to_o come_v to_o pass_v and_o i_o may_v say_v that_o the_o great_a art_n of_o the_o stage_n consist_v in_o find_v out_o these_o motive_n or_o colour_n a_o actor_n must_v come_v upon_o the_o stage_n because_o the_o spectator_n must_v know_v his_o design_n and_o passion_n there_o must_v be_v a_o narration_n make_v of_o thing_n past_a because_o else_o the_o spectator_n be_v ignorant_a of_o they_o will_v not_o understand_v what_o be_v present_a and_o under_o representation_n there_o must_v be_v a_o show_n or_o spectacle_n to_o move_v the_o audience_n with_o pity_n or_o admiration_n and_o that_o be_v work_v upon_o the_o action_n as_o represent_v and_o it_o be_v his_o duty_n as_o well_o as_o his_o chief_a design_n but_o he_o must_v hide_v this_o under_o some_o colour_n draw_v from_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o action_n itself_o insomuch_o that_o the_o person_n who_o be_v to_o instruct_v the_o audience_n must_v come_v upon_o the_o stage_n upon_o the_o pretext_n of_o look_v for_o some_o body_n there_o or_o to_o meet_v one_o who_o have_v give_v he_o a_o assignation_n so_o the_o person_n who_o be_v to_o make_v a_o narration_n of_o thing_n past_a must_v do_v it_o so_o as_o it_o may_v seem_v necessary_a and_o do_v to_o advise_v about_o something_o in_o agitation_n at_o present_a for_o which_o there_o be_v some_o help_n want_v if_o there_o be_v a_o spectacle_n it_o must_v be_v to_o some_o end_n as_o to_o excite_v some_o body_n to_o be_v revenge_v or_o so_o and_o this_o call_v work_v upon_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o action_n without_o mind_v the_o spectator_n because_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o take_v thing_n only_o in_o themselves_o all_o this_o may_v fall_v out_o so_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o example_n allege_v before_o aeschylus_n cause_v agamemnon_n to_o be_v murder_v in_o his_o palace_n but_o the_o audience_n must_v know_v this_o and_o how_o do_v he_o inform_v they_o of_o it_o he_o make_v that_o unfortunate_a prince_n cry_v out_o like_o a_o man_n that_o expire_v under_o the_o violence_n of_o those_o who_o murder_v he_o sophocles_n observe_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o murder_n of_o clytaemnestra_n by_o the_o hand_n of_o orestes_n and_o i_o can_v but_o admire_v at_o some_o who_o tax_v both_o those_o poet_n of_o have_v defile_v the_o stage_n with_o blood_n when_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o they_o be_v kill_v in_o the_o house_n represent_v upon_o the_o stage_n and_o out_o of_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o spectator_n who_o only_o hear_v their_o cry_n and_o lamentation_n and_o see_v the_o body_n afterward_o when_o it_o be_v dead_a in_o the_o same_o sophocles_n ajax_n be_v outrageous_o furious_a and_o yet_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n of_o his_o appear_v upon_o the_o stage_n with_o ulysses_n without_o hurt_v he_o and_o to_o that_o end_n minerva_n bring_v he_o out_o of_o his_o tent_n and_o suspend_v for_o a_o while_o his_o fit_a of_o madness_n in_o euripides_n the_o spectator_n must_v know_v that_o polydorus_n be_v dead_a that_o hecuba_n may_v receive_v a_o new_a heighten_v to_o her_o affliction_n and_o to_o do_v it_o with_o appearance_n of_o reason_n one_o of_o her_o woman_n go_v to_o fetch_v water_n at_o the_o sea_n side_n to_o wash_v and_o purify_v the_o dead_a body_n of_o her_o daughter_n polyxena_n who_o funeral_n she_o be_v to_o perform_v where_o she_o find_v as_o it_o be_v by_o chance_n the_o body_n of_o the_o unhappy_a young_a prince_n which_o she_o bring_v to_o his_o more_o unhappy_a mother_n and_o so_o discover_v very_o handsome_o the_o series_n of_o all_o that_o sad_a adventure_n and_o by_o the_o by_o it_o appear_v how_o much_o they_o be_v mistake_v who_o think_v that_o the_o poet_n send_v hecuba_n herself_o to_o the_o sea_n side_n and_o that_o there_o she_o have_v find_v the_o body_n of_o her_o son_n but_o we_o shall_v be_v bind_v to_o too_o tedious_a a_o enumeration_n if_o we_o will_v by_o example_n show_v the_o conduct_n of_o the_o ancient_n in_o this_o point_n for_o upon_o their_o stage_n there_o be_v not_o a_o recital_n a_o passion_n nor_o a_o intrigue_n that_o have_v not_o its_o colour_n if_o you_o take_v the_o story_n as_o true_a though_o it_o be_v a_o fable_n invent_v by_o the_o poet_n only_o for_o representation_n in_o a_o word_n the_o spectator_n be_v not_o considerable_a to_o the_o poet_n in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o action_n but_o only_o in_o the_o representation_n and_o upon_o this_o maxim_n if_o we_o examine_v the_o best_a part_n of_o our_o modern_a poet_n we_o may_v easy_o perceive_v that_o they_o go_v against_o all_o probability_n even_o in_o those_o thing_n which_o have_v be_v esteem_v the_o most_o because_o the_o author_n when_o they_o expose_v they_o to_o the_o people_n do_v it_o without_o any_o colour_n that_o may_v make_v we_o suppose_v they_o reasonable_a thus_o in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o action_n it_o happen_v that_o a_o man_n make_v a_o necessary_a narration_n that_o be_v well_o for_o the_o spectator_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v ignorant_a of_o it_o but_o this_o man_n can_v not_o know_v the_o very_a thing_n he_o tell_v then_o it_o be_v against_o probability_n for_o he_o to_o make_v this_o recital_n a_o lover_n appear_v upon_o the_o stage_n in_o a_o violent_a passion_n to_o please_v the_o spectator_n but_o he_o can_v not_o natural_o make_v these_o complaint_n in_o the_o place_n represent_v by_o the_o stage_n there_o must_v then_o some_o colour_n be_v find_v out_o for_o his_o be_v there_o extraordinary_o or_o else_o you_o go_v against_o probability_n as_o much_o may_v be_v say_v of_o a_o thousand_o other_o adventure_n which_o appear_v upon_o our_o stage_n where_o every_o day_n we_o have_v image_n of_o thing_n that_o never_o be_v never_o can_v be_v and_o by_o consequent_a ought_v not_o to_o be_v chap._n vii_o of_o the_o mixture_n of_o representation_n with_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o theatral_n action_n i_o believe_v the_o title_n of_o this_o chapter_n will_v be_v at_o first_o sight_n severe_o censure_v because_o it_o may_v be_v it_o will_v not_o be_v understand_v but_o when_o i_o shall_v have_v explain_v my_o meaning_n i_o hope_v all_o the_o judicious_a will_v be_v reconcile_v to_o the_o term_n as_o well_o as_o to_o my_o sentiment_n about_o the_o thing_n i_o call_v truth_n of_o the_o theatral_n action_n the_o whole_a story_n of_o the_o play_n so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v consider_v as_o a_o true_a one_o and_o that_o all_o the_o adventure_n in_o it_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o be_v come_v to_o pass_v but_o i_o call_v representation_n the_o collection_n of_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o may_v serve_v to_o represent_v a_o drammatic_a poem_n consider_v in_o themselves_o and_o in_o their_o own_o nature_n as_o the_o player_n the_o scene_n the_o music_n the_o spectator_n and_o a_o great_a many_o other_o thing_n as_o for_o example_n in_o the_o play_n of_o cinna_n make_v by_o mounseur_fw-fr corneille_n that_o that_o cinna_n who_o appear_v upon_o the_o stage_n speak_v like_o a_o roman_a that_o he_o love_v aemilia_n counsel_v augustus_n caesar_n to_o keep_v the_o empire_n conspire_v against_o he_o and_o be_v pardon_v by_o he_o all_o this_o i_o say_v be_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o theatral_n action_n that_o the_o same_o aemilia_n hate_v augustus_n and_o love_v cinna_n that_o she_o desire_v to_o be_v revenge_v and_o yet_o apprehend_v the_o event_n of_o so_o great_a a_o undertake_n all_o this_o too_o be_v of_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o action_n that_o augustus_n propose_v his_o thought_n of_o leave_v the_o empire_n to_o two_o perfidious_a friend_n and_o that_o one_o advise_v he_o to_o keep_v it_o and_o the_o other_o to_o leave_v it_o be_v likewise_o of_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o action_n in_o a_o word_n all_o that_o in_o the_o play_n either_o be_v consider_v as_o a_o part_n or_o have_v a_o necessary_a dependence_n upon_o the_o story_n aught_o to_o be_v of_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o action_n and_o it_o be_v by_o this_o rule_n that_o one_o ought_v to_o examine_v the_o probability_n of_o all_o that_o be_v do_v in_o the_o play_n as_o the_o fitness_n and_o decency_n of_o the_o expression_n the_o connexion_n of_o the_o intrigue_n the_o patness_n of_o the_o event_n etc._n etc._n and_o one_o natural_o approve_v of_o all_o that_o aught_o to_o have_v be_v do_v according_a to_o the_o truth_n though_o it_o be_v a_o suppose_a story_n and_o one_o condemn_v all_o that_o one_o think_v contrary_a to_o truth_n or_o not_o become_v the_o action_n of_o life_n but_o that_o floridor_n or_o beauchasteau_n act_v the_o part_n of_o cinna_n that_o they_o be_v good_a or_o ill_a actor_n well_o or_o ill_o dress_v that_o they_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o people_n by_o a_o stage_n which_o be_v adorn_v with_o paint_a cloth_n represent_v palace_n and_o garden_n that_o the_o interval_n of_o the_o act_n be_v mark_v
well_o know_v the_o chorus_n which_o ordinary_o remain_v upon_o the_o stage_n from_o one_o end_n of_o the_o play_n to_o the_o other_o mark_v the_o unity_n of_o the_o scene_n too_o visible_o to_o need_v a_o rule_n for_o it_o and_o indeed_o will_v it_o not_o have_v be_v ridiculous_a that_o in_o the_o play_n call_v the_o seven_o before_o thebes_n the_o young_a woman_n who_o make_v the_o chorus_n shall_v have_v find_v themselves_o sometime_o before_o the_o palace_n of_o the_o king_n and_o sometime_o in_o the_o camp_n of_o the_o enemy_n without_o ever_o stir_v from_o the_o same_o place_n and_o the_o three_o famous_a tragedian_n of_o the_o greek_n who_o work_n we_o have_v be_v so_o punctual_a in_o the_o observation_n of_o this_o rule_n and_o do_v so_o often_o make_v their_o actor_n say_v where_o they_o be_v and_o whence_o they_o come_v that_o aristotle_n must_v have_v suppose_v too_o much_o ignorance_n in_o his_o age_n and_o in_o those_o who_o shall_v read_v these_o poet_n if_o he_o have_v go_v about_o to_o explain_v so_o settle_v a_o rule_n but_o since_o the_o ignorance_n and_o barbarity_n of_o some_o past_a age_n have_v bring_v such_o disorder_n upon_o the_o stage_n to_o make_v people_n in_o the_o play_n appear_v in_o different_a part_n of_o the_o world_n on_o the_o same_o stage_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v here_o at_o length_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o rule_n so_o well_o practise_v by_o the_o ancient_n and_o that_o in_o honour_n of_o some_o of_o our_o modern_a poet_n who_o have_v very_o handsome_o imitate_v they_o to_o understand_v it_o then_o we_o must_v have_v recourse_n to_o our_o ordinary_a principle_n which_o be_v that_o the_o stage_n be_v but_o a_o representation_n of_o thing_n and_o yet_o we_o be_v not_o to_o imagine_v that_o there_o be_v any_o thing_n of_o what_o we_o real_o see_v but_o we_o must_v think_v the_o thing_n themselves_o be_v there_o of_o which_o the_o image_n be_v before_o we_o 13._o so_o floridor_n be_v much_o less_o floridor_n than_o the_o horatius_n of_o who_o he_o act_v the_o part_n for_o his_o dress_n be_v roman_a he_o speak_v act_n and_o think_v as_o that_o roman_a do_v at_o that_o time_n but_o as_o that_o roman_a can_v not_o but_o be_v in_o some_o place_n act_v and_o speak_v the_o place_n where_o floridor_n appear_v do_v represent_v that_o where_o horatius_n be_v or_o else_o the_o representation_n will_v be_v imperfect_a in_o that_o circumstance_n this_o truth_n well_o understand_v make_v we_o to_o know_v that_o the_o place_n can_v change_v in_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o play_n since_o it_o can_v change_v in_o the_o representation_n for_o one_o and_o the_o same_o image_n remain_v in_o the_o same_o state_n can_v represent_v two_o different_a thing_n now_o it_o be_v high_o improbable_a that_o the_o same_o space_n and_o the_o same_o floor_n which_o receive_v no_o change_n at_o all_o shall_v represent_v two_o different_a place_n as_o for_o example_n france_n and_o denmark_n or_o within_o paris_n itself_o the_o tueillery_n and_o the_o exchange_n at_o least_o to_o do_v it_o with_o some_o sort_n of_o colour_n one_o shall_v have_v of_o that_o sort_n of_o theatre_n which_o turn_v quite_o round_o and_o entire_a that_o so_o the_o place_n may_v change_v as_o well_o as_o the_o person_n act_v and_o to_o do_v this_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o play_n ought_v to_o furnish_v some_o reason_n for_o this_o change_n and_o as_o that_o can_v well_o happen_v but_o by_o the_o power_n of_o god_n almighty_n who_o change_v as_o he_o please_v the_o face_n of_o nature_n i_o doubt_v it_o will_v be_v hard_a to_o make_v a_o reasonable_a play_n without_o a_o dozen_o miracle_n at_o least_o let_v it_o then_o be_v allow_v for_o a_o certain_a truth_n that_o the_o place_n where_o the_o first_o actor_n who_o open_v the_o play_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v aught_o to_o be_v the_o same_o place_n to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o play_n and_o that_o it_o not_o be_v in_o the_o ordinary_a course_n of_o nature_n that_o the_o place_n can_v receive_v any_o change_n there_o can_v be_v none_o likewise_o in_o the_o representation_n and_o by_o consequent_a that_o all_o your_o other_o actor_n can_v rational_o appear_v in_o any_o other_o place_n but_o we_o must_v remember_v that_o this_o place_n which_o can_v be_v suppose_v to_o change_v be_v the_o area_n or_o floor_n of_o the_o stage_n upon_o which_o the_o actor_n walk_v and_o which_o the_o ancient_n call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o proscenium_n for_o as_o that_o represent_v that_o spot_n of_o ground_n upon_o which_o the_o person_n represent_v do_v actual_o walk_v and_o discourse_n which_o can_v not_o turn_v about_o or_o change_v on_o a_o sudden_a or_o without_o a_o miracle_n so_o when_o you_o have_v once_o choose_v the_o place_n where_o you_o intend_v your_o action_n to_o be_v begin_v you_o must_v suppose_v it_o immovable_a in_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o play_n as_o it_o be_v in_o effect_n and_o real_o it_o be_v not_o the_o same_o with_o the_o side_n and_o end_n of_o the_o theatre_n for_o as_o they_o do_v but_o represent_v those_o thing_n which_o do_v actual_o environ_v the_o person_n act_v and_o which_o may_v receive_v some_o change_n they_o may_v likewise_o receive_v some_o in_o the_o representation_n and_o it_o be_v in_o that_o that_o consist_v the_o change_n of_o scene_n and_o other_o ornament_n of_o decoration_n which_o always_o ravish_v the_o people_n and_o please_v the_o best_a judge_n when_o they_o be_v well_o do_v so_o we_o have_v see_v upon_o our_o stage_n a_o temple_n adorn_v with_o a_o noble_a front_n of_o architecture_n which_o come_v to_o be_v set_v open_o show_v the_o inside_n of_o it_o where_o in_o perspective_n be_v descry_v pillar_n and_o a_o altar_n and_o all_o the_o other_o ornament_n of_o a_o church_n extreme_o well_o do_v so_o that_o the_o place_n do_v not_o change_v and_o yet_o have_v a_o fine_a decoration_n we_o be_v not_o nevertheless_o to_o imagine_v that_o the_o poet_n capricio_n be_v to_o rule_v these_o decoration_n for_o he_o must_v find_v some_o colour_n and_o appearance_n for_o it_o in_o his_o subject_n so_o for_o example_n he_o may_v feign_v a_o palace_n upon_o the_o sea_n side_n forsake_v and_o left_a to_o be_v inhabit_v by_o poor_a fisherman_n a_o prince_n land_v or_o be_v cast_v away_o there_o may_v adorn_v it_o with_o all_o the_o rich_a furniture_n fit_a for_o it_o after_o this_o by_o some_o accident_n it_o may_v be_v set_v on_o fire_n and_o then_o behind_o it_o the_o sea_n may_v appear_v upon_o which_o one_o may_v represent_v a_o sea_n fight_n so_o that_o in_o all_o the_o five_o change_n of_o the_o stage_n the_o unity_n of_o place_n will_v still_o be_v ingenious_o preserve_v not_o but_o that_o the_o very_a floor_n or_o proscenium_n may_v change_v too_o provide_v it_o be_v superficial_o as_o if_o some_o river_n shall_v overflow_v it_o as_o the_o tiber_n do_v in_o the_o time_n of_o augustus_n or_o if_o flame_n come_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n and_o cover_v the_o face_n of_o it_o in_o all_o these_o case_n the_o unity_n of_o place_n will_v not_o be_v break_v but_o as_o i_o have_v say_v already_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o play_n must_v furnish_v probable_a reason_n for_o these_o change_n which_o i_o repeat_v the_o often_o because_o i_o be_o still_o afraid_a that_o it_o will_v not_o make_v impression_n enough_o in_o the_o reader_n it_o be_v not_o enough_o neither_o to_o say_v that_o the_o floor_n or_o stage_n shall_v represent_v a_o place_n immovable_a it_o must_v beside_o be_v a_o place_n suppose_v open_a in_o the_o reality_n as_o it_o appear_v in_o the_o representation_n for_o since_o the_o actor_n be_v suppose_v to_o go_v and_o come_v from_o one_o end_n of_o it_o to_o the_o other_o there_o can_v be_v any_o solid_a body_n between_o to_o hinder_v either_o their_o sight_n or_o motion_n therefore_o the_o ancient_n do_v use_v to_o choose_v for_o the_o place_n of_o their_o scene_n in_o tragedy_n some_o public_a place_n as_o that_o before_o the_o gate_n of_o a_o palace_n and_o in_o their_o comedy_n some_o part_n of_o a_o town_n where_o different_a street_n meet_v and_o where_o the_o house_n of_o the_o principal_a actor_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v because_o these_o place_n be_v most_o fit_o represent_v by_o the_o empty_a stage_n adorn_v with_o the_o figure_n of_o those_o house_n not_o that_o they_o always_o follow_v this_o for_o in_o the_o suppliant_n and_o in_o the_o jon_n of_o euripides_n the_o scene_n be_v before_o a_o temple_n and_o in_o the_o ajax_n of_o sophocles_n the_o scene_n be_v before_o his_o tent_n pitch_v in_o the_o corner_n of_o a_o forest_n in_o the_o rudens_fw-la of_o plautus_n it_o be_v before_o the_o temple_n and_o some_o scatter_a house_n from_o whence_o one_o see_v the_o sea_n and_o indeed_o all_o
contempt_n the_o chorus_n be_v retrench_v by_o the_o impossibility_n that_o the_o player_n and_o poet_n be_v in_o to_o answer_v such_o a_o expense_n and_o afterward_o the_o ignorance_n of_o follow_v age_n think_v fit_a to_o look_v upon_o they_o as_o useless_a and_o unfit_a to_o be_v put_v in_o practice_n new_a comedy_n itself_o lose_v its_o chorus_n even_o in_o the_o most_o flourish_a drammatic_a age_n but_o that_o be_v rather_o because_o it_o be_v much_o hard_a to_o give_v chorus_n their_o due_a probability_n in_o comedy_n than_o in_o tragedy_n though_o its_o mimes_n musician_n embolaire_n and_o such_o like_a be_v not_o of_o a_o less_o magnificence_n than_o the_o chorus_n of_o tragedy_n itself_o and_o those_o who_o be_v the_o master_n and_o director_n in_o they_o have_v as_o much_o fame_n when_o they_o succeed_v as_o either_o aesopus_n or_o roscius_n or_o any_o of_o the_o chief_a actor_n of_o the_o age._n this_o may_v be_v see_v by_o some_o ancient_a inscription_n of_o terence_n comedy_n and_o other_o very_a considerable_a proof_n in_o antiquity_n if_o then_o our_o age_n can_v suffer_v the_o re-establishment_n of_o the_o chorus_n as_o be_v the_o most_o glorious_a and_o magnificent_a ornament_n of_o tragedy_n our_o poet_n ought_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o study_v the_o art_n of_o the_o ancient_n in_o that_o point_n how_o ingenious_o they_o invent_v they_o how_o necessary_o they_o bring_v they_o on_o and_o how_o agreeable_o they_o make_v they_o speak_v and_o act_v and_o then_o the_o king_n or_o our_o great_a lord_n shall_v be_v at_o the_o expense_n which_o i_o think_v not_o the_o hard_a to_o compass_v consider_v the_o profusion_n we_o have_v see_v in_o ballet_n ball_n and_o tragedy_n in_o this_o kingdom_n and_o last_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o have_v musician_n and_o dancer_n capable_a of_o execute_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o poet_n after_o the_o way_n of_o those_o lively_a speak_a dance_n of_o the_o ancient_n which_o to_o say_v truth_n i_o think_v impossible_a for_o we_o frenchmen_n to_o attain_v to_o and_o i_o believe_v it_o very_o hard_a for_o the_o italian_n therefore_o i_o shall_v not_o expatiate_v here_o upon_o the_o method_n of_o add_v chorus_n to_o our_o tragedy_n nor_o say_v what_o may_v be_v leave_v out_o and_o what_o take_v from_o the_o ancient_n in_o conformity_n to_o our_o custom_n for_o that_o will_v deserve_v a_o particular_a treatise_n i_o pass_v now_o to_o thing_n more_o necessary_a to_o the_o true_a understanding_n of_o the_o drammatic_a poem_n and_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o stage_n chapter_n the_o four_o of_o the_o ancient_a actor_n or_o first_o reciter_n of_o episodes_n against_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o modern_a writer_n though_o in_o all_o this_o work_n i_o have_v have_v no_o other_o design_n than_o to_o instruct_v the_o poet_n in_o many_o particular_n which_o i_o think_v very_o important_a for_o the_o make_n of_o a_o drama_n yet_o be_v carry_v by_o my_o own_o study_n and_o inquiry_n into_o the_o discovery_n of_o a_o error_n of_o some_o of_o our_o modern_n about_o the_o ancient_a reciter_n of_o tragedy_n i_o can_v do_v no_o less_o than_o endeavour_n to_o rectify_v that_o mistake_n though_o it_o do_v not_o perfect_o regard_v my_o first_o design_n which_o be_v only_o to_o deliver_v precept_n about_o drammatic_a poetry_n but_o if_o my_o reader_n be_v curious_a enough_o to_o be_v willing_a to_o know_v some_o circumstance_n about_o the_o progress_n of_o tragedy_n i_o suppose_v this_o discourse_n may_v not_o be_v disagreeable_a to_o they_o we_o have_v lay_v down_o as_o a_o most_o constant_a truth_n that_o for_o many_o year_n tragedy_n be_v nothing_o but_o a_o pagan_a religious_a hymn_n sing_v and_o dance_v in_o the_o honour_n of_o bacchus_n that_o thespis_n introduce_v a_o actor_n to_o recite_v something_o foreign_a to_o that_o subject_a which_o be_v call_v a_o episode_n that_o aeschylus_n bring_v on_o two_o actor_n and_o sophocles_n three_o with_o other_o ornament_n which_o bring_v tragedy_n to_o its_o perfection_n and_o this_o we_o have_v justify_v by_o the_o testimony_n of_o aristotle_n diogenes_n laertius_n athenoeus_n plutarch_n donatus_n and_o many_o other_o ancient_a writer_n to_o who_o i_o may_v add_v all_o those_o who_o since_o have_v write_v of_o drammatic_a poesy_n but_o castelvetro_n ricoboni_n and_o some_o other_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o chorus_n signify_v sometime_o the_o band_n of_o comedian_n or_o tragedian_n and_o that_o it_o be_v in_o that_o sense_n that_o we_o must_v understand_v that_o passage_n of_o diogenes_n laertius_n in_o the_o life_n of_o plato_n which_o say_v that_o former_o the_o chorus_n alone_o act_v the_o whole_a tragedy_n by_o which_o say_v castelvetro_n it_o appear_v that_o the_o histrion_n act_v former_o without_o music_n or_o dance_a and_o as_o one_o absurdity_n general_o engage_v we_o in_o another_o to_o maintain_v this_o error_n he_o commit_v a_o great_a when_o he_o add_v that_o the_o actor_n introduce_v by_o thespis_n be_v a_o buffoon_n who_o use_v to_o sing_v and_o dance_n and_o play_v upon_o some_o instrument_n and_o that_o aeschilus_n after_o he_o bring_v on_o two_o such_o separate_v dance_a from_o the_o sing_v and_o play_v upon_o instrument_n and_o that_o sophocles_n at_o last_o bring_v on_o three_o actor_n for_o these_o three_o thing_n so_o that_o he_o pretend_v that_o before_o thespis_n the_o chorus_n be_v a_o troop_n of_o player_n or_o actor_n and_o that_o those_o bring_v on_o by_o thespis_n aeschilus_n and_o sophocles_n be_v not_o so_o but_o singer_n and_o dancer_n which_o certain_o be_v both_o false_a and_o ridiculous_a first_o there_o be_v no_o passage_n in_o any_o of_o the_o ancient_n that_o can_v be_v cite_v to_o prove_v that_o they_o who_o associate_v themselves_o to_o act_n play_n be_v ever_o call_v by_o the_o word_n chorus_n but_o by_o that_o of_o company_n we_o have_v many_o example_n of_o this_o in_o plautus_n who_o very_o often_o make_v they_o appear_v under_o this_o name_n at_o the_o end_n of_o his_o play_n to_o thank_v the_o spectator_n and_o in_o terence_n ambivius_n turpio_n complain_v that_o the_o poet_n carry_v to_o other_o company_n those_o play_n that_o be_v easy_a to_o represent_v beside_o it_o be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v true_a that_o ancient_o the_o play_n be_v act_v by_o histrion_n without_o dance_a or_o music_n that_o on_o the_o contrary_a it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o they_o be_v original_o dance_v and_o sing_v by_o a_o chorus_n of_o musician_n without_o actor_n or_o histrion_n to_o illustrate_v full_o the_o truth_n i_o think_v that_o it_o be_v a_o strange_a mistake_n to_o say_v that_o the_o chorus_n of_o which_o diogenes_n athenoeus_n and_o donatus_n do_v speak_v when_o they_o say_v that_o tragedy_n be_v at_o first_o act_v by_o the_o chorus_n be_v a_o company_n of_o comedian_n or_o recite_v representatour_n without_o either_o dance_n or_o music_n for_o one_o need_v only_o read_v those_o author_n to_o be_v convince_v of_o the_o contrary_a and_o when_o athenoeus_n say_v that_o tragedy_n have_v none_o of_o those_o histrion_n which_o the_o greek_n call_v hypocrite_n or_o representer_n of_o other_o man_n he_o can_v be_v understand_v of_o buffoon_v dance_a or_o sing_v actor_n because_o the_o greek_n have_v a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o in_o tragedy_n particular_o in_o that_o which_o be_v call_v satyrical_n tragedy_n beside_o in_o the_o time_n and_o before_o the_o time_n of_o thespis_n they_o use_v a_o little_a sort_n of_o stage_n call_v eileos_n where_o be_v place_v a_o musician_n to_o answer_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o chorus_n and_o as_o tragedy_n be_v then_o nothing_o but_o a_o sacred_a hymn_n in_o the_o honour_n of_o bacchus_n the_o chorus_n be_v compose_v of_o those_o who_o be_v minister_n to_o his_o ceremony_n and_o who_o be_v hire_v for_o money_n often_o to_o sing_v and_o dance_v in_o great_a feast_n so_o that_o if_o the_o actor_n bring_v on_o by_o thespis_n have_v do_v nothing_o but_o sing_v and_o dance_v without_o recite_v he_o have_v do_v nothing_o new_a and_o the_o priest_n of_o bacchus_n will_v not_o have_v have_v reason_n to_o complain_v of_o it_o but_o there_o be_v more_o in_o it_o still_o for_o even_o in_o the_o time_n of_o thespis_n the_o chorus_n be_v compose_v of_o dancer_n and_o singer_n and_o athenaeus_n say_v that_o he_o and_o pratinas_n and_o phrinicus_fw-la with_o other_o poet_n of_o that_o time_n be_v nickname_v dancer_n because_o they_o fit_v their_o poetry_n to_o the_o dance_n of_o the_o chorus_n who_o they_o use_v to_o teach_v with_o care_n themselves_o to_o represent_v well_o in_o dance_v that_o which_o they_o have_v express_v in_o verse_n this_o pratinas_n be_v a_o tragic_a poet_n who_o live_v a_o little_a after_o thespis_n and_o be_v contemporary_a with_o aeschylus_n and_o as_o athenoeus_n tell_v we_o he_o write_v as_o a_o observation_n of_o his_o time_n that_o when_o
which_o he_o give_v they_o so_o that_o though_o he_o be_v the_o author_n yet_o he_o must_v write_v the_o whole_a with_o such_o art_n that_o it_o may_v not_o so_o much_o as_o appear_v that_o it_o be_v by_o he_o invent_v so_o in_o eschylus_n tragedy_n of_o agamemnon_n all_o thing_n appear_v as_o if_o real_o agamemnon_n have_v be_v murder_v and_o in_o sophocles_n as_o if_o ajax_n be_v real_o furious_a and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o other_o piece_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o likewise_o when_o we_o judge_v of_o any_o play_n on_o our_o stage_n we_o suppose_v the_o thing_n either_o true_a or_o that_o aught_o to_o be_v so_o and_o may_v be_v so_o and_o upon_o that_o supposition_n we_o approve_v of_o all_o the_o word_n or_o action_n that_o be_v do_v or_o say_v by_o those_o who_o speak_v or_o act_v and_o of_o all_o those_o event_n which_o may_v probable_o follow_v the_o first_o appearance_n because_o that_o in_o this_o case_n we_o believe_v that_o thing_n may_v real_o happen_v as_o they_o seem_v nay_o that_o they_o have_v happen_v and_o aught_o to_o happen_v so_o and_o on_o the_o contrary_a we_o condemn_v all_o that_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v do_v or_o say_v according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o person_n the_o place_n the_o time_n and_o the_o first_o appearance_n of_o the_o play_n now_o to_o understand_v how_o the_o poet_n be_v to_o govern_v himself_o with_o regard_n to_o the_o spectator_n and_o when_o they_o be_v to_o be_v considerable_a to_o he_o or_o not_o so_o we_o need_v but_o reflect_v upon_o what_o we_o have_v say_v of_o a_o picture_n for_o look_v upon_o it_o only_o as_o the_o work_n of_o the_o artist_n the_o painter_n do_v what_o he_o can_v to_o make_v it_o excellent_a because_o it_o will_v be_v see_v and_o that_o he_o expect_v to_o be_v know_v and_o admire_v by_o it_o but_o if_o he_o consider_v it_o as_o a_o story_n paint_v he_o keep_v as_o close_o as_o he_o can_v to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n he_o represent_v and_o do_v nothing_o but_o what_o will_v seem_v probable_a in_o all_o its_o circumstance_n because_o it_o be_v all_o to_o be_v consider_v as_o true_a and_o suppose_v so_o for_o example_n if_o he_o will_v draw_v mary_n magdelen_n in_o her_o penitent_a retirement_n he_o will_v not_o omit_v any_o of_o the_o most_o important_a part_n of_o her_o story_n because_o if_o he_o shall_v do_v otherwise_o they_o that_o shall_v see_v it_o will_v hardly_o know_v it_o he_o must_v place_v she_o in_o a_o decent_a posture_n else_o she_o will_v be_v a_o disagreeable_a object_n he_o will_v not_o draw_v her_o prostrate_a and_o grovel_a with_o her_o face_n upon_o the_o ground_n because_o that_o will_v hide_v the_o fine_a part_n of_o she_o but_o rather_o he_o must_v set_v she_o upon_o her_o knee_n he_o ought_v not_o to_o cover_v she_o all_o over_o with_o a_o cilice_fw-la or_o haircloth_n but_o leave_v her_o half_a naked_a that_o the_o charm_n of_o her_o beauty_n may_v appear_v the_o more_o he_o must_v not_o place_v she_o in_o the_o bottom_n of_o a_o deep_a cavern_n for_o than_o she_o can_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v see_v but_o at_o the_o entrance_n of_o it_o with_o so_o much_o light_n as_o be_v just_a necessary_a and_o this_o he_o must_v do_v because_o he_o consider_v his_o work_n as_o a_o picture_n which_o ought_v to_o fall_v under_o the_o sense_n and_o please_v at_o the_o same_o time_n but_o when_o he_o consider_v this_o picture_n the_o other_o way_n that_o be_v keep_v to_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o story_n he_o must_v give_v she_o a_o complexion_n pale_a and_o wan_a because_o it_o be_v not_o credible_a it_o can_v be_v otherwise_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o so_o much_o austerity_n she_o shall_v not_o have_v a_o crown_n before_o she_o but_o a_o cross_n she_o must_v not_o be_v place_v upon_o a_o rich_a embroider_v bed_n but_o upon_o the_o ground_n there_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o palace_n near_o she_o but_o a_o horrid_a wilderness_n he_o must_v not_o environ_v she_o with_o page_n and_o women_z attendants_z but_o rather_o with_o wild_a beast_n but_o they_o must_v be_v in_o a_o quiet_a posture_n that_o she_o may_v be_v suppose_v to_o live_v among_o they_o the_o cave_n shall_v be_v cover_v with_o moss_n not_o gild_v and_o fine_o set_v out_o the_o very_a tree_n be_v not_o to_o be_v make_v full_a of_o flower_n and_o fruit_n but_o rather_o half-dryed_n and_o wither_v and_o all_o the_o country_n about_o they_o barren_a and_o wild_a and_o in_o a_o word_n he_o shall_v adorn_v his_o work_n with_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o probable_o may_v become_v the_o state_n of_o penitence_n according_a to_o the_o person_n place_n and_o other_o dependency_n of_o the_o story_n because_o here_o he_o consider_v the_o truth_n of_o what_o he_o be_v to_o represent_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o poet_n consider_v in_o his_o play_n the_o representation_n or_o spectacle_n of_o it_o do_v all_o that_o he_o can_v to_o make_v it_o agreeable_a to_o the_o spectator_n for_o his_o business_n be_v to_o please_v they_o and_o therefore_o he_o shall_v preserve_v all_o the_o noble_a incident_n of_o his_o story_n he_o shall_v make_v all_o his_o actor_n appear_v with_o the_o best_a character_n he_o can_v he_o shall_v employ_v the_o fine_a figure_n of_o rhetoric_n and_o the_o moving'_a passion_n observe_v to_o hide_v nothing_o that_o aught_o to_o be_v know_v and_o please_v and_o to_o show_v nothing_o that_o aught_o to_o be_v hide_v and_o may_v offend_v and_o in_o fine_a he_o shall_v try_v all_o mean_n to_o gain_v the_o esteem_n and_o admiration_n of_o the_o audience_n but_o when_o he_o consider_v in_o his_o play_n the_o true_a story_n of_o it_o or_o that_o which_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v so_o he_o must_v particular_o have_v a_o care_n to_o observe_v the_o rule_n of_o probability_n in_o every_o thing_n and_o to_o make_v all_o the_o intrigue_n action_n word_n as_o if_o they_o have_v in_o reality_n come_v to_o pass_v he_o must_v give_v fit_a thought_n and_o design_n according_a to_o the_o person_n that_o be_v employ_v he_o must_v unite_v the_o time_n with_o place_n and_o the_o beginning_n with_o the_o consequence_n and_o in_o a_o word_n he_o follow_v the_o nature_n of_o thing_n so_o as_o not_o to_o contradict_v neither_o the_o state_n nor_o the_o order_n nor_o the_o effect_n nor_o the_o property_n of_o they_o and_o indeed_o have_v no_o other_o guide_n but_o probability_n and_o decency_n and_o reject_v all_o that_o have_v not_o that_o character_n upon_o it_o he_o must_v contrive_v every_o thing_n as_o if_o there_o be_v no_o spectator_n that_o be_v all_o the_o person_n in_o the_o play_n be_v to_o act_v and_o speak_v as_o if_o they_o be_v true_o for_o example_n a_o king_n and_o not_o mondoroy_n or_o bellerose_n as_o if_o they_o real_o be_v in_o the_o palace_n of_o horatius_n in_o rome_n player_n and_o not_o at_o paris_n in_o the_o hostel_n de_fw-fr bourgogne_n and_o as_o if_o no_o body_n see_v they_o or_o hear_v they_o but_o those_o who_o be_v act_v with_o they_o upon_o the_o stage_n and_o by_o this_o rule_n it_o be_v that_o they_o often_o say_v that_o they_o be_v alone_o that_o no_o body_n see_v they_o nor_o hear_v they_o that_o they_o need_v not_o fear_v be_v interrupt_v or_o disturb_v in_o their_o solitude_n no_o more_o than_o hinder_v in_o their_o design_n though_o all_o this_o be_v speak_v in_o the_o presence_n of_o it_o may_v be_v two_o thousand_o person_n because_o in_o this_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o action_n be_v follow_v according_a to_o truth_n for_o then_o the_o spectator_n be_v not_o by_o and_o this_o aught_o to_o be_v strict_o observe_v for_o all_o that_o be_v affect_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o spectator_n be_v false_a and_o faulty_a i_o know_v very_o well_o that_o the_o poet_n do_v not_o work_v upon_o the_o action_n as_o true_a but_o only_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o representation_n and_o therefore_o it_o may_v seem_v that_o there_o may_v be_v some_o mixture_n of_o these_o two_o consideration_n therefore_o i_o shall_v propound_v the_o way_n how_o he_o shall_v distinguish_v they_o he_o examine_v first_o all_o that_o he_o design_n to_o make_v know_v to_o the_o audience_n either_o by_o their_o eye_n or_o their_o ear_n and_o according_o resolve_v either_o to_o let_v they_o see_v it_o or_o to_o instruct_v they_o by_o some_o recital_n of_o the_o thing_n which_o they_o ought_v to_o know_v but_o he_o do_v not_o make_v these_o recital_n or_o spectacle_n only_o because_o the_o spectator_n ought_v to_o know_v or_o see_v how_o then_o why_o he_o must_v find_v in_o the_o action_n which_o be_v consider_v as_o true_a some_o motive_n colour_n or_o apparent_a reason_n for_o which_o it_o may_v appear_v that_o these_o show_n or_o recital_n do_v probable_o happen_v and_o aught_o
the_o good_a counsel_n he_o give_v sylvio_n and_o that_o which_o make_v i_o believe_v it_o the_o soon_o be_v that_o one_o of_o our_o best_a modern_a play_n lose_v half_a its_o due_a applause_n by_o there_o be_v a_o governor_n to_o a_o young_a prince_n who_o be_v give_v he_o advice_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o most_o violent_a passion_n with_o which_o he_o be_v torment_v that_o be_v neither_o the_o time_n nor_o the_o stage_n the_o place_n for_o such_o instruction_n we_o do_v not_o see_v neither_o that_o either_o astrologer_n conjurer_n high_a priest_n or_o any_o of_o that_o character_n do_v much_o take_v for_o the_o very_a reason_n that_o they_o can_v hardly_o speak_v without_o pretend_v to_o teach_v or_o else_o talk_v in_o general_n of_o the_o power_n of_o the_o god_n the_o wonderful_a effect_n of_o nature_n and_o such_o thing_n which_o can_v fail_v of_o be_v tedious_a when_o they_o be_v prolixe_o express_v scaliger_n will_v not_o allow_v they_o in_o the_o very_a epic_a poem_n much_o less_o can_v they_o be_v receive_v in_o the_o drammatic_a but_o aught_o to_o be_v quite_o banish_v the_o stage_n we_o must_v observe_v beside_o that_o physical_a instruction_n about_o nature_n and_o its_o effect_n be_v yet_o less_o welcome_a than_o moral_a one_o because_o that_o it_o be_v hard_a a_o actor_n shall_v speak_v so_o long_o as_o to_o explain_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o thing_n without_o digust_v the_o audience_n which_o soon_o grow_v weary_a of_o be_v ill_o teach_v the_o thing_n the_o poet_n will_v have_v he_o learn_v which_o together_o with_o the_o little_a concern_v the_o no_o passion_n of_o the_o stage_n raise_v in_o he_o make_v the_o whole_a very_o disagreeable_a we_o have_v a_o notable_a example_n of_o this_o in_o mariam_n where_o a_o long_a discourse_n be_v make_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o dream_n the_o thing_n be_v very_o fine_a and_o the_o nature_n of_o they_o well_o explain_v but_o it_o interrupt_v a_o agitation_n of_o the_o stage_n begin_v by_o herode_n trouble_n at_o his_o wake_n the_o audience_n will_v fain_o know_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o disturbance_n and_o the_o particular_n of_o his_o dream_n but_o instead_o of_o that_o there_o be_v a_o long_a discourse_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o dream_n in_o general_a to_o which_o the_o spectator_n give_v but_o little_a attention_n as_o be_v thereby_o disappoint_v of_o his_o chief_a expectation_n to_o all_o this_o it_o may_v be_v object_v that_o the_o stage_n be_v a_o place_n of_o public_a instruction_n and_o that_o the_o drammatic_a poet_n be_v to_o instruct_v as_o well_o as_o please_v and_o therefore_o that_o didactic_a discourse_n may_v be_v proper_a enough_o or_o at_o least_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v condemn_v i_o confess_v that_o the_o stage_n be_v a_o place_n of_o instruction_n but_o we_o must_v well_o understand_v how_o that_o be_v mean_v the_o poet_n ought_v to_o bring_v his_o whole_a action_n before_o the_o spectator_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v so_o represent_v with_o all_o its_o circumstance_n that_o the_o audience_n be_v full_o instruct_v for_o as_o drammatic_a poetry_n do_v but_o imitate_v humane_a action_n it_o do_v it_o only_o to_o instruct_v we_o by_o they_o and_o that_o it_o do_v direct_o and_o proper_o but_o for_o moral_a maxim_n which_o may_v incite_v we_o either_o to_o the_o love_n of_o virtue_n or_o stir_v we_o up_o to_o hate_v vice_n it_o do_v it_o indirect_o and_o by_o the_o entermise_n of_o the_o action_n themselves_o 418._o of_o which_o sentiment_n scaliger_n be_v so_o much_o as_o i_o dare_v quote_v he_o for_o my_o warrantee_n in_o this_o opinion_n now_o this_o may_v be_v do_v two_o way_n the_o first_o when_o the_o action_n of_o the_o stage_n be_v so_o judicious_o manage_v that_o it_o show_v the_o force_n of_o virtue_n triumph_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o persecution_n after_o which_o it_o be_v often_o happy_o reward_v but_o if_o it_o be_v total_o overwhelm_v by_o they_o it_o remain_v glorious_a even_o in_o its_o death_n by_o this_o all_o the_o deformity_n of_o vice_n be_v discover_v it_o be_v often_o punish_v but_o when_o even_o it_o triumph_v and_o overcome_v it_o be_v in_o abomination_n with_o the_o audience_n who_o thereupon_o be_v apt_a to_o conclude_v with_o themselves_o that_o it_o be_v better_a to_o embrace_v virtue_n through_o the_o hazard_n of_o persecution_n than_o to_o follow_v vice_n even_o with_o hope_n of_o impunity_n it_o be_v thus_o principal_o that_o the_o stage_n ought_v to_o be_v instructive_a to_o the_o public_a by_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n represent_v and_o i_o have_v always_o observe_v that_o it_o be_v not_o agreeable_a to_o the_o audience_n that_o a_o man_n who_o swerve_v from_o the_o way_n of_o virtue_n shall_v be_v set_v right_a and_o repent_v by_o the_o strength_n of_o precept_n and_o sentence_n we_o rather_o desire_v it_o shall_v be_v by_o some_o adventure_n that_o press_v he_o and_o force_v he_o to_o take_v up_o reasonable_a and_o virtuous_a sentiment_n we_o shall_v hardly_o endure_v that_o herode_fw-la shall_v recall_v his_o sentence_n against_o mariam_n upon_o a_o remonstrance_n of_o one_o of_o the_o seven_o wise_a man_n of_o greece_n but_o we_o be_v please_v to_o see_v that_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o queen_n his_o love_n become_v his_o tormentor_n and_o have_v open_v his_o eye_n drive_v he_o into_o so_o sincere_a a_o repentance_n that_o he_o be_v ready_a to_o sacrifice_v his_o life_n to_o the_o regret_n he_o have_v for_o his_o crime_n as_o for_o the_o other_o way_n of_o teach_v morality_n it_o depend_v much_o on_o the_o ingeniousness_n of_o the_o poet_n when_o he_o strengthen_v his_o theatral_n action_n with_o divers_a pithy_a and_o bold_a truth_n which_o be_v imperceptible_o work_v into_o his_o play_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o nerve_n and_o strength_n of_o it_o for_o in_o a_o word_n that_o which_o i_o condemn_v in_o common_a didactick_n be_v their_o stile_n and_o manner_n of_o expression_n not_o the_o thing_n themselves_o since_o those_o great_a truth_n which_o be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o the_o conduct_n of_o humane_a action_n i_o be_o so_o far_o from_o banish_v they_o off_o the_o stage_n that_o quite_o contrary_a i_o think_v they_o very_o necessary_a and_o ornamental_a which_o to_o attain_v i_o give_v these_o follow_a observation_n first_o these_o general_a maxim_n must_v be_v so_o fasten_v to_o the_o subject_a and_o link_v by_o many_o circumstance_n with_o the_o person_n act_v that_o the_o actor_n may_v seem_v to_o think_v more_o of_o that_o concern_v of_o he_o he_o be_v about_o than_o of_o say_v fine_a thing_n that_o be_v to_o speak_v in_o term_n of_o rhetoric_n he_o must_v reduce_v the_o thesis_n to_o the_o hypothesis_n and_o of_o universal_a proposition_n make_v particular_a application_n for_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o poet_n avoid_v the_o suspicion_n of_o aim_v to_o instruct_v pedantick_o since_o his_o actor_n do_v not_o leave_v their_o business_n which_o they_o be_v about_o for_o example_n i_o will_v not_o have_v a_o actor_n spend_v many_o word_n to_o prove_v that_o virtue_n be_v always_o persecute_v but_o he_o may_v say_v to_o the_o party_n concern_v do_v you_o think_v to_o have_v better_a measure_n than_o virtue_n have_v always_o have_v and_o can_v you_o expect_v to_o be_v privilege_v from_o persecution_n more_o than_o socrates_n or_o cato_n and_o so_o continue_v a_o little_a speak_v still_o to_o the_o party_n present_a and_o upon_o the_o subject_a in_o hand_n by_o which_o mean_v these_o discourse_n seem_v a_o little_a to_o keep_v off_o from_o be_v too_o general_a precept_n and_o so_o disgust_v the_o less_o second_o in_o all_o these_o occasion_n the_o poet_n must_v use_v figurative_a speech_n either_o by_o interrogation_n irony_n or_o other_o that_o his_o fancy_n shall_v suggest_v for_o these_o figure_n by_o not_o circumstance_v minutely_o the_o general_a proposition_n make_v they_o more_o florid_n and_o so_o by_o ornament_n free_v they_o from_o the_o didactic_a character_n as_o for_o example_n if_o there_o be_v a_o design_n of_o advise_v a_o young_a woman_n to_o obey_v her_o parent_n instead_o of_o preach_v downright_a obedience_n to_o she_o i_o think_v a_o irony_n will_v do_v better_o as_o thus_o that_o be_v a_o fine_a way_n indeed_o for_o a_o virtuous_a young_a lady_n to_o attain_v the_o reputation_n of_o a_o good_a daughter_n to_o be_v carry_v away_o by_o she_o own_o passion_n and_o neglect_v not_o only_o the_o censure_n of_o the_o best_a sort_n of_o people_n but_o break_v through_o all_o the_o fence_n of_o duty_n and_o honour_n my_o three_o observation_n be_v that_o when_o any_o of_o these_o great_a maxim_n be_v to_o be_v propose_v blunt_o and_o in_o plain_a word_n it_o be_v do_v in_o as_o few_o as_o may_v be_v by_o that_o mean_v they_o do_v not_o cool_v the_o stage_n but_o add_v something_o to_o the_o variety_n of_o it_o but_o
beside_o great_a chorus_n of_o music_n and_o dance_n with_o many_o turn_n and_o wind_n and_o so_o transfer_v it_o from_o the_o temple_n to_o the_o theatre_n without_o any_o irreverence_n nevertheless_o because_o those_o very_a theatre_n be_v dedicate_v to_o bacchus_n and_o the_o victim_n that_o be_v sacrifice_v to_o he_o be_v a_o goat_n as_o destructor_n of_o the_o vine_n from_o whence_o this_o hymn_n be_v call_v tragedy_n 2._o as_o who_o shall_v say_v the_o goat-song_n 1._o and_o so_o much_o of_o it_o as_o remain_v among_o the_o country_n people_n in_o village_n suidas_n be_v call_v comedy_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v a_o country_n song_n terentium_n all_o this_o appear_v clear_o from_o many_o famous_a author_n of_o antiquity_n thus_o be_v distinguish_v these_o two_o poem_n though_o they_o have_v the_o same_o begin_n in_o the_o same_o country_n of_o icaria_n and_o by_o the_o same_o adventure_n according_a to_o athenaeus_n of_o who_o opinion_n be_v donatus_n maximus_n of_o tyr_n and_o eustathius_n now_o it_o happen_v that_o by_o little_a and_o little_a the_o subject_n that_o the_o poet_n take_v to_o praise_n bacchus_n be_v exhaust_v they_o be_v force_v to_o add_v little_a story_n or_o fable_n which_o they_o handle_v merry_o at_o first_o in_o honour_n of_o bacchus_n to_o confirm_v this_o aristotle_n write_v that_o from_o little_a fable_n make_v with_o mirth_n and_o fool_n tragedy_n rise_v by_o degree_n to_o that_o perfection_n it_o acquire_v in_o sophocles_n time_n some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o epigenes_n the_o sycionian_a be_v the_o author_n of_o tragedy_n whether_o it_o be_v that_o he_o first_o bring_v the_o song_n from_o the_o vintage_n to_o the_o town_n or_o that_o he_o first_o institute_v the_o dispute_n between_o the_o poet_n in_o which_o the_o conqueror_n receive_v for_o reward_v the_o goat_n that_o be_v sacrifice_v to_o bacchus_n after_o a_o formal_a procession_n the_o ceremony_n of_o which_o describe_v by_o plutarch_n be_v simple_a enough_o at_o first_o though_o much_o alter_v in_o his_o time_n however_o tragedy_n remain_v a_o great_a while_n in_o the_o same_o state_n for_o between_o this_o epigenes_n and_o thespis_n who_o first_o add_v a_o act_n to_o this_o hymn_n there_o be_v reckon_v fourteen_o famous_a tragic_a poet_n almost_o all_o successor_n to_o one_o another_o and_o it_o be_v of_o the_o tragedy_n of_o that_o time_n that_o diogenes_n laertius_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v when_o he_o write_v in_o the_o life_n of_o plato_n that_o the_o chorus_n former_o act_v the_o whole_a tragedy_n these_o word_n at_o first_o do_v extreme_o puzzle_v i_o because_o the_o neglect_n of_o chorus_n in_o our_o day_n hinder_v i_o from_o penetrate_v the_o true_a sense_n of_o the_o author_n i_o consider_v tragedy_n as_o i_o find_v it_o in_o sophocles_n and_o there_o i_o can_v not_o see_v any_o conformity_n with_o laertius_n mind_n and_o all_o i_o can_v then_o imagine_v in_o order_n to_o make_v something_o of_o it_o be_v that_o they_o that_o make_v the_o chorus_n be_v likewise_o the_o histrion_n and_o actor_n of_o the_o tragedy_n but_o beside_o that_o thereby_o i_o make_v no_o distinction_n between_o the_o histrion_n who_o be_v actor_n and_o the_o thymelick_n who_o be_v musician_n against_o all_o truth_n of_o antiquity_n i_o find_v the_o difficulty_n still_o grow_v upon_o i_o when_o i_o read_v in_o athenaeus_n that_o ancient_o all_o sort_n of_o tragedy_n be_v compose_v only_o of_o the_o chorus_n and_o have_v no_o histrion_n or_o actor_n at_o all_o for_o these_o last_o word_n do_v entire_o destroy_v all_o my_o first_o thought_n neither_o can_v i_o any_o way_n relieve_v myself_o by_o any_o of_o the_o interpreter_n of_o these_o two_o author_n though_o so_o many_o learned_a man_n have_v comment_v they_o without_o say_v one_o word_n of_o this_o therefore_o i_o begin_v to_o go_v back_o to_o the_o first_o original_a of_o thing_n and_o consider_v that_o tragedy_n at_o first_o be_v nothing_o but_o a_o hymn_n of_o the_o pagan_a religion_n dance_v and_o sing_v by_o chorus_n of_o music_n i_o easy_o find_v the_o solution_n of_o all_o my_o difficulty_n for_o it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o in_o that_o time_n and_o for_o almost_o six_o hundred_o year_n after_o tragedy_n be_v represent_v only_o by_o the_o chorus_n as_o laertius_n have_v it_o and_o have_v no_o actor_n as_o athenaeus_n true_o affirm_v at_o last_o thespis_n bethink_v himself_o of_o put_v in_o a_o actor_n who_o shall_v recite_v without_o sing_v that_o the_o chorus_n may_v take_v breath_n and_o rest_v themselves_o not_o that_o i_o think_v that_o actor_n speak_v alone_o but_o he_o make_v a_o dialogue_n with_o the_o coryphoeus_n or_o some_o other_o person_n of_o the_o chorus_n who_o answer_v he_o something_o to_o the_o purpose_n to_o give_v he_o subject_a to_o continue_v his_o discourse_n as_o we_o may_v yet_o see_v in_o some_o fragment_n of_o epicharmus_n who_o live_v in_o that_o time_n we_o must_v not_o think_v nevertheless_o that_o thespis_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o tragedy_n as_o horace_n seem_v to_o believe_v but_o only_o that_o he_o introduce_v the_o first_o actor_n without_o sing_v and_o plato_n tell_v we_o that_o tragedy_n be_v in_o great_a credit_n in_o athens_n long_o before_o thespis_n time_n and_o as_o for_o what_o be_v say_v also_o of_o he_o that_o he_o carry_v his_o actor_n about_o in_o a_o cart_n from_o whence_o they_o speak_v many_o raillery_n and_o witty_a jest_n against_o passenger_n that_o must_v not_o be_v understand_v of_o serious_a tragedy_n for_o which_o there_o be_v already_o public_a theater_n but_o of_o satyrical_n tragedy_n in_o which_o they_o represent_v the_o dance_n and_o gross_a posture_n of_o satyr_n and_o silenes_n who_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v accompany_v bacchus_n in_o his_o voyage_n for_o this_o satirical_a tragedy_n be_v at_o first_o without_o actor_n as_o well_o as_o the_o serious_a one_o according_a to_o athenaeus_n and_o come_v at_o last_o to_o that_o perfection_n that_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o four_o poem_n which_o make_v the_o tetralogy_n of_o dramma_n in_o which_o the_o poet_n of_o athens_n dispute_v the_o prize_n at_o their_o four_o great_a holiday_n thespis_n likewise_o add_v to_o his_o jest_n and_o raillery_n the_o daub_v of_o his_o actor_n with_o lees_n of_o wine_n as_o horace_n have_v it_o poet._n or_o with_o ceruse_n and_o vermilion_n as_o suidas_n report_v and_o this_o be_v do_v to_o imitate_v so_o much_o the_o better_a the_o satyr_n who_o be_v always_o represent_v with_o red_a face_n silen_n as_o virgil_n paint_v silenus_n daub_v with_o the_o juice_n of_o elder_a berry_n and_o mulberry_n pingit_fw-la at_o last_o tragedy_n have_v receive_v a_o total_a alteration_n by_o recital_n in_o the_o interval_n of_o the_o music_n it_o acquire_v short_o after_o its_o utmost_a perfection_n for_o aeschylus_n who_o live_v fifty_o year_n or_o thereabouts_o after_o thespis_n add_v one_o actor_n more_o and_o so_o make_v up_o two_o actor_n and_o indeed_o we_o never_o see_v more_o than_o two_o in_o any_o scene_n of_o he_o talk_v together_o except_o it_o be_v for_o a_o word_n or_o two_o put_v in_o by_o a_o three_o and_o that_o too_o very_a seldom_o whatever_o scaliger_n say_v to_o the_o contrary_a 6._o he_o invent_v likewise_o a_o convenient_a dress_n for_o his_o actor_n with_o cothurnes_n or_o high_a shoe_n to_o make_v they_o appear_v tall_a like_o hero_n sophocles_n who_o be_v bear_v ten_o or_o twelve_o year_n after_o the_o death_n of_o aeschylus_n increase_v the_o number_n of_o the_o chief_a actor_n to_o three_o and_o cause_v the_o scene_n to_o be_v paint_v with_o decoration_n fit_v for_o his_o subject_n so_o that_o in_o less_o than_o fourscore_o year_n tragedy_n attain_v to_o its_o high_a perfection_n with_o all_o the_o glory_n of_o which_o it_o be_v capable_a as_o for_o comedy_n donatus_n seem_v to_o think_v it_o be_v invent_v by_o shepherd_n and_o country_n people_n who_o use_v to_o dance_v about_o the_o altar_n of_o apollo_n surname_v nomian_n and_o sing_v at_o the_o same_o time_n some_o hymn_n in_o honour_n of_o he_o but_o i_o have_v rather_o believe_v athenaeus_n who_o make_v it_o take_v its_o rise_n with_o tragedy_n and_o they_o be_v both_o consecrate_v to_o bacchus_n and_o not_o to_o apollo_n except_o donatus_n will_v judge_v of_o all_o theatral_n action_n by_o the_o apollinary_a game_n which_o indeed_o be_v scenick_n and_o celebrate_v in_o the_o honour_n of_o apollo_n i_o say_v then_o that_o comedy_n and_o tragedy_n be_v bear_v together_o 〈◊〉_d and_o according_o we_o find_v in_o clemens_n alexandrinus_n that_o the_o invention_n of_o comedy_n be_v attribute_v to_o one_o sisarion_n of_o icaria_n it_o may_v be_v because_o he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o compose_v the_o hymn_n of_o bacchus_n after_o the_o sacrifice_n of_o the_o goat_n by_o icarius_n and_o this_o may_v suffice_v to_o appease_v the_o quarrel_n of_o the_o learned_a
divide_v the_o sing_n of_o the_o chorus_n and_o give_v a_o beginning_n to_o the_o episodes_n and_o of_o this_o truth_n beside_o ancient_a author_n we_o have_v for_o guarantees_n many_o modern_a one_o as_o robortel_v piccolomini_n bernardo_n segni_n scaliger_n benius_n eugubinus_n vossius_fw-la heinsius_n victorius_n and_o other_o interpreter_n of_o aristotle_n who_o have_v all_o prove_v this_o assertion_n though_o by_o reason_n differ_v from_o those_o which_o we_o have_v here_o declare_v chapter_n the_o five_o of_o tragicomedy_n this_o new_a word_n which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v introduce_v to_o signify_v some_o new_a sort_n of_o drammatic_a poem_n oblige_v i_o to_o explain_v it_o more_o clear_o and_o at_o length_n than_o any_o of_o our_o modern_a author_n have_v do_v and_o to_o that_o end_n i_o must_v show_v all_o that_o in_o our_o play_n be_v different_a from_o or_o conformable_a to_o the_o work_n of_o the_o ancient_n the_o stage_n by_o little_a and_o little_o be_v come_v to_o its_o last_o perfection_n become_v a_o sensible_a and_o move_a image_n of_o all_o humane_a life_n now_o there_o be_v three_o sort_n of_o condition_n or_o way_n of_o live_v that_o of_o great_a person_n in_o the_o court_n of_o king_n that_o of_o citizen_n and_o gentry_n in_o town_n and_o that_o of_o the_o country_n people_n in_o the_o country_n the_o stage_n have_v likewise_o receive_v three_o kind_n of_o drammatic_a poem_n to_o wit_n tragedy_n comedy_n and_o pastoral_n tragedy_n represent_v the_o life_n of_o prince_n and_o great_a people_n full_a of_o disquiet_n suspicion_n trouble_n rebellion_n war_n murder_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o violent_a passion_n and_o mighty_a adventure_n whence_o it_o be_v well_o call_v by_o theophrastus_n the_o state_n of_o a_o heroic_a fortune_n now_o to_o distinguish_v tragedys_n by_o their_o catastrophe_n they_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n the_o one_o be_v calamitous_a and_o bloody_a in_o their_o event_n end_v general_o by_o the_o death_n or_o some_o great_a misfortune_n of_o the_o hero_n the_o other_o be_v more_o happy_a and_o conclude_v by_o the_o felicity_n of_o the_o chief_a person_n upon_o the_o stage_n and_o yet_o because_o the_o poet_n out_o of_o complaisance_n to_o the_o athenian_n who_o love_v spectacle_n of_o horror_n end_v often_o their_o tragedys_n by_o unfortunate_a catastrophe_n many_o people_n have_v think_v that_o the_o word_n tragical_a never_o signify_v any_o thing_n but_o some_o sad_a bloody_a event_n and_o that_o a_o drammatic_a poem_n can_v not_o be_v call_v a_o tragedy_n if_o the_o catastrophe_n do_v not_o contain_v the_o death_n of_o the_o chief_a person_n in_o the_o play_n but_o they_o be_v mistake_v that_o word_n in_o its_o true_a signification_n mean_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o magnificent_a serious_a grave_a poem_n conformable_a to_o the_o agitation_n and_o sudden_a turn_n of_o the_o fortune_n of_o great_a people_n and_o according_o in_o the_o nineteen_o tragedys_n of_o euripides_n many_o of_o they_o have_v a_o happy_a conclusion_n and_o which_o be_v very_o remarkable_a be_v that_o the_o orestes_n which_o begin_v with_o fury_n and_o rage_n and_o run_v upon_o such_o strong_a passion_n and_o incident_n that_o they_o seem_v to_o promise_v nothing_o but_o a_o fatal_a bloody_a event_n it_o nevertheless_o terminate_v by_o the_o entire_a content_n and_o satisfaction_n of_o all_o the_o actor_n helena_n be_v place_v among_o the_o god_n and_o apollo_n oblige_v orestes_n and_o pylades_n to_o marry_v hermione_n and_o electra_n which_o make_v one_o of_o the_o ancient_n say_v that_o that_o play_n have_v a_o comical_a catastrophe_n but_o in_o that_o he_o be_v much_o mistake_v as_o well_o as_o victorius_n and_o stiblinus_n who_o say_v the_o same_o thing_n of_o the_o electra_n and_o alceste_n comedy_n be_v the_o picture_n of_o the_o action_n of_o the_o people_n in_o which_o be_v general_o represent_v the_o debauchery_n of_o young_a people_n with_o the_o trick_n and_o act_n of_o slave_n and_o courtesan_n full_a of_o raillery_n and_o jest_n and_o end_v in_o marriage_n or_o some_o other_o pleasant_a adventure_n of_o common_a life_n and_o this_o poem_n be_v so_o much_o confine_v to_o represent_v a_o popular_a life_n that_o the_o style_n of_o it_o be_v to_o be_v low_a and_o mean_a the_o expression_n take_v out_o of_o the_o mouth_n of_o ordinary_a people_n the_o passion_n be_v to_o be_v short_a and_o without_o violence_n in_o a_o word_n all_o the_o intrigue_n be_v to_o be_v uphold_v by_o slight_a and_o cunning_a and_o not_o by_o the_o sublime_a and_o marvellous_a part_n of_o humane_a life_n therefore_o scaliger_n be_v in_o the_o right_a to_o find_v fault_n with_o plautus_n for_o make_v aleesimark_n appear_v with_o a_o dagger_n and_o a_o design_n to_o kill_v himself_o because_o that_o be_v a_o undertake_n too_o generous_a for_o the_o comic_a theatre_n donatus_n likewise_o blame_v terence_n for_o make_v his_o passion_n too_o strong_a and_o last_a with_o expression_n something_o too_o noble_a for_o his_o art_n and_o comedy_n its_o self_n do_v not_o always_o in_o plautus_n end_n happy_o as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o divers_a of_o his_o play_n pastoral_n or_o satyr_n have_v a_o mixture_n of_o serious_a and_o pleasant_a hero_n and_o satyr_n be_v its_o actor_n and_o this_o sort_n of_o poem_n ought_v to_o be_v consider_v two_o way_n at_o first_o it_o be_v nothing_o but_o a_o little_a poem_n call_v idyllium_n or_o eclogue_n sing_v or_o recite_v by_o one_o man_n alone_o and_o seldom_o by_o two_o or_o more_o and_o they_o be_v general_o shepherd_n gardener_n husbandman_n satyr_n nymph_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o country_n people_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o complaint_n of_o lover_n cruelty_n of_o shepherdess_n dispute_v for_o sing_v ambuscadoe_n of_o satyr_n and_o ravish_v of_o nymph_n with_o such_o like_o divert_v easy_a adventure_n but_o the_o poem_n be_v all_o loose_a piece_n without_o any_o story_n or_o necessity_n of_o action_n we_o have_v many_o example_n in_o theocritus_n and_o virgil_n and_o many_o modern_a poet_n have_v imitate_v they_o in_o latin_a in_o the_o reign_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o in_o france_n divers_a french_a poet_n make_v eclogue_n in_o their_o own_o language_n of_o which_o we_o have_v some_o example_n in_o ronsard_n the_o other_o sort_n be_v a_o drammatic_a poem_n carry_v on_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o stage_n where_o hero_n and_o satyr_n be_v mingle_v together_o represent_v both_o grave_n and_o pleasant_a ridiculous_a thing_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n this_o poem_n have_v the_o name_n of_o satyrical_n tragedy_n this_o sort_n of_o poem_n have_v not_o any_o course_n among_o the_o roman_n at_o least_o that_o ever_o i_o can_v observe_v either_o in_o their_o historian_n or_o poet_n that_o which_o they_o call_v satyr_n be_v only_o a_o copy_n of_o verse_n make_v to_o slander_n or_o reprove_v and_o never_o use_v for_o the_o stage_n but_o with_o the_o mimes_n and_o by_o way_n of_o interlude_n but_o among_o the_o grecian_n satirical_n tragedy_n be_v high_o value_v for_o at_o the_o feast_n of_o bacchus_n call_v chytre_n the_o poet_n use_v to_o vie_v with_o each_o other_o and_o dispute_v for_o the_o prize_n by_o this_o sort_n of_o poem_n athenaeus_n plato_n plutarch_n and_o suidas_n allege_v many_o example_n of_o this_o kind_n and_o we_o have_v some_o fragment_n but_o no_o entire_a poem_n of_o this_o kind_n except_o the_o polyphemus_n of_o euripides_n and_o i_o incline_v to_o think_v that_o his_o alceste_n be_v one_o of_o that_o kind_n too_o by_o reason_n that_o hercules_n be_v very_o pleasant_a there_o with_o a_o slave_n and_o do_v very_o comical_a action_n but_o i_o shall_v wait_v the_o opinion_n of_o the_o learned_a before_o i_o shall_v determine_v any_o thing_n in_o that_o point_n these_o three_o sort_n of_o poem_n be_v not_o now_o upon_o the_o stage_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o they_o be_v ancient_o for_o to_o begin_v with_o pastoral_n they_o be_v now_o a_o drammatic_a poem_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o all_o other_o dramma_n compose_v of_o five_o act_n and_o many_o agreeable_a event_n and_o intrigue_n but_o all_o regard_v a_o country_n life_n so_o that_o we_o have_v borrow_v the_o matter_n of_o the_o eclogue_n from_o the_o ancient_n and_o apply_v it_o to_o the_o rule_n of_o satyrical_n tragedy_n comedy_n among_o we_o have_v remain_v long_o not_o only_o in_o meanness_n and_o obscurity_n but_o look_v upon_o as_o infamous_a be_v change_v into_o that_o sort_n of_o farce_n which_o we_o still_o retain_v at_o the_o end_n of_o some_o of_o our_o tragedys_n though_o they_o be_v certain_o thing_n without_o art_n or_o grace_n and_o only_o recommendable_a to_o the_o rascally_a sort_n of_o mankind_n who_o delight_n in_o obscene_a infamous_a word_n and_o action_n i_o know_v indeed_o that_o sometime_o our_o poet_n have_v endeavour_v to_o restore_v the_o comedy_n of_o the_o ancient_n either_o by_o translate_n their_o work_n