the_o art_n of_o logic_n plain_o teach_v in_o the_o english_a tongue_n according_a to_o the_o best_a approve_a author_n very_o necessary_a for_o all_o student_n in_o any_o profession_n how_o to_o defend_v any_o argument_n against_o all_o subtle_a sophister_n and_o cavil_a schismatic_n and_o how_o to_o confute_v their_o false_a syllogism_n and_o captious_a argument_n by_o m._n blundevile_n london_n print_v by_o william_n stansby_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v by_o matthew_n lownes_n 1617._o to_o the_o reader_n mind_v here_o to_o treat_v of_o the_o art_n of_o logic_n in_o our_o vulgar_a tongue_n for_o the_o profit_n of_o those_o my_o countryman_n that_o be_v not_o learn_v in_o foreign_a tongue_n i_o think_v it_o no_o shame_n nor_o robbery_n to_o borrow_v term_n of_o the_o say_a art_n from_o the_o latin_n aswell_o as_o they_o do_v from_o the_o greek_n and_o special_o such_o term_n as_o can_v be_v apt_o express_v in_o our_o native_a speech_n and_o yet_o therewith_o i_o do_v not_o forget_v plain_o to_o show_v the_o signification_n of_o cuery_n such_o term_n so_o as_o every_o man_n may_v easy_o understand_v what_o each_o term_n signify_v think_v it_o much_o better_a so_o to_o do_v then_o to_o fain_v new_a word_n unproper_a for_o the_o purpose_n as_o some_o of_o late_o have_v do_v and_o as_o my_o mind_n be_v hereby_o to_o please_v the_o unlearned_a that_o be_v desirous_a of_o learning_n have_v both_o good_a wit_n and_o also_o good_a disposition_n with_o aptness_n to_o learn_v so_o my_o hope_n be_v not_o to_o offend_v the_o learned_a who_o i_o be_o sure_o do_v well_o allow_v of_o aristotle_n in_o say_v that_o every_o good_a thing_n the_o more_o common_a it_o be_v the_o better_a it_o be_v neither_o be_v they_o ignorant_a that_o in_o old_a time_n past_a aswell_o the_o greek_n as_o the_o latin_n of_o what_o art_n soever_o they_o write_v each_o one_o write_v the_o same_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o his_o own_o vulgar_a speech_n every_o man_n be_v not_o able_a in_o these_o costly_a day_n to_o find_v either_o himself_o or_o his_o child_n at_o the_o university_n who_o if_o god_n not_o withstand_v have_v endue_v with_o a_o lively_a wit_n and_o make_v he_o so_o apt_a to_o learning_n as_o have_v some_o help_n at_o home_n he_o may_v by_o his_o own_o industry_n attain_v unto_o right_a good_a knowledge_n &_o be_v make_v thereby_o the_o more_o able_a to_o glorify_v god_n and_o to_o profit_v his_o country_n true_o i_o see_v no_o cause_n why_o the_o learned_a shall_v disdain_v or_o be_v miscontent_v that_o such_o man_n or_o child_n shall_v be_v free_o teach_v this_o or_o any_o other_o good_a art_n without_o any_o cost_n or_o charge_n wherefore_o arm_v myself_o with_o assure_a hope_n that_o with_o this_o my_o labour_n i_o shall_v great_o profit_v and_o pleasure_v the_o unlearned_a and_o not_o hinder_v or_o displease_v the_o learned_a i_o will_v bold_o follow_v my_o enterprise_n and_o here_o brief_o show_v the_o order_n of_o my_o say_a work_n which_o be_v divide_v into_o six_o part_n or_o book_n for_o since_o logic_n be_v chief_o occupy_v in_o discuss_v of_o question_n and_o that_o such_o question_n both_o simple_a and_o compound_n do_v spring_n of_o word_n the_o first_o part_n of_o my_o book_n shall_v treat_v of_o word_n show_v which_o be_v simple_a which_o be_v compound_v and_o also_o which_o comprehend_v more_o and_o which_o comprehend_v less_o &_o which_o be_v of_o affinity_n and_o which_o be_v not_o leave_v out_o no_o necessary_a rule_n belong_v thereunto_o that_o be_v teach_v either_o by_o aristotle_n or_o by_o any_o other_o modern_a writer_n second_o because_o all_o simple_a question_n consist_v of_o single_a word_n be_v to_o be_v discuss_v by_o definition_n and_o division_n the_o second_o part_n treat_v of_o they_o both_o and_o therewith_o show_v also_o with_o what_o method_n and_o order_n such_o simple_a question_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v three_o because_o all_o compound_n question_n be_v to_o be_v discuss_v by_o reason_v or_o argumentation_n and_o that_o every_o kind_n of_o argument_n do_v consist_v of_o proposition_n the_o three_o part_n treat_v of_o a_o proposition_n and_o of_o all_o thing_n belong_v thereunto_o four_o because_o no_o sound_a argument_n can_v be_v make_v to_o prove_v or_o disprove_v any_o thing_n that_o be_v in_o question_n unless_o the_o disputer_n know_v from_o whence_o to_o fetch_v his_o proof_n the_o four_o part_n of_o my_o book_n treat_v of_o all_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o any_o argument_n be_v to_o be_v fetch_v and_o the_o five_o part_n treat_v of_o argumentation_n and_o of_o all_o the_o kind_n thereof_o teach_v how_o every_o kind_n be_v to_o be_v perform_v the_o six_o and_o last_o part_n treat_v of_o confutation_n show_v how_o all_o sophistical_a argument_n be_v to_o be_v confute_v a_o postscript_n though_o i_o write_v this_o book_n many_o year_n past_a while_o i_o sojourn_v with_o my_o most_o dear_a brother_n in_o law_n m._n william_n hurnell_n a_o man_n of_o most_o singular_a humanity_n and_o of_o great_a hospitality_n at_o his_o house_n in_o winkborne_n in_o nottinghamshire_n not_o far_o from_o southwell_n yet_o notwithstanding_o upon_o diverse_a necessary_a consideration_n as_o i_o think_v since_o that_o time_n move_v i_o thereunto_o i_o still_o stay_v it_o from_o the_o press_n until_o now_o of_o late_a that_o i_o be_v full_o persuade_v by_o diverse_a of_o my_o learned_a friend_n to_o put_v it_o in_o print_n who_o have_v diligent_o peruse_v the_o same_o and_o like_v my_o plain_a order_n of_o teach_v use_v therein_o think_v it_o a_o most_o necessary_a book_n for_o such_o minister_n as_o have_v not_o be_v bring_v up_o in_o any_o university_n to_o many_o of_o which_o minister_n though_o god_n have_v give_v the_o gift_n of_o utterance_n and_o great_a good_a zeal_n to_o set_v forth_o in_o good_a speech_n the_o true_a christian_a doctrine_n yet_o if_o they_o shall_v have_v to_o deal_v with_o subtle_a sophister_n and_o cavil_v schismatic_n whereof_o in_o these_o day_n the_o more_o be_v the_o pity_n there_o be_v too_o many_o they_o be_v not_o able_a without_o the_o help_n of_o logic_n to_o defend_v the_o truth_n of_o god_n word_n and_o orderly_o to_o confute_v such_o false_a conclusion_n as_o perverse_a schismatic_n and_o heretic_n be_v wont_a to_o gather_v out_o of_o the_o very_a word_n of_o holy_a scripture_n wherefore_o through_o my_o say_a friend_n persuasion_n i_o have_v now_o at_o length_n commit_v my_o say_a book_n to_o the_o press_n pray_v all_o those_o that_o shall_v vouchsafe_v to_o read_v it_o as_o thankful_o to_o accept_v the_o same_o as_o of_o my_o part_n it_o be_v friendly_o offer_v vale._n the_o content_n of_o the_o chapter_n contain_v in_o these_o six_o book_n of_o logic_n the_o first_o book_n treat_v of_o a_o question_n and_o of_o word_n both_o singular_a and_o universal_a what_o logic_n be_v of_o what_o part_n it_o consist_v and_o whereto_o such_o part_n do_v serve_v which_o be_v the_o two_o chief_a office_n of_o logic_n and_o wherein_o logic_n be_v chief_o occupy_v that_o be_v in_o discuss_v of_o question_n which_o be_v do_v by_o definition_n division_n and_o argumentation_n chap._n 1._o what_o a_o question_n be_v and_o that_o every_o question_n be_v either_o simple_a or_o compound_n also_o of_o what_o part_v a_o compound_a question_n consist_v that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o two_o part_n call_v the_o subject_n and_o the_o predicate_v and_o what_o those_o term_n do_v signify_v because_o all_o question_n do_v consist_v of_o word_n either_o simple_a or_o compound_n in_o this_o chapter_n be_v set_v down_o three_o principal_a division_n of_o word_n first_o which_o be_v simple_a and_o which_o be_v compound_v second_o which_o be_v of_o the_o first_o intention_n and_o which_o be_v of_o the_o second_o intention_n and_o three_o which_o be_v singular_a call_v in_o latin_a individua_fw-la and_o which_o be_v universal_a chap._n 2._o what_o individuum_fw-la be_v and_o all_o the_o four_o kind_n thereof_o that_o be_v individuum_fw-la determinatum_fw-la individuum_fw-la demonstratiwm_fw-la individuum_fw-la vagum_fw-la and_o individuum_fw-la ex_fw-la hypothesi_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o supposition_n chap._n 3._o of_o universal_a word_n whereof_o some_o be_v call_v predicable_n and_o some_o predicament_n and_o first_o of_o the_o five_o predicable_n that_o be_v genus_fw-la species_n differentia_fw-la proprium_fw-la and_o accidens_fw-la and_o how_o every_o one_o be_v divide_v and_o to_o what_o use_v they_o serve_v but_o first_o of_o species_n and_o then_o of_o the_o rest_n chap._n 4._o of_o predication_n and_o of_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o chap._n 5._o of_o the_o ten_o predicament_n in_o general_a which_o be_v these_o substantia_fw-la quantitas_fw-la qualitas_fw-la relatio_fw-la actio_fw-la passio_fw-la vbi_fw-la quando_fw-la situm_fw-la est_fw-la and_o habere_fw-la chap._n 6._o of_o the_o forepredicament_n and_o show_v
be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v indefinite_a when_o the_o subject_n be_v a_o common_a word_n have_v neither_o universal_a nor_o particular_a sign_n add_v unto_o it_o as_o when_o we_o say_v man_n in_o these_o day_n be_v give_v to_o great_a solly_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v singular_a when_o the_o subject_n be_v some_o individuum_fw-la as_o when_o we_o say_v that_o cicero_n be_v eloquent_a what_o and_o how_o many_o question_n do_v rise_v of_o these_o three_o division_n these_o three_o that_o be_v of_o what_o kind_n of_o what_o quality_n of_o what_o quantity_n in_o latin_a thus_o quae_fw-la qualis_fw-la &_o quanta_fw-la for_o if_o it_o be_v ask_v what_o kind_n of_o proposition_n it_o be_v than_o you_o must_v answer_v that_o it_o be_v either_o categoricall_a or_o hypotheticall_a that_o be_v simple_a or_o compound_n and_o if_o it_o be_v demand_v of_o what_o quality_n it_o be_v than_o you_o must_v answer_v that_o it_o be_v either_o affirmative_a or_o negative_a if_o it_o be_v ask_v of_o what_o quantity_n than_o you_o must_v answer_v that_o it_o be_v either_o universal_a particular_a indefinite_a or_o singular_a chap._n ii_o of_o the_o three_o property_n belong_v to_o a_o simple_a proposition_n which_o be_v those_o these_o opposition_n equivalency_n and_o conversion_n what_o be_v opposition_n it_o be_v the_o repugnancy_n of_o two_o simple_a proposition_n have_v oneself_o subject_a and_o ownself_o predicat_fw-la how_o many_o kind_n of_o opposite_a proposition_n be_v there_o four_o contrary_a subcontrarie_a contradictory_n and_o subalternat_fw-la which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v contrary_a a_o universal_a affirmative_a and_o a_o universal_a negative_a as_o every_o man_n be_v just_a no_o man_n be_v just_a which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v subcontrarie_a a_o particular_a affirmative_a and_o a_o particular_a negative_a as_o some_o man_n be_v just_a some_o man_n be_v not_o just_a which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v contradictory_n either_o a_o universal_a affirmative_a and_o a_o particular_a negative_a or_o else_o a_o universal_a negative_a and_o a_o particular_a affirmative_a as_o every_o man_n be_v just_a and_o some_o man_n be_v not_o just_a or_o no_o man_n be_v just_a some_o man_n be_v just_a which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v subalternat_a either_o a_o universal_a affirmative_a and_o a_o particular_a affirmative_a or_o else_o a_o universal_a negative_a and_o a_o particular_a negative_a as_o every_o man_n be_v just_a and_o some_o man_n be_v just_a no_o man_n be_v just_a and_o some_o man_n be_v not_o just_a all_o which_o kind_n of_o opposite_n you_o may_v the_o better_o remember_v by_o consider_v with_o what_o order_n they_o be_v place_v in_o this_o figure_n follow_v chap._n iii_o of_o the_o law_n and_o condition_n belong_v to_o these_o four_o kind_n of_o opposite_n before_o recite_v and_o of_o the_o diverse_a matter_n of_o a_o proposition_n for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o the_o law_n belong_v to_o the_o opposite_n it_o shall_v be_v necessary_a to_o speak_v somewhat_o of_o the_o matter_n of_o a_o proposition_n whereupon_o the_o say_a law_n do_v partly_o depend_v how_o manifold_a be_v that_o matter_n threefold_o that_o be_v to_o say_v natural_a casual_a and_o remote_a or_o unnatural_a when_o be_v a_o proposition_n say_v to_o consist_v of_o matter_n natural_a when_o the_o predicat_fw-la agree_v with_o his_o subject_n essential_o or_o at_o the_o least_o necessary_o as_o when_o the_o general_a kind_n be_v speak_v of_o his_o special_a kind_n and_o the_o special_a kind_n of_o his_o individuum_n or_o the_o difference_n of_o his_o special_a kind_n or_o the_o property_n of_o his_o subject_n as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n john_n be_v a_o man_n every_o man_n be_v reasonable_a every_o man_n be_v apt_a to_o speak_v when_o be_v a_o proposition_n say_v to_o consist_v of_o matter_n contingent_a when_o the_o predicat_fw-la agree_v with_o his_o subject_n accidental_o so_o as_o it_o may_v either_o be_v or_o not_o be_v as_o john_n be_v learn_v when_o be_v a_o proposition_n say_v to_o consist_v of_o matter_n remote_a or_o unnatural_a when_o the_o predicat_fw-la agree_v no_o manner_n of_o way_n with_o the_o subject_n as_o a_o man_n be_v a_o horse_n a_o man_n be_v a_o stone_n etc._n etc._n what_o be_v the_o law_n of_o contrary_a proposition_n contrary_a proposition_n can_v be_v true_a no_o way_n both_o together_o as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n no_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n but_o they_o may_v be_v both_o false_a and_o special_o consist_v of_o matter_n contingent_a as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v just_a no_o man_n be_v just_a which_o be_v both_o false_a what_o be_v the_o law_n of_o subcontrarie_a proposition_n subcontrarie_a proposition_n consist_v of_o matter_n natural_a can_v be_v both_o false_a at_o once_o as_o some_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n some_o man_n be_v not_o a_o sensible_a body_n but_o consist_v of_o matter_n contingent_a both_o may_v be_v sometime_o true_a as_o some_o man_n be_v just_a some_o man_n be_v not_o just_a what_o be_v the_o law_n of_o contradictory_n proposition_n those_o can_v neither_o be_v true_a nor_o false_a bâ—…th_n at_o once_o for_o if_o one_o be_v true_a the_o other_o must_v needs_o be_v false_a whether_o the_o matter_n be_v natural_a or_o contingent_a as_o every_o man_n be_v just_a some_o mâ—…n_n be_v not_o just_a no_o man_n be_v just_a some_o man_n be_v just_a what_o be_v the_o law_n of_o sub_fw-la alternat_fw-la proposition_n if_o the_o universal_a be_v true_a the_o particular_a must_v needs_o be_v true_a as_o every_o man_n be_v just_a ergo_fw-la some_o man_n be_v just_a but_o not_o contrary_o again_o if_o the_o particular_a be_v false_a the_o universal_a also_o must_v needs_o be_v false_a as_o some_o man_n be_v a_o stone_n every_o man_n be_v a_o stone_n what_o good_a be_v to_o be_v reap_v by_o the_o knowledge_n of_o these_o opposite_n it_o teach_v to_o know_v what_o speech_n be_v repugnant_a one_o to_o another_o and_o thereby_o to_o discern_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n chap._n four_o of_o the_o equivalency_n of_o simple_a proposition_n what_o be_v equivalency_n it_o be_v the_o reconcile_n or_o agree_v of_o two_o proposition_n have_v oneself_o subject_a and_o oneself_o predicate_v in_o such_o sort_n that_o though_o they_o be_v diverse_a in_o word_n yet_o they_o be_v make_v to_o be_v all_o one_o in_o signification_n how_o be_v such_o reconciliation_n make_v by_o the_o help_n of_o sign_n either_o universal_a or_o particular_a that_o be_v of_o like_a value_n and_o equal_a one_o to_o another_o and_o thereby_o make_v the_o speech_n equal_a give_v example_n as_o thus_o who_o know_v not_o this_o to_o be_v true_a every_o man_n know_v this_o to_o be_v true_a there_o be_v none_o but_o that_o know_v this_o to_o be_v true_a all_o these_o be_v of_o like_a value_n and_o do_v signify_v oneself_o thing_n again_o some_o man_n be_v wise_a few_o man_n be_v wise_a all_o man_n be_v not_o wise_a not_o many_o be_v wise_a be_v also_o equivalent_a speech_n the_o schoolman_n do_v give_v diverse_a rule_n touch_v the_o equivalency_n of_o speech_n but_o such_o as_o in_o my_o opinion_n be_v neither_o necessary_a noâ—…_n profitable_a for_o that_o they_o cause_v many_o time_n barbarous_a unusual_a and_o intricate_a speech_n and_o therefore_o i_o think_v good_a hereto_o pass_v they_o over_o with_o silence_n wish_v all_o man_n to_o judge_v the_o equivalency_n of_o speech_n rather_o by_o the_o ear_n and_o by_o custom_n of_o speak_v and_o by_o usual_a manner_n of_o take_v the_o same_o in_o every_o several_a tongue_n or_o language_n then_o by_o any_o rule_n which_o perhaps_o will_v serve_v in_o one_o tongue_n but_o not_o in_o another_o chap._n v._n of_o conversion_n of_o simple_a proposition_n what_o be_v conversion_n it_o be_v the_o change_n or_o turn_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o predicate_v the_o one_o into_o the_o other_o place_n how_o manifold_a be_v such_o conversion_n it_o be_v threefold_a that_o be_v simple_a by_o accident_n and_o by_o contraposition_n what_o be_v simple_a conversion_n it_o be_v that_o whereby_o the_o term_n be_v only_o change_v the_o one_o into_o the_o other_o place_n the_o self_n same_o quantity_n and_o quality_n be_v still_o reserve_v what_o proposition_n be_v convert_v by_o this_o manner_n of_o conversion_n a_o universal_a negative_a and_o particular_a affirmative_a give_v example_n of_o both_o of_o the_o first_o thus_o no_o virtue_n be_v discommendable_a ergo_fw-la no_o discommendable_a thing_n be_v virtue_n of_o the_o second_o thus_o some_o man_n be_v a_o philosopher_n and_o some_o philosopher_n be_v a_o man_n and_o by_o this_o way_n sometime_o universal_a affirmative_n may_v be_v also_o convert_v as_o those_o who_o term_n be_v convertible_a as_o the_o special_a kind_n and_o his_o difference_n or_o property_n as_o every_o man_n be_v reasonable_a and_o every_o reasonable_a thing_n be_v man_n or_o every_o man_n be_v
intricate_a &_o barbarous_a speech_n then_o to_o serve_v to_o any_o other_o good_a purpose_n i_o think_v it_o better_a to_o pass_v they_o over_o with_o silence_n then_o to_o trouble_v your_o memory_n therewith_o wherefore_o leave_v they_o as_o thing_n superfluous_a i_o mind_n now_o to_o treat_v of_o a_o hypotheticall_a or_o compound_a proposition_n &_o of_o all_o the_o necessary_a accident_n thereunto_o belong_v chap._n x._o of_o a_o compound_n or_o hypotheticall_a proposition_n what_o be_v a_o compound_n proposition_n it_o be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o two_o or_o more_o simple_a proposition_n couple_v together_o with_o some_o conjunction_n how_o manifold_a be_v it_o threefold_o conditional_a copulative_a and_o disiunctive_a when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v conditional_a when_o the_o conjunction_n if_o be_v set_v before_o any_o simple_a proposition_n as_o thus_o if_o it_o be_v a_o man_n it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v copulative_a when_o two_o simple_a proposition_n be_v join_v together_o with_o a_o conjunction_n copulative_a as_o god_n be_v true_a and_o man_n be_v a_o liar_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v disiunctive_a when_o two_o simple_a proposition_n be_v join_v together_o with_o a_o conjunction_n disiunctive_a as_o thus_o either_o it_o be_v day_n or_o night_n of_o how_o many_o part_n do_v a_o compound_a proposition_n consist_v of_o two_o that_o be_v of_o the_o antecedent_n and_o of_o the_o consequent_a which_o call_v you_o the_o antecedent_n that_o which_o follow_v next_o after_o the_o conjunction_n as_o thus_o if_o it_o be_v justice_n it_o be_v a_o virtue_n here_o this_o speech_n if_o it_o be_v justice_n be_v the_o antecedent_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o speech_n that_o be_v to_o say_v it_o be_v a_o virtue_n be_v the_o consequent_a and_o so_o it_o shall_v be_v though_o the_o word_n be_v contrary_o place_v as_o thus_o it_o be_v a_o virtue_n if_o it_o be_v justice_n what_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v in_o hypotheticall_a proposition_n these_o first_o whether_o they_o have_v any_o quantity_n or_o quality_n then_o whether_o any_o opposition_n equivalence_n or_o conversion_n do_v belong_v to_o they_o or_o not_o three_o how_o to_o know_v the_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n of_o every_o such_o proposition_n be_v it_o conditional_a copulative_a or_o disiunctive_a and_o first_o as_o touch_v quantity_n they_o have_v none_o at_o all_o for_o quantity_n be_v to_o be_v measure_v by_o sign_n universal_a or_o particular_a which_o be_v only_o incident_a to_o the_o subject_n of_o categoricall_a proposition_n but_o quality_n they_o have_v in_o that_o they_o affirm_v or_o deny_v some_o thing_n by_o reason_n whereof_o there_o may_v be_v contradiction_n in_o hypotheticall_a proposition_n but_o it_o can_v be_v proper_o say_v that_o they_o be_v either_o contrary_a subcontrarie_a or_o subalternat_fw-la for_o that_o they_o be_v without_o quantity_n for_o want_v whereof_o they_o neither_o do_v apt_o admit_v opposition_n equivalence_n or_o conversion_n but_o only_a contradiction_n how_o be_v that_o contradiction_n to_o be_v understand_v by_o reason_n of_o affirmation_n or_o negation_n which_o as_o in_o simple_a proposition_n be_v to_o be_v take_v on_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o verb_n copulative_a and_o not_o of_o the_o subject_n or_o predicate_v so_o in_o compound_a proposition_n it_o be_v to_o be_v take_v on_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o conjunction_n have_v a_o negative_a set_v before_o it_o and_o yet_o not_o of_o every_o conjunction_n but_o only_o of_o that_o conjunction_n conditional_a if_o whereof_o i_o can_v apt_o give_v you_o any_o example_n in_o our_o native_a tongue_n because_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o our_o natural_a and_o usual_a speech_n to_o put_v a_o negative_a before_o the_o conjunction_n if_o and_o therefore_o i_o leave_v to_o speak_v thereof_o any_o further_a and_o to_o say_v the_o truth_n it_o make_v but_o a_o strange_a kind_n of_o speech_n in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n and_o i_o believe_v be_v seldom_o use_v in_o any_o disputation_n as_o to_o say_v thus_o non_fw-la si_fw-la animal_n est_fw-la homo_fw-la est_fw-la or_o non_fw-la si_fw-la lux_fw-la est_fw-la dies_fw-la est_fw-la both_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v negative_a speech_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n before_o give_v because_o the_o negative_a be_v set_v before_o the_o conjunction_n si_fw-mi and_o by_o virtue_n thereof_o as_o the_o schoolman_n say_v make_v the_o whole_a proposition_n to_o be_v negative_a chap._n xi_o of_o the_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n of_o hypotheticall_a proposition_n and_o first_o of_o the_o conditional_a what_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v to_o know_v the_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n of_o conditional_a proposition_n first_o whether_o they_o be_v affirmative_a or_o negative_a for_o in_o the_o affirmative_n it_o suffice_v that_o the_o one_o part_n do_v necessary_o follow_v of_o the_o other_o as_o thus_o if_o it_o be_v a_o man_n it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n and_o it_o make_v no_o matter_n though_o the_o part_n several_o take_v be_v both_o false_a so_o as_o the_o cousequent_a be_v good_a as_o if_o a_o tree_n be_v a_o man_n a_o tree_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n for_o though_o both_o these_o part_n be_v false_a yet_o the_o consequent_a conditional_o be_v true_a for_o a_o conditional_a proposition_n have_v no_o regard_n to_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o part_n but_o only_o that_o the_o consequent_a may_v necessary_o follow_v of_o the_o antecedent_n how_o be_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o negative_a proposition_n to_o be_v know_v by_o the_o consequent_a for_o if_o the_o consequent_a be_v not_o right_o infer_v of_o the_o antecedent_n than_o the_o negative_a be_v true_a as_o thus_o it_o follow_v not_o that_o because_o a_o lion_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n that_o therefore_o a_o lion_n be_v a_o man_n of_o the_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n of_o proposition_n copulative_a when_o be_v a_o copulative_a proposition_n say_v to_o be_v true_a or_o false_a it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v true_a when_o both_o the_o part_n be_v true_a as_o when_o i_o say_v god_n be_v true_a and_o man_n be_v a_o liar_n again_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v false_a when_o either_o one_o part_n or_o both_o part_n be_v false_a as_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n and_o god_n be_v not_o a_o spirit_n here_o because_o the_o first_o part_n be_v true_a and_o the_o second_o part_n false_a the_o whole_a proposition_n be_v say_v to_o be_v false_a it_o be_v say_v also_o to_o be_v false_a when_o both_o part_n be_v false_a as_o thus_o man_n be_v true_a and_o god_n be_v a_o liar_n here_o both_o part_n be_v false_a what_o kind_n of_o proposition_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v refer_v to_o this_o copulative_a those_o which_o they_o call_v temporal_a local_a by_o similitude_n and_o causal_n as_o of_o time_n thus_o when_o a_o penitent_a sinner_n pray_v than_o god_n hear_v he_o of_o place_n thus_o where_o two_o or_o three_o be_v gather_v together_o in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o lord_n he_o be_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o they_o by_o similitude_n thus_o as_o a_o man_n deal_v with_o his_o neighbour_n so_o will_v god_n deal_v with_o he_o of_o the_o cause_n thus_o because_o the_o sun_n shine_v it_o be_v day_n and_o therefore_o certain_a aduerbe_n as_o these_o when_o where_o until_o so_o long_o as_o as_o so_o as_o for_o therefore_o because_o and_o such_o like_a have_v the_o signification_n sometime_o of_o the_o conjunction_n and_o and_o sometime_o of_o the_o conjunction_n if_o of_o the_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n of_o disiunctive_n what_o belong_v proper_o to_o disiunctive_a proposition_n to_o consist_v of_o repugnant_a part_n according_a to_o the_o signification_n of_o conjunction_n disiunctive_a such_o as_o these_o be_v vel_fw-la or_o either_o or_o else_o and_o such_o like_a as_o either_o it_o be_v day_n or_o it_o be_v night_n whereof_o the_o one_o destroy_v the_o other_o for_o if_o the_o one_o be_v the_o other_o can_v not_o be_v and_o therefore_o they_o can_v not_o be_v both_o true_a but_o they_o may_v be_v both_o false_a if_o there_o be_v any_o mean_a betwixt_o the_o two_o contrary_n as_o when_o we_o say_v this_o woman_n be_v either_o white_a or_o black_a both_o these_o be_v false_a if_o she_o be_v brown_a which_o be_v a_o mean_a colour_n betwixt_o white_a and_o black_a but_o the_o late_a writer_n affirm_v the_o disiunctive_a to_o be_v true_a if_o any_o one_o or_o both_o of_o the_o part_n be_v true_a as_o thus_o either_o a_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n or_o else_o a_o tree_n be_v a_o substance_n and_o to_o be_v false_a when_o both_o part_n be_v false_a as_o either_o a_o man_n be_v true_a or_o god_n be_v a_o liar_n the_o end_n of_o the_o three_o book_n of_o logic_n the_o art_n of_o logic_n the_o four_o book_n chap._n i._n of_o place_n though_o immediate_o after_o the_o treatise_n of_o a_o proposition_n the_o old_a man_n be_v wont_a to_o deal_v with_o
and_o of_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o what_o be_v a_o compound_n syllogism_n and_o how_o many_o kind_n thereof_o be_v there_o a_o compound_n syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o compound_a proposition_n whereof_o as_o there_o be_v three_o sort_n so_o they_o make_v three_o kind_n of_o compound_a syllogism_n that_o be_v to_o say_v conditional_a disiunctive_a and_o copulative_a of_o how_o many_o part_n do_v a_o compound_a syllogism_n consist_v of_o three_o as_o well_o as_o a_o simple_a syllogism_n that_o be_v of_o the_o mayor_n contain_v two_o simple_a proposition_n and_o of_o the_o minor_a repeat_v the_o one_o part_n of_o the_o mayor_n and_o of_o the_o conclusion_n conclude_v the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o mayor_n as_o in_o this_o example_n if_o this_o woman_n have_v have_v a_o child_n she_o have_v lie_v with_o a_o man_n but_o she_o have_v have_v a_o child_n ergo_fw-la she_o have_v lie_v with_o a_o man_n how_o be_v the_o truth_n of_o a_o compound_n syllogism_n to_o be_v sound_a out_o by_o reduce_v the_o same_o into_o a_o simple_a syllogism_n thus_o every_o woman_n that_o have_v have_v a_o child_n have_v lie_v with_o a_o man_n but_o this_o woman_n have_v have_v a_o child_n ergo_fw-la she_o have_v lie_v with_o a_o man_n be_v there_o no_o other_o kind_n of_o compound_a syllogism_n no_o if_o you_o consider_v the_o order_n of_o conclude_v there_o be_v but_o three_o kind_n or_o way_n that_o be_v to_o say_v conditional_a disiunctive_a and_o copulative_a but_o if_o you_o consider_v the_o variety_n in_o utter_v such_o syllogism_n you_o may_v make_v seven_o sort_n or_o way_n whereof_o three_o appertain_v to_o the_o conditional_a two_o to_o the_o disiunctive_a and_o two_o to_o the_o copulative_a which_o be_v the_o first_o way_n the_o first_o way_n be_v of_o the_o antecedent_n which_o be_v grant_v the_o consequent_a must_v needs_o follow_v both_o affirmative_o and_o negative_o affirmative_o thus_o if_o he_o be_v godly_a he_o be_v bless_v he_o be_v godly_a therefore_o bless_v negative_o thus_o if_o he_o be_v not_o godly_a he_o shall_v not_o be_v bless_v but_o he_o be_v not_o godly_a ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o bless_v which_o be_v the_o secondway_n the_o second_o way_n be_v of_o the_o consequent_a which_o fail_v the_o antecedent_n must_v also_o needs_o fail_v as_o thus_o if_o he_o be_v wise_a he_o be_v sree_a but_o he_o be_v not_o free_a ergo_fw-la not_o wise_a which_o be_v the_o three_o way_n the_o three_o way_n be_v when_o by_o grant_v the_o antecedent_n the_o consequent_a fail_v as_o thus_o if_o he_o be_v not_o wise_a he_o be_v wretched_a but_o he_o be_v wise_a ergo_fw-la not_o wretched_a which_o be_v the_o four_o way_n the_o four_o way_n be_v when_o the_o former_a part_n of_o the_o mayor_n proposition_n disiunctive_a be_v put_v the_o latter_a part_n be_v clean_o take_v away_o as_o thus_o he_o be_v either_o good_a or_o evil_n but_o he_o be_v good_a ergo_fw-la not_o evil_a which_o be_v the_o five_o way_n the_o five_o way_n be_v when_o the_o former_a part_n of_o the_o disiunctive_a be_v take_v away_o the_o latter_a part_n must_v needs_o stand_v as_o thus_o he_o be_v either_o good_a or_o evil_n but_o he_o be_v not_o good_a ergo_fw-la he_o be_v evil_a for_o all_o syllogism_n disiunctive_a be_v make_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o part_n repugnant_a whereof_o there_o can_v be_v no_o more_o but_o one_o true_a part_n which_o be_v the_o six_o way_n the_o six_o way_n be_v by_o put_v a_o negative_a before_o the_o conjunction_n copulative_a so_o as_o it_o make_v the_o antecedent_n to_o stand_v and_o take_v away_o the_o consequent_a as_o thus_o he_o be_v not_o both_o wise_a and_o wretched_a but_o he_o be_v wise_a ergo_fw-la not_o wretched_a which_o be_v the_o seven_o way_n the_o seven_o way_n be_v when_o the_o negative_a be_v place_v in_o like_a manner_n before_o the_o conjunction_n copulative_a but_o yet_o so_o as_o the_o antecedent_n be_v take_v away_o the_o consequent_a do_v stand_v as_o thus_o he_o be_v not_o both_o wise_a and_o wretched_a but_o he_o be_v not_o wise_a ergo_fw-la wretched_a chap._n xvi_o of_o a_o consequent_a and_o by_o what_o mean_n and_o rule_v the_o goodness_n thereof_o be_v to_o be_v know_v but_o since_o the_o goodness_n of_o a_o hypotheticall_a syllogism_n depend_v upon_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o consequent_a it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o treat_v here_o of_o a_o consequent_a and_o first_o to_o define_v what_o it_o be_v and_o to_o show_v how_o it_o be_v divide_v what_o be_v a_o consequent_a a_o consequent_a be_v a_o speech_n consist_v of_o such_o part_n as_o do_v follow_v one_o another_o and_o be_v join_v together_o with_o some_o rational_a that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o infer_v or_o employ_v conjunction_n as_o ergo_fw-la then_o therefore_o and_o such_o like_a how_o many_o part_n be_v requisite_a in_o a_o consequent_a three_o that_o be_v the_o antecedent_n the_o consequent_a and_o the_o infer_v sign_n or_o note_n for_o of_o these_o three_o part_n every_o consequent_a consist_v how_o be_v it_o divide_v into_o two_o that_o be_v good_a and_o evil_a again_o the_o good_a be_v divide_v into_o two_o that_o be_v formal_n and_o material_a when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v formal_a when_o the_o antecedent_n be_v true_a the_o consequent_a do_v necessary_o follow_v thereof_o as_o when_o i_o say_v this_o woman_n have_v have_v a_o child_n ergo_fw-la she_o have_v lie_v with_o a_o man_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v material_a when_o the_o consequent_a do_v not_o of_o necessity_n but_o casual_o follow_v the_o antecedent_n be_v true_a as_o socrates_n walk_v abroad_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v fair_a weather_n whereupon_o do_v the_o goodness_n of_o a_o consequent_a chief_o depend_v it_o depend_v not_o so_o much_o of_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o antecedent_n and_o of_o the_o consequent_a as_o of_o the_o necessary_a connexion_n or_o knit_v of_o they_o together_o and_o if_o the_o same_o be_v in_o form_n of_o a_o syllogism_n it_o require_v also_o the_o precept_n of_o mood_n and_o figure_n before_o teach_v to_o be_v observe_v how_o else_o shall_v a_o man_n know_v whether_o a_o consequent_a be_v good_a or_o not_o by_o examine_v the_o same_o with_o the_o maxim_n or_o general_a rule_n of_o the_o place_n whereof_o some_o do_v yield_v proof_n or_o cause_n necessary_a some_o probable_a and_o some_o only_a conjectural_a what_o rule_n do_v the_o schoolman_n set_v down_o to_o know_v a_o good_a consequent_a they_o set_v down_o some_o more_o some_o less_o but_o caesarius_n only_o recite_v two_o which_o be_v these_o the_o first_o be_v if_o a_o consequent_a do_v necessary_o follow_v of_o his_o antecedent_n than_o the_o contrary_a of_o the_o antecedent_n must_v needs_o necessary_o follow_v the_o contrary_a of_o the_o consequent_a as_o for_o example_n because_o this_o be_v a_o good_a consequent_a to_o say_v it_o be_v a_o man_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n it_o be_v a_o good_a conquent_n to_o say_v it_o be_v no_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v no_o man_n the_o reason_n thereof_o be_v because_o the_o contrary_a of_o the_o consequent_a and_o the_o antecedent_n can_v be_v both_o true_a together_o but_o one_o of_o they_o must_v needs_o be_v false_a the_o second_o rule_n be_v that_o whatsoever_o follow_v upon_o a_o good_a consequent_a must_v needs_o also_o follow_v upon_o the_o antecedent_n thereof_o as_o for_o example_n if_o it_o be_v a_o good_a consequent_a to_o say_v it_o be_v a_o man_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n you_o may_v aswell_o say_v if_o it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o substance_n and_o since_o that_o a_o sensible_a body_n be_v a_o substance_n you_o may_v therefore_o aswell_o conclude_v that_o a_o man_n be_v a_o substance_n to_o these_o rule_v you_o may_v add_v also_o the_o three_o which_o be_v that_o of_o true_a thing_n nothing_o can_v follow_v but_o truth_n but_o of_o false_a thing_n sometime_o that_o which_o be_v false_a and_o sometime_o that_o which_o be_v true_a as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o and_o yet_o such_o truth_n follow_v not_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o false_a premise_n but_o because_o the_o conclusion_n or_o consequent_a be_v a_o true_a proposition_n of_o itself_o as_o in_o this_o example_n every_o sensible_a body_n be_v a_o tree_n but_o every_o peartree_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la every_o peartree_n be_v a_o tree_n chap._n xvii_o of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a hitherto_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o a_o syllogism_n according_a to_o the_o first_o three_o of_o the_o four_o division_n thereof_o before_o mention_v for_o if_o you_o remember_v well_o we_o say_v that_o according_a to_o the_o first_o division_n a_o syllogism_n be_v either_o categoricall_a or_o hypotheticall_a according_a to_o the_o second_o division_n either_o common_a or_o expository_n according_a to_o the_o three_o
a_o syllogism_n consist_v and_o how_o many_o such_o figure_n there_o be_v and_o when_o a_o syllogism_n be_v say_v to_o conclude_v direct_o or_o indirect_o it_o show_v also_o how_o many_o mood_n do_v belong_v to_o every_o figure_n and_o how_o they_o be_v name_v and_o final_o what_o the_o four_o vowel_n a_o e_o i_o o_o do_v signify_v in_o any_o such_o mood_n or_o vocable_n of_o art_n chap._n 4._o certain_a rule_n aswell_o general_a as_o special_a belong_v to_o the_o three_o figure_n chap._n 5._o example_n of_o the_o four_o perfect_a mood_n belong_v to_o the_o first_o figure_n chap._n 6._o example_n of_o the_o five_o unperfect_a mood_n belong_v to_o the_o first_o figure_n chap._n 7._o example_n of_o four_o mood_n belong_v to_o the_o second_o figure_n chap._n 8._o example_n of_o the_o six_o mood_n belong_v to_o the_o three_o figure_n chap._n 9_o of_o a_o syllogism_n expositorie_n sâ—…ewing_v why_o it_o be_v so_o call_v cha._n 10._o answer_v to_o a_o objection_n concern_v the_o three_o figure_n and_o mood_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o chap._n 11._o of_o reduction_n and_o of_o the_o kind_n thereof_o and_o also_o of_o the_o signification_n of_o certain_a consonant_n in_o the_o word_n of_o art_n serve_v to_o reduction_n chap._n 12._o of_o reduction_n by_o impossibility_n show_v unto_o which_o of_o the_o perfect_a mood_n every_o unperfect_a mood_n be_v to_o be_v reduce_v by_o impossibility_n chap._n 13._o of_o a_o syllogism_n make_v in_o oblique_a case_n and_o of_o the_o six_o ability_n and_o three_o defect_n of_o a_o syllogism_n chap._n 14._o of_o a_o compound_n syllogism_n show_v that_o it_o be_v threefold_a that_o be_v conditional_a copulative_a and_o disiâ—…nctive_a and_o that_o the_o truth_n of_o a_o compound_n syllogism_n be_v to_o be_v find_v out_o by_o reduce_v the_o same_o into_o a_o simple_a syllogism_n chap._n 15._o of_o a_o consequent_a show_v what_o it_o be_v and_o of_o how_o many_o part_n it_o consist_v and_o how_o it_o be_v divide_v also_o by_o what_o mean_n and_o by_o what_o rule_v the_o goodness_n of_o a_o consequent_a be_v to_o be_v know_v chap._n 16._o of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a show_v what_o it_o be_v and_o of_o what_o manner_n of_o proposition_n it_o consist_v which_o proposition_n be_v here_o define_v it_o show_v also_o the_o three_o property_n belong_v to_o the_o predicate_a and_o subject_a of_o a_o demonstrative_a proposition_n and_o also_o show_v whaâ—…_n definition_n aristotle_n make_v of_o demonstration_n and_o it_o define_v what_o science_n be_v and_o thereby_o give_v example_n of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a chap._n 17._o of_o the_o three_o thing_n whereon_o depend_v the_o certainty_n of_o man_n knowledge_n that_o be_v universal_a experience_n principle_n and_o man_n natural_a knowledge_n in_o judge_v of_o consequent_n show_v how_o principle_n be_v define_v by_o aristotle_n and_o how_o they_o be_v divide_v by_o the_o schoolman_n chap._n 18._o that_o the_o schoolman_n do_v divide_v demonstration_n into_o two_o kind_n that_o be_v either_o perfect_a or_o unperfect_a wherein_o be_v declare_v what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o either_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n chap._n 19_o of_o science_n opinion_n ignorance_n wiâ—…_n and_o the_o four_o sciential_a question_n chap._n 20._o of_o a_o syllogism_n dialecticall_a show_v what_o it_o be_v and_o of_o what_o kind_n of_o proposition_n it_o be_v make_v and_o what_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v probable_a again_o it_o show_v how_o the_o schoolman_n do_v make_v the_o matter_n whereof_o a_o syllogism_n consist_v to_o be_v twofold_a that_o be_v materia_fw-la remota_fw-la and_o materia_fw-la propanqua_fw-la and_o what_o each_o matter_n contain_v and_o final_o it_o show_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n a_o '_o problem_n and_o a_o position_n chap._n 21._o of_o a_o sophistical_a syllogism_n show_v what_o it_o be_v and_o that_o it_o may_v be_v false_a three_o manner_n of_o way_n also_o in_o this_o chapter_n be_v declare_v another_o kind_n of_o false_a syllogism_n call_v syllogismus_fw-la falsigraphus_fw-la chap._n 22._o of_o induction_n show_v what_o it_o be_v and_o what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v therein_o and_o that_o it_o be_v twofold_a that_o be_v perfect_a and_o unperfect_a chap._n 23._o of_o a_o enthimeme_n show_v what_o it_o be_v of_o what_o part_n it_o consist_v and_o from_o whence_o that_o kind_n of_o argument_n be_v to_o be_v fetch_v chap._n 24._o of_o a_o example_n show_v what_o it_o be_v and_o wherein_o it_o differ_v from_o all_o the_o other_o form_n of_o argument_n and_o to_o what_o end_v it_o serve_v and_o what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o reason_v thereby_o and_o final_o from_o what_o place_n such_o argument_n be_v to_o be_v fetch_v chap._n 25._o of_o a_o argument_n call_v sorite_n show_v how_o it_o proceed_v and_o wherein_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o argument_n of_o the_o rhetorician_n call_v gradatio_fw-la chap._n 26._o of_o diverse_a other_o kind_n of_o captious_a argument_n and_o first_o of_o dilemma_n show_v of_o what_o part_n it_o consist_v and_o how_o many_o kind_n of_o captious_a argument_n it_o comprehend_v which_o be_v these_o four_o that_o be_v certains_fw-fr or_o horn_a argument_n crocodelite_n assistatons_n and_o pseudomenon_n every_o one_o of_o which_o be_v here_o define_v and_o example_n give_v thereof_o chap._n 27._o of_o a_o argument_n call_v enumeratio_fw-la show_v what_o it_o be_v and_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v confute_v chap._n 28._o of_o a_o argument_n call_v simplex_n conclusio_fw-la show_v what_o it_o be_v chap._n 29._o of_o a_o argument_n call_v subiectio_fw-la show_v what_o it_o be_v and_o that_o it_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o enumeratio_fw-la before_o describe_v chap._n 30._o of_o a_o argument_n call_v oppositio_fw-la make_v of_o part_n repugnant_a chap._n 31._o of_o a_o argument_n call_v violatio_fw-la which_o be_v more_o meet_a to_o confute_v then_o to_o prove_v chap._n 32._o the_o six_z book_n treat_v of_o confutation_n confutation_n be_v twofold_a whereof_o the_o one_o belong_v to_o the_o person_n the_o other_o to_o the_o matter_n and_o that_o of_o matter_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n that_o be_v general_n and_o special_a and_o the_o general_a confutation_n be_v do_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v either_o by_o deny_v the_o consequent_a by_o make_v distinction_n or_o else_o by_o instance_n any_o of_o which_o three_o way_n when_o it_o be_v to_o be_v use_v be_v here_o set_v down_o chap._n 1._o of_o special_a confutation_n show_v how_o it_o be_v do_v and_o what_o order_n aristotle_n observe_v in_o treat_v of_o special_a confutation_n who_o order_n be_v brief_o here_o set_v down_o and_o first_o of_o a_o elench_v chap._n 2._o of_o disputation_n and_o show_v how_o manisold_a it_o be_v chap._n 3._o five_o mark_n of_o sophâ—…strie_n that_o be_v repâ—…ehensio_n absurdum_fw-la paradoxis_fw-la solecismus_fw-la and_o nugatio_fw-la with_o their_o example_n chap._n 4._o there_o be_v thirteen_o fallax_n whereof_o six_o do_v consist_v in_o word_n and_o seven_o in_o thing_n and_o first_o it_o treat_v of_o the_o six_o fallax_n consist_v in_o word_n and_o show_v how_o to_o confute_v the_o same_o chap._n 5._o of_o the_o seven_o fallax_n consist_v in_o thing_n and_o shâ—…weth_v by_o example_n how_o to_o confute_v the_o same_o chap._n 6._o the_o art_n of_o logic_n the_o first_o book_n chap._n i._n of_o the_o art_n of_o logic_n and_o of_o the_o part_n and_o office_n thereof_o what_o be_v logic_n logic_n be_v a_o art_n which_o teach_v we_o to_o dispute_v probable_o on_o both_o side_n of_o any_o matter_n that_o be_v propound_v of_o what_o and_o how_o many_o part_n do_v it_o consist_v of_o two_o that_o be_v invention_n and_o judgement_n whereto_o serve_v these_o part_n invention_n find_v out_o meet_a matter_n to_o prove_v the_o thing_n that_o you_o intend_v and_o judgement_n examine_v the_o matter_n whether_o it_o be_v good_a or_o not_o and_o then_o frame_v dispose_v and_o reduce_v the_o same_o into_o due_a form_n of_o argument_n what_o be_v the_o chief_a end_n or_o office_n of_o logic_n the_o chief_a end_n or_o office_n of_o logic_n be_v twofold_a the_o one_o to_o discuss_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n in_o any_o manner_n of_o speech_n the_o other_o be_v to_o teach_v a_o compendious_a way_n to_o attain_v to_o any_o art_n or_o science_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v define_v of_o some_o to_o be_v the_o art_n of_o art_n and_o science_n of_o science_n not_o for_o that_o it_o teach_v the_o principle_n of_o every_o art_n or_o science_n for_o those_o be_v to_o be_v learn_v of_o the_o professor_n of_o such_o art_n or_o science_n but_o because_o it_o show_v the_o method_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o true_a order_n and_o right_a way_n that_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o seek_v to_o come_v to_o the_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o any_o art_n or_o science_n of_o which_o methodical_a part_n
my_o old_a friend_n m._n jacomo_n acontio_n tridentino_n have_v write_v in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n a_o very_a proper_a and_o profitable_a treatise_n and_o therefore_o i_o mind_n here_o to_o deal_v only_o with_o the_o first_o office_n which_o be_v to_o discuss_v and_o to_o discern_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n in_o any_o speech_n or_o question_n that_o be_v propound_v how_o be_v that_o to_o be_v do_v by_o three_o special_a instrument_n that_o be_v by_o definition_n division_n and_o argumentation_n whereof_o we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o in_o their_o proper_a place_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n because_o question_n be_v the_o matter_n wherein_o logic_n be_v chief_o occupy_v we_o will_v speak_v first_o of_o a_o question_n chap._n ii_o of_o a_o question_n and_o of_o certain_a division_n of_o word_n what_o be_v a_o question_n a_o question_n be_v a_o speech_n where_o of_o some_o doubt_n be_v make_v and_o utter_v with_o some_o interrogatory_n as_o how_o what_o or_o whether_o and_o such_o question_n be_v either_o simple_a or_o compound_v which_o call_v you_o simple_a and_o which_o compound_n it_o be_v call_v simple_a when_o the_o question_n consist_v only_o of_o one_o word_n as_o when_o i_o ask_v what_o justice_n be_v or_o what_o fortitude_n be_v and_o such_o like_a and_o be_v to_o be_v discuss_v by_o define_v and_o divide_v the_o same_o it_o be_v call_v compound_n when_o it_o consist_v of_o many_o word_n join_v together_o by_o rule_n of_o grammar_n to_o make_v some_o perfect_a sentence_n as_o when_o i_o ask_v whether_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o the_o christian_n to_o make_v war_n upon_o the_o turk_n or_o not_o and_o such_o like_a question_n which_o be_v to_o be_v discuss_v by_o argue_v and_o reason_v on_o both_o side_n for_o definition_n division_n and_o argumentation_n as_o i_o say_v before_o be_v the_o three_o especial_a instrument_n whereby_o logic_n find_v out_o the_o truth_n in_o any_o doubtful_a matter_n of_o what_o part_n do_v a_o compound_a question_n consist_v of_o two_o that_o be_v the_o subject_n and_o the_o predicate_v what_o mean_v you_o by_o these_o word_n subject_a and_o predicate_v the_o subject_n be_v the_o word_n or_o sentence_n whereof_o another_o word_n or_o sentence_n call_v the_o predicate_a be_v speak_v as_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n here_o this_o word_n man_n be_v the_o subject_n and_o sensible_a body_n be_v the_o predicate_a or_o each_o of_o they_o may_v contain_v many_o word_n as_o this_o to_o be_v learn_v in_o the_o law_n requireâ—…h_v a_o long_a study_n here_o to_o be_v learn_v in_o the_o law_n be_v the_o subject_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v the_o predicate_a how_o shall_v i_o know_v in_o long_a speech_n and_o special_o be_v preposterous_o set_v which_o be_v the_o subject_n and_o which_o be_v the_o predicate_v by_o ask_v this_o question_n who_o or_o what_o for_o that_o which_o answer_v to_o this_o question_n be_v always_o the_o subject_n as_o in_o this_o example_n it_o be_v meet_v to_o learn_v my_o grammar_n perfect_o before_o i_o enter_v into_o my_o logic_n here_o if_o you_o ask_v what_o be_v meet_v you_o shall_v find_v that_o to_o learn_v my_o grammar_n perfect_o be_v the_o subject_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n to_o be_v the_o predicate_a and_o note_v that_o these_o two_o word_n subject_a and_o predicate_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o term_n limit_n or_o extreme_a bound_n of_o a_o proposition_n whereof_o we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o sith_o every_o question_n do_v consist_v of_o word_n i_o think_v it_o be_v necessary_a to_o show_v how_o word_n be_v divide_v of_o word_n the_o schoolman_n make_v diverse_a and_o manifold_a division_n of_o which_o i_o mind_n here_o to_o recite_v but_o three_o only_a whereof_o the_o first_o be_v this_o of_o word_n some_o be_v simple_a which_o they_o call_v incomplexa_fw-la and_o some_o be_v compound_v which_o they_o call_v complexa_fw-la simple_n or_o single_a word_n be_v such_o as_o be_v sole_a or_o sever_a one_o from_o another_o not_o make_v any_o sentence_n as_o man_n horse_n wolf_n the_o compound_n be_v word_n join_v orderly_o together_o by_o rule_n of_o grammar_n to_o make_v some_o perfect_a sentence_n as_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n and_o hereof_o the_o question_n be_v say_v to_o be_v either_o simple_a or_o compound_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o what_o be_v the_o second_o division_n of_o word_n of_o word_n some_o be_v of_o the_o first_o intention_n and_o some_o of_o the_o second_o which_o be_v they_o word_n of_o the_o first_o intention_n be_v those_o whereby_o any_o thing_n be_v signify_v or_o name_v by_o the_o purpose_n and_o meaning_n of_o the_o first_o author_n or_o inventor_n thereof_o in_o any_o speech_n or_o language_n whatsoever_o it_o be_v as_o the_o beast_n whereon_o we_o common_o ride_v be_v call_v in_o english_a a_o horse_n in_o latin_a equus_n in_o italian_a cavallo_n in_o french_a cheval_n word_n of_o the_o second_o intention_n be_v term_n of_o art_n as_o a_o noun_n pronoune_n veâ—…be_n or_o participle_n be_v term_n of_o grammar_n likewise_o genus_fw-la species_n proprium_fw-la and_o such_o like_a be_v term_n of_o logic_n what_o be_v the_o three_o division_n of_o word_n of_o word_n some_o be_v call_v individua_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v particular_a or_o rather_o singular_a and_o some_o be_v call_v vniversalia_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v universal_a common_a or_o general_a chap._n iii_o of_o singular_a and_o most_o particular_a word_n call_v individua_fw-la what_o be_v individuum_fw-la individuum_fw-la be_v that_o which_o signify_v but_o one_o thing_n only_o and_o can_v be_v apply_v but_o to_o one_o thing_n only_o as_o this_o name_n john_n or_o robert_n signify_v but_o one_o certain_a man_n and_o not_o many_o how_o many_o kind_n of_o individuum_n be_v there_o four_o that_o be_v individuum_fw-la determinatum_fw-la individuum_fw-la demonstratiwm_fw-la individuum_fw-la vagum_fw-la and_o individuum_fw-la ex_fw-la hypothesi_fw-la what_o be_v individuum_fw-la determinatum_fw-la individuum_fw-la determinatum_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v certain_a or_o determine_v be_v the_o proper_a name_n of_o some_o one_o certain_a thing_n whatsoever_o it_o be_v as_o john_n or_o thomas_n be_v the_o proper_a name_n of_o some_o or_o one_o man_n again_o bucephalus_n be_v the_o proper_a name_n of_o great_a alexander_n his_o horse_n and_o london_n be_v the_o proper_a name_n of_o the_o chief_a city_n in_o england_n what_o be_v individuum_fw-la demonstratiwm_fw-la individuum_fw-la demonstratiwm_fw-la which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v as_o show_v or_o point_v be_v a_o common_a word_n or_o name_n join_v with_o a_o pronoune_n demonstrative_a to_o signify_v some_o one_o certain_a thing_n only_o as_o when_o we_o say_v this_o man_n or_o that_o horse_n and_o individuum_n demonstrative_a be_v more_o ready_a to_o signify_v particular_a thing_n as_o well_o in_o accident_n as_o in_o substance_n then_o be_v individua_fw-la determinata_fw-la for_o this_o or_o that_o and_o such_o like_a pronoun_n do_v point_n out_o a_o thing_n as_o it_o be_v with_o the_o finger_n when_o proper_a name_n oftentimes_o do_v fail_v yea_o the_o pronoune_n demonstrative_a be_v of_o such_o force_n as_o be_v join_v to_o the_o most_o general_a word_n that_o be_v make_v it_o individuum_fw-la as_o well_o as_o when_o it_o be_v join_v to_o the_o most_o especial_a for_o this_o substance_n or_o this_o body_n be_v individuum_fw-la as_o well_o as_o this_o man_n or_o that_o horse_n what_o be_v individuum_fw-la vagum_fw-la individuum_fw-la vagum_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v wander_a or_o uncertain_a be_v a_o word_n betoken_v some_o one_o certain_a thing_n but_o not_o certain_o as_o when_o i_o say_v there_o be_v a_o certain_a man_n here_o to_o seek_v you_o by_o this_o speech_n be_v mean_v but_o one_o man_n and_o yet_o uncertain_a who_o it_o be_v and_o therefore_o to_o make_v the_o thing_n more_o certain_a we_o use_v to_o add_v some_o token_n or_o mark_n as_o we_o read_v in_o the_o act_n of_o the_o apostle_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a man_n which_o be_v halt_v and_o lame_a from_o his_o mother_n womb_n who_o they_o lay_v daily_o before_o the_o gate_n of_o the_o temple_n etc._n etc._n and_o note_v that_o like_a as_o we_o do_v use_v individua_fw-la demonstrativa_fw-la &_o determinata_fw-la in_o declare_v thing_n either_o present_a or_o certain_o know_v so_o in_o speak_v of_o thing_n absent_a or_o uncertain_o know_v we_o express_v our_o mind_n oftentimes_o by_o individua_fw-la vaga_fw-la what_o be_v individuum_fw-la ex_fw-la hypothesi_fw-la individuum_fw-la ex_fw-la hypothesi_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o supposition_n be_v a_o word_n which_o of_o his_o own_o natural_a signification_n be_v common_a and_o universal_a be_v make_v notwithstanding_o by_o supposition_n a_o singular_a word_n and_o to_o signify_v but_o one_o thing_n only_o as_o for_o example_n this_o word_n the_o son_n of_o marie_n be_v a_o common_a term_n and_o yet_o by_o supposition_n be_v
in_o this_o life_n to_o fly_v vice_n and_o to_o embrace_v virtue_n from_o whence_o all_o good_a action_n do_v spring_n logical_o thus_o every_o man_n shall_v render_v account_n at_o the_o last_o day_n of_o all_o his_o deed_n both_o good_a and_o bad_a and_o shall_v receive_v a_o just_a reward_n according_a to_o the_o same_o ergo_fw-la every_o man_n while_o he_o live_v in_o this_o world_n aught_o to_o fly_v vice_n and_o to_o embrace_v virtue_n from_o the_o cause_n efficient_a sigh_v man_n be_v create_v by_o god_n the_o creator_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o author_n of_o all_o goodness_n excellency_n and_o virtue_n and_o be_v form_v according_a to_o the_o very_a image_n and_o likeness_n of_o god_n it_o behove_v man_n therefore_o to_o imitate_v his_o creator_n and_o by_o lead_v a_o godly_a and_o virtuous_a life_n to_o show_v that_o he_o be_v somewhat_o like_o he_o though_o not_o able_a in_o all_o thing_n to_o attain_v to_o the_o perfection_n of_o so_o perfect_a a_o pattern_n logical_o thus_o god_n the_o cause_n efficient_a be_v good_a therefore_o man_n be_v the_o effect_n aught_o to_o be_v good_a from_o the_o end_n the_o prophet_n and_o apostle_n inspire_v with_o the_o holy_a ghost_n author_n of_o all_o truth_n by_o many_o their_o write_n do_v testify_v that_o the_o greatness_n and_o excellency_n of_o that_o blessedness_n whereunto_o man_n be_v create_v be_v such_o as_o no_o man_n be_v able_a to_o express_v with_o tongue_n nor_o in_o his_o heart_n or_o mind_n to_o conceive_v the_o same_o wherefore_o since_o man_n be_v create_v to_o such_o exceed_a great_a blessedness_n it_o behove_v he_o to_o embrace_v virtue_n which_o be_v the_o very_a mean_a and_o way_n to_o bring_v he_o to_o that_o blessedness_n logical_o thus_o sith_o most_o glorious_a blessedness_n be_v the_o end_n of_o man_n man_n therefore_o ought_v to_o embrace_v virtue_n that_o he_o may_v attain_v to_o that_o end_n what_o argument_n be_v to_o be_v gather_v on_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o from_o what_o place_n these_o that_o follow_v and_o such_o like_a and_o first_o from_o the_o definition_n thus_o from_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o predicate_a sigh_v virtue_n be_v a_o moral_a habit_n whereby_o man_n will_n and_o all_o his_o action_n be_v always_o direct_v to_o god_n and_o govern_v according_a to_o true_a judgement_n and_o thereby_o be_v make_v most_o acceptable_a both_o to_o god_n and_o man_n man_n therefore_o ought_v to_o embrace_v virtue_n from_o whence_o such_o noble_a fruit_n do_v spring_n logical_o thus_o man_n ought_v to_o love_v that_o habit_n from_o whence_o all_o honest_a action_n do_v spring_v therefore_o man_n ought_v to_o love_v virtue_n from_o the_o description_n man_n ought_v with_o all_o endeavour_n to_o follow_v that_o thing_n whereby_o he_o may_v attain_v not_o a_o vain_a and_o transitory_a glory_n but_o a_o true_a and_o everlasting_a glory_n and_o thereby_o to_o be_v make_v acceptable_a both_o to_o god_n and_o man_n wherefore_o man_n ought_v to_o embrace_v virtue_n from_o whence_o such_o glory_n spring_v logical_o thus_o that_o thing_n be_v worthy_a to_o be_v belove_v of_o man_n which_o get_v he_o everlasting_a glory_n therefore_o virtue_n be_v worthy_a to_o be_v belove_v from_o the_o etymology_n sigh_v virtue_n if_o you_o diligent_o consider_v and_o weigh_v the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n be_v none_o other_o thing_n but_o a_o noble_a affection_n of_o the_o mind_n of_o great_a excellency_n and_o most_o meet_a for_o man_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o those_o which_o leave_v so_o precious_a a_o thing_n do_v set_v their_o whole_a delight_n in_o seek_v after_o worldly_a riches_n and_o bodily_a pleasure_n be_v much_o deceive_v and_o do_v great_o offend_v logical_o thus_o such_o excellency_n as_o be_v most_o meet_v for_o man_n become_v man_n best_a therefore_o virtue_n become_v he_o best_o from_o the_o general_a kind_a sigh_v it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o man_n ought_v with_o all_o diligence_n to_o seek_v after_o those_o habit_n whereby_o humane_a nature_n be_v best_a adorn_v and_o make_v most_o perfect_a and_o that_o virtue_n among_o such_o habit_n be_v the_o chiese_n because_o that_o thereby_o the_o mind_n of_o man_n be_v teach_v to_o know_v what_o truth_n be_v and_o his_o will_n thereby_o be_v always_o incline_v to_o honest_a and_o laudable_a action_n man_n therefore_o ought_v with_o all_o his_o power_n and_o endeavour_n to_o embrace_v virtue_n logical_o thus_o man_n ought_v chief_o to_o love_v those_o habit_n whereby_o his_o nature_n be_v make_v perfect_a therefore_o man_n ought_v to_o love_v virtue_n from_o the_o special_a kind_a it_o be_v most_o meet_a yea_o most_o necessary_a for_o all_o man_n to_o love_v fortitude_n and_o temperance_n for_o by_o temperance_n man_n will_n be_v bridle_v and_o keep_v from_o all_o evil_a lust_n and_o affection_n and_o by_o fortitude_n he_o be_v make_v free_a from_o fear_n of_o death_n and_o as_o without_o temperance_n man_n life_n can_v be_v honest_a so_o without_o fortitude_n his_o death_n can_v be_v commendable_a wherefore_o it_o plain_o appear_v how_o necessary_a a_o thing_n it_o be_v for_o a_o man_n to_o embrace_v virtue_n as_o that_o which_o chief_o make_v his_o life_n honest_a and_o laudable_a and_o his_o death_n glorious_a and_o honourable_a logical_o thus_o a_o man_n ought_v to_o love_v fortitude_n and_o temperance_n ergo_fw-la he_o ought_v to_o love_v virtue_n from_o the_o corruption_n of_o the_o subject_n the_o destruction_n of_o virtue_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o most_o grievous_a evil_n for_o the_o light_n of_o virtue_n be_v extinct_a the_o mind_n be_v immediate_o wrap_v in_o such_o darkness_n as_o it_o can_v see_v nor_o discern_v what_o be_v honest_a what_o be_v profitable_a or_o what_o be_v hurtful_a by_o mean_n whereof_o man_n fall_v into_o most_o filthy_a vice_n which_o do_v so_o infect_v and_o corrupt_v the_o life_n of_o man_n as_o it_o become_v most_o detestable_a both_o to_o god_n and_o man_n whereby_o it_o plain_o appear_v how_o noble_a a_o thing_n virtue_n be_v and_o with_o what_o love_n and_o diligence_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v embrace_v of_o all_o man_n logical_o thus_o the_o destruction_n of_o virtue_n be_v evil_a therefore_o virtue_n be_v good_a and_o worthy_a to_o be_v belove_v from_o the_o use_n of_o the_o subject_n the_o use_n of_o virtue_n make_v man_n life_n commendable_a holy_a glorious_a and_o acceptable_a both_o to_o god_n and_o man_n than_o which_o nothing_o can_v be_v in_o this_o world_n more_o to_o be_v desire_v of_o man_n wherefore_o it_o manifest_o appear_v that_o virtue_n be_v so_o noble_a a_o thing_n as_o all_o man_n ought_v to_o bestow_v all_o their_o study_n labour_n and_o care_n in_o obtain_v the_o same_o logical_o thus_o the_o use_n of_o virtue_n be_v good_a therefore_o virtue_n be_v good_a from_o common_a accident_n sigh_v all_o man_n do_v great_o desire_v to_o have_v their_o conscience_n quiet_v and_o their_o mind_n free_a from_o all_o evil_a lust_n affect_n and_o passion_n which_o with_o continual_a strife_n do_v molest_v the_o same_o and_o thereby_o do_v cause_n man_n to_o lead_v a_o miserable_a life_n man_n therefore_o ought_v to_o refuse_v no_o pain_n nor_o labour_n so_o as_o he_o may_v attain_v to_o virtue_n which_o be_v always_o accompany_v with_o that_o tranquillity_n of_o mind_n and_o conscience_n that_o be_v so_o much_o desire_v logical_o thus_o the_o tranquillity_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o conscience_n be_v to_o be_v desire_v ergo_fw-la virtue_n which_o be_v always_o accompany_v with_o that_o tranquillity_n be_v to_o be_v desire_v from_o the_o cause_n efficient_a sigh_v true_a virtue_n be_v not_o to_o be_v get_v by_o any_o man_n labour_n exercise_n or_o industry_n without_o the_o great_a grace_n of_o god_n who_o be_v chief_a author_n and_o giver_n of_o all_o good_a gift_n it_o well_o appear_v that_o virtue_n be_v a_o most_o excellent_a thing_n and_o most_o worthy_a to_o be_v have_v in_o admiration_n and_o therefore_o with_o fervent_a love_n and_o diligence_n to_o be_v embrace_v of_o all_o man_n logical_o thus_o god_n the_o chief_a author_n of_o all_o good_a be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a of_o virtue_n therefore_o virtue_n proceed_v of_o so_o worthy_a a_o cause_n must_v needs_o be_v a_o excellent_a thing_n and_o worthy_a of_o all_o man_n to_o be_v embrace_v from_o the_o effect_n true_a honour_n and_o glory_n have_v be_v always_o have_v among_o all_o man_n in_o great_a admiration_n because_o it_o seem_v not_o only_o by_o man_n judgement_n but_o also_o by_o the_o divine_a judgement_n of_o god_n to_o be_v always_o attribute_v to_o virtue_n wherefore_o since_o virtue_n do_v yield_v such_o noble_a fruit_n and_o effect_n virtue_n must_v needs_o be_v a_o noble_a thing_n itself_o and_o worthy_a of_o all_o man_n to_o be_v embrace_v logical_o thus_o the_o effect_n of_o virtue_n which_o be_v true_a honour_n and_o glory_n be_v good_a