figure_n than_o the_o syllogism_n be_v false_a and_o prove_v nothing_o antecedent_n in_o both_o part_n this_o be_v the_o three_o property_n of_o this_o form_n the_o three_o argument_n have_v the_o first_o place_n or_o be_v subject_v both_o in_o the_o proposition_n and_o assumption_n aristotle_n have_v the_o same_o thing_n express_o in_o the_o 49._o chapter_n the_o middle_a term_n say_v the_o jesuite_n in_o their_o commentary_n upon_o aristotle_n prior._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 6._o be_v subject_v to_o both_o part_n of_o the_o extreme_a in_o the_o three_o figure_n assumption_n affirm_v this_n be_v the_o last_o property_n of_o this_o figure_n aristotle_n require_v the_o same_o thing_n too_o namely_o that_o the_o first_o extreme_a be_v affirm_v of_o the_o middle_a term_n therefore_o the_o assumption_n be_v affirm_v for_o according_a to_o he_o the_o first_o extreme_a be_v always_o dispose_v in_o the_o assumption_n and_o the_o jesuite_n in_o the_o place_n last_o allege_v do_v express_o teach_v that_o in_o the_o three_o figure_n the_o minor_a must_v always_o be_v affirmative_a we_o have_v a_o instance_n of_o this_o figure_n in_o this_o brief_a discourse_n some_o confidence_n be_v a_o virtue_n as_o constancy_n here_o we_o find_v a_o particular_a question_n conclude_v some_o confidence_n etc._n etc._n this_o i_o say_v be_v particular_a because_o virtue_n be_v attribute_v to_o confidence_n but_o in_o some_o part_n not_o to_o all_o kind_n of_o confidence_n universal_o the_o three_o argument_n be_v a_o singular_a thing_n viz._n constancy_n and_o this_o be_v put_v as_o a_o example_n or_o singular_a instance_n reduce_v the_o indeterminate_a subject_a part_n of_o the_o question_n unto_o one_o determinate_a thing_n and_o thereby_o expound_v or_o unfolding_n that_o which_o be_v dark_a by_o that_o which_o be_v clear_a and_o expose_v uncertainty_n to_o a_o certainty_n this_o form_n be_v contract_v because_o it_o contain_v no_o more_o express_o but_o the_o question_n and_o the_o three_o argument_n the_o affirmative_a assumption_n and_o conclusion_n be_v both_o want_v if_o they_o be_v supply_v it_o will_v stand_v in_o this_o form_n constancy_n be_v a_o virtue_n constancy_n be_v a_o confidence_n therefore_o some_o confidence_n be_v a_o virtue_n by_o aristotle_n rule_n the_o proposition_n of_o this_o figure_n may_v be_v negative_a and_o ramus_n agree_v with_o he_o when_o he_o debar_v the_o assumption_n only_o from_o negation_n in_o a_o contract_n form_n we_o have_v this_o figure_n in_o this_o example_n some_o confidence_n be_v not_o a_o virtue_n as_o audaciousness_n if_o we_o do_v explicate_v this_o contract_a form_n we_o shall_v have_v it_o stand_v thus_o no_o audaciousness_n be_v a_o virtue_n all_o audaciousness_n be_v confidence_n therefore_o some_o confidence_n be_v not_o a_o virtue_n we_o learn_v from_o aristotle_n cap._n 48._o that_o the_o proposition_n and_o assumption_n may_v be_v universal_a yet_o the_o conclusion_n not_o universal_a here_o we_o see_v it_o avowd_v more_o example_n be_v requisite_a to_o illustrate_v this_o precept_n wherefore_o i_o will_v add_v some_o other_o some_o man_n be_v prudent_a as_o socrates_n some_o man_n be_v not_o fortunate_a as_o hector_n both_o these_o example_n may_v be_v thus_o unfold_v socrates_n be_v prudent_a socrates_n be_v a_o man_n therefore_o some_o man_n be_v prudent_a hector_n be_v not_o fortunate_a hector_n be_v a_o man_n therefore_o some_o man_n be_v not_o fortunate_a aristotle_n require_v as_o we_o have_v set_v down_o cap._n 48._o that_o every_o syllogism_n must_v have_v one_o proposition_n universal_a it_o seem_v either_o that_o rule_n hold_v not_o always_o or_o else_o he_o do_v not_o acknowledge_v that_o such_o syllogism_n as_o these_o be_v to_o be_v true_a but_o if_o i_o may_v say_v what_o i_o think_v i_o believe_v neither_o of_o they_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o will_v avow_v this_o kind_n of_o dispute_v no_o conclusion_n can_v be_v infer_v unless_o there_o be_v one_o proposition_n universal_a for_o nothing_o can_v be_v deduce_v out_o of_o mere_a singular_n if_o any_o demand_n which_o proposition_n in_o these_o two_o last_o argument_n be_v universal_a i_o answer_v the_o assumption_n of_o they_o both_o be_v universal_a for_o that_o be_v a_o universal_a where_o the_o predicate_a be_v attribute_v unto_o all_o or_o the_o whole_a subject_n so_o as_o to_o attribute_v unto_o all_o and_o unto_o the_o whole_a subject_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o aristotle_n prior._fw-la lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o now_o the_o term_n man_n be_v attribute_v to_o socrates_n and_o hector_n whole_o so_o as_o there_o be_v no_o part_n of_o socrates_n unto_o which_o that_o term_n do_v not_o belong_v if_o any_o object_n that_o socrates_n be_v a_o individual_a and_o therefore_o that_o term_n can_v be_v subject_v in_o a_o universal_a proposition_n i_o answer_v if_o that_o term_n do_v import_v no_o more_o but_o a_o individual_a than_o i_o grant_v the_o argument_n to_o be_v good_a but_o in_o this_o place_n it_o do_v not_o import_v a_o mere_a individual_a for_o than_o we_o must_v say_v this_o socrates_n etc._n etc._n which_o we_o may_v not_o yea_o although_o we_o may_v say_v so_o yet_o that_o term_n import_v more_o than_o a_o individual_a for_o he_o be_v speak_v of_o as_o a_o man_n and_o therefore_o as_o a_o species_n not_o as_o this_o or_o that_o individual_a body_n or_o numericall_a subsistency_n if_o this_o be_v true_a than_o aristotle_n rule_n be_v universal_a else_o it_o come_v too_o short_a and_o he_o have_v omit_v one_o kind_n of_o syllogism_n out_o of_o his_o logic_n which_o i_o dare_v not_o grant_v i_o suppose_v that_o this_o precept_n be_v make_v clear_a enough_o therefore_o i_o pass_v to_o the_o next_o chap._n li._n of_o a_o explicate_v syllogism_n in_o general_n a_o syllogism_n be_v then_o explicate_v ramus_n ramus_n when_o the_o proposition_n assumption_n and_o conclusion_n be_v orderly_o frame_v together_o in_o this_o kind_a the_o proposition_n be_v always_o general_a or_o proper_a and_o the_o conclusion_n like_o the_o proposition_n and_o assumption_n or_o the_o weak_a of_o they_o aristotle_n have_v not_o show_v we_o the_o difference_n of_o explicate_v and_o contract_v syllogism_n express_o and_o in_o the_o thing_n but_o according_a to_o he_o we_o must_v follow_v nature_n in_o every_o precept_n of_o logic_n and_o that_o be_v as_o much_o as_o if_o he_o have_v say_v so_o for_o nature_n command_v that_o some_o syllogism_n be_v explicate_v and_o not_o contract_n because_o no_o three_o argument_n that_o serve_v to_o prove_v a_o question_n that_o be_v universal_a or_o proper_a can_v be_v put_v as_o a_o example_n of_o either_o of_o they_o therefore_o there_o must_v be_v some_o syllogism_n explicate_v that_o can_v be_v contract_v and_o there_o may_v be_v some_o contract_v that_o need_v not_o be_v explicate_v and_o consequent_o according_a to_o nature_n some_o syllogism_n may_v be_v explicate_v and_o some_o contract_n the_o presence_n of_o the_o two_o proposition_n and_o conclusion_n be_v a_o sufficient_a reason_n why_o we_o shall_v call_v a_o syllogism_n explicate_v for_o thereby_o it_o be_v unfold_v to_o the_o full_a the_o first_o property_n that_o belong_v unto_o the_o syllogism_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v this_o viz._n the_o proposition_n be_v always_o general_a if_o the_o conclusion_n be_v universal_a or_o particular_a if_o the_o conclusion_n be_v proper_a than_o the_o proposition_n be_v proper_a also_o now_o this_o law_n follow_v the_o dispose_n of_o the_o three_o argument_n with_o the_o question_n not_o the_o will_n or_o device_n of_o man_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v by_o the_o particular_a instance_n the_o conclusion_n must_v be_v like_o the_o proposition_n and_o assumption_n when_o both_o of_o they_o be_v universal_a and_o affirmative_a or_o proper_a and_o affirmative_a than_o the_o conclusion_n must_v be_v so_o too_o when_o the_o assumptionis_fw-la particular_a and_o negative_a or_o proper_a and_o negative_a or_o the_o proposition_n negative_a than_o the_o conclusion_n must_v be_v according_o therefore_o whensoever_o a_o explicate_v syllogism_n vary_v from_o any_o of_o these_o rule_n it_o be_v false_a and_o conclude_v nothing_o nature_n say_v it_o must_v be_v thus_o therefore_o when_o it_o be_v otherwise_o nature_n be_v pervert_v and_o we_o err_v from_o truth_n these_o rule_n and_o no_o more_o but_o these_o belong_v to_o a_o explicate_v syllogism_n in_o common_a chap._n lii_o of_o the_o first_o kind_n of_o a_o explicate_v syllogism_n there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o a_o explicate_v syllogism_n ramus_n ramus_n the_o first_o be_v where_o the_o argument_n always_o follow_v and_o one_o part_n be_v deny_v this_o kind_n of_o syllogism_n have_v two_o property_n the_o one_o that_o the_o three_o argument_n always_o follow_v that_o be_v it_o be_v the_o predicate_a or_o consequent_a part_n in_o the_o proposition_n and_o assumption_n the_o second_o property_n be_v that_o either_o the_o proposition_n or_o assumption_n
use_v that_o rule_n with_o most_o profit_n which_o we_o understand_v and_o practise_v together_o chap._n lv._o of_o syllogism_n contain_v conjectural_a truth_n in_o the_o former_a chapter_n i_o have_v dispatch_v all_o the_o precept_n that_o concern_v a_o demonstration_n in_o this_o i_o must_v set_v down_o those_o which_o teach_v we_o how_o to_o find_v out_o syllogism_n that_o contain_v probable_a and_o conjectural_a truth_n aristotle_n precept_n that_o concern_v this_o kind_n of_o truth_n be_v these_o under-written_a that_o axiom_n be_v probable_a which_o seem_v so_o to_o all_o to_o many_o or_o they_o that_o be_v wise_a by_o certain_a frequent_a note_n and_o clearness_n top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o those_o accident_n which_o agree_v to_o the_o subject_n by_o themselves_o in_o the_o wanner_n aforesaid_a but_o in_o such_o fort_n as_o they_o may_v be_v and_o not_o be_v attribute_v thereunto_o they_o i_o say_v can_v be_v a_o medium_n in_o a_o demonstration_n because_o they_o can_v infer_v a_o conclusion_n that_o contain_v a_o necessary_a truth_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 6._o these_o two_o precept_n be_v all_o that_o i_o can_v find_v in_o aristotle_n touch_v these_o syllogism_n and_o i_o think_v they_o be_v full_a and_o plain_a enough_o so_o as_o we_o need_v not_o seek_v for_o more_o either_o precept_n or_o example_n to_o set_v out_o their_o nature_n and_o make_v we_o understand_v they_o therefore_o they_o shall_v pass_v without_o further_a search_n or_o explication_n from_o hence_o we_o may_v infer_v that_o thing_n we_o seek_v for_o on_o this_o manner_n if_o adjunct_n or_o accident_n make_v a_o conjectural_a truth_n and_o no_o more_o than_o a_o syllogism_n consist_v of_o adjunct_n or_o accident_n do_v contain_v a_o conjectural_a truth_n only_o but_o we_o have_v the_o first_o from_o aristotle_n in_o the_o place_n allege_v for_o he_o exclude_v accident_n from_o a_o demonstration_n and_o esteem_v they_o no_o more_o but_o clear_a note_n make_v a_o axiom_n seem_v probable_a therefore_o according_a to_o he_o syllogism_n consist_v of_o accident_n infer_v but_o conjectural_a truth_n to_o conclude_v this_o point_n we_o ought_v not_o to_o forget_v that_o aristotle_n give_v we_o rule_n of_o such_o syllogism_n as_o he_o call_v contention_n and_o a_o paralogism_n his_o deed_n be_v good_a because_o it_o do_v some_o way_n serve_v to_o give_v we_o understanding_n in_o the_o precept_n of_o syllogism_n aforesaid_a but_o i_o will_v omit_v the_o say_v rule_n because_o they_o tend_v to_o show_v we_o precept_n by_o privation_n or_o negation_n only_o aristotle_n do_v well_o because_o from_o he_o we_o have_v the_o first_o formal_a art_n of_o logic_n i_o must_v omit_v they_o in_o as_o much_o as_o all_o thing_n that_o may_v explicate_v a_o precept_n fit_n not_o my_o present_a purpose_n therefore_o here_o i_o will_v put_v a_o final_a end_n to_o this_o matter_n chap._n lvi_o of_o the_o first_o kind_n of_o connex_v syllogism_n hitherto_o i_o have_v supply_v the_o oversight_n of_o ramus_n thereupon_o the_o nature_n of_o art_n require_v that_o i_o enter_v upon_o the_o rule_n of_o a_o compound_n syllogism_n ramus_n do_v define_v they_o all_o in_o this_o one_o short_a sentence_n a_o syllogism_n be_v then_o compound_v ramus_n ramus_n when_o the_o whole_a question_n make_v one_o part_n of_o the_o proposition_n affirm_v and_o compound_v and_o the_o argument_n make_v the_o other_o part_n aristotle_n do_v acknowledge_v compound_a syllogism_n as_o i_o have_v show_v cap._n 48._o but_o he_o do_v not_o define_v they_o at_o all_o for_o any_o thing_n that_o i_o find_v neither_o be_v it_o great_o needful_a for_o their_o nature_n will_v appear_v well_o enough_o when_o we_o come_v to_o each_o special_a kind_n in_o simple_a syllogism_n the_o argument_n and_o the_o question_n make_v two_o distinct_a proposition_n in_o these_o they_o make_v but_o one_o in_o they_o one_o thing_n be_v simple_o attribute_v to_o another_o here_o the_o whole_a question_n and_o argument_n be_v compound_v together_o which_o property_n do_v make_v they_o real_o to_o differ_v in_o their_o manner_n or_o kind_n of_o dispose_v these_o compound_a syllogism_n be_v thus_o divide_v a_o compound_n syllogism_n ramus_n ramus_n be_v connexe_n dsiunct_n a_o syllogism_n be_v then_o connexe_n when_o the_o proposition_n thereof_o be_v connexe_n and_o it_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n the_o first_o sort_n of_o connex_v syllogism_n assume_v the_o untecedent_n and_o conclude_v the_o consequent_a aristotle_n do_v call_v all_o compound_n syllogism_n by_o the_o name_n of_o hypotheticall_a because_o they_o infer_v the_o conclusion_n upon_o the_o supposition_n of_o some_o part_n thereof_o &_o do_v divide_v they_o into_o such_o as_o conclude_v according_a unto_o transumption_n and_o quality_n that_o be_v as_o pacius_n understand_v it_o when_o the_o minor_a be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o mayor_n as_o in_o this_o example_n if_o a_o man_n than_o a_o live_a creature_n but_o a_o man_n therefore_o a_o live_a creature_n and_o when_o it_o conclude_v by_o force_n of_o the_o quality_n of_o thing_n disjoin_v as_o in_o this_o example_n it_o be_v either_o day_n or_o night_n but_o it_o be_v day_n therefore_o it_o be_v not_o night_n he_o bring_v this_o at_o large_a prior._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 23._o &_o 29._o if_o we_o understand_v aristotle_n thus_o he_o agree_v whole_o with_o ramus_n and_o in_o all_o reason_n we_o shall_v so_o understand_v he_o in_o the_o last_o place_n allege_v he_o do_v promise_n to_o explicate_v how_o many_o way_n a_o syllogism_n be_v make_v hypothetical_o but_o as_o pacius_n true_o say_v the_o place_n where_o he_o do_v it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v and_o i_o be_o of_o opinion_n that_o he_o do_v willing_o neglect_v it_o because_o he_o do_v suppose_v that_o every_o question_n and_o argument_n may_v be_v frame_v and_o conclude_v in_o a_o simple_a syllogism_n and_o thus_o himself_o teach_v prio_fw-la lib._n 1._o cap._n 23._o the_o part_n of_o the_o proposition_n in_o a_o connexe_n syllogism_n be_v call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o antecedent_n and_o consequent_a and_o that_o very_o fit_o for_o the_o one_o go_v before_o in_o place_n and_o nature_n the_o other_o follow_v according_o the_o one_o infer_v and_o the_o other_o be_v infer_v the_o antecedent_n be_v assume_v when_o the_o word_n of_o it_o be_v bare_o repeat_v in_o the_o second_o proposition_n or_o assumption_n if_o affirmative_a or_o negative_a there_o than_o they_o be_v affirmative_a or_o negative_a here_o the_o consequent_a be_v conclude_v when_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o proposition_n be_v bare_o repeat_v in_o the_o conclusion_n we_o have_v example_n of_o this_o kind_n very_o frequent_a if_o god_n spare_v not_o the_o natural_a branch_n he_o will_v not_o spare_v thou_o but_o god_n spare_v not_o the_o naturalibranche_n therefore_o he_o will_v not_o spare_v thou_o in_o this_o example_n the_o former_a part_n of_o the_o proposition_n be_v bare_o repeat_v in_o the_o assumption_n and_o the_o latter_a part_n in_o the_o conclusion_n and_o thus_o the_o question_n and_o the_o three_o argument_n be_v always_o dispose_v in_o this_o kind_n of_o connexe_n syllogism_n sometime_o the_o proof_n of_o the_o antecedent_n be_v assume_v not_o the_o antecedent_n itself_o in_o that_o case_n it_o must_v be_v reduce_v unto_o this_o form_n a_o example_n of_o this_o be_v lay_v out_o in_o moses_n word_n numb_a 12.14_o if_o her_o father_n have_v spit_v in_o her_o face_n she_o must_v be_v shut_v out_o but_o she_o be_v leprous_a therefore_o she_o must_v be_v shut_v out_o this_o example_n assume_v not_o the_o antecedent_n but_o the_o proof_n thereof_o argue_v the_o same_o from_o the_o great_a to_o the_o less_o thus_o her_o father_n do_v it_o because_o god_n do_v it_o her_o face_n be_v defile_v with_o spittle_n for_o it_o be_v leprous_a this_o sort_n of_o connexe_n syllogism_n may_v easy_o be_v reduce_v unto_o a_o simple_a for_o it_o do_v change_v the_o manner_n of_o dispose_v very_o little_a we_o may_v frame_v it_o thus_o he_o that_o spare_v not_o the_o natural_a branch_n have_v no_o reason_n to_o spare_v thou_o but_o god_n spare_v not_o the_o natural_a branch_n therefore_o he_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o spare_v thou_o in_o the_o 1_o cor._n 15.12_o we_o have_v a_o example_n of_o this_o kind_n of_o connexe_n that_o seem_v to_o be_v somewhat_o more_o difficult_a where_o the_o apostle_n reason_n thus_o if_o christ_n be_v rise_v than_o other_o man_n shall_v rise_v but_o christ_n be_v rise_v so_o i_o have_v preach_v and_o you_o believe_v therefore_o the_o body_n of_o man_n shall_v rise_v i_o say_v this_o example_n be_v more_o difficult_a than_o the_o former_a for_o the_o proposition_n have_v two_o entire_a and_o distinct_a simple_a axiom_n in_o it_o but_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v and_o bring_v into_o this_o form_n they_o that_o say_v that_o christ_n be_v rise_v must_v say_v that_o man_n shall_v rise_v but_o
and_o signify_v a_o notion_n which_o our_o understanding_n do_v apprehend_v a_o resultancy_n or_o reflection_n proceed_v from_o a_o be_v object_v to_o our_o understanding_n which_o have_v a_o force_n to_o argue_v that_o be_v have_v of_o its_o nature_n a_o power_n aptitude_n or_o fitness_n to_o bring_v the_o thing_n object_v unto_o our_o understanding_n into_o the_o knowledge_n and_o intuition_n thereof_o i_o omit_v to_o give_v instance_n of_o these_o thing_n because_o that_o will_v better_o be_v do_v in_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o particular_a argument_n wherefore_o now_o we_o have_v full_o do_v with_o the_o first_o precept_n of_o logic_n i_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o second_o chap._n ii_o the_o distribution_n of_o logic_n logic_n have_v two_o part_n the_o find_v out_o of_o argument_n ramus_n ramus_n dispose_v of_o argument_n this_o precept_n must_v have_v the_o second_o place_n for_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o do_v require_v it_o because_o by_o this_o we_o come_v to_o know_v what_o particular_n be_v wrap_v up_o in_o the_o former_a precept_n and_o aristotle_n in_o the_o 6._o book_n of_o his_o topic_n and_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o first_o chapter_n require_v that_o the_o thing_n define_v be_v distribute_v into_o part_n ramus_n take_v this_o precept_n out_o of_o the_o second_o chapter_n of_o aristotle_n category_n where_o we_o have_v these_o word_n those_o thing_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o logic_n be_v without_o complexion_n with_o complexion_n i_o say_v ramus_n follow_v aristotle_n in_o this_o partition_n and_o the_o thing_n itself_o show_v it_o for_o they_o both_o divide_v logic_n into_o two_o part_n the_o first_o part_n in_o logic_n according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v thing_n without_o complexion_n so_o be_v they_o according_a to_o ramus_n as_o his_o own_o word_n do_v witness_v when_o he_o term_v they_o several_a respect_n of_o thing_n consider_v alone_o and_o by_o themselves_o aristotle_n give_v his_o incomplexed_a thing_n no_o name_n but_o thereby_o he_o mean_v argument_n as_o they_o be_v undispose_v as_o his_o next_o precept_n do_v show_v and_o ramus_n give_v they_o that_o name_n express_o ramus_n call_v the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n invention_n and_o so_o do_v aristotle_n too_o as_o we_o may_v gather_v from_o the_o 32._o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o priorums_fw-la where_o a_o little_a after_o the_o beginning_n he_o require_v a_o faculty_n of_o invent_v in_o he_o that_o make_v a_o syllogism_n but_o more_o plain_o and_o full_o we_o find_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o eight_o book_n of_o his_o topic_n to_o find_v out_o say_v he_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o a_o man_n may_v argue_v appertain_v to_o logic_n therefore_o unto_o the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n for_o it_o can_v have_v no_o other_o place_n ramus_n call_v the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n disposition_n so_o do_v aristotle_n also_o in_o the_o place_n last_o allege_v where_o he_o require_v of_o a_o logician_n to_o dispose_v singular_a thing_n by_o themselves_o and_o he_o say_v that_o this_o disposition_n be_v proper_a to_o a_o logician_n and_o therefore_o belong_v to_o logic_n and_o consequent_o it_o be_v a_o second_o part_n thereof_o for_o it_o can_v be_v the_o first_o yea_o that_o aristotle_n mean_v thus_o do_v undoubted_o appear_v because_o he_o appoint_v his_o logician_n first_o to_o find_v out_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o tâ—_n argue_v and_o then_o in_o the_o second_o place_n to_o dispose_v they_o be_v so_o find_v out_o two_o part_v that_o be_v the_o precept_n of_o logic_n tend_v unto_o two_o thing_n or_o end_n and_o they_o be_v call_v part_n because_o all_o those_o precept_n be_v share_v or_o part_v between_o these_o two_o end_n some_o of_o they_o appertain_v to_o the_o one_o and_o the_o rest_n unto_o the_o other_o find_v out_o to_o find_v out_o sometime_o signify_v to_o discover_v a_o thing_n that_o be_v secret_a but_o here_o it_o be_v not_o so_o take_v but_o the_o meaning_n be_v that_o the_o precept_n of_o logic_n do_v assign_v the_o seat_n and_o place_n of_o argument_n and_o describe_v and_o set_v forth_o the_o nature_n of_o they_o and_o so_o much_o for_o the_o general_a distribution_n of_o logic_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o general_n aristotle_n assign_v ten_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o the_o four_o chapter_n of_o his_o category_n in_o these_o word_n those_o thing_n which_o we_o find_v in_o logic_n without_o all_o conjunction_n do_v signify_v 1_o substance_n as_o a_o man_n a_o beast_n etc._n etc._n 2_o quantity_n as_o two_o or_o three_o cubit_n 3_o quality_n as_o white_z etc._n etc._n 4_o relation_n as_o double_a half_a etc._n etc._n 5_o where_o as_o in_o the_o field_n etc._n etc._n 6_o when_o as_o yesterday_o the_o year_n past_a 7_o the_o place_n as_o he_o sit_v etc._n etc._n 8_o to_o enjoy_v as_o to_o be_v arm_v etc._n etc._n 9_o todoe_n as_o to_o cut_v etc._n etc._n 10_o to_o suffer_v as_o to_o be_v cut_v etc._n etc._n he_o repeat_v the_o same_o doctrine_n in_o the_o nine_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n of_o the_o topic_n and_o in_o both_o place_n he_o do_v explicate_v they_o by_o certain_a property_n that_o be_v common_a to_o they_o all_o joint_o viz._n 1._o they_o neither_o affirm_v nor_o deny_v 2._o they_o be_v neither_o false_a nor_o true_a 3._o a_o conjunction_n be_v add_v to_o they_o they_o contain_v negation_n or_o affirmation_n truth_n or_o falsehood_n 4._o all_o proposition_n be_v frame_v from_o they_o in_o the_o five_o chapter_n of_o his_o category_n and_o in_o his_o prior._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 27._o eorum_fw-la igitur_fw-la post_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 22._o he_o do_v divide_v they_o thus_o these_o ten_o be_v either_o subject_v only_o predicate_v only_o or_o subject_v and_o predicate_v also_o this_o distribution_n be_v fit_o set_v out_o by_o altisiodore_n in_o his_o preface_n a._n and_o b._n where_o he_o have_v these_o word_n a_o argument_n be_v that_o which_o prove_v or_o be_v prove_v this_o be_v all_o that_o i_o find_v touch_v argument_n in_o general_n aristotle_n deliver_v the_o doctrine_n of_o substance_n which_o be_v the_o first_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o the_o five_o chapter_n allege_v which_o contain_v these_o four_o thing_n 1._o a_o substance_n be_v every_o thing_n of_o which_o we_o may_v say_v that_o it_o be_v we_o find_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o thomas_n whatsoever_o say_v he_o be_v essential_a to_o a_o thing_n appertain_v unto_o substance_n 1._o p.q._n 77._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 1m._o 2._o substance_n be_v first_o as_o every_o singular_a &_o individual_a thing_n second_n as_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n 3._o genus_fw-la and_o species_n signify_v substance_n by_o a_o figurative_a speech_n not_o proper_o they_o signify_v rather_o the_o manner_n according_a to_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v 4._o a_o singular_a thing_n be_v most_o proper_o a_o substance_n because_o all_o other_o thing_n be_v attribute_v thereunto_o and_o that_o attribute_v unto_o none_o thus_o have_v i_o set_v down_o all_o that_o i_o find_v in_o aristotle_n touch_v the_o nature_n of_o those_o argument_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o first_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n for_o this_o time_n we_o must_v omit_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o second_o substance_n for_o that_o have_v the_o last_o place_n in_o this_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n the_o first_o substance_n come_v now_o to_o be_v handle_v thomas_n do_v whole_o subscribe_v unto_o aristotle_n for_o this_o distinction_n and_o explication_n of_o substance_n report_v out_o of_o aristotle_n and_o he_o show_v the_o same_o in_o this_o short_a sentence_n viz_o in_o the_o name_n of_o first_o substance_n be_v intend_v the_o nature_n of_o universal_a and_o part_n 1._o p.q._n 29._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 2m._o and_o for_o further_a explication_n he_o say_v 1._o p._n q_o 75._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 2m._o a_o first_o or_o individual_a substance_n may_v be_v take_v two_o way_n one_o way_n for_o every_o thing_n that_o have_v a_o substance_n another_o way_n for_o a_o complete_a subsistency_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o any_o species_n from_o whence_o a_o man_n hand_n may_v be_v call_v a_o first_o substance_n or_o a_o individual_a thing_n after_o the_o first_o sort_n but_o not_o after_o the_o second_o so_o also_o a_o man_n soul_n may_v be_v call_v a_o first_o substance_n or_o a_o singular_a thing_n in_o the_o first_o sort_n because_o it_o be_v as_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n that_o subsi_v but_o that_o which_o be_v compound_v of_o soul_n and_o body_n be_v call_v a_o first_o substance_n or_o a_o individual_a be_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n unto_o this_o place_n must_v be_v refer_v every_o individual_a effect_n as_o it_o consist_v by_o force_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o every_o individual_a subject_n that_o receive_v any_o outward_a change_n
be_v always_o deny_v i_o say_v either_o because_o sometime_o the_o proposition_n be_v deny_v and_o sometime_o the_o assumption_n indifferent_o as_o the_o question_n and_o three_o argument_n require_v if_o one_o be_v negative_a it_o be_v enough_o therefore_o in_o this_o figure_n negative_a question_n only_o be_v conclude_v i_o say_v negative_a either_o universal_a particular_a or_o proper_a we_o have_v this_o whole_a precept_n contain_v in_o aristotle_n second_o figure_n as_o the_o reader_n may_v see_v report_v cap._n 49._o therefore_o i_o need_v not_o repeat_v it_o here_o i_o will_v allege_v some_o instance_n to_o show_v the_o practice_n of_o this_o rule_n 1._o every_o wise_a man_n do_v use_v his_o reason_n well_o he_o that_o be_v overcome_v with_o passion_n do_v not_o use_v his_o reason_n well_o therefore_o he_o that_o be_v overcome_v with_o passion_n be_v not_o a_o wise_a man_n in_o this_o argument_n the_o proposition_n be_v a_o universal_a affirmative_a the_o assumption_n and_o conclusion_n be_v universal_a negative_a 2._o they_o that_o know_v the_o wisdom_n of_o god_n do_v not_o crucify_v christ_n the_o prince_n of_o the_o world_n crucify_v christ_n therefore_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o world_n know_v not_o the_o wisdom_n of_o god_n this_o frame_n contain_v a_o proposition_n negative_a universal_a a_o assumption_n affirmative_a special_a and_o a_o conclusion_n negative_a special_a 3._o judas_n that_o write_v the_o epistle_n be_v the_o brother_n of_o james._n judas_n iscariot_n be_v not_o the_o brother_n of_o james._n therefore_o judas_n iscariot_n write_v not_o the_o epistle_n in_o this_o example_n the_o proposition_n be_v affirmative_a proper_a the_o assumption_n and_o conclusion_n be_v negative_a proper_a these_o three_o be_v sufficient_a to_o show_v we_o the_o use_n of_o this_o rule_n therefore_o i_o will_v content_v myself_o with_o they_o and_o pass_v to_o the_o next_o chap._n liii_o of_o the_o second_o kind_n of_o a_o explicate_v syllogism_n the_o second_o kind_n be_v ramus_n ramus_n when_o the_o argument_n go_v before_o in_o the_o proposition_n and_o follow_v affirm_v in_o the_o assumption_n this_o figure_n have_v also_o two_o property_n the_o first_o the_o argument_n go_v before_o in_o the_o proposition_n that_o be_v it_o be_v subject_v and_o thereby_o it_o have_v the_o first_o place_n in_o the_o second_o property_n the_o argument_n follow_v in_o the_o assumption_n that_o be_v it_o be_v predicate_v in_o the_o assumption_n and_o the_o assumption_n be_v affirm_v or_o affirmative_a as_o if_o it_o be_v say_v the_o argument_n be_v predicate_v affirmative_o in_o the_o assumption_n aristotle_n make_v this_o law_n and_o call_v it_o his_o first_o figure_n as_o his_o own_o word_n do_v show_v relate_v cap._n 49._o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v whether_o aristotle_n or_o ramus_n have_v keep_v best_a order_n in_o place_v the_o figure_n of_o a_o syllogism_n i_o answer_v it_o be_v not_o material_a whether_o of_o they_o be_v first_o or_o last_o for_o no_o one_o of_o they_o do_v give_v light_n or_o knowledge_n to_o the_o other_o neither_o do_v it_o further_o our_o use_n of_o they_o when_o this_o be_v set_v before_o that_o or_o that_o before_o this_o aristotle_n prefer_v the_o one_o because_o all_o question_n may_v be_v conclude_v in_o it_o ramus_n prefer_v another_o because_o the_o argument_n be_v dispose_v with_o the_o question_n after_o a_o more_o single_a or_o simple_a manner_n therefore_o both_o do_v well_o so_o far_o as_o they_o have_v reason_n neither_o of_o they_o do_v better_a because_o as_o i_o say_v their_o order_n do_v neither_o profit_n nor_o hinder_v their_o use_n therefore_o i_o have_v say_v enough_o to_o satisfy_v the_o doubt_n and_o will_v go_v on_o to_o show_v how_o this_o rule_n may_v be_v use_v whosoever_o be_v bear_v of_o god_n overcom_v the_o world_n he_o that_o believe_v on_o christ_n be_v bear_v of_o god_n therefore_o he_o that_o believe_v on_o christ_n have_v overcome_v the_o world_n in_o this_o example_n all_o the_o part_n be_v universal_o affirmative_a wherefore_o i_o will_v show_v another_o he_o that_o be_v a_o murderer_n have_v not_o eternal_a life_n abide_v in_o he_o he_o that_o hate_v his_o brother_n be_v a_o murderer_n therefore_o he_o that_o hate_v his_o brother_n have_v not_o eternal_a life_n abide_v in_o he_o here_o we_o have_v the_o proposition_n and_o conclusion_n universal_o negative_a and_o the_o assumption_n universal_o affirmative_a in_o the_o like_a sort_n this_o rule_n be_v useful_a in_o all_o other_o question_n that_o be_v conclude_v aristotle_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o this_o only_a be_v the_o form_n or_o figure_n of_o a_o perfect_a syllogism_n because_o every_o question_n may_v be_v prove_v by_o this_o and_o both_o the_o other_o may_v be_v refer_v unto_o this_o therefore_o they_o be_v make_v perfect_a by_o it_o prior._fw-la lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o thus_o much_o must_v be_v grant_v and_o so_o far_o it_o be_v perfect_a yea_o and_o the_o only_a perfect_a figure_n the_o second_o and_o three_o figure_n be_v no_o less_o agreeable_a to_o aristotle_n definition_n of_o a_o syllogism_n than_o the_o first_o as_o he_o shall_v see_v that_o will_v examine_v they_o thereby_o therefore_o they_o want_v nothing_o of_o that_o essential_a perfection_n that_o be_v in_o the_o first_o what_o can_v have_v great_a perfection_n than_o that_o which_o every_o way_n agree_v to_o the_o definition_n thereof_o and_o consequent_o they_o infer_v their_o conclusion_n as_o necessary_o as_o the_o first_o the_o first_o figure_n only_o have_v perfection_n essential_a and_o accidental_a the_o second_o and_o three_o have_v perfection_n essential_a but_o not_o accidental_a and_o this_o be_v the_o difference_n between_o they_o by_o these_o thing_n that_o be_v past_a we_o have_v finish_v all_o those_o precept_n which_o teach_v we_o how_o to_o frame_v argument_n together_o in_o a_o simple_a syllogism_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o must_v come_v to_o a_o compound_n syllogism_n if_o we_o look_v no_o further_o than_o ramus_n but_o we_o must_v look_v further_a else_o we_o shall_v make_v our_o art_n defective_a for_o logic_n do_v teach_v we_o to_o judge_v as_o well_o as_o to_o dispose_v if_o we_o must_v judge_v than_o we_o must_v look_v for_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n and_o consequent_o for_o precept_n that_o shall_v teach_v we_o how_o to_o find_v out_o truth_n and_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o it_o for_o this_o we_o must_v consult_v with_o aristotle_n therefore_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n i_o will_v report_v his_o precept_n with_o as_o much_o brevity_n as_o i_o can_v chap._n liiii_o of_o a_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n in_o the_o first_o place_n we_o must_v set_v down_o the_o precept_n which_o concern_v necessary_a truth_n which_o usual_o be_v call_v science_n for_o that_o be_v first_o in_o nature_n time_n excellency_n and_o our_o apprehension_n of_o that_o aristotle_n say_v thus_o science_n be_v indemonstrable_a demonstrative_a post_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 3._o we_o have_v deliver_v the_o precept_n of_o indemonstrable_a science_n in_o the_o matter_n of_o a_o definition_n and_o distribution_n we_o must_v now_o come_v to_o the_o precept_n of_o demonstrative_a science_n and_o first_o to_o the_o definition_n thereof_o but_o for_o asmuch_o as_o to_o know_v be_v double_a viz_o to_o understand_v what_o or_o wherefore_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o second_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 13._o therefore_o both_o of_o they_o be_v define_v by_o this_o one_o sentence_n demonstrative_a science_n be_v that_o which_o we_o have_v by_o a_o demonstration_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap_n 4._o lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o huius_fw-la etc._n etc._n this_o sentence_n be_v obscure_a in_o itself_o therefore_o he_o do_v unfold_v it_o in_o these_o word_n a_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n that_o consist_v of_o thing_n necessary_a that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o proposition_n and_o conclusion_n that_o be_v necessary_a and_o this_o be_v proper_a to_o a_o demonstration_n i_o say_v both_o because_o the_o conclusion_n may_v be_v necessary_a when_o the_o medium_n be_v not_o necessary_a but_o when_o the_o medium_n be_v necessary_a the_o conclusion_n can_v be_v but_o necessary_a even_o as_o truth_n be_v always_o collect_v from_o truth_n wherefore_o whatsoever_o a_o man_n know_v by_o demonstration_n both_o it_o must_v be_v necessary_a and_o the_o medium_n also_o of_o the_o demonstration_n must_v be_v necessary_a otherwise_o we_o neither_o know_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v nor_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v necessary_o but_o either_o we_o think_v we_o know_v and_o do_v not_o or_o think_v we_o know_v not_o at_o all_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 6._o quoniam_fw-la igitur_fw-la etc._n etc._n thus_o far_o the_o nature_n of_o demonstrative_a science_n be_v set_v out_o in_o common_a the_o proper_a nature_n of_o that_o science_n whereby_o we_o understand_v what_o or_o wherefore_o a_o thing_n be_v be_v set_v out_o in_o these_o word_n the_o medium_n be_v then_o necessary_a when_o
it_o consist_v of_o thing_n true_a first_o immediate_a better_o know_v precede_a and_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n those_o be_v first_o and_o true_a which_o have_v force_v to_o argue_v not_o from_o other_o but_o of_o themselves_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v true_a because_o that_o which_o be_v not_o can_v be_v know_v they_o must_v be_v first_o because_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v indemonstrable_a and_o consist_v of_o their_o own_o proper_a principle_n we_o must_v not_o inquire_v of_o the_o principle_n of_o science_n wherefore_o they_o be_v so_o but_o every_o one_o of_o they_o even_o by_o itself_o aught_o to_o be_v worthy_a of_o credit_n the_o medium_n must_v contain_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n see_v we_o know_v nothing_o unless_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n the_o medium_n ought_v to_o consist_v of_o thing_n precede_v the_o conclusion_n both_o in_o nature_n and_o our_o knowledge_n therefore_o the_o principium_fw-la of_o ad_fw-la monstration_n be_v a_o immediate_a proposition_n viz._n that_o have_v none_o before_o it_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o &_o 6._o top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o whereupon_o demonstration_n be_v make_v by_o definition_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o and_o they_o be_v the_o principle_n thereof_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o for_o a_o definition_n can_v no_o way_n be_v prove_v poster_n lib._n 2._o cap_n 4.5_o 6._o &_o 7._o lib._n 1._o cap_n 9_o by_o this_o whole_a discourse_n we_o have_v rule_n to_o know_v what_o syllogisine_n contain_v a_o truth_n simple_o necessary_a and_o we_o be_v send_v unto_o they_o only_o who_o three_o argument_n comprehend_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n and_o such_o cause_n also_o as_o be_v better_o know_v unto_o we_o then_o the_o conclusion_n itself_o wherefore_o for_o further_a explication_n hereof_o aristotle_n do_v show_v we_o what_o cause_v these_o be_v and_o how_o they_o concur_v in_o these_o word_n for_o as_o much_o as_o we_o do_v then_o know_v when_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n and_o these_o be_v four_o 1._o the_o form_n 2._o the_o matter_n 3._o the_o efficient_a and_o 4._o the_o end_n then_o the_o conclusion_n have_v a_o necessary_a truth_n when_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v take_v and_o place_v as_o a_o medium_n in_o two_o proposition_n with_o that_o conclusion_n and_o by_o cause_n be_v mean_v not_o only_o the_o cause_n of_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v but_o also_o of_o those_o thing_n that_o have_v be_v or_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o post_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o &_o 12._o now_o we_o do_v full_o understand_v where_o to_o find_v necessary_a truth_n in_o a_o syllogism_n our_o next_o labour_n must_v be_v to_o set_v out_o these_o scientifical_a syllogism_n by_o other_o property_n that_o we_o may_v know_v they_o the_o more_o easy_o and_o certain_o for_o that_o cause_n aristotle_n do_v distribute_v a_o demonstration_n after_o this_o manner_n a_o demonstration_n be_v universal_a particular_a affirmative_a negative_a poster_n lib._n 1._o cap_n 24._o a_o demonstration_n universal_a excel_v a_o particular_a and_o a_o affirmative_a be_v better_a than_o a_o negative_a cap._n 24.25_o this_o distribution_n follow_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o syllogism_n for_o every_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n though_o every_o syllogism_n be_v not_o a_o demonstration_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v very_o useful_a to_o give_v we_o knowledge_n where_o to_o find_v this_o necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n of_o it_o to_o conclude_v this_o matter_n of_o demonstrative_a science_n he_o say_v the_o first_o figure_n be_v fit_a for_o a_o demonstration_n yea_o chief_o proper_a unto_o this_o science_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v seek_v out_o only_o by_o that_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 14._o some_o perhaps_o will_v look_v that_o i_o shall_v give_v instance_n to_o open_v the_o use_n of_o these_o precept_n and_o it_o may_v seem_v the_o more_o needful_a because_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o no_o example_n can_v be_v give_v answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n i_o answer_v this_o conceit_n be_v very_o vain_a for_o can_v any_o of_o the_o cause_n or_o all_o of_o they_o together_o serve_v to_o prove_v a_o sentence_n that_o be_v call_v into_o question_n or_o can_v the_o cause_n be_v dispose_v with_o a_o question_n into_o two_o proposition_n without_o doubt_n they_o may_v also_o it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o every_o proposition_n comprehend_v a_o necessary_a truth_n wherein_o the_o effect_n be_v argue_v by_o the_o cause_n for_o the_o effect_n be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o comprehension_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o when_o the_o cause_n do_v argue_v the_o effect_n the_o effect_n be_v resolve_v into_o the_o cause_n therefore_o when_o we_o know_v the_o cause_n we_o can_v but_o know_v the_o effect_n and_o consequent_o such_o proposition_n be_v necessary_a and_o what_o they_o be_v such_o the_o conclusion_n must_v be_v that_o be_v lawful_o infer_v from_o they_o if_o there_o may_v be_v premise_n and_o conclusion_n answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n than_o no_o doubt_n there_o be_v example_n of_o it_o and_o we_o may_v show_v they_o if_o need_n be_v but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n for_o this_o time_n for_o divers_a reason_n 1._o aristotle_n have_v do_v that_o already_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o so_o as_o he_o that_o will_v may_v make_v use_n of_o they_o 2._o this_o kind_n of_o knowledge_n can_v easy_o be_v discern_v see_v it_o be_v very_o hard_a for_o we_o to_o understand_v those_o principle_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v true_a first_o and_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n as_o aristotle_n do_v admonish_v poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 9_o difficile_fw-la autem_fw-la etc._n etc._n 3._o by_o a_o man_n own_o practice_n and_o observation_n he_o shall_v find_v they_o and_o their_o use_n in_o natural_a thing_n and_o in_o they_o only_o for_o in_o matter_n divine_a and_o spiritual_a such_o argument_n can_v have_v no_o place_n in_o they_o we_o understand_v by_o faith_n not_o by_o sense_n and_o faith_n have_v god_n authority_n for_o the_o principle_n thereof_o not_o the_o nature_n or_o cause_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o i_o say_v a_o man_n may_v find_v they_o by_o practice_n because_o by_o sense_n we_o get_v memory_n by_o the_o remember_v the_o do_v of_o the_o same_o thing_n often_o we_o get_v experience_n by_o our_o many_o time_n remember_v our_o experience_n be_v one_o among_o all_o these_o that_o we_o do_v remember_v there_o be_v one_o thing_n wherein_o man_n mind_n do_v rest_n satisfy_v above_o many_o that_o which_o be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o among_o the_o rest_n become_v a_o principium_fw-la of_o science_n if_o it_o belong_v unto_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v thus_o much_o we_o learn_v from_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 19_o exsensu_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o medium_n of_o a_o demonstration_n whereby_o we_o know_v that_o a_o thing_n be_v consist_v in_o some_o of_o these_o that_o follow_v 1._o of_o the_o cause_n but_o not_o the_o first_o or_o immediate_a 2._o of_o thing_n mediate_v and_o no_o cause_n but_o such_o as_o be_v reciprocate_v or_o mutual_o refer_v to_o each_o other_o 3._o of_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 4._o of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o reciprocate_v yet_o it_o be_v better_a know_v and_o yet_o no_o cause_n 5._o of_o a_o superior_a science_n as_o geometry_n be_v to_o the_o optic_n and_o arithmoticke_a to_o music_n 6._o of_o other_o science_n whereof_o one_o be_v not_o place_v under_o another_o as_o surgery_n be_v unto_o geometry_n to_o know_v that_o a_o wound_n be_v heal_v soon_o or_o late_a belong_v to_o the_o surgeon_n but_o to_o know_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v heal_v soon_o for_o latter_a belong_v to_o geometry_n 7._o in_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v sometime_o also_o the_o medium_n be_v place_v without_o the_o extreme_n as_o when_o we_o say_v why_o do_v not_o the_o wall_n breath_n we_o answer_v because_o it_o be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n and_o these_o syllogism_n be_v always_o make_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n after_o this_o sort_n whatsoever_o do_v breath_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n but_o a_o wall_n be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n therefore_o a_o wall_n do_v not_o breath_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 13._o thus_o far_o go_v aristotle_n precept_n to_o show_v we_o what_o syllogism_n contain_v necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n thereof_o if_o any_o expect_v example_n of_o these_o last_o i_o answer_v they_o may_v be_v give_v because_o we_o may_v have_v example_n of_o the_o former_a as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v they_o may_v be_v give_v with_o more_o ease_n than_o the_o former_a because_o the_o thing_n contain_v in_o they_o be_v near_o to_o our_o understanding_n but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n lest_o i_o make_v my_o discourse_n over_o long_o and_o the_o reader_n too_o idle_a we_o
you_o believe_v and_o say_v that_o christ_n be_v rise_v because_o i_o have_v preach_v it_o therefore_o you_o must_v say_v also_o that_o man_n shall_v rise_v and_o this_o be_v whole_o agreeable_a to_o the_o apostle_n disputation_n for_o he_o argue_v against_o they_o that_o deny_v the_o last_o but_o in_o his_o judgement_n they_o may_v not_o do_v so_o because_o they_o do_v confess_v the_o first_o i_o hope_v i_o have_v make_v this_o clear_a enough_o to_o our_o understanding_n therefore_o i_o will_v pass_v to_o the_o next_o chap._n lvii_o of_o the_o second_o kind_n of_o connexe_n syllogism_n the_o second_o sort_n of_o a_o connex_v syllogism_n take_v away_o the_o consequent_a ramus_n ramus_n that_o it_o may_v take_v away_o the_o antecedent_n to_o take_v away_o in_o this_o place_n import_v the_o put_n of_o a_o contradiction_n so_o as_o the_o contradictory_n to_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o proposition_n make_v the_o assumption_n and_o the_o contradictory_n unto_o the_o former_a part_n of_o the_o proposition_n make_v the_o conclusion_n the_o apostle_n gal._n 3.18_o give_v we_o a_o instance_n of_o this_o precept_n if_o the_o inheritance_n be_v of_o the_o law_n it_o be_v not_o of_o promise_n but_o it_o be_v of_o promise_n therefore_o it_o be_v not_o of_o the_o law_n the_o assumption_n in_o this_o argument_n be_v contradictory_n to_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o proposition_n that_o say_v the_o inheritance_n be_v not_o of_o promise_n the_o assumption_n say_v the_o inheritance_n iâ—_n of_o promise_n in_o the_o like_a sort_n the_o conclusion_n be_v contradictory_n to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o proposition_n the_o one_o say_v the_o inheritance_n be_v of_o the_o law_n the_o other_o say_v the_o inheritance_n be_v not_o of_o the_o law_n this_o kind_n be_v easy_o also_o bring_v into_o a_o simple_a thus_o whatsoever_o be_v by_o the_o law_n be_v not_o of_o promise_n but_o the_o inheritance_n be_v of_o promise_n therefore_o the_o inheritance_n be_v not_o of_o the_o law_n this_o kind_n of_o connâ—xe_n have_v but_o three_o term_n in_o it_o viz._n 1_o inheritance_n 2._o promise_n 3._o law_n and_o the_o first_o be_v repeat_v or_o twice_o subject_v in_o the_o proposition_n whereupon_o this_o kind_n be_v easy_o turn_v from_o compound_n to_o simple_a we_o have_v a_o example_n gal._n 2.21_o that_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o convert_v if_o justice_n be_v by_o the_o law_n christ_n be_v dead_a in_o vain_a but_o christ_n be_v not_o dead_a in_o vain_a therefore_o justice_n be_v not_o by_o the_o law_n i_o have_v propound_v this_o syllogism_n cap._n 44_o and_o have_v there_o show_v how_o it_o may_v be_v make_v into_o a_o simple_a form_n therefore_o it_o be_v needless_a to_o repeat_v it_o here_o the_o truth_n contain_v in_o these_o syllogism_n be_v to_o be_v judge_v of_o according_a to_o the_o precept_n of_o a_o connexe_n axiom_n if_o we_o take_v they_o as_o they_o be_v connex_v but_o if_o we_o take_v they_o as_o simple_a syllogism_n than_o their_o truth_n must_v be_v judge_v of_o according_a to_o the_o precept_n of_o a_o simple_a syllogism_n therefore_o we_o have_v say_v enough_o touch_v their_o natural_a use_n chap._n lviii_o of_o the_o first_o kind_n of_o a_o disjunct_a syllogism_n a_o compound_n syllogism_n be_v then_o disiunct_o ramus_n ramus_n when_o the_o proposition_n thereof_o be_v a_o disiunct_n axiom_n there_o be_v two_o sort_n the_o first_o do_v take_v away_o the_o one_o and_o conclude_v the_o other_o by_o take_v away_o and_o conclude_v be_v here_o understand_v contradict_v and_o repeat_v in_o the_o same_o sort_n as_o i_o have_v show_v cap._n 56._o &_o 57_o aristotle_n call_v these_o hypotheticall_a and_o so_o he_o well_o may_v for_o the_o principal_a all_o foundation_n of_o they_o be_v a_o supposition_n for_o one_o thing_n be_v take_v for_o grant_v and_o that_o must_v be_v grant_v or_o else_o they_o can_v conclude_v nothing_o by_o the_o word_n one_o be_v mean_v not_o one_o term_n but_o one_o part_n of_o the_o opposition_n for_o we_o must_v remember_v that_o no_o argument_n but_o opposite_n come_v into_o the_o syllogism_n of_o this_o kind_n now_o opposite_n be_v sometime_o one_o against_o one_o and_o some_o other_o time_n many_o against_o one_o so_o as_o those_o many_o make_v one_o part_n and_o the_o other_o one_o make_v the_o other_o part_n therefore_o it_o be_v true_o say_v one_o be_v take_v away_o when_o all_o those_o be_v contradict_v that_o make_v one_o part_n of_o the_o opposition_n and_o one_o be_v assume_v when_o those_o many_o be_v bare_o repeat_v again_o that_o word_n one_o be_v not_o understand_v indifferent_o of_o either_o part_n of_o the_o opposition_n for_o then_o the_o contradict_v of_o any_o one_o single_a term_n must_v infer_v the_o conclude_a of_o all_o other_o that_o oppose_v that_o one_o but_o that_o may_v not_o be_v for_o only_o one_o of_o they_o at_o once_o can_v agree_v to_o the_o same_o subject_n in_o the_o same_o respect_n part_n and_o time_n therefore_o it_o be_v understand_v of_o all_o the_o single_a term_n that_o be_v disjoin_v except_o one_o because_o from_o thence_o that_o one_o that_o be_v not_o contradict_v may_v well_o be_v conclude_v but_o where_o one_o single_a term_n be_v oppose_v unto_o another_o single_a term_n there_o the_o contradict_v of_o either_o of_o they_o indifferent_o do_v infer_v the_o conclude_v of_o the_o other_o by_o this_o precept_n the_o proposition_n may_v be_v negative_a in_o some_o part_n and_o therefore_o those_o argument_n that_o be_v oppose_v as_o contradictory_n have_v place_n in_o this_o kind_n of_o argue_v i_o will_v bring_v instance_n of_o all_o sort_n to_o make_v these_o thing_n plain_a 1._o you_o must_v say_v he_o be_v or_o he_o be_v not_o but_o you_o may_v not_o say_v he_o be_v not_o therefore_o you_o must_v say_v he_o be_v the_o second_o term_n oppose_v in_o the_o proposition_n be_v negative_a and_o that_o be_v contradict_v in_o the_o assumption_n the_o first_o term_n in_o the_o proposition_n be_v affirmative_a and_o that_o be_v conclude_v or_o repeat_v in_o the_o conclusion_n we_o have_v another_o instance_n of_o this_o 2_o sam._n 24.13_o i_o must_v sustain_v either_o seven_o year_n famine_n or_o three_o month_n pursuit_n or_o three_o day_n pestilence_n but_o i_o will_v not_o sustain_v seven_o year_n famine_n nor_o three_o month_n pursuit_n therefore_o i_o will_v sustain_v three_o day_n pestilence_n this_o argument_n do_v presume_v that_o david_n must_v undergo_v one_o of_o these_o three_o and_o no_o more_o but_o that_o one_o if_o that_o be_v grant_v it_o do_v infer_v the_o conclusion_n necessary_o if_o that_o be_v deny_v it_o have_v no_o force_n to_o conclude_v in_o the_o assumption_n two_o branch_n of_o the_o disjunction_n comprehend_v in_o the_o proposition_n be_v contradict_v the_o three_o branch_n untouched_a in_o the_o assumption_n be_v bare_o repeat_v in_o the_o conclusion_n we_o may_v bring_v this_o argument_n into_o a_o simple_a syllogism_n in_o this_o sort_n he_o that_o may_v escape_v the_o famine_n and_o sword_n must_v endure_v the_o pestilence_n but_o david_n have_v liberty_n to_o escape_v the_o famine_n and_o sword_n therefore_o david_n must_v endure_v the_o pestilence_n the_o proposition_n presume_v that_o one_o of_o the_o three_o must_v be_v endure_v and_o no_o more_o but_o one_o of_o they_o if_o that_o be_v grant_v the_o whole_a argument_n be_v good_a if_o that_o be_v deny_v it_o have_v no_o force_n to_o prove_v i_o will_v add_v one_o example_n more_o that_o i_o may_v make_v this_o precept_n clear_a to_o the_o uttermost_a socrates_n be_v either_o just_a or_o unjust_a but_o he_o be_v not_o just_a therefore_o he_o be_v unjust_a here_o be_v suppose_v that_o every_o man_n have_v one_o of_o these_o two_o and_o but_o one_o of_o these_o and_o thereupon_o it_o infer_v the_o conclusion_n necessary_o otherwise_o not_o wherein_o it_o agree_v with_o the_o two_o former_a it_o have_v two_o single_a term_n only_o oppose_v each_o to_o other_o and_o it_o be_v indifferent_a whether_o of_o they_o two_o have_v be_v contradict_v in_o the_o assumption_n and_o conclude_v or_o bare_o repeat_v in_o the_o conclusion_n for_o the_o form_n of_o syllogism_n and_o force_v of_o truth_n be_v the_o same_o in_o both_o and_o this_o do_v make_v it_o differ_v from_o the_o two_o former_a if_o we_o desire_v to_o see_v it_o make_v a_o simple_a syllogism_n we_o must_v frame_v it_o thus_o he_o that_o be_v not_o just_a be_v unjust_a socrates_n be_v not_o just_a therefore_o he_o be_v unjust_a this_o precept_n be_v now_o make_v plain_a enough_o therefore_o i_o proceed_v to_o the_o second_o sort_n of_o a_o disjunct_a syllogism_n chap._n lix_n of_o the_o second_o kind_n of_o disjunct_a syllogism_n a_o disjunct_a syllogism_n of_o the_o second_o sort_n be_v ramus_n ramus_n when_o the_o proposition_n be_v affirmative_a in_o all_o the_o part_n one_o be_v assume_v in_o
the_o assumption_n and_o the_o rest_n take_v away_o in_o the_o conclusion_n by_o assume_v be_v understand_v a_o bare_a repeat_n and_o take_v away_o be_v a_o contradict_v in_o the_o same_o sort_n as_o have_v be_v before_o set_v down_o in_o this_o second_o kind_n of_o disjunct_a syllogism_n there_o be_v three_o property_n first_o the_o proposition_n be_v whoâ—y_o affirmative_a second_o one_o single_a term_n only_o of_o the_o opposition_n be_v repeat_v in_o the_o assumption_n three_o the_o other_o part_n be_v contradict_v in_o the_o conclusion_n therefore_o this_o form_n do_v real_o differ_v from_o the_o former_a that_o conclude_v affirmative_n and_o no_o negative_n this_o conclude_v negative_n and_o no_o affirmative_n gal._n cap_n 3_o ver_fw-la 2.3_o do_v yield_v we_o a_o argument_n of_o this_o kind_n you_o receive_v the_o spirit_n either_o by_o the_o law_n or_o the_o gospel_n but_o you_o receive_v it_o by_o the_o gospel_n therefore_o you_o receive_v it_o not_o by_o the_o law_n this_o disputation_n do_v suppose_v two_o thing_n first_o they_o have_v the_o spirit_n second_o one_o of_o these_o two_o the_o law_n or_o the_o gospel_n give_v it_o they_o not_o both_o together_o those_o two_o thing_n be_v grant_v the_o argument_n can_v be_v deny_v if_o either_o of_o they_o may_v be_v deny_v the_o argument_n may_v not_o be_v grant_v the_o assumption_n do_v bare_o repeat_v the_o second_o term_n oppose_v and_o the_o conclusion_n do_v contradict_v the_o first_o i_o will_v add_v this_o second_o instance_n this_o action_n be_v either_o supernatural_o good_a or_o supernatural_o evil_a or_o natural_o good_a or_o natural_o evil_a but_o it_o be_v supernatural_o good_a therefore_o it_o be_v neither_o supernatural_o evil_a nor_o natural_o good_a nor_o natural_o evil_a here_o we_o find_v first_o divers_a term_n oppose_v in_o the_o proposition_n one_o against_o many_o and_o many_o against_o one_o second_o they_o be_v all_o affirmative_a three_o the_o first_o term_n be_v bare_o repeat_v in_o the_o assumption_n four_o the_o other_o three_o be_v contradict_v in_o the_o conclusion_n five_o a_o supposition_n that_o every_o action_n have_v one_o of_o these_o property_n and_o no_o more_o but_o one_o of_o they_o the_o reason_n why_o one_o opposite_a term_n only_o be_v assume_v and_o the_o rest_n contradict_v be_v because_o but_o one_o opposite_a can_v be_v in_o the_o subject_n at_o once_o and_o the_o presence_n of_o that_o do_v enforce_v the_o absence_n of_o the_o rest_n we_o may_v bring_v these_o into_o simple_a syllogism_n after_o this_o sort_n that_o act_n which_o be_v supernatural_o good_a be_v not_o supernatural_o evil_a nor_o natural_o good_a nor_o natural_o evil_a but_o this_o act_n be_v supernatural_o good_a therefore_o it_o be_v neither_o supernatural_o evil_a nor_o natural_o good_a nor_o natural_o evil_a i_o doubt_v not_o but_o this_o will_v suffice_v to_o show_v the_o truth_n and_o use_v of_o this_o precept_n it_o be_v needle_n for_o i_o to_o set_v forth_o what_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o these_o syllogism_n for_o if_o we_o take_v they_o as_o disjunctive_a than_o they_o contain_v truth_n no_o otherwise_o then_o as_o disiunctive_a axiom_n do_v if_o we_o take_v they_o as_o simple_a than_o they_o must_v be_v refer_v unto_o simple_a syllogism_n therefore_o in_o the_o precept_n of_o they_o we_o shall_v know_v what_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o these_o i_o may_v also_o allege_v the_o reason_n why_o ramus_n do_v prosecute_v all_o the_o precept_n of_o compound_v syllogism_n and_o thereby_o justify_v he_o and_o for_o what_o cause_n aristotle_n do_v but_o name_v they_o &_o not_o prosecute_v they_o and_o so_o justify_v he_o also_o but_o i_o think_v i_o have_v do_v that_o sufficient_o in_o the_o matter_n of_o compound_v axiom_n cap._n 42._o they_o and_o these_o draw_v in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o line_n therefore_o i_o refer_v the_o reader_n unto_o that_o place_n repetition_n be_v but_o lose_v labour_n now_o we_o be_v come_v to_o a_o end_n of_o all_o the_o precept_n of_o logic_n so_o as_o there_o be_v no_o more_o require_v to_o make_v a_o logician_n than_o what_o have_v be_v say_v already_o but_o that_o seem_v not_o enough_o to_o ramus_n for_o he_o bring_v another_o member_n of_o this_o art_n and_o call_v it_o method_n but_o i_o omit_v the_o same_o of_o purpose_n for_o divers_a reason_n 1._o no_o precept_n of_o logic_n can_v teach_v it_o because_o even_o according_a to_o he_o method_n be_v no_o more_o but_o the_o orderly_a place_n of_o sentence_n together_o but_o the_o precept_n of_o logic_n can_v teach_v that_o it_o be_v no_o more_o but_o the_o general_a nature_n of_o art_n as_o we_o have_v already_o find_v cap._n 1._o i_o say_v of_o art_n simple_o abstract_v from_o all_o particular_n and_o not_o apply_v to_o rhetoric_n logic_n or_o any_o other_o as_o we_o do_v when_o we_o say_v rhetoric_n be_v a_o art_n etc._n etc._n 2._o if_o any_o precept_n of_o logic_n have_v power_n to_o teach_v the_o orderly_a frame_n of_o sentence_n together_o than_o they_o must_v be_v either_o some_o that_o be_v past_a or_o some_o that_o be_v yet_o to_o come_v if_o we_o must_v have_v recourse_n to_o these_o than_o their_o author_n and_o place_n must_v be_v name_v but_o that_o be_v impossible_a if_o the_o precedent_a precept_n do_v teach_v it_o than_o we_o have_v do_v enough_o already_o and_o can_v do_v no_o more_o except_o we_o will_v repeat_v the_o same_o thing_n again_o 3._o if_o we_o define_v and_o distribute_v according_a to_o the_o precept_n of_o a_o definition_n and_o distribution_n cap._n 34._o etc._n etc._n we_o can_v place_v definition_n and_o distribution_n nor_o any_o other_o sentence_n that_o depend_v upon_o they_o undue_o and_o out_o of_o order_n for_o then_o the_o most_o general_a will_v come_v first_o and_o the_o most_o special_a will_v come_v last_o and_o this_o be_v all_o the_o method_n ramus_n require_v 4._o he_o allege_v aristotle_n authority_n for_o method_n but_o altogether_o without_o cause_n for_o he_o allege_v no_o place_n nor_o word_n and_o i_o be_o sure_a he_o can_v aristotle_n call_v all_o the_o precept_n of_o logic_n a_o method_n whereby_o we_o come_v to_o know_v how_o to_o discuss_v top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o lib_n 8._o cap._n 12._o prio_fw-la lib._n 1._o cap._n 31._o therefore_o he_o do_v never_o mean_a to_o make_v method_n one_o member_n of_o his_o art_n distinct_a from_o the_o rest_n see_v therefore_o we_o have_v nothing_o to_o say_v touch_v method_n i_o must_v here_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o whole_a worke._n finis_fw-la