Pedestall is 35. minutes high The height of the Bases of the Columnes is about one foote all these parts and also the Capitall of the Columne well proportioned in measure stand in the beginning of the Composita Order in my fourth Booke The flat of the Pedestall is foure foote and a halfe high The height of the Columne without Base and Capitall 17. foote and 13 minutes The height of the Capitall is 1. foote and 27. minutes The height of the Architraue is one foote and 19. minutes The Fréese is one foote and 17. minutes The Cornice is 2. foote and 6. minutes high The Basement of the Epitaph is of the same with the Fréese The height of the Epitaph is 9. foote and 12. minutes the breadth is 23. foote which members shall hereafter be set downe and figured more at large SENATVS POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS DIVO TITO DIVI VESPA SIANI F. VESPASIANO AVGVSTO IT would be troublesome both to the writer and to the Reader if I should set downe all the parts of these Ornaments from member to member as they are diligently measured that not onely with foote but also with parts of minutes but I haue taken the paynes onely to set the same downe out of the great into the small forme in such sort that he that is discréete may with his Compasse find the proportion thereof It is true that the Ornaments of the most part of the Tryumphant Arches in Rome are much contrary to Vitruuius writing and this I thinke is the cause that the sayd Arches are for the most part made by the Roofes of other buildings that is of as many sorts of péeces as they could get and it may be that the workemen in those dayes were selfe willed and stood not much vpon obseruation because they were things seruing for Tryumphs and it may bee as it hapneth oftentimes made in haste That part here on the side set downe marked A. is the Base of the Epitaph B. is the highest Cornice Fréese and Architraue which Cornice in my opinâ—on is very licencious for diuers reasons The first it is proportioned too high from the nether Architraue and aboue it there are too many members and especially Mutiles and Dentiles which standing alike in one Cornice are dislilted by Vitruuius notwithstanding it is very well wrought and specially the Scima aboue but had I such a Cornice to make obseruing the right order I would make the Scima lesse and the Cornice more I would leaue the Mutiles as they be and I would not cut the Denticules but the Cimated The Architraue hereof pleaseth mee well inough The two members marked C. shew the Facie and the Profill of the Mensola which is the closing stone of the Arch. The members marked with E. are in truth rich for worke but yet so rich that the one darkeneth the other but if the parts were so deuided that the one were grauen and the other playne I would commend it more And herein the workeman that made the Pantheon was very iudicious for that you sée no such confusion in his Ornaments The worke vnder this Arch is very well made and deuided it is also a fayre Compartment and rich of worke But it may be that such as are too much conceited to commend Antiquities of Rome will peraduenture thinke that I am too bold to censure vpon that which hath béene made by such skilfull ancient Romanes but in this respect I would haue them take my spéeches in good part for that all my intent is to shew it them that know it not and such as will subiect themselues to heare my opinion for it is not sufficient to make ancient things as they stand but it is another thing with Vitruuius aduice to chuse out the best and fayrest and to reiect the worse It is true that the chiefest part of an Architector is that hee mistaketh not himselfe in giuing his censure as many doe who being obstinate in their opinions make all things as they haue séene them and hereby couer their vnskilfulnesse without giuing any other reasons of things and there are some that say Vitruuius was but a man and that they also are men sufficient to make and inuent new things without regarding that Vitruuius confesseth to haue learned it from so many skilfull men partly in his owne time as also by meanes of the writing of other work men BEneath the Campiâ—oglio there is a Tryumphant Arch which by the inscription may be conceiued to be made in the tune of Lucius Septimus Seuerus and vnder his name and by that which men marke and sufficiently find it is made with Roofes of other buildings it is also well adorned with good cutting and grauing it is richly wrought both on the sides and also before and behind it was measured by the old Romane Palme of 12. fingers euery finger of 4. minutes which in to tall maketh 48. minutes
the ensuing Epistle you shall see Sebastian Serlius to the Reader LOuing and friendly Reader after I had collected certaine rules of Architecture thinking that not only those of deepe conceyt would vnderstand them but that also each indifferent man of wit might conceaue them as he is more or lesse addicted to such an Art which rules are deuided into seuen Books as hereunder shall be set downe but for that this Art requireth it therefore I thought it requisite to begin with this fourth Booke and to set it out first which is more to the purpose and more necessary then the rest for the knowledge of many sorts of Building and ornaments thereof to the end that euery one may haue some knowledge of this Art the which is no lesse pleasing to the mind of those workmen that thinke vpon things that are to make then also to mens eyes when they are made Which Art by the wisedome of the famous and excellent spirits that are now in the world doth flourish in these dayes as the Latine tongue did in the time of Iulius Caesar and Cicero Then with glad and ioyfull heart receyue at least my good will though the effect ensueth not which in trueth I haue to pleasure and satisfie your minds in this respect In the first Booke I will entreat of the beginning of Geometry and of diuers cuttings through of lines in such sort that the workman may yeeld reason for that he worketh In the second Booke I will shew in Figure and by reason as much of Perspectiue Art that if the workeman will he may declare his conceyt or purpose by reasons and figure In the third Booke workmen shall see the Ichnographie that is the ground the Orthographie that is the raysing vp of a Building before The Scenographie or Sciographie that is the insight by shortening of the most part of the Buildings that are in Rome Italie c. diligently measured and set by them in writing with the places where they are and their names In the fourth which is this I will speake of fiue maner of Buildings and of their ornaments as Thusscana Dorica Ionica Corinthia and Composita that is to say mingled And by these the whole Arte is learned In the fift I will speake of diuers kinds of Temples set downe in diuers formes that is round fouresquare six-cornerd eyght-cornerd Ouall-wise and crosse-wise with their ground heights and shortenings diligently measured In the sixt I will speake of all dwellings which at this day may bee vsed beginning at the meanest house or cotrage and so from degree to degree proceeding to the most rich fayre and princely Palaces as well in Countrie villages as in great Cities or Townes In the seuenth and last shall be set downe many accidents which may happen to workemen in diuers places strange maner of situation repayring of decayed houses and how we should helpe our selues with pieces of other buildings with such things as are to be vsed and at other times haue stood in worke Now then to proceed readily herein I will begin with the greatest and rusticke order of Building that is the Thuscan being the playnest rudest and strongest and of least grace and seemelinesse The Author to the Reader THe ancient workemen in times past as Vitruvius affirmeth dedicated their workes and Buildings to the gods according to their natures strength or weakenesse so is the forme called Dorica ascribed to the gods Iupiter Mars and valiant Hercules taking such formes from strong men The forme called Ionica is ascribed to the goddesse Diana Apollo and Bacchus as of the nature of Matrons that is of wise sensible women which are both tender and strong for Diana by her femurine nature is tender but by vsing to hunt shee is strong Apollo by reason of his beauty is tender but being a man he is strong the like of Bacchus But the Corinthia is taken of maâ—ds and they ascribe all to the goddesse Vesta and her chaste mayds yet at this time I thinke it good to procéed in another sort nothing differing from the ancients afore sayd My meaning is to follow the maner and customes of the Christians that I as far as I may will ascribe holy Buildings to God and to his Saints and profane buildings as well publicke as priuote I will ascribe to men according to their professions So say I then that the Thuscan maner after my opinion is fit for strengths for Gates of Cities Townes and Castles places for treasure munition and Artillery to kéepe them in for prisons hauens of the Sea and such like things seruing for the warres It is true that rusticke and playns worke that is such Buildings as are made of rough stones and others that are made somewhat smoother according to the pleasure which the Stone-cutters take therein are sometimes mixed with Dorica and sometimes with Dorica and Corinthia Neuertheles for that the Thuscan order is the roughest set foorth farre more then the other are I am of opinion that the Country Bulding is more like vnto the Thuscan then any of the rest which you may playnely sée to haue béene obserued by the Thuscans as wel in their chiefe Cities and Townes of Florence as without in their Country Villages in so many rich and fayre Buildings made after the rusticall maner as may be séene in all Christendome mixed with such a slight manner of worke as the workeman thought good Therefore I conclude that such Buildings are more agréeable to Thuscan order then any other Therefore altering somewhat from Antiquities and some others of ours I will in diuers sorts shewe of such workes viz. how to make Gates of Cities Townes or Forts as also in publike and priuate places Houses Galleries Windowes Niches or seates hollowed in worke Bridges Water-courses and such like seuerall Ornaments as may happen into a workemans hands to doe Men may also not differing from the ancient rules mixe this rusticall maner with the Dorica and also with Ionica and sometimes with Corinthia at the pleasure of those that seâ—ke to please their owne fantasies which a man may affirme to bee more for pleasure then profit therefore the workeman ought to procéede with good aduice especially in publike buildings wherein comelinesse is commendable In the beginning of this Booke I obserued the Comedians order who when they intend to play any Comedy first send out a Prologue who in few wordes giueth the audience to vnderstand what they intend to entreat of in their Comedie So I meaning in this Booke to entreat of fiue maner of Buildings viz. Thuscan Dorica Ionica Corinthia and Composita haue thought good that in the beginning thereof men should sée the Figures of all the seueral kinds whereof I purpose to entreat of And although that in the Columnes and their ornaments all the measures and proportions are not set downe but onely the principall by generall rules yet will I not fayle as occasion shall serue to set them downe in particularities but
worke which we may see with our eyes And in trueth the workemans foresight ought to be such that as occasion serueth he may make many things by the sayd simple and compound worke respecting both the nature and the subiect And therewithall the workeman sometimes to whose iudgement many subiects may be referred shall be abandoned and left by Vitruuius counsel that could not conceaue all whereby he should be brought into a straight and compelled to do as he seeth case I meane for that Vitruuius in my opinion speaketh not at all of this Composita by some called Latina and by others Italica which the old Romanes peraduenture being not able to goe beyond the inuention of the Greekes finders of the Dorica after the example of men and of the Ionica resembled to women and the Coriothia after the forme of maydes of the Ionica and Corinthia made a composition piecing the Volute of the Ionica with the Echino in the Capitall Corinthia and these they vsed more in Arches tryumphant then in any other things which they did with good foresight for that they tryumphed ouer all those countries froÌ„ whence the sayd worke had their beginnings and so they might well at their pleasures as commanders ouer them set these orders together as they haue done in the great building of the Romish Coliseo And hauing therein placed the 3. orders one vpon the other viz. Dorica Ionica and Corinthia they placed Composita aboue them all which by euery one is called so although as men may perceyue the Capitals are almost Corinthia But it was an excellent iudgement in my opinion of them that hauing placed this order in the highest part of the Coliseo which being farre off from mens sight men should haue seene if they had set the Architraue Freese and Cornice of the Ionica and Corinthia aboue the Columnes that such worke by long distance of time would haue prooued bad but placing the Mutiles in the Freese they made the worke rich and it holpe the Proiecture of the Corona and withall it wrought another effect which was that the Architraue Freese and Cornice seemed to be one Cornice alone by meanes of the Modiglions that were set in the Freese for that they seemed great obseruing their proportion THE height of this Columne Composita shall with Base and Capitall be of 10. parts the Base shall be of halfe the â—â—lumne thickenesse and it shall bee made Corinthia with the measure set downe by the Corinthia arâ—â—â—ts is yet séene in the Gate of the Arch tryumphant of Tiâ—us and Vespasian in Rome You may make the Columnes chaneled as you doe the Ionica and sometime like the Corinthia make the Volutes somewhat greater then the Caulicoli of Corinthia which Capitall you sée in the Arch aforesayd and is set downe here in Figure for the Architraue Fréese and Corona if it stand farre from mens sight then the Architraue shall bee as high as the Columne is thicke aboue the Fréese wherein the Mutiles are shall bee of the same height The Cimatie of the Mutiles shall be of a sixt part the Proiecture of the Mutiles shal be like the height The height of the Corona with her Cimatie holdeth as much as the Architraue and that deuided in 2. parts one shall bee the Corona the other the Cimatie the Proiecture thereof shall be like the height and this is a common rule although that in the Figure ensuing marked C. you may sée the members and measures of that which is in the Coliseo aforesayd and for that this Columne is the slenderest of all others therefore the Pedestall ought to lice séemelier then the rest following the common rule the height thereof shal be a double bredth that is slat and of that height there shall be â—yght parts made one for the Base and one for the Scima but of the particular members you may take the example here on the side in the Figure which altogether are proportioned according to the Pedestals of the aforesayd Arch tryumphant and so being a Columne of ten parts the Pedestall shall also be ten parts in it selfe proportioned after the Columne And although men make all Pedestals in Perpendicular yet in Athens a most ancient Towne there are some that are somewhat lessened in the vpper part which I discommend not FOr that ancient workemen haue vsed diuers mixings of worke therefore I will not set downe those that are best knowne and composed for that the workeman may chuse out of them such as he thinketh will serue his turne best The Capitall hereunder set marked T. is composed of Dorica Ionica and Corinthia the Abacus and Cimatie is Dorica the Echine and Strike is Ionica the Astragal and Leaues are Corinthia as also the Base with the two Thorus is Dorica but by the 2. Scoties and the Astragals as also because of the beautifulnesse thereof it shewâ—th to be Corinthia which things are in Tresteuere in Rome the Capitall X. and also the Base are of 2. kinds Dorica and Corinthia The Abacus of the Capitall and also the Base is Dorica but the Base by meanes of the liuelinesse of the worke may be named Corinthia and so are the Leaues of the Capitall of Corinthia but for that the Abacus is fouresquare and all the other members round therefore you shall cut the Rose vnder the Abacus in the 4. corners as you sée it in the Figure The Capitall A. with the monstrous horse in place of Caulicules may be called Compositâ— and is in the Basilico del foro transitorio The strikes of the Columne are different from others as you may see them beside the A. The Base X. is Composita and is in Rome the Capitall is méere Corinthia and is at the 3. Columnes beside the Colises The Capitall C. is composed of Ionica and Corinthia and is in an Arch tryumphant in Verona The Capitall D. is in the same Arch on some flat Columnes The Base Y. is Composita with the Astragalus which standeth vpon the vppermost Thorus and is of Antiquitie in Rome YOu sée not many Arches tryumphant made of Composita and the most part are made of pieces taken on t of other buildings neuerthelesse hauing shewed a generall rule for them therefore I will not set downe any other inuention of Edifices of that kinde for the prouident workeman as necessitie requireth may helpe himselfe with the inuentions aforesayd changing them into Composita But I will shew two orders of Chimneys of each sort of worke the one within the wall the other without This Chimney which should stand cleans within the â—â—all if you will make it in a small place the height shal be no higher then to a mans shoulders that 's mans eye and sight may not be hurt by the fires and the widenests e shal be according to the bignesse of the place wherein it should bee set The height by to the Architraue shal be deuided in 4. parts one shal be the bredth of the
The first Booke of Architecture made by Sebastian Serly entreating of Geometrie Translated out of Jtalian into Dutch and out of Dutch into English LONDON Printed for Robert Peake and are to be sold at his shop neere Holborne conduit next to the Sunne Tauerne ANNO DOM. 1611. TO THE HIGH AND MIGHTIE PRINCE HENRY Prince of VVales SJR NO vaine ambition of mine owne Desire much lesse presumption of my none Desert incited me to present this Volume to your Princely view but rather the gracious Countenance which euen from your Childehood you haue euer daigned to all good endeauours invited Mee also after so many others to offer at the high-Altar of your Highnesse fauour this new-Naturalized VVorke of a learned Stranger Not with pretence of Profit to your Highnesse who want not more exquisite Tutors in all excellent Sciences but vnder the Patronage of your powerfull Name to benefite the Publicke and conuay vnto my Countrymen especially Architects and Artificers of all sorts these Necessary Certaine and most ready Helps of Geometrie The ignorance and want whereof in times past in most parts of this Kingdome hath left vs many lame VVorkes with shame of many VVorkemen which for the future the Knowledge and vse of these Instructions shall happily preuent if the euent but answere in any measure to that Hope of mine which alone both induced this Desire and produced this Designe VVherein I must confesse my part but small sauing my great aduenture in the Charge and my great Good-will to doe Good All which together with my best Seruices I humbly prostrate at your Princely feete as beseemes Your Highnesse most humble Seruant Robert Peake To the Louers of Architecture OVr learned Author Sebastian Serly hauing great foresight to shew and explaine the common rules of Architecture did first publish his Foâ—râ—h Booke entreating of Architecture and after his Third Booke declaring excellent Antiquities Fearing that if hee had begunne with Geometrie and Perspectiue common workmen would haue thought that the two sornter although small had not beene so needefull to studie and practise as the other Which friendly Reader considered hindered mee long either from Translating or Publishing the two former being perswaded by sundry friends and workemen to haue desisted my purpose both from translating or publishing The which J had surely effected if I had beene ouer-ruled by their requests and perswasions alleadging strong reasons that the common Workemen of our time little regarded or esteemed to Worke with right Simmetrie the which is confused and erronious in the iudgement of the Learned Architect if they will follow the Order of Antiquities hereafter ensuing Wherefore least my good meaning together with my Labour in Translating and Publishing should not be regarded and esteemed as worthie considering it not onely tendeth to the great profit of the Architect or Workeman but also generally to all other Artificers of our Nation I aduise all generally not to deceiue themselues nor to be selfe-conceited in their owne workes but well vnderstand this my labour tending to common good and be perswaded that who so shall follow these rules hereafter set downe shall not onely haue his Worke well esteemed of the common people but also generally commended and applauded of all workemen and men of iudgement Vale. ¶ The first Booke of Architecture made by Sebastian Serly entreating of Geometrie ¶ The first Chapter HOw needfull and necessary the most secret Art of Geometrie is for euery Artificer and Workeman as those that for a long time haue studied and wrought without the same can sufficiently witnesse who since that time haue attained vnto any knowledge of the said Arte doe not onely laugh and smile at their owne former simplicities but in trueth may very well acknowledge that all whatsoeuer had bene formerly done by them was not worth the looking on Seeing then the learning of Architecture comprehendeth in it many notable Artes it is necessary that the Architector or workeman should first or at the least if he cannot attaine vnto any more know so much thereof as that hee may vnderstand the principles of Geometrie that he may not be accompted amongst the number of stone-spoilers who beare the name of workmen and scarce know how to make an answere what a Point Line Plaine or Body is and much lesse can tell what harmonie or correspondencie meaneth but following after their owne minde or other blinde conductors that haue vsed to worke without rule or reason they make bad worke which is the cause of much vncut or vneuen workemanship which is found in many places Therfore seeing that Geometrie is the first degree of all good Art to the end I may shew the Architector so much thereof as that he may thereby be able with good skill to giue some reason of his worke Touching the speculations of Euclides and other Authors that haue written of Geometrie I will leaue them and onely take some flowers out of their Garden that therewith by the shortest way that I can I may entreat of diuers cutting through of Lines with some demonstrations meaning so plainely and openly to set downe and declare the same both in writing and in figures that euery man may both conceiue and vnderstand them aduertizing the Reader not to proceed to know the second figure before he hath well vnderstood and found out the first and so still proceeding hee shall at last attaine vnto his desire A Poynt FIRST you must vnderstand that a poynt is a priche made with a Pen or Compasse which can not bee deuided into any parts because it conteineth neither length nor bredth in it A Line A Line is a right consecutiue imagination in length beginning at a poynt and endeth also at a point but it hath no bredth Parable When two Lines are set or placed of a little wydenesse one from the other those two lines according to the Latine phrase are called Parable and by some men they are named Equidistances Superficies When those two Equidistances aforesayd are at each end closed together by another Line it is then called a Superficies and in like sort all spaces in what manner soeuer they are closed and shut vp are called Superficies or plainnes Perpendicular Straight corners When there is a straight vpright Line placed in the middle of a crosse straight line then it is called a Perpendicular or Catheta Line and the ends of the crosse or straight Line on both sides of the Perpendicular are called Straight corners Obtusus Acutus When a leaning or straight Line is placed vpon a straight Line without Compasse or equalitie as much as the same Line bendeth so much shall the corner of the straight Line be narrower below and the other so much broader then a right or euen corner and the straight corner in Latine is called Acutus which signifieth sharpe and the wider corner Obtusus which signifieth dull Piramidal A corner or point called Piramidal and also Acutus in Latine is when two euen long straight
Capitals on the one side giue inward and on the other side beareth out which you must well remember that you may first bee well instructed herein touching that which you will make For it is true that the Theoricke consisteth in the vnderstanding but experience is gotten by practise and right vse or handling Therefore tâ—e most notable Paynter Leonardus Vinci was neuer pleased nor satisfied with any thing that he made bringing but litle worke to perfection saying the cause thereof was that his hand could not effect the vnderstanding of his mind And for me part 〈◊〉 I should do as he did I should not neither would I suffer any of my works to come forth for to say the truth whatsoeuer I make or wryte it pleaseth me not but as I sayd in the beginning of my worke that I had rather exercise in worke that small talent which it hath pleased God to bestow vpoÌ„ me then suffer it to lye and rot vnder the earth without any fruit and although I shall not please thereby such as are curious to set downe the ground and perfection of al things yet at least I shall helpe yong beginners that know little or nothing thereof which hath alwayes beene my intent FOr that as I sayd before of Proiecture in Prospectiue worke it would bee great labour and much worke to finde all the terminations of the parts or members and specially because they doe alwayes waxe greater as they come further outward as well those which we behold from beneath vpwards as thoâ—e that wee behold from aboue downewards yet I haue not spared to make this Figure and to forme and proportion it with all the members and parts thereof that you may the better vnderstand it In the first Figure but one next to this I haue shewed how you shall finde the terminations of the points of the Proiecture which are made plaine without any members the easilyer to conceaue how things waxe bigger when they come further outwards But now I thinke that men vnderstand it well I will shew the meanes and manner how to find the inlardging of all the members particularly by themselues euery one according to their greatnesse or smalnes of their Proiecture And first you must frame this Base with all the members and with the right Proiecture thereof to bee without any shorteâ—ing before yet you must draw it lightly with a piece of Lead or some other thing as it is shewed vnto you here with pricks then in the ground or foot of the Pillar you must draw the two Diagonall lines long inough out and thereby as I sayd before you shall find the diminishing and the increasing of the particuler parts of the crests of the said Base whereas the vndermost line or foote of the crests of the Base beare much more broader and longer then those that are marked with the prickes then at each corner of the Creast of the Base you must draw an vpright line almost as high as the first creast of the Base although I haue done it but vpon the vttermost poynt not to comber the worke within then you must draw the vppermost corners of the first Creast with prickes also toward the Horison which downewards will touch against the two vpright lines and there shall be the terminations to close or shut vp the second great Creast with a full blacke line then draw another blacke line from the innermost poynt of the Creast vpwards to the Horison and there the shortening Creast shall be closed And as this Creast or Plinthus is closed and drawen on all sides with blacke lines so you must doo with all the other lines of the Base for when from the vppermost corner of the first marked Base you draw a helding line to the innermost corner of the greatest Creast with the blacke lines by it you shall lightly find the terminations of all the parts or members drawing the corners of the first Base towards the Horison And when you haue formed all the innermost corners of the Bases by the Horisentall line you may easily doe the second and by the Paralel lines the vttermost of all although by the lines of the distances you may bring the said corners somewhat neerer as you may soe by the Diagonall lines But at this time I will not speake of that difficult or hard worke for he that hath any vnderstanding herein may herewith helpe himselfe That which is here sayd of the Bases you must also vnderstand of the Cornices onely that euery thing is contrary and where you set Perpendicular lines below which cut through the Horisentall or Radiall lines so you must also fall aboue the Lead lines or Catheten vpon the Horisentall lines as you may better sée it and learne it in the Figure then it can be expressed by words and you must not be afraid or abashed although at first you cannot conceaue it for that by practising you shall in time finde it for it is not sayd that a man shall or can learne all things at once in one day by this Cornice you may make all Cornices bee they higher or lower harder or easier alwayes drawing euery member and part towards the Horison as it should be done ALthough there are diuers manners wayes to place Columnes one behind the other standing vpon one ground in Perspectiue wise thereby to make Portals Galleries and other things yet this hereunto annexed is the easiest First you must make a Pauement with a quantitie of foure cornerd Quadrants as it is also shewed in the beginning of this Booke which may be of such bredth as you will Say that these foure square stones are two foote broad which shall be the thickenesse of a Pillar betwéene the two first Pillars beneath in the bredth there shall be eyght square stones and the height of the Pillars made of what quantitie you will and they being raised toward the Horison then you must draw two seuerall lines ouer both the Pillars and then out of the middle of the first line you must make two halfe Circles aboue vpon the flat side before and deuide them in as many parts as you will which parts shall be drawne to the Center of the halfe Circle standing in the vppermost line then out of the middle of the two seuerall lines you must draw the lesse halfe Circle and all terminations of the flat Arch being drawne to the Horison then the first Arch or Gate is made the other two Pillars vpwards drawne to the Horison then the first Arch or Gate is made the other two Pillars vpwards shall also stand eyght Quadrants distant from the first Pillars which will make a foure corned place on all sides containing 64. square stones and you must doe with this gate as you did with the first onely when they are all of one wydenesse as these are you néed not denide the Arches againe for the Horisentall lines of the stones of the first Arch will shew you the terminations of all the
other Arches and also how long the Gallery must be and how many Arches it must containe I haue placed no Arches here in the sides because I would not cumber you too much at this time but I will speake thereof hereafter perticularly The two Doores on each side are both partly couered with the Pillars but the wydenesse of them is foure Quadrentes besides that from the corner of the doores to the Pillars on each side there is two Quadrantes as you sée the halfe thereof and the other halfe you must suppose to bee behind the Pillars The beames aboue the Arches which beare vp the Chamber aboue you may well guesse although I write not particularly thereof I haue not likewise set the Bases nor the Capitals vpon these Pillars because they should not darken them too much but in another place I will also entreat thereof THâ—se two Bowes or Arches are onely made to know how to ioyne their Bases and Capitals to them whereof in two seuerall places I haue spoken before and shewed how they rise on the one side and fall or decrease in sight on the other side that a man may the better learne how to doe them for in trueth if a man could shew it vnto you in effect you would the easlyer vnderstand it but to set it downe in writing or Figures as I doe that men heereafter might know and learne them it is requisite to entreat of them more at large and that you may the better discerne and perceiue the points of the thin lines from the other poynts or corners of the blacke lines therefore here I haue placed the poynt of the distances and the Horison downeward and haue placed the Pillars in other manner vpon this ground without Quadrant stones In this manner set the bredth of the two first Pillars vpon the Base of such thickenesse as you will and draw them inwards towards the Horison then you must imagine the distances as I haue already taught you and these distances are set on both sides and on eyther point of the distances you must draw a line both toward the right and left poynt or corner of each Pillar These Diagonall lines will not onely shew you the thickenesse of the first or formost Pillars when they shorten but also the thickenesse of the two other Pillars which stand inward which are all marked with prickes and as I haue likewise said before that which is here sayd of the Bases of the Pillars the same also must be vnderstood vpward of the Capitals touching the thickenesse of the bowes or Arches vnderneath I haue shewed in the Figure before how you must place the Center in the middle of the foure crosse point lines to draw the halfe Circumference The foure square or Quadrant aboue is as great as that below on the ground I need not shew how you shall make it for you sée it plaine enough in the Figure THis Figure is like the former onely that the members of the Bases and Capitals are added thereunto thereby to make it more perfect vnto you and to shew you how a thing will stand when it is full made and finished although I haue shewed it before neuerthelesse when a man is perfect herein then he may by practise helpe himselfe well inough without all this labour vsing discretion and bearing in memorie that which he hath imprinted in his mind For in trueth by this meanes I meane the ground a man may by practise make many things which if they be made with discretion and by a workeman will alwayes beautifie the worke as these bowes or Arches do which vnder are deuided with Quadrantes as you may sée them There are as you know first two Centers to forme the Arche vnderneath now a wise workeman must not alwayes séeke for the perfection of the edge of these Quadrants but for example Say that the Arche vnderneath is deuided into eyght parts whereof sixe shall be for the Quadrant and two parts for the edge or border that runneth about it now you must deuide the space betwéene the one Center and the other also in eyght parts but they must shorten or lessen a little that is the neather part against the vpper then the compasse being set somewhat lower and made narrower then you must draw the vppermost border and then the compasse being set a little below the neathermost Center you must in like sort drawe the other edge or border after you must square or deuide the Quadrants leauing the space betweene both once so broad againe as the other which must be drawen vp towâ—rds the Horison and as much as you will make the Quadrant sinke you must also draw out of the last Center with the Compasse And in this manner a man may make diuers formes and compartements but as I haue said you must make them all with iudgement and therefore it is very conuement that a man should be well instructed therein for that vsing onely the princicall terminations you must make the rest by practise But I am of opinion that some rigorous Perspectiue men will take hold of these my words to whom I answere that if they meane I haue failed or done amisse let them prooue what difference there is betwéene saying and doing THe manner how to make a crosse roofe of a Gallery or House in Perspectiue worke is alwayes very troublesome to shew it vnto any man and therefore also it is much more troublesome to declare it in writing for men hereafter to vnderstand it Neuerthelesse because it is very necessary to be knowne I will doe the best I can to shew it First you must chuse the bredth and height of the greatest Arch or Bow that you desire to make and then by the distances you must make a perfect shortening Quadrant and also a lesse Bow or Arch. The greatest Arch before shal be deuided into eyght equall parts and those parts must be drawne towards the Horison to the smale Arch which being done then you must set those parts of the greatâ—st Arche below vpon the Base and with the helpe of the Horisentall and Diagonall lines you may make a shortening Circle within the Quadrant as in the other places before you haue béene taught The terminations hereof shall be 1.2.3.4.5 which shall be set vpwards beside the great Arche as you sée it there also marked with 1.2.3.4.5 Without this round below I haue drawne the Paralels with prickes to the wall and where they end there you must set all your Perpendicular lines vpright which are come out of the Paralel lines of this Circle Then you must draw the terminations aforesayd which are placed aboue along by the Perpendicular lines with lines to the Horison end where the sayd Horisentall lines cut through the Perpendicular lines which are drawne vp from below there you must make halfe a shortâ—nâ—ng Circle and that which is marked on this side with Ciphers must also be vnderstood to stand on the other as you sée it
you must deuide the Base D.E. in two parts and the terminations thereof being drawne to the right side there you shall finde the halfe of your foure square marked with two Stars But if you will lengthen it an other halfe foure square then draw a termination E. to the right Horison the lines at I.K. the other halfe foure square so that these Superficies shall be of two perfect foure corners And this will serue the ingenious workeman for many things which I will not here set downe for breuitie sake THis body hereafter following is raysed vp out of the former Figure before set downe and is made with the same Horison which body containeth two Quadrants in length one Quadrant in height for the line C.D. is set in Perpendicular maner vpon the nethermost corner wheron the other Superficies are set thus then this body is of two fouresquares I meane two foure squares in length and one foure square broad and high And this body as I said before shall serue for many things But if you will haue more cubits in the length then lengthen the Base in so many parts more and you shall alwayes finde the trueth hereof And if you will make a border or creast about this body then you must follow this rule aforesayd BVT will you make diuers things vpon one ground then it is conuenient that first you make a pauement as you sée it here set downe and thereupon frame what you thinke good vpon the Quadrans and the lesse the Quadrans are and the more in number you may the easter frame things vpon them The crosse made vpon this ground is onely to show you the way and entry thereunto but for such a forme you may make a forme of a Christian Church as they are now built The other forme by it sheweth a piece of a foundation of a House but all these things you may make in a greater forme and set them forth as you will sometime placing the Horisentall lines in such manner that you may see more of the out sides but yet the Horisons must stand all of one height OVT of this Superficiall Figure aforesayd I haue raysed these bodies to shew how the Horisons of them dâ—â— stand in the worke as well aboue as below as you shall finde by experience and in trueth these workes which you sée ouer the poynts or corners containe a Booke alone by themselues but as I sayd before my meaning was to shâ—w but thrée or foure Figures of them yet I will show ten of them intending to leaue the student some worke whereof I am well assured For that he hath more eyes and more patience then my selfe hee shall finde many things which I write not of nor yet set downe VPon this Pauement as I sayd you may forme or frame what you will but in this Pauement here ensuing you sée a columne lying being eight square which is thrée Quadrans in thickenesse and foureteene in length This eyght square columne may be made out of a columne of foure square as before in an other place is shewed which foure square you may see drawne herein with prickes and the terminations of the eyght square with blacke lines But because that this eyght square columne is too much séene on the sides the readier to make it out of the foure square I haue therefore made an other piece by it the which because it draweth neerer to this Horison is séene more before then the other although not so long for it is but halfe so long as the other as you may sée tell it in the ground or foot thereof And if it were so that this eyght square Figure reached néerer to the Horison it would then be better séene yet it would not be wholly seene before because it standeth without the foure square and corner THese Columnes are the same which are before set downe but the other well hollow and these massie whereby an expert workeman may finde out many things exercising this way although there are other meanes to be vsed as Albert Duter hath shewed to looke through holes with a thread Thereis also another way which is drawne out of flat formes which is the surest way but very troublesome and hard to describe in writing wherefore I haue chosen this as the easiest way to be shewed And if I had not vndertaken to show other things of more importance I would haue drawne diuers bodies and houses after this manner But for that I meane to entreat of Scenes and the preparing of places for to show Comedies and Tragedies which is now vsed in this age and specially in Italy therefore I will make an end of these foure cornerd things leauing it to another as I sayd before to set foorth more thereof BEcause I meane hereafter to entreat of Theaters and Scenes belonging vnto them as we vse them in these dayes In the which Scenes it will bee very hard for a man to shew how where a man should place the Horison herein because it is an other thing then the rule before declared Therfore I thought it good first to make this profil that the ground by the profill may both together be the better vnderstood yet it were conuenient first to studie the ground and if it so falleth out that a man cannot attaine to all within the ground then hee must procéede to thâ— profill to bee the better instructed therein First therefore I will begin with the Scaffold before which as the eyes shal stand eleuated from the earth and shal be flat made by the water compasse marked with C. And the Scaffold from B. to A. shall stand heaued vp vnder the same A. a ninth part of the length thereof and that standing by behind the seate marked with an M. aboue it is the wall of the Hall or other place against which or where this Scene shall be made That which standeth a little distant from the Wall Perpendilar wise is marked P. shal be the backe or vpholding behind of the Scene that a man may go betwéene it and the other wall The termination O. is the Horison The lines with prickes comming crosse vpon the water compasse from L. to O. where it toucheth the backe P. there you shall place the Horison onely to serue for the sayd backe And comming forwards to L this liue shall alwayes be the Horison for all the Ortograpie of the Houses which shall stand forwards or outwards But the Seenographies or shortening sides of the Houses they must haue their Horisons standing further to O. And it is reason which in effect haue two sides as thes must be built that men may see out of them on both sides should happen two Horison lines this is touching the profill of the Scene But the place which is called Procenie is that which is marked with P. and the part marked with E. is called Oâ—â—hestra which is raysed halfe a foote from the earth where you sée F. marked are the places for
of worke alone is the fayrest wholest and best to be vnderstood and is so much the more wonderfull then the rest because it hath so many members which are all so correspondent one to the other that whosoeuer beholdeth it taketh great pleasure therein which proceedeth from this that the excellent workeman which inuented it chose the perfitest forme that is the round forme whereby it is vsually called Our Lady of the Round for within it is as high as it is broad And it may be that the sayd workeman considering that all things proceeding orderly haue a principall and onely head whereon the nether parts depend was of opinion that this piece of worke should haue onely but one light and that in the highest part thereof that it might spread abroad in all places alike as in effect you see it doth for besides other things which haue their perfect light there are sixe Chappels which for that they stand within the thicknesse of the wall should be darke yet they haue their due light by the meanes of some drawing windowes aboue in the top of the sayd Chappels which giue them second light taken from the vppermost hole so that there is not any small thing in them but it receiueth a part of the light and this is not made without great iudgement for this Temple in old time being dedicated to all the gods by which meanes there stood many Images in it which the diuers Tabernacles Seates and small windowes shew it was necessary that euery one had his due light Wherefore such as take pleasure to make Images and other imbossed or grauen worke must consider that such a Cabinet should haue his light from aboue that euery one standing in his place neede not looke for light to see but that they may bee seene altogether at one time But to come to my first speach For that the Pantheon seemeth vnto me to be the perfectest peece of worke that euer I saw therefore I thought it good to set it first in the beginning of this Booke and for a principall head of all other peeces of worke The founder of this Temple as Plinie writeth in more then one place was Marcus Agrippa to accomplish Augustus Caesars last will who being intercepted by death could not finish it and so it was built about foureteene yeeres after the byrth of our Lord which is about 5203. yeeres from the beginning of the world In this Temple as Pliny writeth the Capitals were of Copper and hee writeth also that Diogenes the Image-maker of Athens made the excellent Caracters in the Pillars and that the Images placed aboue the Frontespicium were much commended although by the highnesse of the place they could not be so well discerned This Temple was consumed with lightening and burnt about the 12. yeere of the raigne of the Emperour Traian which was about 113. yeeres after the byrth of Christ and in the 5311. yeere of the creation of the world and Lucius Septimus Seuerus and Marcus Aurelius Antonius repayred it agayne with all the Ornaments thereto belonging as it appeareth in the Architraue of the sayd frame which Ornaments you must presume were all new made otherwise the Caracters of Diogenes would still haue bene seene there But in truth the workman that made it was very iudicious and constant for that he proportioned the members thereof very iudiciously to the body and would not suppresse the worke with many cuttings but as I will shew when time serueth how to place and deuide them excellent well Also in all the worke hee hath obserued the worke of Corinth and would mixe no other with it and withall the measures of all the members are as well obserued as euer I saw or measured in any other peece of worke whereby we may call this Temple an example of workemanship But leauing this matter for that it giueth the workeman little or no instruction to the purpose I will proceede to the particular measures and that I may goe forward orderly in these Antiquities the first Figure shall be the Ichnography The second the Orthography The third the Sciography This Figure following is the Ichnography that is the ground of the Temple aforesayd which is measured by the ancient or old Romish Palmes placed along by the side hereof And first speaking of the Portall whereof the Columnes are 6. Palmes 29. minutes thicke The Intercolumnes which are the spaces from one Columne to another are 8. Palmes and 9. minutes the breadth of the Portall is 40. Palmes the breadth of the flat Pillars of the Portall is like the Diameter of the Columnes the breadth of the Seates betweene the Pillars is 10. Palmes and the Pilasters on the sides are 2. Palmes the widenesse of the Gates is 26. Palmes and a halfe the widenesse of the whole Temple that is of the Floore within from one wall to another is 194. Palmes and iust so much is the height from the Floore to the vndermost stone of the window aboue The sayd round hole is 36. Palmes and a halfe broad each of the sixe Chappels that are made within the thicknesse of the wall are 26. Palmes and 30. minutes and goe halfe as deepe into the wall as the thicknesse of the foure square Pillars on each side But the principall Chappell is thirtie Palmes broad and also is an halfe Circle besides the Pillars aforesayd The thicknesse of the Columnes of all the Chappels is 5. Palmes 3. minutes lesse the foure square corner Pillars also of the sayd Chappels contayning as much The Columnes of the Tabernacle betweene the Chappels are two Palmes thicke the thicknesse of the wall that goeth round about the whole body of the Temple is 31. Palmes And although that the Chappels make the walles hollow yet betweene them there are hollow places made within the walles which some say were left for places to receiue wind because of earthquakes But I am of opinion that they were left so vnfilled to spare stuffe because they are made circlewise and are strong inough The going vp which you see here on the left side was also on the right side to go vp the Portall men also went from thence round about the Temple ouer the Chappels through a secret way which is yet there through the which also they went without on the steps to clime vp into the highest parts of the buildings with many goings vp which are round about it It is thought that this foundation was all one masse or lumpe and without many places hollow so that some neighbours marking it and seeking to build haue found such a foundation when they digged This is the old Romish Palme which is deuided into twelue fingers and each finger is deuided into foure parts which are called Minutes by the which measure this present Figure with all the parts following was measured The ground of the Pantheon called Rotonde The forme of the Pantheon without THE Figure hereunder sheweth the whole forme of the Pantheon right before and
sufficeth onely to see the disposition of the things within which although they be smal they are drawne and proportioned in their measure according to the greatnesse The small Pillars at the going into the Temple are fouresquare in manner of Pillaisters the measure thereof I will hereafter set downe for they are also at the Corners of the Chappels within round about the Temple and as much as the space of these thrée inter Columnes holds so farre reacheth the Copper roofe whereof I spake before The side of the Portall The entring into the inner part of the Temple I Will not take vpon me to write of euery seuerall cutting or hollowing of the Columnes whereof there are many in the Pantheon but onely of the Columnes before the great Chappell because they are very fayre and excellent worke I will shew something to the which end the Figures marked with A. and B. shew the outward worke of the grauing of the Columnes of the great Chappell that is in the flat end in the vprightnesse and standing vp touching the forme and the fashion it is sufficiently shewed in these two Figures and thus will I shew you the measures thereof The Canaels are foure and twenty in number euery Canall being nine minutes and a halfe bread the Thorus with the two Quadrats or lists are both together foure minutes and a halfe for the Thorus is thrée minutes and then there resteth a minute and a halfe which deuided into two parts euery Quadrate on eyther side is three quarters of a minute This hollowing pleaseth the beholders passing well and such worke is vpon the Basitica de foro transitorio for the beautifying of a Gate as it is shewed in the fourth Booke The Base marked with C. is the Base of the sayd Columnes of the great Chappell in the Pantheon whereof the height is two Palines and eleuen minutes and a halfe which is in this manner diuided The Plinthus vnder is ninetéene minutes high the vndermost Thorus is seuenteene minutes and the Quadrate aboue it is thrée minutes and a halfe The first Scotie or Trachile is eight minutes and a third part the Quadrate vnder the Astragal is halfe a minute so is the other aboue the Astragall the two Astragals are sixe minutes and a halfe and so each Astragall is thrée minutes and a quarter The second Scotie or Trochile aboue the Astragals is sixe minutes the Supercilie so named by Vitruuius or the Quadrate vnder the second Thorus is one minute That Thorus is seuen minutes and two third parts high the Cincte that is the band of the Columne aboue the Thorus although the Base be not one is thrée minutes the Proiecture of this Base is thrée and twenty minutes proportioned in manner as it is here vnder shewed THis Figure following representeth a part of the Pantheon within that is from the Pauement till you come vp to the second Cornice which beareth vp the Tribune or the round roofe and also aboue the Cornice you sée the beginning of the foure square hollowing of the said Tribune This Figure also in the nether part sheweth the widenesse of one of the sire Chappels whereof two are in forme of the halfe Circles and the other foure in forme of a Quadrangle yet in show they séeme all to be of one forme each of these Chappels haue two round Columnes and the corners haue their foure square Pillars as you may sée in the ground of the Pantheon aforesaid and in this Figure following And although it be not set in Perspectiue manner whereby a man might sée whether it were a rounde or foure square Chappell that is omittted because of the measure thereof notwithstanding this is made for a foure square which you may sée by the forme of the blind windowes which are within the Chappell for the other should runne more about The thickenesse of these Columnes is fiue Palmes thrée minutes lesse the height of the Bases is two Palmes and one and twenty minutes the height of the Columnes without the Capitals is fourtie Palmes the height of the Capitals is fiue Palmes and thirtie minutes and so the whole Columne with the Bases and Capitals is fourtie and eight Palmes high The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice are altogether thirteene Palmes and a halfe and this height in all is deuided into ten parts whereof thrée parts are for the Architraue the other thrée are for the Sophero or the Fréese and the other foure parts are for the Cornice Touching the rest of the other members I set downe no measures because this is proportionably declared touching the principallest of them that stand on the side théereof marked with P. And in trueth a man in this Cornice may perceiue the iudicious skill of the workeman who therein touching the mutiles would not cut any deatiles therein thereby not to fall into that common errour wherein so many ancient workemen haue fallen and at this day more moderne workemen The errour I meane is this that all the corners wherein mutiles stand and vnder haue dentiles cut in them are vicious and by Vitruuius are reiected in the second Chapter in his fourth Booke and although that in this Cornice the forme of denticles are notwithstanding because it is vncut it is not to be condemned in this respect Aboue this Cornice there is a Podium or a manner of bearing out whereof the height is seuen palmes and sixe minutes which commeth not farre out for the Pillars stand not farre out from the Wall the height whereof together with the Architraue Fréese and Cornice is fourtie Palmes and sixe and thirtie minutes which height being deuided into fiue parts the one part shall be for the Architraue Fréese and Cornice the which Architraue Fréese and Cornice proportioned according to the greatnesse stands marked with the letter M. In this Cornice and also in the Architraue the members are so well deuided part cut and part vncut that it darkeneth not the forme thereof but rather the more because vncut members are mixed with the cut members and so you sée a wonderfull grace in them the window aboue the Chappell is to giue light to the same Chappell which light although it be not principall neuerthelesse because it is radially drawne vp from the vppermost open place it giueth the Chappell the dewe light betwéene the Pillars and also aboue the windowes there are many fine stones intermixed and the Fréese of the first Cornice is fine profill stone THese foure Figures hereunto annexed are members of the Tabernacles in great as the letters A. B. C. D. shelde them Touching their measures in height it is shewed before and for the rest it is sufficient for the workeman that all things from member to member are set out in great and proportionably with great diligence broght into this forme although it may bee that such as study Vitruuius will thinke this Cornice to bee too high for the proportion of the Architraue and Fréese and I
rest you may guesse by the small Palms THis is the Orthographie both within and without drawne out of the Ichnographie afore set downe whereby you may conceaue the great masse waight which should heue stood vpon the foure Archee which waight may giue any wise workeman matter to consider that it had bane futer to set it vpon the ground and not in the ayre vpon such a height and therefore I counsell all workemen rather to be doubtfull them too rash for if hee bee doubtfull he will make his worke surer and not despise another mans counsell which doing hee shall seldome faile but if hee be rash and stout hee will not take any other mous aduise but will trust only to his own inuention wherby oftentimes his worke doeth him more shame then honestie therefore I conclude that stoutnes proocéedeth from presumption and presumption from small vnderstanding and I say that doubtfulnesse or bashfulnesse is a vertue making a man to thinke hea knoweth little although his vnderstaÌ„ding be great the measute of this worke is to be found by the aforesayd small Palme THis ground set vnder this is also an inuention of Bramant thought it was neuer made which agréed with the old worke that part which is marked with B. is S. Peters Church in Montorio without Rome and that part marked with A. is an old Cloyster but that part in the nuddle Bramant ordayned thereby to helpe himselfe with the old worke the place marked C. signifieth a Gallery with foure Chappels in the corners The place B. standeth vnder the ayre the part marked E. is a litle Temple which the said Bramant made the measures whereof shal be shewed in much greater forme in the leafe ensuing I haue said nothing touching the measure of the ground but I haue set this here onely forthe inuention IN the last side I promised to shew Bramants Temple in greater forme which is not very great but was onely made an remembrance of S. Peter the Apostle for it to said that hee was crucified in that place the sayd Temple is to bee measured by the old Romane scote which foote is sixtéene shâ—gâ—â—s and euery finger is foure minutes whereof also you shall finde the measure by the Romane Palme augmenting the said â—oure fingers The Diameter of this Temple is of flue and twenty foote and two and twenty minutes The widenesse oâ— the walke round about the Temple is seuen foote the thickenesse of the Columnes are one foote and 25 minutes The widenesse of the Doore is thrée foote and a halfe The Quadrants with the roundels within which goe round about the Temple shew the Laturary of the Temple aboue the Columnes the thicknesse of the wall is fiue foote the rest of the other measures you may conceaue by the first The helfe of the Romane foote THis is the said Temple standing vp which sheweth the one halfe without and the other halfe within and is made altogether after the Dorica as you sée by the Figure I will not speake of the particular measures for by the ground you may conceaue this which stoods vpright for that this though it be small is set downe by the measures thereof and from the great reouced into the small NOw I haue shewed the outside of S. Peters Temple in this I will shew the innermost part which is made with such proportion that the workeman by the widenesse of the ground may finde all the measures and although that this Temple sheweth too high for the bredth for that it is thought and shewed to be as high as it is broad Notwithstanding by the opennesse of the windowes and the Nichens or Chappels that are in it the height thereof is not amisse and especially by meanes of the double Cornices which goe round about and couer much of the height together with the Proiecture the Temple sheweth much more as it is The halfe of the Romane foote wherewith this foresayd Temple was measured THis Building is w thout Rome at S. Sebastians and is all fallen downe to the ground especially the walks about but the Building in the middle because it is very sure worke is yet whole and is made of Bricke you sée no ornaments in it at all it is darke because it hath no light but at the Doore and aboue the foure hollow places in the wall some small Windowes The ground of this worke is measured with the old Romish Palme and the lengths with the bredths are measured with coodes and euery roode is ten Palmes First the walke or Gallery marked A. is 49. roodes and 3. Palmes the other two longer are 56. roodes and 3. Palmes the bredth of the walkes is 32. Palmes the thicknesse of the corner Pillars with all their members is 12. Palmes by the which measures you may conceaue the rest Touching the Building in the middle the place B. is vncouered and is in length 7. roodes and 6. Palmes the bredth is 3. roodes and 4. Palmes the part marked C. is couered and containeth 4. roodes in foure square The foure Pilasters are ten Palmes thicke the thickenesse of the wall round about the round Building is 24. Palmes the place marked E. is roost and that part in the middle is a masse which beareth the roofe in the middle whereof there is an opening and this masse is beautified with many hollow seates in it which stand right and accompany those that stand in the wall touching the heights because of the brokennesse I measured it not and especially because there was no beautifulnesse of Building THis Theater Augustus made in the name of Marcellus his Nephew and therefore it was called Marcellus Theater it standeth within Rome you may at this day see part of it standing vpright that is part of the Galleries without it is onely of two rules that is Dorica and Ionica a worke in truth that is much commended although the Doricall Columnes haue no Bases nor any Cinete or Proiecture vnder them but stand playnely without any thing vnder vpon the slat ground of the Gallery Touching the ground of this Theater men could not well conceaue it but not long since the great Patrician of Rome going to make a house the scituation whereof was to be set vpon part of the Theater this house was made by one Balthasar of Sienna an excellent workman and as he caused the foundation to be digged there were found many reliques of diuers Cornices of this Theater and a great part of the same Theater was discouered whereby Balthasar concerted the whole forme thereof and measured it with great circumspection placing it in the forme following my selfe being at that time in Rome saw many of the Cornices and found friendship to measure them and in truth there I found as excellent formes as euer I saw in any old Ruins and most in the Capitals of Dorica and also in the imposts of the Arches which me thinks agrée well with the doctrine of Vitruuius Likewise the Freese Trigliphen and
with M. The third part of the foresayd Ell of 60. minutes IN Dalmatia there is an ancient town called Pola lying by the Sea side wherin you may sée a great part of a Theatre in the making whereof the expert workeman did helpe himselfe with the hill whereon it standeth vsing the hill for part of the degrées or steps to goe vp and in the playne below he made the Orchestra Scene and other buildings belonging to such a piece of worke And in trueth the tuines and the pieces which are yet at this day found doe shew that it was a most beautifull and sumptuous piece of worke of stone and workemanship besides this there you may sée a great number of Columnes some standing alone others with Pilasters and some Corners with foure square Pillars and some halfe round all bound together and well wrought after the Corinthia for the whole work both without and within was made after the Corinthia manner This Building was measured with a moderne or vsuall sâ—â—te which foote is deuided into twelue parts named ounces whereof the one halfe hereafter followeth The Figure hereafter following sheweth the Ichnographie and also the Profill of the Theatre whereof this is the measure the widenesse of the Orche â—ra which is halfe a Circle is in Diameter about 130. foote the degrees or steps round about with the two wayes or stréetes are of 70. foot the way marked T. comes euen with the plaine of the Pulpit of the Scene to the fouretéenth step The widenesse of the Porticus round about the Theatre is 15. foote and the sides of the Pillars inward is of 17. foot a halfe but the fore-rancke of the Pillars round about the Gallery together with the Columnes holdeth about five foot in bredth and from the one Pilaster to the other it is about 10. foot wide and this is touching the ground of this Theater The two greatest Quadrans marked O. are the Hospitalia from the which places men went into the entry or passing through marked T. which comes by to the street halfe way to the steps as you may perceiue by the Profill marked T. and vnder the going through is part of the going in The Hospitalia is flue and fourtie foote the bredth of the Scene is 21 foot the bredth of the Porticus or Gallery before is 27 foote and the length is like the house the Building which standeth aboue the ground of the Theatre signifieth the Profill which is cut through the sides of the Theatre The Arch marked with A. signifieth the going in the second Arch C. and B. are vnder the steps the Cornice besides marked with D. is the impost of the Arches there néded no going vp to this Theatre for the hill aforesayd eased the workeman therein and men might also got vp to the Theatre from the Scene because it was ioyned to the sayd Theatre but the Theatre of Marcellus is seperated from the Scene and therfore the goings vp were necessary This is the halfe foote of measure whereby this Theatre was measured with all the ornaments THis Theater as I haue sayd was very rich of ornaments all of stone and made of Corinthia worke very well and richly wrought and by as much as is séene by the ruines which lie scattering about the Scene was very beautifull of Columnes vpon Columnes both double and single and also in the innermost and outtermost parts with diuers ornaments of Doores and Windowes The innermost part of the Building is much ruinated and touching the measures I can say little but of the outtermost parts I will say somewhat of their measures The first a rusticall or clounish order wherein there is no Columnes is eleuated from the earth together with the whole Cornice marked E. about 16. foote the height of the first Pedestall is flue foote the height of the Columnes with the Bases and Capitals is 22. foot the thickenesse of the Pillars with the Columnes is 5. foote the thicknesse of the Columnes alone is two foote and a halfe the widenesse of the Arches is about ten foote and their height twenty foots the height of the Architraue Freese and Cornice is about flue foote the second Pedestall marked X. is of foure foote and a halfe the height of those Columnes are about sixtéene foot the Architraue Fréese and Cornice is foure foot high I set not downe the measures of the particular members but in the Figure you may conceaue them for they are iust of the same proportion I set not downe the measure of the Scene nor of the other parts within onely I haue here set foorth a part of the Porticus of the Scene which is marked P. And also the Cornice Fréese and Architraue marked F. was in the highest thereof the Capitals marked S. stoode within with some halfe round Columnes raysed out of some Pilasters things that were very well wrought all which things as I sayd before are so sumptuous both for stone and workemanship as they may well be compared with those of Rome the Cornice Fréese and Architraue marked A. was in the highest part of the Theatre the Cornice marked B. is the impost of the second Arch the Architraue Fréese and Cornice marked C. is the Cornice aboue the first Arch the Cornice marked D. is the impost of the Arch the Cornice marked with E. goeth aboue the rusticall basement round about the Building this line hereunder is halfe a foote â—f the whole foote wherewith this Building was measured And wonder not gentle Reader that I set not downe all the measures more precisely for these things of Pola were measured by one that had more vnderstaÌ„ding in casting then in measuring The halfe foote whereby this is measured AT Ferenten an old Towne lying by Veterben there is yet to bee séene the forme of a Theatre much decayed being of no great workemanship and lesse ornaments for any thing a man may perceaue by the same for there are no pieces to be seene whereby a man may conceyt any matter of importance But you may yet sée in the Porticus going from the Theatre there were foure square Pillars also the Stayres thereof were very simple and playne and because it is so much decayed you can hardly discerne how they stood The Scene of this Theatre is much different from others as you may sée in the ground thereof neither is there so much standing aboue ground that a man may perceaue how the Scene and the Pulpit thereof stood This ground was measured by the ancient foote and first speaking of the Orchestra A. which is halfe a Circle the Diameter thereof is 141. foot and a halfe long The body of the Theatre that is from the Orchestra to the outtermost of the Corner Pillars of the Porticus is 35. foot the Pillars of the corner on eyther side is 5. foote broad the entry of the Porticus on the side of the Scene is 8. foote the vault vnder the Stayres is 22. foote the thickenesse of
a halfe the Corona licis aboue the same Cornice is 10. Ounces high The Base of the second Pedestall is one foote the flat o◠it selfe is 3. foote 7. Ounces and a halfe high the Base of the second Columne is 8. Ounces the height of the Columnes is 8. foote 3. Ounces and a halfe The thicknesse of the sayd Columnes is 10. Ounces and a halfe the height of the Capitall is one foote one Ounce and a halfe the height of the Architraue is one foote and one Ounce the height of the Fréese is 1. foote 2. ounces the height of the Cornice is one foote whereon there standeth some part of the wall but a man cannot perceiue what it might be This Arch is not very thicke neyther beautified on the sides for that behind this Arch there is another standing so néere together that a man can hardly goe betwéene them both as I will shew hereafter when I speake of the other figure the windowes stand not in any good order but somewhat vnséemely for the 2. windowes are not right in Perpendicular vpon the sharpe poynt of the Frontispice but some part aside which sheweth not well and for that I could not endure such disorder I haue placed them orderly The Capitals of these Arches are part Composita and part Corinthia as hereafter I will set downe in Figure Louing Reader Corottus a Paynter in Verona hath counterfeited this Arch the Cornice vnder the Timpanum is not there for he placeth there certayne order of figures resting vpon the Architraue the which Architraue you must vnderstand is betweene the 2. Columnes ouer each Arch and is somewhat flat because of the writing following Ouer this Arch on the right haud these letters following stand T. FLAVIVS P. F. NORICVS IIII. VIR ID V. F. BAVIA Q. L. PRIMA SIBI ET POLICLITO SIVE SERVO SIVE LIBERTO MEO ET L. CALPVRNIO VEGETO HEre before I spake of the vniuersall measure of the sayd Arch and thereunto set downe the forme according to the proportion of the same but cannot giue perfectly the particular parts in so small a forme Of which members for that there are diuers ornaments in them I will in this lease declare them touching the height and thicknesse I will speake no more for I haue done it already but I will onely shew which they are The Figure marked G. is the first Pedestall with the Bases and the beginning of the Columnes the which is hollowed all the members are proportioned according to their greatnesse The Capitall marked E. hauing the Architraue vpon it followeth vpon the first Columne as the hollowing sheweth The Figure marked D. is the Architraue Fréese and Cornice together which stand aboue the first Columne which Cornice by the authoritie and example which is by me in many places alledged the iudicious Reader may know whether they be erroneous or good The Capitall marked F. is that which vpholdeth the Arch vpon the fouresquare Pillars these two Capitals are called Latine worke and very fayre I will not as I haue said speake of the measures for that this Figure is proportioned after the principall and with great diligence transported from the great into the small The halfe of the common foote wherewith the aforesayd double Arch with the following ornaments is measured AS I sayd before the Arch is very rich of ornaments and among them some very fayre and perfect some also very vicious ill made and in trueth I finde nothing that more misliketh me then the Cornice marked D. in the other lease for the reasons before shewed but all the rest before set downe are of good proportion as well the workes as the Cornices And as the parts of the first story are so are these following of the second story The Mutiles marked H. are in the beginning of the second story aboue the Frontispicie vpon which Images as I haue declared there were Images fastened against the flat Pilasters The window marked I. is the forme of one of the Windowes with the Cornice vpon it and therefore iust of his measure That Capitall and the Base marked K. is of the same windowes shewed in greatest forme that the members may be the better vnderstood That Base and Capitall marked L. is the little Pillar betweene the Pilasters and the window and in trueth in these two Bases that is that of the greatest of the small Pillars ioyned with the lesser the workeman was very iudicious to accord or agrée the one with the other that the greatest Pillar should haue his due Base and the lesser should also haue a lesse Base according to proportion which I commend much The Architraue Fréese and Cornice marked C. sheweth that of the second story aboue the small Pillars this Cornice is very séemely and not confused with cutting The Pedestall marked B. sheweth that of the last story whereof the Base marked M. doth rest also the Capitall which standeth aboue is his companion and is truly Corinthia the which is confirmed to the principall for worke and fashion and in my opinion very séemely That Architraue Fréese and Cornice marked A. sheweth the last Cornice the Architraue is not vicious because it hath onely two Facies for if it had thrée it would by the farre distance stand cumbred the Cornice with the Mutiles liketh me well because it hath no Dentiles and is also well deuided with members neither is it confused with much grauing but hath a séemely Proiecture which heaueth vp the height thereof a little The halfe of the common foot THis Arch tryumphant was made before the Arch aforesayd which the table sheweth wherein there standeth P. VALERIVS Q. CECILIVS Q. SERVILIVS P. CORNELIVS it is thought it was set vp in the time of Hanibal This is measured with the same measure that the other is the widenes of each Arch is 11. foote the height is 17. foote the Pilasters of the Arch are one foote 8. ounces broad betwéene the 2. Pilasters are 5. foote 4. ounces the sides eche holdeth 3. foot The Cimatie vnder the C. in place of an Architraue is 6. ounces and an halfe the height of the Fréese is one foote 7. ounces and an halfe the list aboue the Freese is 2. ounces the Cimatie vnder the Dentiles is 4. ounces and a quarter and the Cimatie aboue it is one ounce and an halfe That Astragall is one ounce The Cimatie vnder the crowne is one ounce and a third part the crowne is 3. ounces and an halfe high the Cimatie thereof is 2. ounces and a quarter The Scime is 3. ounces and an halfe high but the list is 2. ounces the Proiecture of all is as much as the height The Basement aboue this Cornice is one foote one ounce and an halfe in height the thicknesse of the hollowed Columnes is 1. foot 3. ounces the height without Capitals is 7. foot one ounce and an halfe The Capitall is 10. ounces high This Columne hath no Base nor Cinthe Carettus who also counterfeited
this Arch séeeth but foure places where Histories are grauen and 5. Columnes in this third story in the second story but 4. windowes and 5. Pilasters and aboue them 5. Columnes the third Cornice you cannot come vnto HAuing spoken of many Antiquities and placed them in Figure it is requisite that I also shew some of those that were made in these dayes and specially of Bramants worke although I haue not altogether omitted it hauing shewed the wonderfull worke of S. Peters Church and other things belonging to holy Temples And in truth a man may well say that he restored good and perfert Architecture as yet by the meanes of Iulio P. M. many fayre pieces of worke were made by him in Rome do witnesse of the which this set here is one this is a Gallery made in Beluedere in the Popes Court wherein are two fayre things to be séene the one is the strength thereof the which for that the Pilasters are of so great bredth and thicknesse will last while the world endureth the other for that there are so many accompagments so well set out with good inuention and excellent proportion this worke is measured with the ancient Palme The bredth of the Arches is 18. Palmes and so much are the Pilasters the bredth of the Pilasters is deuided into 11. parts one part on eyther side of the Pilaster which beareth the Arch shall haue which is two parts other two parts shall be giuen vnto one Columne that is 4. parts 2. parts shall be giuen to the little Pilasters of the Niches or hollow seates and 3. parts to the Niches themselues so are the 11. parts distributed The height of the Pedestals shall be halfe the widenesse of the Pilasters The height of the Base of the Pedestals shall haue one part of the before sayd 11 parts The Cornice is the 9. part lesse then the Base The height of the Columnes with Bases and Capitals are of 9. Diameters and thereunto also the seuenth part The Base is halfe the thickenesse of the Columnes The Capitall is of the same thickenesse and the seuenth part for the Abacus The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice is as much as the Pedestall without his Base And this height is deuided into 11. parts foure for the Architraue 3. for the Freese because it is vngrauen and 4. for the Cornice as the halfe Circle of the Arch is drawne then the heights of the lights will be double after that the imposts being drawne in their places the which are of halfe a Columne thicke and so the Niches or seates and the Quadrans aboue them haue their certaine proportion BEcause I could not by reason of the smalnesse of the Figure perfectly shew the parts of the Gallery aforesayd therefore I haue shewed them hereunder in greater forme the part C. is the Pedestall of this Gallery and vpon it the Base of the Columne slandeth proportioned according to the great the part B. sheweth the impost of the Arch with a part thereof The Figure marked A. sheweth the Architraue Fréese Cornice aboue the Columnes The generall measures touching the height are already shâ—wne therefore not to be mentioned againe for they are proportioned after the great In this Cornice the workeman was very iudicious that he suffered the Corona to go through vnbroken and suffered the other parts of the Corona to beare outwards which is very séemely and the crowne the stronger and kéepeth the whole worke from water with which inuention the workeman may helpe himselfe in diuers accidents for the reaching out of Cornices stand not alwayes well but in some places well and in some places ill and the bearings out vntolerable where the Columnes on the sides haue no Pilasters of these bearings out I will say more in the fourth Booke in the handling of foure maner of Simmetrie of Columnes IN the leafe before I shewed a piece of worke of Bramants making and now I will shew another of his workes from whence a wise workeman may helpe himselfe much by meanes of the diuers and sundry ornaments that are in it In this Gallery the workeman would shew thrée stories or orders one aboue another viz. Dorica Ionica and Corinthia and in trueth the orders were faire well set out and placed notwithstanding that the Pilasters of the first story or order being Dorica were somewhat too weake and the Arches too wide to the proportion of the Pilasters and therewith the weight of the wall of the Ionica order standing vpon it was an occasion that it was broken ruinated and decayed in short time But Balthazar of Sciene a skilfull workeman repayred the decayed ruines making counter Pilasters with vnder-Arches therefore I haue said wise workemen may learne of this building not onely to imitate fayre and well made things but also to beware of errors and alwayes to consider what wright the nethermost story is to sustaine therefore I counsell a workeman rather to be timerous then ouer-bold for if he be timerous he will alwayes chuse the surest way and make his worke with consideration and will vse counsell yea of such as are lesse skilfull then himselfe of whom sometime men often learne but if he be high-minded and trusteth too much to his own skill and knowledge then he will scorne another mans counsell whereby oftentimes he deceyueth and ouer-shooteth himselfe so that oftentimes his worke falleth out badly Now I will turne to speake of this Gallery and set downe some notes of the proportion thereof The widenesse of the Arch shall bee deuided into eyght parts whereof thrée parts shall be for the bredth of the Pilasters and the height of the Arch shall containe 16. of such parts The forepart of the Pilasters shall be deuided into foure parts whereof two parts shall be for the Pilasters of the Arches and the other two shall be for the thicknesse of the Columnes the height of the Pedestals shall containe halfe the widenesse of the lights the height of the Columnes shall bee eyght parts of their thicknesse with the Bases and Capitals The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice is a fourth part of the length of the Columne The second story shall bee lesse then the first by a fourth part viz. That from the Pauement of the Dorica story to the highest of the Cornice shall be deuided into 4. parts and 3. of them shall be for the whole story of the Ionica worke and so shall all the parts particularly bee lessened in themselues a fourth part The like also shall be done with the third story which is Corinthia in regard of the second order although it standeth not here because the Figure is drawne too great but not to put the Reader in a maze or doubt at the Columnes which stand here in the middle as desirous to know how they end at the top you must vnderstand that you shall finde such inuention in the fourth Booke in the Order of Dorica in the side H 2. that although
would first serue for a place to stand drie in making the walking place aboue broader and easily for defence in time of warre and for more securitie it might within be filled vp with earth It might also be the workemans chance to build about an Hill and to frée himselfe thereof from the waters that alwayes with the rayne fall from it make the earth to â—â—nke it is therefore necessary for the workeman to set the like buildings against such an Hill whereby he shall be assured from such suspicion and it will also be a great strengthening to the worke The like inuention Raphael Durbin vsed at Monte Mario a little aboue Rome in the Vineyard of Clement the seuenth by him begun in the time of the Cardinall Ieronimi Genga and without Pisera for the defence of water against a Hill was made the like ANcient workemen in this kind of rusticall worke haue vsed many and seuerall kinds of Buildings as you may sée hereunder wherewith a workeman may helpe himselfe in many things as necessitie requireth the measure shall be that the light shall be a perfect fouresquare and the wall betwéene both shall be a fourth part lesse That Supercilie or Architraue shall haue the fourth part of the light and shall be made of Pennants which run vpon the Center in vnequall numbers and aboue the Supercilie shall be layd an halfe Circle deuided in nine equall parts the lines being also drawne vpon the Center The Cunei or Arch-stone being formed and the thrée pieces layd betwéene it with the Facie aboue it will in this sort be an euerlasting worke But for that the Cunei of the Architraue must lye fast it shall be needfull to fill the halfe Circle with Brickes And for the more beautifying you may vse Rootes as the ancients vsed to doe as you may at this day sée in Rome at S. Cosmians and Damian which although the stones be old yet it is very strong AS in the beginning I said the workeman may vse this Gate in diuers places but not for Fortresses for the passage through serues not for Artillerie or other great preparation for wars neuerthelesse this part may well serue for the outtermost Port or Gate The proportion shall be that the light or opening shall be twice so high as the bredth The Arch-stones of the halfe Circle shall be nine drawing vpon the Center of the Circles The Facie vnder the Arch shall be the seuenth part of the Gates from the Facie downewards to the Pauement shall bee deuided into seuen parts and an halfe and shal be sixe stones broad thrée whereof shal be each a part and an halfe the other thrée of one part and thus the seuen parts and an halfe are deuided The height of the middlemost Arch-stone or the closing stone which you will shall be halfe as broad as the Gate The Facie aboue the Arch-stone must bee as broad as a foot that is the thinnest part of the sayd Stone but the middlemost Arch-stone and also the foote vnder shall be a fourth part broad THe proportion of this Gate viz. the opening is twise as high as broad the Pilaster and the Arch are a fift part of the bredth of the light the great Pillar shall be once so broad againe and the height of sixe bredths The height of the Base shall be a fourth part and the Capitall a third part and so great the Capitall or impost vnder the Arch shall bee The Facie in the place of the Architraue shall be as high as the Capitals the Fréese also as much and also the Cornice following the rule aforesayd the rest may bee found with the Compasse a imposte ALthough the Gate hereunder set downe is much different from the fashion of the rest yet for that it is Thuscan worke and ancient I thought good to set it here the which in former time was in Rome En Capo de la militia Traiana although by the decayes thereof now not to bee séene the two Niches or seates that stand by it on the sides are out of their places with which the ingenious workeman may serue his turne withall if he place them where they should stand The proportion of them by the rule aforesayd may easily be found touching the gate it selfe I will set downe no measure for it is very easie to be found THis maner of Gate is couered by the sixt part of the Circle and is very strong worke yet the Peunants will not agrée with other Buildings of Stone therefore it a man will make such worke it would stand well in a wall of Bricke Touching the proportion I will not speake for that it is easie with a Compasse to find the measure thereof But the Niches or seates placed by it to fill vp the place the workeman may at his pleasure set where he thinketh best and they may not onely serue for Niches but also for windowes if they should bee vsed for Niches to place Images therein it is necessary that the height should excéed the double proportion of the bredth or somewhat more that they may be more fit and correspondent for Images to stand in which is alwayes referred to the workeman IN times past the Romanes vsed to mingle Dorica Ionica and sometime Corinthia among their rustical buildings but it is no errour if a man mixe one of them in a piece of rude worke shewing in the same nature and Arte for that the Columnes mixed with rough stones as also the Architraue and Fréese being corrupted by the Pennants shew the worke of nature but the Capitals and part of the Columnes as also the Cornice with the Frontispicie or Geuell shew works of Art Which mixture in my conceyt is a good sight and in it selfe sheweth good strength therefore sitter for a Fortresse then for any other Building neuerthelesse in what place soeuer the rusticall worke is placed it will not doe amisse In such mixtures Iulius Romanus tooke more delight then any other man as Rome witnesseth the same in sundry places as also Mantua and without Rome the fayre Palace called vulgariter El. Te. Which in trueth is an example in these dayes both of good Architecture and paynting The proportion of this Gatâ— is to bée made thus the widenesse must be of double proportion that is twice so broad as high iust vnder the Arch. The Pilaster shall be the seuenth part of the widenesse and the Columnes twice as thicke as the Pilasters the height with the Capitall shall be eyght parâ—s The Capitall Freese Achitraue and Cornice shall bee made as iâ— sayd before also the Fastigium Frontispicium or the Geuell shall also bee shewed in Dorica order The halfe Circle of the Arch shall bee deuided in eleuen parts for the stones of the Arch but the closing-stone shall bee greater the which stone the workeman may at his will hang somewhat out The Facie which doâ—th vphold the Arch shall bee halfe the thicknesse of the Columnes from thence downewards you
you will make such a doore that wâ—â—l be couerâ—d ouer with Copper Yron or any Mettal you see the surest way here in the side in the figures A. and B. for wood neuâ—r waxeth longer but remayneth still in the same forme which is referred to the workeman to make them thicke or â—hinne as hee will according to the waight that they shall beare and you may also fill the spaces of the same wood And for that all the ancient doores or goings through are commonly fourthâ—â—are onely those of gates of Towâ—es or tryumphant Arches which are roost neuerthelesse in our dayes many doâ—â—â— are made round aboue peraduenture for more strength and also for that in some cases they become the houses well whereof I haue shewed a figure and 〈◊〉 that in trueth a man cannot conceaue all things for many accidents happen to a workeman at such time when he is to deuise souâ— new worke Of Ornaments of Pictures within and without the houses The eleuenth Chapter THat I may not leaue out any kinds of Ornaments whereof I giue not some rule for instruction as well in Pictures as other things I say that the workeman ought not onely to take care of the Ornaments of stone or marble but also of the Paynters worke to let out the walles withall and it is requisite that he should prescribe an order therein as Surueyor of all the worke for this cause that some Paynters haue beene workemen good inough touching the handling of their worke but for the rest of so little vnderstanding that desiring to shew their skill in the placing of the colours haue disgraced and sometime spoyled a Story of a house for want of consideration how to place the Pictures in the same Therefore if they haue a Forefront or Facie of a house to paynt it is certayne there is no opennesse to be left where ayre or lantshap is to be made for those breake the building and of a thing that is massy and close they transforme it into an open weake forme like a ruinous and vnperfit building Also there should be no personages nor beasts coloured vnlesse it were to trim and decke doores wherein there are mens personages but if the owner of the house or the Paynter desire colours that the worke may not be broken nor spoyled a man may couer a hackled wall ouer with cloth and therein paynt what he will and also after the maner of tryumphs a man may hang on the wall Garlands and strings of Leaues and Fruits Flowers c. and also Shields Trophees and such things as are to be stirred but if you will paynt the walles with firme matter then you may fayne things of marble or other stones cutting therein what you will you may also beautifie some figures in Niches with metall and so the worke will remayne firme worthy commendation of all those that know good worke from bad And the Author rehearseth diuers excellent workemen whome for breuitie sake I will omit that onely vsed to paynt nothing else but white and blacke in houses and yet so excellently well that it made men wonder to behold them A man may also with good reason make and set forth certayne openings in walles of lodgings round about the Courts and make ayre lantshaps houses figures beasts and such like things as hee will in colours Also if a man hath Chambers Halles or other places about the ground within to paynt and set forth then a Paynter in maner of Architecture may make openings to see through them as the place is for aboue the sight a man must make nothing but ayre or skyes roofes high hilles and the vpper part of houses and if you place figures also aboue the sight a man must see vnder them and not the ground whereon they stand And if the Paynter will make a Hall or any other or further roome perspectiuely he may ouer the going in with order of Architecture make it to shew further then in effect it is And this Balthazar a man excellently well learned in Architecture did in beautifying the Hall of Augustin Guyse a Marchant of Rome where in that fort he set out some Columnes and other Architecture to that purpose so that Peter Aretin a man also skilfull in Paynting and in Poesie sayd that there had not beene a perfiter Paynter then he in that house although there is worke also in it of Raphaels owne doing And when the walles are paynted and if you will haue the roofe also done then follow the steps of Antiquitie making things that are called Grootes which for that you may make them as you will shew well therein as Leaues Flowers Beasts Birds and other mixed matter If a man maketh any clothes or apparell of figures or which are made fast on them therein a man may doe as he will But if a Paynter will make any figures according to the life in a roofe of a house then he must be very skilfull and much exercised in Perspectiue worke and very iudicious to chuse such things as are fittest for the place and rather heauenly flying things then carthly things with such Arte that he must shorten the figures so although they bee monstrous that when men stand a conuenient distance off from them they may resemble the life Which thing is excellently well made in Lâ—rette Mantua and other places in Italy by diuers workemen yet skilfull workemen in our time haue shunned such shortening for that in truth it is not so pleasing to the eyes of the common sort of people Therefore Raphael Durbiâ— whom I will alwayes name Diuine for that he neuer had his fellow I say no more in this thing as men iudged of him when he was to paynt the roofe of Augustin Guyse his Gallery shunned shortening as much as he could for when he came to the highest part of the roofe and there meant to make the banquet of the gods heauenly things and such as serued to the purpose for a roofe taking away the harshnesse of shortenings set forth a cloth of azure colour made fast to the strings or Garlands as if it had beene a thing to bee stird and therein made the banquet so seemely and so workemanlike that the Gallery was rather esteemed for a preparation to a tryumph then a playne paynting made vpon a wall Therefore the workeman that ought not to be vnskilfull in Perspectiue worke should not indure as being Surueyor ouer all the workemen in the building that any thing should bee made therein without his counsell and aduice Of flat Roofes and the Ornaments thereof The twelfth Chapter ALthough in the Netherlands they vse not to decke the Chambers in the Roofes with woodden worke neuertheles when a house without is made wholy after the old maner it were vnfit that the Roofe should not be agreeable as also the Bedsteeds Bankes c. And which is more I would say that each place should be stuffed and suted within with things sitting to that which it