knees and theyr handes beefore theyr faces not lookynge vppe vntyll the kynge commaunde them And when they are commynge towarde the kynge as farre as they do see him do they shewe such reuerence sytting on the grounde with theyr faces couered as before Lykewise when they depart from hym they turne not theyr backes towarde hym but go creepynge backewarde with lyke reuerence And nowe to speake sumwhat of the communication that was betwene the kynge and owre men The communication betwene the kynge of Benin and owr men yowe shall fyrst vnderstande that he hym selfe coulde speake the Portugale tounge which he had lerned of a chylde Therfore after that he had commaunded owre men to stande vp and demaunded of them the cause of theyr commynge into that countrey they answered by Pinteado that they were marchauntes trauaylynge into those parties for the commodities of his countrey for exchaunge of wares which they had browght from theyr countreys beinge such as shulde bee no lesse commodious for him and his people The kynge then hauynge of owlde lyinge in a certeyne store house thirtie or fortie kyntals of pepper euery kyntall beinge an hundreth weyght wyllynge them to looke vppon the same Pepper and ageyne to brynge hym a syght of suche marchaundies as they had browght with them And theruppon sent with the capitayne and the marchauntes certeyne of his men to conducte them to the warers syde with other to brynge the ware from the pinnesse to the courte Who when they were returned and the wares seene the kynge grewe to this ende with the marchauntes The kynges gentlenesse towarde owr men to prouyde in thirtie dayes the ladynge of all theyr shyppes with pepper And in case theyr marchaundies wolde not extende to the value of so muche pepper he promysed to credite them to theyr nexte returne and thereuppon sente the countrey rounde abowt to gather pepper causynge the same to be browght to the courte So that within the space of .xxx. days they had gathered foure score toonne of pepper In the meane season owre men partly hauynge no rule of them selues The disorder and death of owre men but eatyng withowt measure of the frutes of the countrey and drynkyng the wyne of the palme trees that droppeth in the nyght from the cutte branches of the same and in such extreeme heate runnynge continually into the water not vsed before to such suddeyne and vehement alterations then the which nothynge is more daungerous were therby browght into swellynges and agues In so much that the later tyme of the yeare coÌ„myng on caused theÌ„ to dye suÌ„â—ymes iii. suÌ„times .iiii. or .v. in a day Then Wyndam perceauyng the tyme of the .xxx. dayes to be expyred his men dying so fast sent to the court in poste to capitayne Pinteado and the rest to come away and to tary no longer But Pinteado with the rest wrote backe to hym ageyne certifyinge hym of the great quantitie of pepper they had alredy gathered and loked dayly for much more Desyrynge hym furthermore to remember the great prayse and name they shulde wynne if they came home prosperously and what shame of the contrary With which answere Wyndam not satisfied and many of theyr men dyinge dayly wylled and commaunded them ageine eyther to coomme away furthwith or els thretened to leaue them behynde When Pinteado harde this answere thynkynge to persuade hym with reason tooke his way from the court towarde the shyppes beinge conducted thyther with men by the kynges commaundement In the meane season Windam all rageinge The furie of Wyndam brake vppe Pinteados Caben broke open his chestes spoyled suche prouisyon of coulde stilled waters and suckettes as he hade prouided for his health and lefte hym nothynge neyther of his instrumentes to sayle by nor yet of his apparell And in the meane tyme faulinge sycke hym selfe dyed also The death of Wyndam Whose death Pinteado comminge aborde lamented as muche as if he had byn the derest frend he had in the worlde But certeyne of the maryners and other officers dyd spette in his face Pinteado euil vsed of the maryners sum caulynge hym Iewe saying that he had browght them thether to kylle them And sum drawynge theyr swordes at hym makynge A shewe to sley hym Then he perceauinge that they wolde nedes away desyred them to tary that he might fetch the reste of the marchauntes that were fefte at the court But they wolde not graunte his request Then desyred he them to gyue hym the shippe boate with as muche of an owlde sayle as myght serue for the same promisynge them therewith to bringe Nicolas Lamberte and the rest into England But all was in vayne Then wrotte he a letter to the courte to the marchauntes informynge them of all the matter and promysynge theÌ„ if god wolde lende hym life to returne with al hast to fetche them And thus was Pinteado kepte a bordeshippe ageynste his wyll thrust amonge the boyes of the shippe not vsed like a man nor yet like an honest boy But glad to find fauoure at the cokes hande Then departed they leauing one of theyr shippes behynde them whiche they soonke for lake of men to cary her After this within sixe or seuen days saylinge dyed also Pinteado for very pensiuenesse and thowght that strooke hym to the harte The death of Pinteado A man worthy to serue any prince and most vilely vsed And of seuen score men came home to Plymmuowth scarsely fortye and of them many dyed And that no man shulde suspecte these wordes which I haue sayd in commendation of Pinteado to be spoken vpon fauour otherwyse then truth I haue thought good to adde herevnto the coppie of the letters which the kyng of Portugale and the infant his brother wrote vnto hym to reconcyle hym at suche tyme as vppon the kynge his masters displeasure and not for any other cryme or offence as may appere by the sayde letters he was onely for pouertie inforced to coomme into Englande where he fyrst persuaded owre marchauntes to attempte the sayde vyages to Guinea But as the kynge of Portugale to late repented hym that he had so punysshed Pinteado vppon malicious informations of such as enuied the mans good fortune euen so may it hereby appere that in sum cases euen Lyons them selues may eyther bee hyndered by the contempt or ayded by the helpe of the pore myse accordynge vnto the fable of Isope ¶ The coppie of Antomanes Pinteado his letters parentes wherby the kynge of Portugale made hym knyght of his house after all his troubles and imprisonment which by wronge information made to the kynge he had susteyned of longe tyme beinge at the laste deliuered his cause knowen and manifested to the kynge by a grey fryer the kynges confessoure I The kynge do gyue yow to vnderstande lorde Frances Desseosa one of my counsayle and ouerseer of my house that in consideration of the good seruice which Antonie Anes Pinteado the sonne
and runneth downe by the sydes of the mountaynes The lyke is also seene in this famous towne of Valladoleto where we nowe suiorne in a certeyne greene close not past a furlonge distant from the waules of the towne I graunte therfore that in certeyne places by conuersion of the ayrie dewe into water within the caues of suche mountaynes many sprynges and ryuers are engendred But I suppose that nature was not sollicitate to brynge furthe suche greate fluds by this so smaule industry Twoo reasons therfore do sound beste to my iudgement whereof the one is the often faule of rayne The often fal of raâ—ne and contâ—nuall sprynge time The other the continuall autumne or sprynge tyme which is in those regions beinge soo nere vnto the Equinoctial that the common people can perceaue no difference betwene the length of the day and the night throwgh owt al the yeare whereas these two seasons are more apte to engender abundance of rayne then eyther extreme wynter or feruent summer An other reason in effect much lyke vnto the fyrst The Equinocâ—iall is this If the sea bee full of pores and that by the pores therof beinge opened by the Southe windes The pores of the sea the South wynd wee shal consent that vapours are lyfted vp wherof the watery cloudes are engendred this lande must needes bee moysted with moo shoures then anye other yf it bee as narowe as they saye and enuironed with twoo mayne seas collaterally beatinge on the same Howe so euer it be I can not but gyue credit to the report of such worthy men as haue recourse to those regions And can noo lesse then declare the same albeit it may seeme incredible to sume ignorant persons not knowynge the poure of nature to whome Plinie was persuaded that nothynge was impossible Nothinge impossible to the poure of naure Wee haue therfore thought it good to make this discourse by the way of argument least on the one syde men of good lernyng and iudgement and on the other syde suche as are studious to fynde occasions of quarelynge in other mens wrytynges shulde iudge vs to bee so vndescreete lyghtly to gyue creditte to euery tale not beinge consonant to reason But of the force and greate violence of those fresshe waters The cause of the greatnes and force of the goulfe which repulsinge the sea make so greate a goulfe as wee haue sayde I thinke the cause therof to bee the greate multitude of fluddes and ryuers which beinge gathered togither make so great a poole and not one ryuer as they suppose And for as muche as the mountaynes are excedynge hyghe and stiepe hygh and stiepe hylles I thinke the violence of the faule of the waters to be of such force that this conflicte betwene the waters is caused by thimpulsion of the poole that the salte water can not enter into the goulfe But here perhappes sume wyll marueyle at me why I shulde marueyle soo muche hereat speakynge vnto me scornefully after this maner Why dothe he soo marueyle at the greate ryuers of these Regions Hathe not Italye his Eridanus The fludde Eridanus named the kynge of ryuers of the owlde wryters Haue not other regions also the lyke as wee reede of Tanais Tanais Ganges Ganges and Danubius Danubius which are sayde soo to ouercoome the sea that freshe water may bee drawne fortie myles within the fame These menne I woolde satisfie with this answere The famous ryuer of Padus in Italye whiche they nowe caule Po Padus and was of the Greekes cauled Eridanus hath the greate mountaynes cauled Alpes diuidinge Fraunce Alpes Germanie and Pannonie from Italye lyinge at the backe therof as it were bulwarges agger full of moysture And with a longe tracte receauinge Ticinum with innumerable other great ryuers Ticinum fauleth into the sea Adriatike The sea Adriatike sume caule the goâ—lfe of Uenes The lyke is also to bee vnderstode of the other But these ryuers as owre men were enformed by the kynges faul into the Ocean sea with larger and fuller chanels nere hand And sume there are which affirme this lande to bee very large in other places althowgh it bee but narowe here There commeth also to my remembrance an other cause the whiche althowgh it bee of no greate force An other reason yet doo I entende to wryte it Perhappes therfore the length of the lande reachyng far from the Easte to the weste if it bee narowe may bee a helpe hereunto For as wee reade that the ryuer Alpheus passethe through the holowe places vnder the sea from the citie of Elis in Peloponoso The ryuer Alpheus and breaketh foorth at the fountayne or sprynge Arethusa in the Iland of Sicilia Arethusa so is it possible that these mountaynes may haue suche longe caues perteynynge vnto theim Longe caues in the mountaynes that they may be the receptacles of the water passing through the landes beinge farre distante And that the same waters commynge by soo longe a tracte may in the way bee greately encreased by the conuersion of ayer into water as wee haue sayde Thus muche haue I spoken freely permittinge bothe to them whiche doo frendely enterprete other mens doinges and also to the malicious scorners to take the thynge euen as them lysteth For hetherto I can make no further declaration hereof But wheÌ„ the truth shal be better knoweÌ„ I wyl do my diligence to commit the same to wryting Nowe therefore forasmuche as we haue spoken thus muche of the breadth of this land we enteÌ„d to describe the length forme of the same ¶ The tenth booke of the seconde Decade of the supposed Continent THat lande reacheth foorth into the sea euen as doth Italy althowgh not like the legge of a man as it doth The length and forme of the Iland Cap. S. Augusti But I nowe compare a Pigmean or a dwarfe to a giant For that part therof which the Spaniardes haue ouer runne from the sayde Easte poynt which reacheth towarde the sea Atlantike the ende not beinge yet founde towarde the Weste is more then eyght tymes longer then Italye Eyght tymes bygger tâ—en Italy besyde that part whiche the Portugales poâ—sesse Italy is in length a thouâ—and and two hundreth myles and in breadth foure hundreth and ten And by what reason I am moued to say eyght tymes yowre holynes shall vnderstande From the tyme therefore that I fyrste determined to obeye their requestes who wylled me fyrste in yowre name to wryte these thynges in the laten tonge I dyd my endeuoure that al thinges myght coome foorth with dewe tryall and experience Wherupon I repayred to the byshoppe of Burges beinge the chiefe refuge of this nauigation As wee were therfore secretly togyther in one chamber we had many instrumentes perteynynge to these affayres as globes and manye of those mappes which are commonly cauled the shipmans cardes or cardes of the sea Cardes
Ilandes of Molucca For albeit the Portugales brynge vs great quantitie of spyces from that parte of Easte India whiche in owlde tyme was cauled Aurea Chersonesus where is nowe thought to bee the greate and ryche citie of Malaccha yet in Easte India growe none of those spices excepte pepper Aurea Chersonesus Malaccha Spyces For other spices as Sinamome cloues nutmegges and mase whiche is the huske that couereth the shell of the nutte are brought frome other farre contreys froÌ„ Ilandes scarsely knowen by theyr names From the whiche Ilandes they are brought in shyps or barkes made withowt any iren tooles and tyed togyther with cordes of date trees with rounde sayles lykewise made of the smaule twigges of the branches of date trees weaued togyther These barkes they caule Giunâ—he with the whiche barkes and sayles they make theyr vyages with onely one wynde in the stearne or contrarywyse Neyther yet is it a thynge greatly to bee marueyled at that these Ilandes where the spyces growe haue byn vnknowen so many worlde 's past vnto owre tyme The Ilandes of Spyces vnknowen in owlde tyme. forasmuch as all such thynges as vnto this day haue byn wrytten of owld autours of the places where spices growe are all fabulous and false In so muche that the countreys where they affirme theym to growe are nowe certeynely founde to bee further frome the place where they growe in deede then we are from them For lettynge passe many other thynges that are wrytten I wyll speake onlâ— of this which Herodotus otherwise a famous auctouâ— affâ—â—meth that Sinamome Herodutus Sinamome is founde in the toppes of the nestes of certeyne byrdes and foules that brynge it frome farre countreys especially the Phenyx The Phenyx the which I knowe no man that euer hath seene But Plinie who myght more certeynely affirme thynges by reason that before his tyme many thynges were knowen and discouered by the nauigations of great Alexander and other Plinie The nauigations of greate Alexander sayth that Sinamome groweth in that parte of Ethiope which the people inhabite cauled Trogloditi Ethiope Trogloditi Neuerthelesse it is nowe founde that Sinamome groweth very farre from all Ethiope and muche further frome the Trogloditi whiche dwell in caues vnder the grounde But to owre men which are nowe returned from those partes and the Ilandes of spices hauynge also good knowlege of Ethiope it was necessarie to passe farre beyonde Ethiope beefore they coome to these Ilandes The nauigatâ—on abowte the worlde and to coompasse abowte the whole worlde and many tymes vnder the greatest circumference of heauen The which nauigation made by thâ—m being the most marueylous thynge that euer was doone by man vppon the earth sence the fyrst creation of the worlde and neuer founde before or knowen or attempted by any other I haue deliberated faythfully to wryte to yowre honorable lordshippe and to declare the hole successe therof As touchynge which matter I haue with all diligence made inquisition to knowe the trewth aswell by relation of the Capitayne of that shyppe as also by conference with euery of the maryners that returned with hym All which gaue the selfe same information both to Themperours maiestie and dyuers other And this with such faythfulnesse and sinceritie that not only they are iudged of all men to haue declared the trewth in all thynges but haue thereby also gyuen vs certeyne knowlege that all that hath hytherto byn sayde or written of owlde autours as touchynge these thynges The owldâ— autours reproued are false and fabulous For who wyll beleue that men are found with only one legge Or with such fiete whose shadowe couereth theyr bodyes Or men of a cubite heyght and other such lyke beinge rather monsters then men Monsters Of the which neyther the Spanyardes who in owre tyme saylyng by the Ocean sea The vyages of the Spanyardes and Poâ—tugales haue discouered al the coastes of the lande toward the West both vnder and aboue the Equinoctiall nor the Portugales who compassynge abowt al Affryke haue passed by all the Easte and lykewyse discouered all those coastes vnto the great goulfe cauled Sinus Magnus Sinus Magnus nor yet the Spanyardes in this theyr laste nauigation in the which they compased abowt the hole earth dyd neuer in any of their vyages wryte of such monsters which doubtelesse they wold not haue omytted if they myght haue had certeyne knowelege therof But nowe intendynge to speake of the whole world I wyll not bee longe in my preface but begynne my narration as foloweth ⧠A briefe declaration of the vyage or nauigation made abowte the worlde Gathered owt of a large booke wrytten hereof by master Antonie Pygafetta Uincentine knyght of the Rhodes and one of the coompâ—nye of that vyage in the which Ferdinando Magalianes a Portugale whom sum caule Magellanus was generall Capitayne of the nauie ALthowgh Sebastian Munster in his vniuersall Cosmographie in the fyfthe booke of the landes of the greater Asia which I translated into Englyshe abowte two yeares senâ—e hath wrytten of the vyage of Magellanus Sebastian Munster declarynge therein howe the Spanyardes by the West and the Portugales by the Easte saylyng to the Ilandes of Molucca The Ilandes of Molucca compased the hole globe of the worlde betwene them yet haue I here thought it good to make a breefe repeticion of this vyage addynge hereunto dyuers notable thynges which were not touched of Munster as I haue gathered them owt of the bookes of Antonie Pigafetta and Transiluanus wrytten of the same vyage For albeit in deede it was a straunge and woonderful thynge that the Spanyardes and Portugales compased the hole circumference of the worlde betwene them yet is it more marueylous that the same was doone with one shippe and one coompanie of men as dyd the Spanyardes in this vyage who keepynge theyr continuall coursâ— by the Weste returned into Spayne by the Easte A thynge doubtlesse so much more woonderfull and strange then yf they had returned from the halfe circumference by the same way they went In howe muche they were ignorante in the vyage neuer attempted beefore besyde the thousande daungiours and perylles whiche they were daylye lyke to faule into aswell by wanderynge in vnknowen coastes as also by faulynge into the handes of the Portugales by whose dominions in the Easte Controuerâ—ie betwâ—ne the Spanyardes and Portugales they shulde needes passe of necessitie not trustynge to theyr gentelnesse for the controuersie which had byn longe betwene them for the Ilandes of Molucca I wyll therefore as I haue sayde make a briefe rehearsall of this vyage from the begynnynge to the endynge Omyttynge neuerthelesse many notable thynges whiche are more largely described in the bookes of Maximilianus Transiluanus and Antonius Pigafetta The tenthe day of August in the yeare of owre lorde M. D. xix Ferdinando Magalianes departed from the porte of Siuile in Spayne
receaued as the best 〈…〉 Ptolomie diuided all the hole body and face of the land and sea into three hundreth and sixtie degrees of length oâ— loÌ„gitude and other as many degrees of bredth or latitude so that the hole globe of the baule beinge rounde conteyneth as much â—n latitude as longitude 〈…〉 He assigned lykewyse to euery degree three score myles whiche make .xvii. Spanyâ—she leaâ—ues and a halfe In such sorte that the globe or baule of the earth meaâ—ured directly by any of the foure partes of the same 〈…〉 contâ—yneâ—h â—n circuite syâ—e thouâ—and and two hundreth leaques This computacion and measurynge is so certeyne thâ—t as it is approued of all men and founde â—rewe by experience so much the 〈◊〉 is it to bee commended and had in admiration for 〈…〉 â—ereof was iudged so dyfficult by Iob and 〈…〉 that no â—â—an had founde the measure of 〈◊〉 of the â—ame They name those degrees of longâ—tude Degrees of Longâ—â—ude that they accompte from soonne to soonne by the Equinocâ—iall line which reacheth from the East to the Weste by the myddle of the globe or baule of the earth These can not well bee obseruâ—d forasmuch as in this â—ract of heauen there is no fyxe or permanent signe whereunto the pylots maye directe theyr eyes or instrumentes For the soonne althowghe iâ— be a moste cleare signe yet doothe it dayely chaunge the place of rysynge and faulynge The deâ—rees of 〈◊〉 are 〈◊〉 kâ—owâ—n and keepethe not the same course the day folowynge as the Astronomers aâ—firme And althowgh there is no number of theÌ„ that in trauaylyng strange landes and seas haue spent theyr gooddes and almoste theyr wyttes to fynde the degrees of longitude withowt errour as are found the degrees of latitude heyght The degrees of latitude yet is there none that hytherto hath any trewe knowleage therof The degrees of latitude or altitude are they that are accompted from the north pointe to the soutâ— the commenâ—uration or meaâ—uring wheâ—by is most certeine by reason that the north starre is permane The norâ—h stâ—â—â—e and remayneth styll in one place or at the least moueth abowt the pole which is theyr firme and stedfast signe wherby they accompte theyr degrees and directe theyr vyages By the degrees therfore accompted by these most certeine signes is vnfaylably measured the hole circumference of the lande and sea The circuite of the earth diuydynge the same into foure equall partes in this maner From the north poynte to the Equinoctial are lxxxx degrees and from the Equinoctiall to the south poynt other lxxxx Ageyne on the contrary syde from the south poynt to the Equinoctiall are other lxxxx degrees and from the Equinoctial ageyne to the north poynte are as many This may we coniecture by good reason aswell of thinferioure hemisphery wherof a great parte is knowen vnto vs by the nauigations of such as haue passed the streyghets of Magellanus and the cape of Bona Speranza The inferior hemiâ—pherie althowgh we haue noo such cleare and manifest relation as we ought to haue of the lande vnder the southe pole beinge the other exelâ—ree of the worlde whose syght we lacke For as Herodotus sayth yf there bee any lande of the Hypeâ—boreans that is suche as are vnder the north ther is also of the hypernorios hypâ—rboreâ— that is such as are vnder the south 〈◊〉 which perhâ—ppes are they that lyue in the lande of the streyghâ—es of Magellanus as nere vnto the other pole But what these lâ—ndes are 〈◊〉 of what 〈◊〉 we can haue no certeyne knowleage vntyl sum man shal hâ—ue compassed abowt the lands vnder the south pole as did Iohn Sebastian the circumference of the Equinoctiâ—ll line These last annotacions of the Indies haâ—e I tranâ—â—â—ted owt of the bookes of Franciscus Lopes wrytten in the 〈…〉 Themperours maiestie and partly also 〈◊〉 of the carde maâ—se by Sebastian Cabot ¶ A demonstratâ—on of the roundenesse of the Earth MAny ignoranâ— men thynke that the earthe is not rounde onely by iudgemente of the eye which is deceaued in many thynges not only of the woorkes of nature Tâ—â— eye is deâ—eaâ—ed but also of â—athe as are doonne bâ— the 〈◊〉 and arte of man For they say Howe can it bee rounde forasmuche as thowgh a man trauayle neuer so far eyther by land or sea he seemeth euer to passe as it were by a ryght line with out any such circuite or compassynge ascendynge or discendynge as perteyneth to all the partes of a rounde forme The which obiection as it is grose and simple proceadyng of the narownesse of the vnderstandyng of such as can not conceaue the large circumference of the lande and sea euen so may it be answered with this simple demonstration In a rynge that serueth for the fynger of a mans hande A rynge A circle the space of halfe an ynche or lyttle more is halfe a cyrcle But in a rynge or cyrcle of bygger circumference as in the hoope of a tubbe halfe an ynche appeareth in maner a ryght line althowghe it bee not so in deede forasmuch as it is not possible for any parte of a circle to consist of a ryght line neyther any parte of a line to consyst of a cyrcle sithe the partes must needes bee conformable to the hole consystynge of such vniforme partes as are in mathematicals But not to wander to farre in these subtylties the greater that yow can imagen the circle to bee so shal a greater parte therof seeme a ryght line or playne forme As for exemple imaginynge a circle whose diameter that is measure from syde to syde consysteth of a myle in this circle a pole length or more may seeme a ryght line as yowe may otherwyse multiply of the like infinitely wherby it shal appere that the large circumference of the earth well consydered a muche greater part of the circle therof then the eye of man conceaueth may seeme to bee a ryght line and he contynually to walke vppon a playne forme forasmuch as euery part of a circle is lyke vnto other as I haue sayde This may suffice for a simple and briefe demonstration and induction for suche as are desyrous to seeke furth to knowe the truth hereof ¶ What credit owght to bee gyuen to wryters as touchynge the woorkes of nature THe moste auncient wryter Diodorus Siculus in the fourth booke of his Bibliotheca wryteth in this maner If any man for the maruelous straungenes and noueltie of such thinges as are descrybed in owre bookes wyl not perhappes gyue credyt to owre hystorie let hym with ryght iudgement consider the difference that is betwene the ayer of the Scythians and the Troglodytes compared to owres The diuersitie of ayer in dyuers regions and he shall the easelyer perceaue the woorkes of nature and approue owre wrytynges For owre ayer dyffereth so much from theyrs that it myght seeme incredible if experience were not more certeyne then