These Letters going for current because of the continual Correspondence between him and the Lord-Lieutenants Eumenes order'd them to be carry'd about and shew'd to the Captains and most of the Soldiers Hereupon the whole Army chang'd their Mind and all Eyes were upon Eumenes as the chief Favourite and therefore resolv'd to depend upon him as he whose Interest in the Kings would be able to advance whom he pleas'd and to punish whom he thought fit When the Feasting was ended Eumenes the more to terrify them that were regardless of his Orders and that affected the Sovereign Command call'd in Question in due form of Law Sibertius the Governor of Aracosia Peucestes his special Friend For Peucestes sending away some Horse into Aracosia had secretly commanded Sibertius to intercept the Carriages coming from thence Whereupon Eumenes brought him into that eminent Danger that unless he had privately withdrawn himself he had been knock'd on the Head by the Soldiers By this piece of Policy having terrify'd others and advanc'd his own Honour and Reputation he put on a new Face again and so gain'd upon Peucestes with smooth Words and large Promises that he became both kind and courteous to him Ant. Ch. 314. and chearful and ready to afford Aid and Assistance to the Kings Desiring likewise to be assur'd of the rest of the Governors and Captains by some Pledges which might engage them not to forsake him he pretended to want Money and desir'd them to contribute every one according to his Ability to the Kings Hereupon receiving Four hundred Talents from among so many of the Captains Good Policy by borrowing of Money and Generals as he thought fit those whom he before suspected of Treachery or Desertion became most Faithful Attendants and Guards to his Person and stuck close to him in all Encounters While he thus prudently manag'd Affairs and was providing for the Future News was brought by some who came out of Media that Antigonus was marching with his Army into Persia Whereupon he mov'd forward with a design to meet and engage the Enemy The second Day of their march he sacrific'd to the Gods and plentifully feasted the Army wishing them to continue Firm and Faithful to him But minding to comply with the humour of his Guests who lov'd to drink freely he fell into a Distemper which caus'd him to lye by it and so hinder'd his March for some Days In the mean time the Army was greatly dejected to consider that the most Expert and Bravest Commander of all the Generals should be now Sick at the very time as they thought they were even ready to fight the Enemy But his Distemper abating and after a little time having recover'd himself he pursu'd Ant. Ch. 314. P. 684. his March Peucestes and Antigenes leading the Van and he himself in a Litter follow'd after with the Elephants to prevent disturbance by the Croud and the Inconveniency by the straightness of the Places they were to pass And now the two Armies were within a days march one of another when the Scouts on both sides brought an account of their approach and what numbers they were and ways Eumenes and Antigonus their Armies near but fight not they took Whereupon each Party prepar'd for Battel But at length they parted without fighting for there was a River and a deep Trench between the two Armies Both indeed were drawn forth in Battalia but by reason of the Badness of the Ground they could not come to fight Wherefore drawing off one from another three Furlongs space they spent four Days in light Skirmishes and foraging the Country thereabouts being pinched with want of all things necessary The fifth day Antigonus by his Agents again sollicited the Governors of the Provinces and the Macedonians to desert Eumenes and commit themselves to his Protection For he promis'd that he would leave to every one of them their own several Provinces and would bestow large Territories upon the rest and others he would send into their own Country loaden with Honours and great Rewards and as for those that were willing still to bear Arms he would give them Places and Posts in the Ant. Ch. 314. Army suitable to their several Circumstances But the Macedonians would not harken to any thing of these Terms but sent away the Messengers with great Indignation and Threats Upon which Eumenes came amongst them and gave them Thanks with Commendations of their Fidelity and told them an old Story but very pat to the present Occasion That a Lion falling in Love with a young Lady treated with her Father to Eumenes his Tale of the Lion bestow her upon him in Marriage who answer'd That he was very willing to give the young Woman to be his Wife but that he was afraid of his Claws and Teeth lest when he was marry'd according to the Nature of his Kind he would devour the poor Girl Hereupon the Lion beat out his Teeth and tore off his Claws Upon which the Father perceiving that now he had lost whatever before made him formidable fell upon him and easily cudgell'd him to Death And that now Antigonus was acting a Part not much unlike to this For he courted them with fair Promises till such time as he can get the Army into his Power and then he 'll be sure to cut the Throats of the Commanders This fine Story thus handsomely told was highly applauded by the Army and hereupon he dismiss'd them The next Night some Deserters from Antigonus came in and gave Intelligence that he had order'd his Army to march at the second Watch. Hereupon Eumenes upon serious Ant. Ch. 314. Thoughts and musing of what his Designs might be at length hit upon the truth of the Matter that the Enemy's purpose was to march to Gabene which was a Country three days march distant then untouch'd abounding in Corn and Forage sufficient to supply the greatest Army plentifully with all sorts of Provision and besides was a Place of great advantage full of Rivers and deep Gutters that were unpassable Contriving therefore to prevent the Enemy he put in execution the like project and sent away some of the Mercenaries whom he hir'd for Money under colour of Run-aways with order to inform Antigonus that Eumenes would fall upon his Camp that Night But Eumenes himself sent away the Carriages before and commanded the Soldiers with all speed to eat their Suppers and march All which was presently dispatch'd In the mean time Antigonus upon the Intelligence receiv'd from the Deserters resolv'd to fight the Enemy that Night and therefore put a stop to his march and plac'd his Army in order of Battel During which hurry of Antigonus and while he was preparing to meet his Enemy Eumenes stole away with his Army and made towards Gabene before Antigonus for some Eumenes marckes towards Gabene Ant. Ch. 314. time waited with his Soldiers at their Arms but receiving Intelligence by his Scouts that Eumenes his
they were not willing to venture all at once with Men that were desperate but by lying still in their Camp where they had plenty of Provision and by protracting of Time they hop'd to starve the Enemy and so be Masters of their Camp without fighting Agathocles therefore not being able to draw the Enemy forth to a Battel in the open Field and being necessitated by his present Circumstances to attempt something and Ant. Ch. 305. enter upon some desperate Action marches up with his whole Army close to the Enemy's Camp Thereupon the Carthaginians make out against him and though they had the advantage of Ground and far exceeded him in number of Men yet Agathocles prest hard on every side for some time resolutely bore up against them But his Mercenaries Agathocles routed in Africa and some others at length giving Ground he was forc'd to retreat to his Camp The Barbarians pursu'd them close but to gain the Good-will and Favour of the Africans they past by them without doing any execution But the Greeks whom they knew by their Arms they kill'd all along till they had driven the rest into their Camp There were slain of Agathocles his Men at that time Three thousand The next night a sudden and unexpected Disaster fell upon both the Armies For the Carthaginians when they were sacrificing the most eminent and considerable Persons among their Prisoners in Gratitude to their Gods for the Victory they had gain'd the Flame rising high that enwrapt the Bodies of the sacrific'd Captives a fierce Wind on a Carthaginian Camp burns sudden carry'd the Flame to the Sacred Tabernacle near the Altar where it catch'd and burnt it down to the Ground thence it proceeded to the General 's Pavilion and the Officers Tents next adjoining Upon which arose a mighty Consternation and Astonishment fill'd the whole Camp while some endeavouring to quench the Fire others striving to carry away Arms and rich Furniture were consumed by the Flames The Ant. Ch. 305 Tents were made of Reeds and Straw and therefore the Fire through the height of the Wind rag'd the more so that that by its quickness it prevented all help and assistance that the Soldiers could any ways contribute The whole Camp being presently in a Flame many in strait and narrow Passes were intercepted by the Fire and burnt to death And thus they presently paid for their Cruelty to the Captives suffering the like Punishment as a Retaliation of their Impiety And others who tumultuously with woful Cries got out of the Camp were pursu'd with another and greater Misfortune For those Africans that were in Agathocles his Army to the number of Five thousand deserted the Grecians and were flying to the Barbarians When those that went out to scout saw Their farther Misfortune those Deserters make towards the Carthaginians Camp thinking the whole Grecian Army were at hand ready to fall upon them they forthwith gave Intelligence to their own Party that the Enemy's whole Army approach'd Which being nois'd abroad Confusion and Dread of the Enemy's being just in the midst of them ran through the whole Camp Whereupon every one plac'd his own Safety in the Swiftness of his Heels and P. 768. in regard no Word of Command was given by any of the Officers nor any Order kept among the Soldiers the Run-aways fell down one upon another and some of them through the Darkness of the Night and others out of excess of Fear fell a fighting with their own Men not knowing who they were The Mistake still continuing and encreasing Ant. Ch. 305. a great Slaughter was made and some were kill'd hand to hand and others running away with the loss of their Arms in the height of a surprizing Fear in their hast fell down steep and craggy Rocks and were broken in pieces about Five thousand of them being destroy'd the rest at length got to Carthage The Citizens within the Town deceiv'd by the Report of their own Men believ'd they were routed and that the greatest part of the Army was cut off in this fright they open'd the Gates and receiv'd them with great Terror and Amazement into the Town fearing lest the Enemy should likewise break in at the Heels of them And though when it was full Day they came to understand the Truth of the matter yet they could scarce allay the Fears they had been in as if the Evils were still even at their Doors About the same time through a vain Fear and foolish Imagination Agathocles fell into a Misfortune something of the same kind For the African Deserters after the burning of the Carthaginian Camp and the Hurly-burly and Uproar that follow'd thereupon Misfortune to Agathocles his Camp durst not march forward but made their way back to the place from whence they came whom some of the Greeks espying to make towards them they took them to be the Carthaginian Army and thereupon gave Intelligence to Agathocles that the Ant. Ch. 305. Enemy was near at hand Upon which by the King's Order they cry'd out Arms Arms and forthwith the Soldiers came pouring out in great Tumult and Confusion out of the Camp And besides all this when they saw the Flame in the Enemy's Camp to mount up into the Air and heard the Shouts and Cries of the Carthaginians they were the more confirm'd in their Opinion that the Barbarians were making towards them with their whole Army But Excess of Fear leaving no room for due and serious Consideration Horror and Amazement fill'd the whole Camp and all of them took to their Heels And the Africans being presently mix'd among them the Night causing the Mistake every one oppos'd him that he met as an Enemy and being all the Night long dispers'd here and there and wandering up and down in a Panick Fear there perish'd of them above Four thousand The rest with much ado at length coming to understand the Mistake return'd safe to their Camp And in this manner both Armies deceiv'd by the Vanity of War as the common Proverb is fell into miserable Disasters After which Missortune being now deserted by the Africans and having not sufficient Forces lest to contend with the Carthaginians he resolv'd to leave Africa But he thought it impossible to transport the Soldiers with him because he both wanted Shipping and heard that the Carthaginians were Masters at Sea and lay to intercept his Passage And he concluded the Barbarians whose Forces far exceeded his would never make Peace with him but rather cut off every Man of them that first set footing upon Africa to deterr all others for the future from the like Attempt He determin'd therefore to slip away privately Ant. Ch. 305. with a few and take along with him his younger Son Heraclides for he fear'd lest his Son Archagathus being a daring Man and one that had been too familiar with his Stepmother would plot something against his Life But Archagathus smelling out his Design
the Channel with heaps of Stone and Rubbish and by that means makes his approaches with his Batteries nearer to the Town But About this very time Imilco the Carthaginian General hearing that Dionysius had brought his Ships into the Harbour forthwith Mann'd an Hundred of his best Gallies supposing that by a sudden and unexpected Attack he should easily possess himself of the Fleet as Imilco arrives in Sicily they lay in the Harbour none being out at Sea to obstruct his Design which if it succeeded he should raise the Siege at Motya and carry the War to Syracuse To this End he looses from Carthage with an Hundred Sail and arrived in the Night upon the Coasts of Selinunte and so sailing round the Promontory of Lilybeum about break of Day reaches Motya where surprizing the Enemy he breaks some of their Ships to pieces and burns others Dionysius not being able then to afford any assistance Then he enters into the Port and so orders and places his Ships as if he design'd to set upon the Fleet as they lay Upon this Dionysius commands his Army to march down to the Mouth of the Harbour But seeing that the Enemy had possessed themselves of the Passage he durst not bring his Ships out of the Port for he knew that the Mouth being very narrow and straight a few Ships were able to Fight with many above their Number and Ant Ch. 395. to Advantage And therefore having many Soldiers he easily drew the Ships over the Land into the Sea at a further distance from the Harbour and so preserv'd them In the mean time Imilco pressing upon those Gallies that lay foremost and next to him was by multitude of Darts repuls'd for many Darters and Slingers were plac'd upon the Decks The Syracusians likewise from Land kill'd great numbers of the Enemy by their sharp Arrows shot out of their Engines of Battery And in truth these sort of Darts struck great terror into the Enemy being the first time that they were us'd and found out When the Carthaginian saw he could not accomplish his design he drew off and sail'd back for Africk judging it in nowise prudent to Engage in a Sea-fight with an Enemy double his number When Dionysius by the help of many Workmen had perfected the Bank or Rampier he applied all sorts of Engines of Battery to the Walls battering the Towers with the Rams and driving the Defendants from the Bulwarks with the shot from the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Engines He approach'd likewise to the Walls with * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 With 6 Chambers one above another six floor'd Towers which mov'd upon Wheels and were as high as any House However the Citizens of Motya although they were now in imminent Danger and destitute of all aid from their Consederates yet fear'd not all the Force and Power of Dionysius but * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 P. 424. Ant. Ch 395. bravely opposing the Assailants they first plac'd Soldiers cloath'd in Coats of Mail upon the Masts of their Ships who hoisting up their Main-yards threw burning Firebrands and Sticks dipp'd in Pitch down upon the Engines which set them presently on Fire upon which the Sicilians ran in and having quench'd the Flame so ply'd their work that with the frequent and Repeated Batteries by the Rams a great part of the Wall fell down Upon which both sides rushing into the Breach with great Fury there was a sharp Engagement For the Sicilians thinking the Town now had been their own endur'd any thing out of the insatiable desire they had to revenge themselves upon the Carthaginians for the many Injuries they had suffer'd by them On the other hand the Besieg'd to avoid A brave Defence at Motya the misery of Bondage and Slavery and seeing no hopes to escape either by Sea or Land resolved valiantly to Die At length despairing to defend the Walls any longer they stopt up all the Sally Ports and betook themselves to the Hold and Buildings at the Foot of the Walls which were perfectly built as another strong Wall From hence the Soldiers of Dionysius were put harder to it than they were before for when they had got within the Walls thronging in one upon another and thought they had now gain'd the Town they were presently most miserably gall'd by them that were on the Tops and Roofs of these Buildings However with all the speed they could by the help of their wooden Towers they advanc'd their Scaling-Ladders to the Houses that were next to them and now they sought hand to hand from the Towers and the Tops of the Houses which equall'd one another in height And here the Motyans stood to it and fought with undaunted Resolution having their Wives and Children in their Eyes and possess'd with the sense of the imminent danger of the Ruine and Destruction both of them and theirs For some mov'd with the earnest Prayers of their poor Parents then present intreating them not to suffer them to be made a scoff and scorn to their Enemies renew'd their Courage and without any regard to their Lives rush'd into the midst of the Assailants Others hearing the Cries and Complaints of their Wives and Children made the more haste rather Ant. Ch. 395. to die valiantly than to see the Captivity and Slavery of their dearest Relations There was no way left to escape or fly out of the City for they were hemm'd in by the Sea which was commanded by their Enemies The Cruelty of the Graecians which they had already executed upon their Prisoners and in all likelihood would execute upon them was that which chiefly terrify'd the Carthaginians and made them desperate And therefore nothing remain'd but either to Conquer or Die. This Obstinacy of the Besieged occasion'd great Toil and Hardship to the Sicilians For they were lamentably hurl'd off the Scaffolds which they had made and besides the straitness of the Place by which they were greatly prejudiced they fought with Men that were Desperate and prodigal of their Lives Thus therefore being Engag'd some giving and receiving Wounds fell on the one hand others repuls'd by the Motyans were thrown down Headlong from the Scaffolds and House Tops and so miserably perish'd on the other At length the Assault having continu'd on this manner several whole days together and every Evening Dionysius by a Trumpet sounding a Retreat to his Men the Motyans were inur'd now to this way of Fighting After therefore both sides were drawn off Dionysius sent forth Archylus the Thurian with some of the best Regiments who on a sudden in the dead of Night by Scaling-Ladders go◠over the shatter'd Houses and having possessed himself of a convenient Pass presently the rest which were sent to his assistance by Dionysius came in to him But when the Motyans perceiv'd it with great Courage and Resolution they set upon them to beat them back and though they had not tim'd it right yet their Valour was not in
Trumpets sounded a Charge and the whole Army set up a shout for the Onset The Elephants in the first place fought one with another then the Horse Charg'd on both sides The Field was very Large Sandy and Waste so that so much Dust was rais'd by the Trampling of the Horses as that a Man could not see what was done though but at a small distance from him Which Antigonus observing sent forthwith away some Median Horse and a Body of Tarentines to set upon the Baggage of the Enemy For he hop'd by reason of the Dust that was rais'd as the thing in truth prov'd that they would not be discern'd and that if he got possession of the Carriages he should easily bring the whole Army into his power Hereupon those that were sent forth secretly slipping by the Enemies Wing set upon the Pages * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Drudges Scullion Boys and others that were with the Baggage and about five Furlongs distant from the Place of Battel There they found a Multitude of Useless and Unserviceable Rabble and a very small Guard in the Place so that they were presently put to flight and the rest all fell into Eumenes his Carriages taken the Enemies hands In the mean time Antigonus charging the Enemy with a strong Body of Horse so terrify'd Peucestes Governor of Persia that he with his Horse got out of the Dust and drew Fifteen hundred more after him But Eumenes though he was left Ant. Ch. 314. but with a very few in the out Skirts of the Wing where he was yet counted it base to flag or fly judging it more honourable to be Faithful to his word in the Quarrel of the Kings and to die in an honest and just Cause with Resolution made a fierce Charge upon Antigonus so that now there was a sharp Dispute between the Horse where the Eumeneans excell'd the other in Heat and Resolution but the Antigontans them in Num. and Multitude and many fell on both sides At which time the Elephants fighting one with another the Leader on Eumenes his side engaging with one of the Stoutest of the other was there slain Hereupon Eumenes perceiving his Horse to be worsted on P. 694. every hand withdrew with the rest of the Horse out of the Fight and pass'd over to the other Wing and join'd himself to those with Philip whom he had order'd to make a leisurely Retreat And thus ended the Engagement between the Horse But as to the Foot the Argyraspides or Silver Shields in a full Body flew with that Violence upon the Enemy that some they kill'd upon the spot and they rest they put to flight For they were not to be withstood who though they engag'd with the Enemy's Ant. Ch. 314 main Battel yet they signaliz'd both their Valour and Dexterity to that degree that they kill'd above Five thousand without the loss of one Man and put the whole Nota. Foot to flight though they were far more in number than themselves When Eumenes understood that all the Carriages were taken and that Peucestes was not far off with the Horse he endeavour'd to get all to rally in a Body together again and to try their Fortune in a second Engagement with Antigonus For he concluded if he prevail'd he should not only recover his own Carriages but likewise possess himself of the Enemy's But Peucestes would not hear of fighting any more but got further off so that Eumenes was forc'd to yield the Day Then Antigonus dividing his Horse into two Bodies he himself with one sought how to intrap Eumenes observing which way he made the other he delivered to Pitho with Orders to fall upon the Argyraspides who then were forsaken by their Horse who forthwith setting upon them as he was commanded the Macedonians drew up in form of a Square and got safe to the River exclaiming against Peucestes as the Cause of the routing of the Horse When Eumenes came up to them in the Evening they consulted together what was then fittest to be done The Governors of the Provinces were for returning with all speed into the Higher Provinces but Eumenes was for staying where they were and fighting and in regard the Enemies main Battel was broken and cut off and that they were then equal in Horse on both sides But the Macedonians seeing that they had lost their Carriages Wives and Children and whatever was dear to them declar'd they would neither do the one or the other And so at that time without agreeing in any thing they parted But afterwards the Macedonians secretly corresponding with Antigonus Eumenes baseâ—ly deliver'd up by his own Men. seiz'd upon Eumenes and deliver'd him up into his Hands And having receiv'd their Carriages and Faith taken for security they all march'd away together Whose Example the Governors of the Provinces and most of the other Captains and Soldiers follow'd forsaking their General chiefly consulting their own Safety and Preservation Antigonus having thus strangely and unexpectedly possess'd himself both of Eumenes and his whole Army seiz'd upon Antigenes Captain of the Argyraspides and put him alive into a Coffin and burnt him to Ashes He put to death likewise Eudamus who brought the Elephants out of India and Celbanus and some others Who upon all occasions appear'd against him But for Eumenes he put him in Prison and took time to consider how to dispose of him For he had in truth an earnest desire to have gain'd so good a General to his own Interest and to have oblig'd him upon that account but because of the great Kindness and strict Correspondency which pass'd between him and Olympias and the Kings he Ant. Ch. 314. durst not absolutely rely upon him for but a while before though he had deliver'd him out of the straits he was in at Nora in Phrygia yet he presently upon it fell in and sided with the Kings and therefore upon the pressing Importunity of the Macedonians he put him to Death But in respect of his former Familiarity with him he caus'd his Body to be burnt and his Bones to be put into an Urn and deliver'd to his nearest Friends Amongst those that were Wounded and Prisoners was Hieronymus of Cardia Historiographer P. 695. who having been ever in great Esteem with Eumenes during his Life after his Death found great Favour also with Antigonus Antigonus returning into Media with his whole Army spent the rest of the Winter in a Town not far from Ecbatane where stood the Palace-Royal of that Province He distributed The dreadful Earthquake in the Kingdom of Rhages Strabo Jays Two thousand Towns and Cities his Army here and there all over that Province and especially in the Country of Rhages so call'd from the Calamities it had miserably suffer'd in former times For being heretofore full of Rich and populous Cities there hapned such terrible Earthquakes in those Parts that both Cities and Inhabitants were swallow'd up altogether not
Postpones the true pleasure of the thing at too great a distance from the first Relation Bomilcar therefore picking out a select number of Men in the * Neopo 〈…〉 New City as it 's call'd not far distant from the Old Carthage dismist all the rest then having call'd togther Five hundred of the Citizens who were * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ‑ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 privy to his Design and about a Thousand Mercenary Soldiers he declar'd himself sole Monarch of the Carthaginians Then he divided his Troops into Five Bodies and set upon the City killing all that he met in the High-ways upon which an incredible Terror and Amazement possest the whole City At first the Carthaginians suspected that the Town was betray'd and that the Enemy had broke in by that means But when the Truth was known the young Men Marshall'd themselves and made against the Tyrant who hasten'd into the Forum killing all he met in the Streets and slaughtering great numbers of naked and unarm'd Citizens But Ant. Ch. 306. the Carthaginians mounting the tops of the Houses that were round about 〈◊〉 Market-place cast down showers of Darts from thence so that the Conspirators the place being altogether expos'd to the Shot were gall'd most grievously Whereupon in a 〈◊〉 Body they forc'd their way through the narrow Passes and got into the New City being ply'd and wounded with Darts and Arrows all along as they came under the Houses Then possessing themselves of a Hill the whole City being now in Arms the Carthaginians drew up their Camp in the face of the Rebels At length they sent some P. 756. of the Ancientest and Gravest of their Citizens to them and remitted what was past and so all things were peaceably compos'd Towards all the rest indeed they perform'd their Articles and because of the Cloud that hung over the City pass'd by the Crimes committed but without any regard had to their Oaths they most ignominiously tormented Bomilcar and put him to death And thus the Carthaginians when their Common-wealth was near upon the point of expiring recover'd their Ancient Form of Government In the mean time Agathocles loaded all his Transport-Ships with Spoils and such of the Agathocles sends Spoils to Syracuse most lost in a Storm Cyreneans as he found not fit and serviceable for the War he put on board and sent them to Syracuse But a fierce Tempest overtook them in which some of the Ships were lost and others were cast upon the Pithecusian Islands bordering upon Italy so that very few arriv'd at Syracuse In Italy the Roman Consuls assisted the Marsilians who were sorely prest by the Samnites Affairs of Italy and were Conquerors killing great numbers of the Enemy upon the place Then they march'd through the Country of the Umbri and invaded Hetruria then in War with them and took a Castle call'd Caprium by Storm But the Inhabitants sending their Ambassadors to Treat upon Terms of Peace they made Peace with the Tarquinians for Forty Years But with the rest of the Hetrurians only for one Year CHAP. III. Demetrius frees all the Grecian Cities takes the Pireum at Athens Demetrius Phalerius flies to Ptolemy Honours given to Demetrius in Athens He sails to Cyprus his Acts there Besieges Salamis His great Engines Ptolemy sails to Cyprus Sea Fight between Ptolemy and Demetrius wherein Ptolemy is routed Antigonus takes the Title of King and the like do several other Captains Agathocles his Acts at Utica in Africk Ty'd pris'ners to a great Engine The sorts of People in Africa Xenodocus routed in Sicily by Agathocles his Captains Agathocles his Acts in Sicily What was done by Archagathus in Africa Maschala inhabited by some Greeks that came from Troy Apes their Custom among the Pithecusce The Carthaginians draw out Thirty thousand Men out of Carthage Misfortunes to Agathocles his Captains in Africa The Army block'd up and almost starv'd Agathocles beats the Carthaginians at Sea near Syracuse His Captain Leptines harasses the Agrigentines Agathocles Feasts the Syracusians His jocund Temper His Cruelty Routed in Africa Carthaginian Camp burnt The misfortune afterward to both Armies by one Cause Agathocles in Chains by his own Men. Steals out of Africa The Soldiers kill his Two Sons They make Peace with the Carthaginians Agathocles his exceeding Cruelty at Aegista and afterwards at Syracuse AT the end of the Year Anaxicrates was Created Chief Governor of Athens and Olymp. 118. 2. Ant. Ch. 305. Appius Claudius and Lucius Volutius Consuls at Rome At this time Demetrius the Son of Antigonus being furnish'd with Two strong Armies one by Land and the other by Sea and provided of Weapons and all other necessaries for the War set forth from Ephesus with full Orders and Instructions to set all the Grecian Cities at liberty and in the first place to free Athens that was then held by a Garison of Cassander's To this purpose he arriv'd at the Pireum with his Fleet and upon his first arrival caus'd the Edict to Demetrius set all the Cities in Greece free be proclaim'd and then assaulted the Pyreum on every side But Dionysius the Governor of the Fort Mynichia and Demetrius Phalerius whom Cassander had made President of the City with a strong Body of Men beat off the Enemy from the Walls But some of Antigonus's Men forc'd their way near the Shoar and scal'd and got over the Walls whereupon many within came in to them as their Assistants and in this manner was the Pyrcum taken Dionysius the Governor fled into Mynichia and Demetrius Phalerius into the City The next day he with some others was sent by the City to Demetrius and after he had treated with him concerning the Liberty of the City and his own preservation Demetrius Phalerius flies into Aegypt he prevail'd so far as to be dismiss'd with a safe Conduct and so without any further Care or Concern for Athens he fled to Thebes and thence to Ptolemy into Egypt And thus he who had Govern'd the City for the space of Ten Years was in this manner thrust out of his Country The People of Athens being hereupon restor'd to their Liberty Ant. Ch. 305. decreed publick Honours to them that were the Authors of their Deliverance Demetrius forthwith brings up his Engines and Battering Rams and Besieges Munychia both P. 757. by Sea and Land But the Dionysians made a stout resistance and by the advantage and difficulty of the heighth of the places to be Assaulted beat off the Demetrians for Munychia is not only strong by Nature but by Art also defended by high Walls though Demetrius indeed far exceeded the other in number of Men and Warlike preparations At length after the Assault had continu'd for the space of Two Days together many of those within being wounded and kill'd by the Shot from the Engines so as that there were not Men enough left to defend the Place the Garison Soldiers began to Flag In the mean time
Walls afford but very little Water and that stinking and very bitter And he sent them to this Place on purpose that they might not for the future do any more hurt nor lye lurking and unknown among other Men. But being banished to such a barren Place void almost of all things necessary for the support of Man's Life Men naturally Contriving all manner of Arts to prevent starving they wittily found out a way to supply their Wants For they cut up out of the Neighbouring Fields Reeds and flit them in several pieces and made long Nets of them and plac'd them several Furlongs all along upon the Shoar with which they catcht the Quails which came flying over Sea Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist lib. 10. c. 23. the Description of these Quails in great Flocks and by that means sufficiently provided for themselves After this King's Death the Egyptians recover'd their Liberty and set up a King of their own Nation to rule over them ‖ Mendes Mendes whom some call Marus who never undertook any Warlike Design but made a Sepulcher for himself call'd a Labyrinth not to be admir'd so much for Its greatness as it was unimitable for its Workmanship For he that went in could not easily come out again without a very skilful Guide Some say that Dedalus who came into Egypt admir'd the Curiosity of this Work and made a Labyrinth for Minos King of Creet like to this in Egypt in which they fabulously relate the Minotaur was kept But that in Creet was either ruin'd by some of their Kings or came to nothing through length of Time but that in Egypt continu'd whole and entire to our Days After the Death of this Mendes and Five Generations spent during which time there was an Interregnum the Egyptians chose one Cetes of an ignoble Extraction Proteus Cetes to be their King whom the Grecians call Proteus this fell out in the time of the Trojan War This Prince they say was a * To have knowledge of the Winds Magician and could transform himself sometimes into the shape of a Beast other times into a Tree or Appearance of Fire or any other Form and Shape whatsoever And this agrees with the Account the Priests of Egypt give of him from his daily Converse with the Astrologers they say he learnt this Art The Greeks rais'd this Story of Transformation from a Custom amongst the Kings for the Egyptian Princes us'd to wear upon their Heads as Badges of their Royal Authority the shapes of Lions Bulls and Dragons and sometimes to fix upon their Heads Sprouts of Trees Fire and strong Perfumes of Frankincense and other sweet Odours And with these they both adorn'd themselves and struck a Terror and Superstitious Awe into the Hearts of their Subjects at one and the same time After the Death of Proteus his Son Remphis succeeded him who spent all his Remphis Time in filling his Coffers and heaping up Wealth The poorness of his Spirit and his sordid Covetousness was such that they would not suffer him to part with any thing either for the worship of the Gods or the good of Mankind and therefore more like a good Steward than a King instead of a Name for Valour and noble Acts he left vast Heaps of Treasure behind him greater than any of the Kings that ever were before him For it 's said he had a Treasure of Four Hundred Thousand Talents of Gold and Silver After this King's Death for Seven Generations together there reign'd successively a Company of Kings who gave themselves up to Sloath and Idleness and did nothing but wallow in Pleasures and Luxury and therefore there 's no Record of any great Work or other thing worthy to be remembred that ever any of them did except Nile who call'd the River after his own Name which was before call'd Egyptus For being that he cut many Canals and Dikes in convenient Places and us'd his utmost endeavour to make the River more useful and serviceable it was therefore call'd Nile †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chembes Chemmis the Eighth King from Remphis was of Memphis and reign'd Fifty Years He built the greatest of the Three Pyramids which were accounted amongst the Seven Wonders of the World They stand towards Lybia * About 20 Miles Pyramids Hundred and Twenty Furlongs from Memphis and Five and Forty from Nile The Greatness of these Works and the excessive Labour of the Workmen seen in them do even strike the Beholders with Admiration and Astonishment The greatest being Four-square took up on every Square †Seven Plethras Seven Hundred Foot of Ground in the Basis and above Six Hundred Foot in height spiring up narrower by little and little till it come up to the Point the Top of which was * Three Yards Six Cubits Square It 's built of solid Marble throughout of rough Work but of perpetual Duration For though it be now a Thousand Years since it was built some say above Three Thousand and Four Hundred yet the Stones are as firmly joynted and the whole Building as intire and without the least decay as they were at the first laying and Erection The Stone they say was brought a long way off out of Arabia and that the Work was rais'd by making Mounts of Earth Cranes and other Engines being not known at that time And that which is most to be admir'd at is to see such a Foundation so imprudently laid as it seems to be in a Sandy Place where there 's not the least Sign of any Earth cast up nor Marks where any Stone was cut and polish'd so that the whole Pile seems to be rear'd all at once and fixt in the midst of Heaps of Sand by some God and not built by degrees by the Hands of Men. Some of the Egyptians tell wonderful things and invent strange Fables concerning these Works affirming that the Mounts were made of Salt and Salt-Peter and that they were melted by the Inundation of the River and being so dissolv'd every thing was washt away but the Building it self But this is not the Truth of the thing but the great multitude of Hands that rais'd the Mounts the same carry'd back the Earth to the Place whence they dug it for they say there were Three Hundred and Sixty Thousand Men imploy'd in this Work and the Whole was scarce compleated in Twenty Years time When this King was dead his Brother Cephres succeeded him and reign'd Six Cephres Chabryis Suppos'd to Reign in the time of David and the beginning of Solomon's Reign Helv-Chron 42. and Fifty Years Some say it was not his Brother but his Son Chabryis that came to the Crown But all agree in this that the Successor in imitation of his Predecessor erected another Pyramid like to the former both in Structure and Artificial Workmanship but not near so large every square of the Basis being only a Furlong in Breadth Upon the greater Pyramid was inscrib'd the value
out to the end that none might see what they were doing lest it should be nois'd abroad and come to the Ears of the Indians Having therefore provided Shipping and Elephants in the space of two years in the third she randezvouz'd all her Forces in Bactria Her Army consisted as Ctesias says of three Millions of Foot * 500000 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but in the margent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 200000. two hundred Thousand Horse and a hundred Thousand Chariots and a hundred Thousand Men mounted upon Camels with Swords four Cubits long The Boats that might be taken asunder were two Thousand which the Camels carry'd by Land as they did the Mock-Elephants as we have before declar'd The Souldiers made their Horses familiar with these feign'd Beasts by bringing them often to them lest they should be terrify'd at the Sight of them which Perseus imitated many Ages after when he was to fight with the Romans who had Elephants in their Army out of Africa However this Contrivance prov'd to be of no Advantage either to him or her as will appear in the Issue herein a little after related When Stabrobates the Indian King heard of these great Armies and the mighty Preparations made against him he did all he could to excel Semiramis in every thing And first he built of great Canes four Thousand River-boats For abundance of these Canes grow in India about the Rivers and Fenns so thick as a Man can scarce fathom And Vessels made of these Reeds they say are exceeding useful because they 'l never rot or be worm-eaten He was very diligent likewise in preparing of Arms and going from Place to Place throughout all India and so rais'd a far greater Army than that of Semiramis To his former Number of Elephants he added more which he took by hunting and furnish'd them all with every thing that might make them look terrible in the Face of their Enemies so that by their Multitude and the Compleatness of their * Breastplates Armour in all Points it seem'd above the Strength and Power of Man to bear up against the violent Shock of these Creatures Having therefore made all these Preparations he sent Embassadours to Semiramis as she was on her March towards him to complain and upbraid her for beginning a War without any Provocation or Injury offer'd her and by his private Letters taxed her with her whorish Course of Life and vow'd calling the Gods to witness that if he conquer'd her he would nail her to the Cross When she read the Letters she smil'd and said the Indian should presently have a Trial of her Valour by her Actions When she came up with her Army to the River Indus she found the Enemies Fleet drawn up in a Line of Battle whereupon she forthwith drew up her own and having mann'd it with the stoutest Souldiers joyn'd Battle yet so ordering the Matter as to have her Land-forces ready upon the Shoar to be assisting as there should be Occasion After a long and sharp Fight with Marks of Valour on both sides Semiramis was at length victorious and sunk a Thousand of the Enemies Vessels and took a great number of Prisoners Puffed up with this Success she took in all the Cities and Islands that lay in the River and carry'd away a hundred Thousand Captives After this the Indian King drew off his Army as if he fled for Fear but in Truth to decoy his Enemies to pass the River Semiramis therefore seeing things fall out according to her wish laid a broad Bridge of Boats at a vast Charge over the River and thereby passed over all her Forces leaving only threescore Thousand to guard the Bridge and with the rest of her Army pursu'd the Indians She plac'd the Mock-Elephants in the Front that the Enemies Scouts might presently inform the King what Multitudes of Elephants she had in her Army And she was not deceiv'd in her hopes for when the Spies gave an Account to the Indians what a great Multitude of these Creatures were advancing towards them they were all in amaze inquiring among themselves whence the Assyrians should be supply'd with such a vast number of Elephants But the Cheat could not be long conceal'd for some of Semiramis's Souldiers being laid by the Heels for their Carelesness upon the Guard through Fear of further Punishment made their Escape and fled to the Enemy and undeceiv'd them as to the Elephants upon which the Indian King was mightily encourag'd and caus'd Notice of the Delusion to be spread through the whole Army and then forthwith march'd with all his Force against the Assyrians Semiramis on the other hand doing the like When they approach'd near one to another Stabrobates the Indian King plac'd his Horse and Chariots in the Van-guard at a good distance before the main Body of his Army The Queen having plac'd her Mock-Elephants at the like distance from her main Body valiantly receiv'd her Enemies Charge but the Indian Horse were most strangely terrify'd for in Regard the Phantasms at a distance seem'd to be real Elephants the Horses of the Indians being inur'd to those Creatures prest boldly and undauntedly forward but when they came near and saw another sort of Beast than usual and the smell and every thing else almost being strange and new to them they broke in with great Terror and Confusion one upon another so that they cast some of their Riders headlong to the Ground and ran away with others as the Lot happen'd into the midst of their Enemies Whereupon Semiramis readily making use of her Advantage with a Body of choice Men fell in upon them and routed them forcing them back to their main Body And though Stabrobates was something astonish'd at this unexpected Defeat yet he brought up his Foot against the Enemy with his Elephants in the Front He himself was in the right Wing mounted upon a stately Elephant and made a fierce Charge upon the Queen her self who happen'd then to be opposite to him in the left And tho' the Mock-Elephants in Semiramis's Army did the like yet they stood the violent shock of the other but a little while for the Indian Beasts being both exceeding strong and stout easily bore down and destroy'd all that oppos'd them so that there was a great Slaughter for some they trampl'd under foot others they rent in pieces with their Teeth and toss'd up others with their Trunks into the Air. The Ground therefore being cover'd with Heaps of dead Carcases and nothing but Death and Destruction to be seen on every hand so that all were full of Horror and Amazement none durst keep their Order or Ranks any longer Upon which the whole Assyrian Army fled outright and the Indian King encountred with Semiramis and first wounded her with an Arrow in the Arm and afterwards with a Dart in wheeling about in the Shoulder whereupon the Queen her Wounds not being mortal fled and by the Swiftness of her Horse which far exceeded
Agamemnon made War upon the Trojans at which time the Assyrians had been Lords of Asia above a Thousand Years For Priam the King of Troy being a Prince under the Assyrian Empire when War was made upon him sent Ambassadors to crave aid of Teutamus who sent him Ten Thousand Ethiopians and as many out of the Province of Susiana with Two Hundred Chariots under the Conduct of Memnon the Son of Tithon For this Tithon at that time was Governor of Persia and in special Favour with the King above all the rest of the Princes And Memnon was in the Flower of his Age strong and couragious and had built a Pallace in the Cittadel of Susa which retain'd the Name of Memnonia to the time of the Persian Empire He pav'd also there a Common High-way which is call'd Memnon's Way to this day But the Ethiopians of Egypt question this and say that Memnon was their Country-man and shew several antient Palaces which they say retain his Name at this day being call'd Memnon's Palaces Notwithstanding however it be as to this matter yet it has been generally and constantly held for a certain Truth that Memnon led to Troy Twenty Thousand Foot and Two Hundred Chariots and signaliz'd his Valour with great Honour and Reputation with the Death and Destruction of many of the Greeks till at length he was slain by an Ambuscade laid for him by the Thessalians But the Ethiopians recover'd his Body and burnt it and brought back his Bones to Tithon And these things the Barbarians say are recorded of Memnon in the Histories of their Kings Sardanapalus the Thirtieth from Ninus and the last King of the Assyrians exceeded Sardanapalus the Thirtieth King and the last all his Predecessors in Sloth and Luxury for besides that he was seen of none out of his Family he led a most effeminate Life For wallowing in pleasure and wanton Dalliances he cloathed himself in Womens Attire and spun fine Wool and Purple amongst the throngs of his Whores and Concubines He painted likewise his Face and deckt his whole Body with other Allurements like a Strumpet and was more lascivious than the most wanton Curtezan He imitated likewise a Womans Voice and not only daily inured himself to such Meat and Drink as might incite and stir up his lascivious Lusts but gratify'd them by filthy * By Sodomy Catamites as well as Whores and Strumpets and without all sense of Modesty abusing both Sexes slighted Shame the concomitant of filthy and impure Actions and proceeded to such a degree of Voluptuousness and sordid Uncleanness that he compos'd Verses for his Epitaph with a Command to his Successors Epitaph to have them inscrib'd upon his Tomb after his Death which were thus Translated by a †Cli 〈…〉 vide 〈…〉 neus lib. 12. Clemens lib. 2. Strom. Grecian out of the Barbarian Language 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Haec habeo quae edi quaeque exsaturata Libido Cicero Tusc lib. 5. Hausit at illa jacent multa ac praeclara relicta What once I gorg'd I now injoy An Epitaph fitter for an Ox than a Man says Aristotle And wanton Lusts me still imploy All other things by Mortals priz'd Are left as Dirt by me despis'd Being thus corrupt in his Morals he not only came to a miserable end himself but utterly overturn'd the Assyrian Monarchy which had continu'd longer than any we read of For Arbaces a Mede a Valiant and Prudent Man and General of the Forces Arbaces which were sent every Year out of Media to Ninive was stir'd up by the Governor of Babylon his Fellow Soldier and with whom he had contracted an intimate familiarity to overthrow the Assyrian Empire This Captain 's Name was * 2 Kin. 20. 〈◊〉 call'd Baladan and Isa 39. 1. Ush Ann. 61. Ant. Ch. 747. Belesis a most Famous Babylonian Priest one of those call'd Caldeans expert in Astrology and Divination of great Reputation upon the account of foretelling future Events which happen'd accordingly Amongst others he told his Friend the Median General that he should depose Sardanapalus and be Lord of all his Dominions Arbaces hereupon hearkning to what he said promis'd him that if he succeeded in his Attempt Belesis should be chief Governor of the Province of Babylon Being therefore fully persuaded of the truth of what was foretold as if he had receiv'd it from an Oracle he enter'd into an Association with the Governors of the rest of the Provinces and by feasting and caressing of them gain'd all their Hearts and Affections He made it likewise his great business to get a sight of the King that he might observe the Course and manner of his Life to this end he bestow'd a Cup of Gold upon an Eunuch by whom being introduc'd into the King's Presence he perfectly came to understand his Laciviousness and Esseminate course of Life Upon sight of him he contemn'd and despis'd him as a Vile and Worthless Wretch and thereupon was much more earnest to accomplish what the Chaldean had before declar'd to him At length he conspir'd with Belesis so far as that he himself persuaded the Medes and Persians to a defection and the other brought the Babylonians into the Confederacy He imparted likewise his Design to the King of Arabia who was at this time his special Friend And now the Years attendance of the Army being at an end new Troops succeeded and came into their Place and the former were sent every one here and there into their several Countries Hereupon Arbaces prevail'd with the Medes to invade the Assyrian Empire and drew in the Persians in hopes of Liberty to join in the Confederacy Belesis in like manner persuaded the Babylonians to stand up for their Liberties He sent Messengers also into Arabia and gain'd that Prince who was both his Friend and had been his Guest for a Confederate When therefore the Yearly Course was run out all these with a great number of Forces flockt together to Nineve in shew to serve their Turn according to custom but in truth to overturn the Assyrian Empire The whole number of Soldiers now got together out of those Four Provinces amounted to Four Hundred Thousand Men. All these being now in one Camp call'd a Council of War in order to consult what was to be done Sardanapalus being inform'd of the Revolt led forth the Forces of the rest of the Provinces against them whereupon a Battel being fought the Rebels were totally routed and with a great Slaughter were forc'd to the Mountains Seventy Furlongs from Nineve Being drawn up a Second time in Battalia to try their Fortune in the Field and now fac'd by the Enemy Sardanapalus caus'd a Proclamation to be made by the Heralds that whosoever kill'd Arbaces the Mede should receive as a Reward Two Hundred Talents of Gold and double the Sum to him together with the Government of Media who should take him alive The like Sum he promis'd
after a small time they turn them upon the other side then they take 'em by the Tails and shake 'em and the Flesh thus scalded and softned by the Sun falls off but the Bones they heap together in one place and keep 'em for their use as shall be hereafter related Then they boil their Flesh in a little Stone Pot for a certain time mixing with them the seed of a Fruit call'd * Paliurus a Plant bearing a red Fruit of a pleasant Taste 〈◊〉 Nat. 〈◊〉 l. 1â— c. 1â— Paliurus By working of this together it becomes a Lump of one and the same colour and this seems as if it were a Sauce to their Meat At last this that is thus brought into a Body they spread upon long Tiles and lay it forth to dry in the Sun which after it has been dry'd a little lying down together they merrily feed upon and eat not according to Weight and Measure but as every one thinks fit making their natural Appetite the measure of their Repast For they have always enough of this store to resort unto as if Neptune perform'd the Office of Ceres Yet sometimes the Sea rises so high that all the Shoars are overflow'd for many Days together so that none dare attempt to come near in the mean time therefore wanting food they first gather Shell-fish of such a vast magnitude as that some of them weigh Four Minas These they break in Pieces with huge great Stones and eagerly guttle up the raw Fish in them which are in Taste much like †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Oysters If by Storms and Winds the Sea continues long in a high Tide and that they are hindred from taking of Fish by Tempestuous Weather they first as is said before betake themselves to the Shell-fish and when these fail they run to the heaps of Bones and from among them pick out those that are fresh and moist and divide 'em one joint from another and some they presently grash in Pieces with their Teeth and others that are more hard they bruise with Stones and Feed upon them like so many Beasts in their Dens And thus they provide dry Food for themselves And as to that which is moist and juicy their use of it is wonderful and past belief For they Fish continually for Four Days successively in the mean time eating merrily together in great Flocks and Companies congratulating one another with harsh and untuneable Songs without any Melodious Harmony Then they fall promiscuously as every Man's Lot chances to company with their Women for procreation sake minding no business nor taking any care for any thing having so much plenty ready at hand But the Fifth Day they 〈◊〉 â—â—8 go in Droves to get Drink to those Tracts lying under the Feet of the Mountains where are many Springs of Sweet Water whither likewise the * No 〈…〉 Shepherds drive their Flocks for the same purpose Neither do they differ much from Herds of Cattel as they go making a horrid noise without any articulate Voice In this Procession the Mothers carry their sucking Children continually in their Arms and the Fathers after they are weaned but after they are Five Years old they run before their Parents very jocant and playful as if they were going to some delightful and pleasant Recreation For not being of a froward and discontented Temper they place their chiefest good in having sufficient to supply their necessities never seeking any further addition to their happiness in gaining more When they come to the Shepherds watering Places they gorge themselves with Water to that degree that when they return they can scarce go they are so heavy and unweldy All that Day they eat nothing but every one lies groveling upon the Ground like a Drunken Man with their Bellies almost burst and scarce able to breath And the next Day they fall a feeding upon their Fish and this course and round they run in this manner of feeding all the days of their Lives But those People who live thus within the strait narrow Caves near to the Sea-shoar by reason of the plainness and meanness of their Diet though they are scarce ever Sick yet are far shorter liv'd than our own Countreymen As for those other that live further beyond the Gulf their way of Living is Gulf of the Red Sea much more strange who naturally never covet any Drink nor are affected with any Passion For their Lot falling to be in the Deserts in Places unfit for Humane Habitation they feed plentifully by catching of Fish but matter not any other Food and in regard they eat their Fish slaby and almost raw they are so far from coveting Drink that they know not what it is to drink They are therefore contented with what Providence has provided for them accounting themselves happy in this respect that they are not affected with that troublesom Passion the sense of want And that which is most to be admir'd is that they so far exceed all other Men in freedom from boysterous Passions that what we shall now relate is scarce credible But many Egyptian Merchants who in their Voyage through the Red Sea have arriv'd at the Country of the Ichthophages have avow'd it to me to be a certain truth that they are not in the least mov'd with any thing And Ptolemy the Third who had a great desire to hunt the Elephants that were bred in that Country sent Simia one of his Friends to view the Place who being furnish'd with sufficient Provision for his Journey exactly and diligently observ'd the manner of those Nations lying along the Sea-shoar as Agatharchides of Cnidus the Historian relates Amongst other things he says that the Ethiopians in those Parts are not affected with any disturbing Passion that they never use to drink nor have the least appetite or inclination thereunto for the Reasons before mention'd He affirms moreover that they have no Converse or Discourse with any Stranger nor are mov'd or concern'd at the sight of any but fixing their Eyes upon them are no more mov'd or affected than as if no Person at all were near them Nay if they be assaulted he says with drawn Swords they 'l not stir and though they are hurt and wounded yet they are not in the least provoked Neither are the Common People at all concern'd when any of the rest are hurt or injur'd but many times when their Wives and Children are kill'd before their Eyes they stand insensible as if nothing of prejudice were done to them shewing no sign either of Anger or Compassion and therefore they say they speak not a word but act a part with a mimick gesture of their Hands as they use to do upon such an occasion And that which is most of all to be admir'd the †Phoâ—â— Sea Calves which are very familiar with them like Men help them to catch Fish These different and distinct People are yet exceeding Faithful one P. 109.
his choicest and most beloved Friends so that Rhea lov'd him all her Life long as dearly as her own Son but the love of Saturn was deceitful About this time Saturn and Rhea had a Son born call'd Jupiter who was advanc'd to many Places of Honour by Dionysus and afterwards became King upon the account of his Virtuous Qualifications The Africans had inform'd Dionysus before the Fight that Ammon at the time he was driven out of his Kingdom foretold that after a certain time his Son Dionysus would recover his Father's Kingdom and that he should inlarge his Dominion over the whole World and should be ador'd as a God Dionysus hereupon concluding that the Prophesie would certainly take effect he built a Temple and a City to his Father and having order'd him to be worshipt as a God constituted Priests for the Oracle It 's reported that Ammon was portray'd with a Ram's Head because he always wore an Helmet in the Wars of that shape There are some that * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fabulously report report he had Horns naturally growing out at his Temples and hence it is that his Son Dionysus is represented in the same manner and modern Authors do deliver it as a most certain Truth That this God was Horn'd When he had built the City and setled the Oracle they say he first consulted with this new God concerning his intended Expeditions and that his Father answer'd him that by doing good to all Mankind he should attain to an Estate of Immortality Being thus incourag'd he first invaded Egypt and made Jupiter the Son of Saturn and Rhea King of the Country though he was but then a Boy But appointed Olympus his Assistant and Tutor by whose Instructions he attain'd to a high degree of Virtue and noble Endowments and thence was call'd Jupiter Olympus Dionysus was said to have taught the Egyptians the manner of planting and use of the Vine and to keep and store up Wine †Acorns or Crabbs Apples and other Fruits His Fame was now so nois'd abroad in every Place that none durst oppose him but all submitted of their own accord and with Praises and Sacrifices ador'd him as a God Passing thus they say through the whole World he planted and improv'd the Countries all along as he went and by his good Acts oblig'd all Mankind to a grateful remembrance by rendring him immortal Honour And whereas all Men have divers Sentiments of the rest of the Gods yet they all agree in the Immortality of Bacchus For there 's neither Greek nor Barbarian but have tasted of his Grace and Bounty yea even those that inhabit the most barren Countries altogether unfit for the Planting of Vines learnt of him how to make Drink of Barly little inferior for deliciousness of Taste to Wine Beer They say moreover that Dionysus with a swift March hasted out of India to the * The Mediterranean Sea and there found the Titanes passing over with great Forces into Crete against Ammon And whereas Jupiter in the mean time had brought over Forces out of Egypt to the assistance of Ammon and a great War was broke out in that Island Dionysus forthwith together with Minerva and others reputed to be Gods transported Aids to them in Crete Hereupon was fought a great Battel wherein the Dionysans were Victors and the Titanes were every Man cut P. 145. off After Ammon and Bacchus were translated to a state of Immortality and all the Titanes now utterly extinct Jupiter became Lord of the Universe none daring to be so impious as to oppose him These are the things which the Libyans say were done by the first Bacchus the Son of Ammon and Amalthea The Second Bacchus they say was Son of Jupiter by Io the Daughter of Inachus and reign'd in Egypt and there taught the manner of divine Worship and Sacrifices The Third was the Issue of Jupiter and Semele and was among the Grecians a Rival of the other Two before mention'd For making it his business to imitate them he likewise with a great Army marcht through the whole World and set up many Pillars at the utmost Bounds of his several Expeditions and planted and improv'd likewise the Countries as he went And as the ancient Bacchus listed the Amazons into his Army so did this other Women He took likewise much care and pains about the Orgia and Sacred Rites and Ceremonies some of which he reform'd and added others But because of the length of time the first Invention and finding out of things is unknown to many this last Bacchus only inherits the Glory and Reputation belonging to the former which Misfortune not only befell him but Hercules after him For whereas there was anciently Two of the same Name one of them and the more ancient is said to have flourish'd in Egpyt who having overcome a great part of the World erected a Pillar in Africa The other was born in Crete and was one of the Idaei Dactyli he was a Jugler but likewise a good Soldier and instituted the Olympick Games The last was the Son of Jupiter by Alcmena born a little before the Trojan War He travel'd through many Parts of the World to execute the Commands of Euristheus and succeeded in all his Enterprizes he erected a Pillar in Europe His Name being the same and his Actions much like to those of the former was the occasion that what things were done by the ancient Hercules's after their Deaths were by Posterity solely ascrib'd to him as if there had been never any but one Hercules in the World Amongst other evident Proofs that there were more than one Dionysus or Bacchus this very Fight of the Titanes does make it clear For it 's generally acknowledg'd that Dionysus was with Jupiter in the War against the Titanes and they say that it is an absurd and undecent thing to account Semele Contemporary with the Titanes and to affirm that Cadmus the Son of Agenor was more ancient than the * The Gods of Olympus Celestial Gods And these are the things which the Lybians relate of Bacchus Thus having now perform'd our Promise made at the beginning we shall here put an end to this Third Book THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK IV. The PREFACE I Am not ignorant that the Writers of Antiquities in many things fall short of the truth in their Relations For being that ancient things are as it were scrap'd out of the Rubbish with very great difficulty they greatly perplex the Historian And because the Supputation of Times wherein things were done cannot now be so exact as to infer an Infallible Argument for the truth of the Actions related therefore it is that the Reader despises the Authors of the History And the multitude and variety of the Gods Demy-Gods and other Famous Men whose Genealogies are to be treated of add much more to the difficulty And the greatest vexation of all is that the Writers of Antiquities
Rhodes and Coos sent Forty the Ionians with them of Samos and Chius an Hundred the Eolians with Lesbos and Tenedos Forty They of the Hellespont with them that inhabited about Pontus Fourscore The Islanders Fifty For the King had secured to himself all the Islands between Cyaneas Triopion and Sunium Such was the number of the Men of War in the Navy besides Eight Hundred and Fifty prepared for transporting of Horses and Three Thousand Ships of Burden of Thirty Oars a-piece Thus Xerxes was imploy'd at Doriscus in numbring his Army but the General Council of Greece being informed that the Forces of the Persians did approach it was ordered that the Grecian Fleet should forthwith sail to Artemesium in * Now call'd Negropont Eubaea judging that to be the most convenient place to oppose the Enemy And a Guard of Men at Arms are sent to Thermopile sufficient as was conceived to secure the Straits and Passages and repel the Barbarians For it was determined with all haste and speed to defend on every side all those that took part with the Grecians and with their Forces every way to preserve their Confederates Euribiades a Lacedemonian was Admiral of the whole Fleet Leonidas †Or King General of Sparta commanded the Forces sent to Thermopile a brave Man and an excellent Soldier Leonidas taking upon him the Command chose only a Thousand Men out of the Army to follow him in this Expedition But the * The Council or Parliament of Sparta Ephori or Common Council advising him to take a greater number against so powerful an Enemy yea commanding him so to do he in an intricate and perplexed Speech made Answer That in truth that number was too few to keep the Pass against the Barbarians but that he needed no more to accomplish that Design which they were going about to effect Receiving this dark Answer they asked him whether he led out the Army upon any slight and inconsiderable Attempt He return'd in Answer that in Words and Talk he was to lead them to defend the Passages But in truth and in the Event to dye for the Common Liberty Therefore if these Thousand which he had chosen might go along with him the Fame of Sparta would be advanced even by their Destruction But if all the Lacedemonians should go thither the very Lacedemonian Name would be utterly extinct they being Men never used to fly to save themselves Upon this there were allotted to him a Thousand Lacedemonians Three Hundred Spartans and Three Thousand out of the rest of the Army So that he marcht away with Four Thousand Soldiers to Thermopile But the Locrians who inhabited near the Passages had given †Earth and Water signs of Subjection Vid. Antea Earth and Water to the Persians and had promis'd to seize the Passes But when they perceiv'd Leonidas to advance to Thermopile they revolted and joined themselves to the Greciau Army and so a Thousand Locrians as many Milesians and near a Thousand Phocians marched with him to Thermopile besides Four Hundred Thebans of a different Faction sided now with Greece For the Thebans that were in Confederacy with the Persians were divided amongst themselves This then is the utmost number of the Army which under Leonidas their General came to Thermopile and there prepared themselves to bear the brunt of the whole strength of the Persians Xerxes having now numbred his Forces march'd * From Doriscus in Thrace upon the Banks of Hebrus P. 245. away with his whole Army to the City Acanthus his Fleet sailing near at hand over against him thence his Navy pass'd through the Ditch or Sluce cut through the †Isthmus of Mount Athos Istmos and by that means he pass'd his Fleet into the other * That lyeth before the Town Sea by a short and safe Cut. When he came to the Bay of †Not of Elis as the Greek is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mistaken for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 near Thermopyle Melus he was inform'd that all the Passages were possessed by the Enemy Upon which he again increas'd his Forces and join'd to them little less than Two Hundred Thousand Men more which he had raised as his Confederates out of Europe So that besides his Naval Forces his Land Army consisted of no less than a * A Hundred Myriads is a Million Hundred Myriads And the rest that were in his Fleet what in his Men of War and what in his Transport Ships and Shipping for other Necessaries were judged to be no way inferior for number to his Land Forces Therefore what we find reported concerning the Number he brought with him is not to be wondred at For it 's said that †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 never failing Rivers great Rivers were drunk up by that multitude and that the Sea it self was even cover'd over by the spreading forth of the Sails of the Ships So that the Forces of Xerxes have been by all reputed the greatest that ever any History made mention of The Persian Army now incamping at the River Sperchius Xerxes sent Messengers to Thermopyle both to find out with what Resolution he was likely to be oppos'd and likewise to declare that the King commanded them to lay down their Arms and return in safety to their own Countries and become Friends and Confederates to the Persians which if they yielded to then he faithfully promis'd that he would bestow upon them both larger and richer Countries than those they did then inhabit This Message being heard those with Leonidas returned this Answer that they were in a better Posture to be the Kings Confederates being arm'd than if they were disarm'd and if it happen'd that they must fight then they could more gallantly and couragiously venture their Lives for their Liberties As for the Countries which the King promis'd them they bid them tell him that it was not the manner of the Grecians by any base and dishonourable means to plant themselves in any Country or to gain Lands and Estates but by Virtue and Valour and being so gain'd by the same Valour to defend them Xerxes having receiv'd this Answer presently sent for Demaratus the Spartan who was banished from his Country and fled to him and in a scoffing manner ask'd the Laconian whether the Grecians could run faster than his Horses or whether they durst ingage with so great an Army Demaratus is reported to have answer'd the King thus You are not O King unacquainted with the Valour of the Grecians forasmuch as your Majesty ever made use of them to reduce your Rebellious Subjects upon all occasions And do not think that these who have done more than the Persians in the Defence of your Majesty's Sovereignty will approve themselves with less Valour for the preservation of their own Liberties against the Persians At which words Xerxes laughing him to scorn commanded him to follow him that he might presently see the Lacedemonians taking to their Heels
all the rest of the Grecians For he took Three hundred and forty Ships Twenty thousand Prisoners and a vast Sum of Money The Persians greatly perplexed with this dreadful Blow fell a Building a greater Number of Ships than they had before for the great Successes of the Athenians after this struck them with Fear and Terror and from this time the City increas'd both in Wealth and Power and became famous abroad for the Glory of their Arms. The Athenians dedicated the Tenths of the Spoil to their Gods with this Epigram Since Seas from Europe Asia did divide And Mars first rag'd with bloody Hand Among Mankind the Sun hath not espy'd So sad a Fight from Sea or Land From the Phenician Fleet when strongly man'd An Hundred Ships were took these slew Thousands of Medes made Asia sighing stand Sad and oppress'd with th' Armed Crew These were the things done this Year CHAP. XIV A great Earthquake in Sparta the War upon them by the Helots and Missenians PHedon was now Archon of Athens and Lucius Furius Medullinus and Marcus Manlius Vulso Consuls of Rome when a most sad and unexpected Calamity Olym. 77. 4. Ant. Ch. 467. happened to the Spartans for by an Earthquake there not only the Houses were wholly overturn'd but above Twenty thousand Souls buried in the Rubbish A great Earthquake in Sparta The City shak'd for a long time together and many by the violent Fall of the Walls of the Houses miserably perished and the Houshold-goods and Riches of all sorts were by this dreadful Shake swallow'd up Thus were they punished as by some angry Deity taking Vengeance upon their Crimes And were afterwards brought under many other Calamities by the Hands of Men upon the Accounts following The Helots and Missenians inraged not long before against the Lacedemonians The Helots conspire against Sparta bridled their Anger for a time whilst they fear'd the Power and Grandeur of the City of Sparta But when they observ'd that the greatest part of the City and Inhabitants were destroyed by the late Earthquake setting light by them that were left they enter'd into a League and with joint Force made War upon the Spartans But Archidamus King of Sparta by his Prudence had preserv'd many of the Citizens from the late Ruin and with these resolutely goes forth against the Enemy For while the City was in the height of this terrible Convulsion Archidamus suddenly headed his Army and hasten'd into the open Field and commanded the rest to follow him by which means this remnant Ant. Ch. 467. was preserv'd Having then marshal'd his Men he prepared for Battle The Helots with the Missenians in their first Heat with great Confidence march'd against Sparta supposing there was none to make any Defence But when they understood that Archidamus was ready with the Citizens that were left to defend the City and Country they desisted from their Design Afterwards P. 275. from a Fort they had in Missenia they made daily inrodes into Laconia The Spartans send to the Athenians for Aid who furnish'd them with Supplies The War between the Messenians Lacedemonians And at length by their Diligence in procuring Assistance from the rest of their Confederates they got together an Army equal to their Enemies Nay at the beginning of the War they were far superior but afterwards they dismis'd the Athenians in truth suspecting that they favour'd the Messenians but pretending that the Forces of the other Confederates were sufficient for the present Service The Athenians looking upon it as a Slight and an Affront departed grumbling full of Indignation with their Hearts boyling with Revenge against the Lacedemonians which Hatred increased every day more and more and this was the first Cause of the Enmity between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians which afterwards broke out into open Hostility and fill'd the Cities with Cruelty and Bloodshed and all Greece with Misery and Calamity But we shall write of these things distinctly in their due place After this the Lacedemonians with the Forces of their Confederates besieged Ithome In the mean time all the Helots revolted from the Lacedemonians and join'd with the Messenians And now though the War had continued ten Years compleat wasting one another with various Successes yet they could not decide the Controversy CHAP. XV. The War between the Argives and the Mycenians WHen Theaginidas was Archon of Athens and Lucius Emilius Mamercus and An. Mu. 3504. Olymp. 78. 1. Ant. Ch. 466. Lucius Vopiscus Julius Consuls of Rome began the Seventy Eighth Olympiad wherein Parmenidas Possidoniates was Victor At that time the War broke out between the Argives and the Mycenians upon the following Occasion The Mycenians by reason of the ancient Renown and Glory of their Country would never submit to the Government of the Argives as all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Argos did but were still governed by their own Laws distinct from them of Argos They contended likewise with the Argives concerning the Holy Rights of the Temple of Juno and to have the sole Management of the Nemean Games Besides when the Argives made a Law that none should aid the Lacedemonians at Thermophyle unless the Spartans would relinquish and give up part of their Country to them of Argos they of Mycena only of all the other Cities in the Territories of Argos join'd with the Lacedemonians And lastly they of Argos were jealous lest by the Growth of their Power their ancient Courage should so revive as to contend with them for the Sovereignty For these Reasons they had an evil Eye to the Mycenians and some time not long before had a longing Desire to ruin their City And now they thought a fit Occasion and Opportunity was offer'd them to accomplish what they before design'd in regard the Spartans seemed not to be in a Condition by reason of their late Calamity to aid and assist them To this end they marched against 'em Ante Chr. 466. with a great Army both from Argos and their Confederates and having routed 'em drove 'em within the Walls and besieg'd their City The Mycenians made a stout Defence for a time but wearied out and wasted by Famine the Laccdemonians partly thro' Wars of their own and partly thro' the late Ruins by the Earthquake unable to assist 'em and the help of the other Confederates failing they became a Prey to the Conquerors The Argives made all the Citizens Captives and consecrated a Tenth of the Spoil to God and laid the City even with P. 276. the Ground Such was the End of Mycena a City in former times flourishing Mycena in Greece ruin'd in all Prosperity that had bred and brought up Men famous in their Generations that had been glorious in the World by brave and noble Actions and now lies wast and forsaken unto this day These were the Affairs of this Year CHAP. XVI The Death of Hiero. LYsiatus being Governour or Archon of
to the fame and glory of his Country Upon his Death the Peloponesians and their consederates all as one Man fled with great consternation The Athenians pursu'd them for a while but understanding that Pharnabazus was hastning after them with a great Party of Horse they return'd to their Ships and having regain'd the * City they set up Two Trophies one for their Victory †Cyzicum at Sea near the Island Polydorus as it is call'd the other for that at Land where the Enemy first began to fly The Peloponesians who were left to guard the City with those that escap'd out of the Battel march'd away to Pharnabazus his Camp The Athenians being now possess'd of all the Ships and of a great number of Prisoners were loaden with abundance of Spoil the Fruits of the Conquest of Two Potent Armies When the News of this Victory was brought to Athens the Success was so unexpected after all their former Losses that the People were surpriz'd with Joy at such a happy turn of Fortune and offered Sacrifices to the Gods and instituted Festivals And upon this was rais'd a Thousand-Foot and a Hundred Horse of the most Valiant of the Citizens for the carrying on of the War The City likewise sent to Alcibiades a Supply of Thirty Sail to incourage him with greater Confidence especially now when they were Masters at Sea to set upon the Cities who sided with the Lacedemonians Ant. Chr. 407. CHAP. VI. The Spartans seek for Peace The Speech of Endius The Athenians refuse THe Lacedemonians receiving certain intelligence of their rout at Cyzicum sent Embassadors to Athens to treat of Peace the chief of whom was Endius When he was admitted Audience he came in and spoke in the Laconick manner in a short and pithy Stile whose Oration I judge not fitting to omit The Oration of Endius WE have determin'd to make Proposals of Peace to you O ye Athenians upon these Conditions That the Cities gain'd on either side be retain'd That the Garrisons every where be dismiss'd That all Prisoners be releas'd one Athenian for one Laconian For we are not ignorant that the War is very mischievous to us both but much more to you which I shall make apparent from the things themselves if you hearken a while to what I say For our use all Peloponesus is improv'd and sow'd but of Attica which is not so large you have but a part in Tillage This War has brought over many Confederates to the Laconians on the contrary the Athenians have lost as many as we have gain'd The richest King of the World maintains our Armies but you force the charge of the War from the poorest of the Nations Our Souldiers therefore being so well paid fight chearfully but yours being Ant. Chr. 407. forc'd every one to bear their own Charges seek to avoid both the Toyl and the Expence Moreover when our Fleet is out at Sea we are more in want of Ships than Men but the greatest part of your Men are in your Ships And that which is most considerable although we are inferior to you at Sea yet by the Agreement of all we are your Superiors at Land for the Spartan knows not how to fly in a Battel at Land On the other hand you fight at Sea not with any hopes to gain the Sovereignty at Land but to preserve your selves from utter Destruction Now it remains that I give you satisfaction why when we thus far excel you in feats of Arms we should seek to you for Peace In truth though I cannot say that Sparta has gain'd any P. 359. thing by this War yet I dare affirm their Damage has not been so great as that of the Athenians But it 's the height of folly to take pleasure in common Calamities because our Enemies are Fellow Sufferers whereas it had been much better neither of us had had the Experience Neither does the content and satisfaction by the destruction of thine Enemy ballance the sorrow that is conceiv'd at the loss of thy Friend But it is not for these Reasons only that we desire to put an end to the War but we are prompted hereunto by the Custom of our Country for when we saw by these Wars so many horrid Murthers and so much Blood lamentably shed we conceiv'd it our duty to make it manifest both to the Gods and Men that we are the least concern'd in the causing of it When the Laconian had spoke this and some other things to the like effect the more moderate of the Athenians were inclin'd to Peace but those who were accustom'd to sow the Seeds of Dissention and to make a private gain of the publick Disorders were for War Of this Opinion was Cleopho a Man of great interest among the People who coming into the Assembly after he had Ant. Chr. 407. said many things pertinent to the business in hand he chiefly incourag'd the People by magnifying the greatness of their late Successes and urging all in such a manner as if Fortune contrary to her usual Custom had now forgot to * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dispose and order the Successes of War by turns and mutual Changes to each side But the Athenians at length ru'd this mischievous Advice which was so little to their advantage for being thus deceiv'd with flattering Discourses fram'd only to please they were brought so low that they could never after recover their former Strength and Grandeur but these things shall be hereafter related in their due Place The Athenians therefore being thus puff'd up with their Victories and being very confident because Alcibiades was their General concluded they should recover their former Esteem and Reputation in a short time CHAP. VII Hannibal the Carthaginian invades Sicily The miserable destruction of Selinunte The ruin likewise of Himera The Acts of Hermocrates in Sicily THE Affairs of this Year thus ended Diocles was chosen Magistrate of Athens Olymp. 92. 4. An. Mu. 3563. Ant. Chr. 406. and at Rome Quintus Fabius and Caius Furius were Consuls At that time Hannibal the Carthaginian General musters an Army out of Spain and Africa and puts them on Borad Threescore long Gallies and provides Fifteen Hundred Transport Ships to convey Provision Engines Weapons and all other things necessary for a Siege Passing over the African Sea with his Navy he arriv'd at Lilibeum a Promontory in Sicily over against Africa About the same time some Selinuntine Horsemen being in those Parts when they saw so great a Fleet make towards them speeded away in all haste to give intelligence to their Countrymen of the Approach of the Enemy Upon which the Selinuntines dispatch'd Messengers to Syracuse to desire Aid In the mean time Hannibal landed his Army and markt out his Camp beginning at a Pond call'd at that time Lilibeum but many Years after it gave name to a Town built in that Place Hannibal's whole Army as Ephorus relates consisted of Two Hundred Thousand Foot and Four
time werefour Military Tribunes appointed at Rome to execute the Consular Dignity Caius Furius Caius Servilius Caius Valerius and Numerius Fabius And this Year was celebrated the Ninety Fourth Olympiad in which Cocynas of Larissa was Victor About this time the Athenians their Power being broken obtain'd a Peace with the Lacedaemonians and liberty to govern according to their own Laws upon Condition they demolish'd their Walls which they pull'd down accordingly but could not agree among themselves about the Form of their Government For they that were for an Oligarchy gave their Votes for the restoring that ancient Government But the greatest part who stood up for the Democracy preferr'd the Government by the Senators declaring that to be the truest Democracy When this banding one against another had continu'd some days they for the Oligarchy sent to Lysander the Spartan hoping thereby to gain the Point in regard he was order'd now the War was at an End to settle the Government of the Cities and in every Place he set up an Oligarchy To this end they sail'd to him to Samos where he then was having lately taken the City When they arriv'd and had crav'd his assistance he promis'd them his Aid and thereupon after he had made Thorax Governor of Samos pass'd over to the Pireum with an hundred Sail. Then calling a General Assembly he advis'd them to chuse Thirty Men who should Govern the Common-wealth and Manage all the Affairs of the City Theramenes oppos'd this Proposal repeating the Articles of Ant. Ch. 402. the Peace whereby it was agreed That they should be govern'd according to the Laws of their own Country and declar'd it would be a most intolerable piece of Injustice The Thirty Tyrants chosen at Athens if against the Sacred Ties of an Oath their Liberties must be thus ravish'd from them Lysander answer'd That the Athenians had first broken the League themselves because they did not pull down their Walls within the time agreed and grievously threaten'd Theramenes and told him That unless he desisted from his Oppositions against the Lacedaemonians he would put him to Death Upon this both Theramenes and the People being in a great Fright were forc'd by a general suffrage to abolish the Democracy and Thirty Men were forthwith chosen to be Governors of the Common-Wealth in Name call'd Fit Magistrates but in Deed and in Truth nothing but Tyrants But because the Justice and Moderation of Theramene P. 397. was evidently discern'd by the People they judg'd he would be a Bridle to the Covetousness Theramenes chosen one of the Thirty of the rest of those plac'd over them and thefore chose him to be one of the Thirty The Duty and Office of these Men was to chuse the Members of the Senate to create Magistrates and to make Laws for the Government of the City But they forbore to make any Laws upon many specious pretences Yet they fill'd the Senate and all the Ant. Ch. 402. Places in the Magistracy with their own Creatures who were call'd Pretors but in truth were meerly the Tyrants Tools At first they executed Justice upon Malefactors with great Severity to the putting of them to Death So that as yet they were well spoken of and commended by every honest Citizen But not long after when they resolv'd to be Lawless and set up an Arbitrary The Cruelty of the Thirty Tyrants of Athens Power they sent for a Garison from the Lacedaemonians upon pretence that they would mould all things in the Government to the advantage of their Interest For they knew very well that without a Foreign Force they could not execute those Slaughters and Butcheries they design'd for that all would as one Man rise up against them in their own defence When the Garison from Lacedaemon was come they presently gain'd the Governor Callibius with Bribes and other fawning and flattering Addresses Then they singled out some of the richest Citizens such as they thought fit and charging them as Innovators and Plotters against the Government put them to Death and consiscated their Estates But when Theramenes oppos'd his Collegues and others who were Zealous for the Common-Wealth stood up for the Defence of their Liberties the Thirty call'd a Senate in Ant Ch 402. which Critias the President loads Theramenes with many grievous Crimes and chiefly that he betray'd that Government in the Administration of which he himself voluntarily accepted a share with the rest Theramenes in Answer to what he said so clear'd himself of every particular laid to his Charge that he gain'd the good Opinion of the whole Senate Upon which Critias with the rest of his Faction being afraid lest this Man should Theramenes accus'd by the Tyrants overturn the Oligarchy surrounded him by the Soldiers with their Swords drawn with an intent forthwith to seize him But Theramenes foreseeing their purpose rushes through and flies to the Altar in the Hal'd from the Altar in the Senate Senate-house crying out That he fled to the Gods not that he hop'd thereby to save his Life but that the Impiety of his Murtherers might be the more aggravated by the violation of the Sacreds of their Religion But though he was thence violently hal'd by the * Sheriffs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lictors yet bore all with an undaunted Spirit being well principled in the Precepts of Philosophy by his late Master Socrates The People generally lamented his sad Misfortune and unworthy Usage but none durst rescue him by reason of the Soldiers that clos'd him round But Socrates the Philosopher and two of his Servants ran in and endeavour'd to hinder the Lictors But Theramenes intreated them they would forbear declaring he could not but honour their Love and Courage shew'd on his behalf but that it would be his greatest Misery if he should be the Cause of the Death of those who so greatly lov'd him Socrates therefore and the rest when they saw none to come in to their assistance and that Ant. Ch. 402. the stronger Faction more and more increas'd let fall their design Theramenes thus forc'd from the Altars was led through the Market-place to Execution by the Officers who had him in charge But the common People affrighted with the arm'd Men Theramenes Executed while they bewail'd the Condition of this miserable Man as one most unjustly condemn'd at the same time likewise deplor'd their own Bondage and Slavery For every poor Man seeing the Virtue of Theramenes so despis'd and trampled under foot foresaw that they by reason of their mean and low Condition would be valu'd no more than things set behind the Door After they had executed him the Thirty upon false Accusations put to death several Many other Executed others of the rich Men whom they had written down in a List and when they were dead seiz'd upon all they had Among whom was Niceratus the Son of Nicias the General who was formerly sent against the
himself and therefore forthwith sent a Messenger in whom he could most confide and by him laid all open before the King That when Alcibiades saw that Pharnabazus would not p. 401. furnish him with Letters to make way for him to the King's Palace he made a Journey to the Lieutenant and Governor of Paphlagonia and desir'd his assistance to get to the King And that Pharnabazus fearing lest the King should come to understand the Truth sent some to lie in wait for Alcibiades in the way and to murther him and that these finding him in his Inn in Phrygia rais'd up a Pile of Wood round his Lodging in the Night and set it on fire and that Alcibiades endeavouring to save himself in the midst Ant. Ch. 402. of the Flames partly by the Fire and partly by Darts cast at him by his Enemies there perish'd About the same time Democrates the Philosopher died being Ninety Years of Age. And Lasthenes the Theban who wan the Prize this Olympiad is said to run a Race on foot with a Running Horse from * From Coronea to Thebes 30 Miles both in Beotia in Greece Coronea to the Walls of Thebes and won the Match In Italy the Volsci set upon the Roman Garrison at * Verulanum in Latium Olymp. 94. 2. Ant. Ch. 401. Verugine took the City it self and kill'd many of the Garison-Soldiers After the Affairs of this Year thus past Euclides became Chief Magistrate of Athens And Four Military Tribunes bore the Consular Dignity at Rome Publius Cornelius Numerius Fabius Lucius Valerius and Terentius Maximus During the time of their Governments the Affairs of Byzantium were but in an ill posture by reason of their intestine Seditions and their Wars with the Thracians their Neighbours Not being able to put an end to their Civil Discords they desir'd a Governor from the Lacedemonians to which end Clearchus was sent to them who after the whole Power was put into his hands got together a great number of Mercenaries and acted more like a Tyrant than a Governor For First having invited the Magistrates of the City to a Feast after a publick Sacrifice Clearchus acts like a Tyrant in Byzantium he caus'd them all to be put to Death Presently after when there was none left to Govern the City he strangled Thirty of the Chief Men of Byzantium and seiz'd upon all their Goods to his own use He likewise put to death some of the richest of the Citizens under colour of pretended Crimes and others he banish'd Having thus enrich'd himself Ant. Ch. 401. he Listed vast numbers of Foreign Troops and confirm'd and strengthen'd himself in the Sovereignty When the Cruelty and Power of the Tyrant was spread abroad the Lacdemonians at the first sent Messengers to him to advise him to lay down his Government But when he flatly refus'd they sent an Army against him under the Command of Panthedas but when Clearchus heard of his coming he march'd away with his Forces to Selymbria of which he had before possess'd himself For by reason of his Cruelty in Byzantium he foresaw that not only the Lacedemonians but the Citizens would be his Enemies and therefore concluding that he could with more safety march out against his Enemies from Selymbria he brought all his Money together with his Army thither When he came there and heard of the approach of the Lacedemonians he withdrew out to meet them and at a place call'd Porus they engag'd The Battle was doubtful à long time but at length the valiant Spartans prevail'd and the Tyrants Army was miserably Clearchus routed at Selymbria by the Lacedaemonians Is employ'd by Cyrus the Brother of Artaxerxes Mnemon Ant. Ch. 401. destroy'd Clearchus with a few escap'd to Selymbria and was there a while besieg'd but afterwards in a great fright he fled out of the Town in the night and sail'd over to Jonia where becoming familiar with Cyrus the King of Persia's Brother he was made General of his Army For Cyrus being made Chief of all the Princes and Governors of the Sea Coasts and being of an high and aspiring Spirit determin'd to make War against his Brother Artaxerxes Looking therefore upon Clearchus to be a fellow of a bold and daring Spirit ready for any adventure furnish'd him with Money and order'd him to raise an Army of as many Foreigners as he could hoping he had new got fit a Companion to assist him in the execution of those bold Attempts he had taken in hand As for Lysander the Spartan after he had setled all the Cities subject to the Lacedaemonians according P. 402. to the Orders and Directions of the Ephori some to be govern'd by a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Decemvirate a Government under 10 Persons Decemvirate others by an Oligarchy became of great Note and Reputation at Sparta For by his Conduct he had put an end to the Peloponnesian War and thereby had gain'd for his Country the Sovereign Command both at Sea and Land without controul Being puft up with this Success he design'd to put an end to the Reign of the Heraclidae and to that end endeavour'd so to contrive the matter as to procure a Decree That any Spartan whatsoever should be capable of being elected King Thereby he hop'd that the Regal Power would presently be devolv'd upon himself for the Great and Noble Services that he had done But considering that the Lacedaemonians were led much by Lysander contrives to cut the Line of the Heraclidae and to be chosen King of Sparta Seeks to bribe the Oracles the Answers given by the Oracle he resolv'd to bribe the Prophetess of Delphos with a large Sum of Money For he concluded that if he were favour'd by the Oracle his Business was done according to his Heart's desire But when he saw that by his repeated and continual Promises of Reward day by day he could not prevail he address'd himself upon the same account to the Priest of the Oracle at Dodona by one Pherecrates of the Family of Apolloniatus who was familiarly acquainted with the Officers of that Temple But being disappointed here likewise he took a Journey to * In Africa near Carthage Cerene under colour to pay a Vow to Jupiter Hammon but in truth to no other purpose than to bribe that Oracle To that end he carry'd with him a great Sum of Money to bring over the Priests of that Temple to his Interest For Lybis the King of that Country had been his Father's Guest and for the great Love and Friendship that there was between them the Brother of Lysander was call'd Lybis But notwithstanding all his hopes to prevail by his Interest in the King and the Fulness of his Purse he was not only frustrated of his Ant. Ch. 401. Hope there but the Priests of the Oracle sent Ambassadors to Sparta and accus'd Lysander for his offering of Bribes to corrupt the Oracle Upon which when he was
one of the richest of the Citizens Afterwards the Crotonians being besieg'd by the Brutians the Syracusians sent a great Army to their relief under the Command of Antander the Brother of Agathocles and others P. 267. But the Sovereign Command and chief Management of the Affair was committed to Heraclides and Sosistratus Men that employ'd themselves all their Lives long in Assassinations Murders and all kinds of Wickedness and Debauchery Which the * Nothing said of them in the preceding Book therefore some mistake or want Rhodomanus thinks there was either another Book between these or a want of what was inserted in the preceding Book See his Notes Book Ant. Ch. 315. next preceding this hath particularly set forth With those in this Expedition by a Decree of the People was join'd Agathocles who was then a Colonel and though he had remarkably approv'd his Valour against the Barbarians yet he was so envy'd by Sosistratus that he altogether disregarded him not allowing him the Honour due to his Deme rits At which he was so exasperated that he accus'd Sosistratus and his Followers to the People as having designs to advance him to the Monarchy But the Syracusians giving no regard to those Accusations Sosistratus after his return from Crotona became Supream and Absolute Lord of his Country Agathocles being incens'd against him first with those that sided with him remain'd in Italy and endeavour'd to possess himself of Crotona but failing in his design with some few along with him he escap'd to Tarentum by whom he was entertain'd and taken into Pay but committing many rash and inconsiderate Acts he began to be suspected of some intended Innovation and thereupon his Commission was taken from him upon which he got together the Exiles of Italy and reliev'd them of Rhegium who were then besieg'd by Heraclides and Sosistratus Afterwards when the Monarchy was abrogated at Syracuse and Sosistratus was expell'd out of the City he return'd into his Country And Ant. Ch. 315. in regard at that time many of the Nobility who were for an Oligarchy to the number of Six hundred of the greatest Persons of Quality were together with the Magistrates thrust out of the City a War broke out between the Exiles and those that were for a Democracy and the Carthaginians sided with Sosistratus and his Exiles Hereupon there were daily Skirmishes and Drawing-up of Armies one against another in which Agathocles Agathocles his Stratagem acting sometimes as a Private Soldier and at others as a Commander gain'd the Reputation both of Valour and Policy for always upon every opportunity he invented some stratagem or other which prov'd advantageous to his Party amongst which there was one thing especially to be remember'd The Syracusians had Encamp'd near to Gela and at that time in the Night he broke into the * Gela. City with a Thousand Men at Arms who were presently met by Sosistratus with a strong and well-order'd Party who forc'd them that had entred back and kill'd Three hundred of them The rest looking upon themselves all as lost endeavour'd to get out at a Sally-port and were beyond all Hope and Expectation freed from their present imminent danger by Agathocles For he fought with great Valour and Resolution at the Head of his Men and receiv'd seven Wounds and when he was even ready to faint through loss of Blood and the Enemy bearing down upon him he commanded the Trumpeters to sound a Charge at both parts of the Walls which being presently done those who came to force out them that were entred could not discern the truth of the thing because of the Darkness of the Night and therefore believing that another Ant. Ch. 315. Party of the Syracusians had broken in at both Places they made an Halt and pursu'd no further And so being divided into two Parts at the Sound of the Trumpets they forthwith ran together to defend the Walls In the mean time Agathocles with his Soldiers having thus made room for themselves got safe to the Trenches and thus having deluded the Enemy he not only wonderfully preserv'd his own Men that first entred but seven hundred more that came in to his assistance After this Acestorides the Corinthian being created General at Syracuse Agathocles was thought to aspire to the Monarchy for his good Service but he avoided the Danger that hung over his Head upon that account For Acestorides not willing to cut him off P. 673. for fear of a Tumult commanded him to depart the City and ordered some to kill him in the Night as he was making away But Agathocles conceiving what the General was plotting against him pick'd out one of the young Men that was very like himself both in Stature and Feature and delivered to him his Horse Arms and Garments and by this means subtilly deceiv'd them who were sent out to be his Murderers but he himself slink'd away in By-paths in a poor ragged Coat and they by the Arms and other signs conjecturing that the other was Agathocles the Darkness of the Night not permitting a Ant. Ch. 315. perfect Discovery perpetrated indeed the Murder but miss'd the Person Afterwards the Syracusians having re-admitted the Exiles that were driven out of the City with Sosistratus and having made Peace with the Carthaginians Agathocles himself now an Exile rais'd an Army of his own in the Heart of the Country at which not only the Citizens but the Carthaginians were much affrighted and therefore he was courted to return into his own Country and when he came being conducted into the Temple of Ceres by the Citizens he there swore that he would do nothing to the Prejudice of the Democracy Putting on therefore a Cloak of Dissimulation as if he would protect the Democracy and having caught the People by divers Tricks and Devices he was made General and Conservator of the Peace till all Matters should be appeas'd amongst the Exiles that were return'd to the City For every Company and Fraternity were divided into many Factions and very great Heart-burnings there were between private and particular Persons But the Senate of Six hundred that was appointed to govern the City after an Oligarchy was most fierce against Agathocles's Party for the Members of this Assembly were such as were the Richest and of the best Quality among the Syracusians Ant. Ch. 315. However Agathocles who now affected the Sovereignity gain'd many opportunities for the accomplishing of his Designs For he had not only a Command of an Army as General but News being brought that there was an Insurrection in the Bowels of the Country at Erbita he gain'd a further opportunity to increase his Army and raise what Men he pleased without suspicion Under colour therefore of his Expedition to Erbita he rais'd Men out of Morgantina and other Cities in the Heart of the Country together with those that had formerly serv'd him in the Wars against the Carthaginians for all these had a
a Thousand Foot and Six hundred and ten Horse Androbazus likewise was sent from Parapamysus of which Province Oxyartes was Governor with Twelve hundred Foot and Four hundred Horse Stasander Governor of Aria and Dranginas being join'd with the Bactrians had with him Fifteen hundred Foot and a Thousand Horse Out of India came Eudamus with * 300 in the Margin Ush Ann. 307. Five hundred Horse and Three thousand Foot and a Hundred and twenty Elephants which he got after Alexander's Death when he treacherously slew Porus. There were in the whole with the Governors of the Provinces above * The Particulars make One and twenty thousand Eighteen thousand and Seven hundred Foot and Four thousand and Six hundred Horse When all these came into the Province of Susiana and join'd with Eumenes a publick Assembly was call'd where was a hot Dispute concerning the Choice of a General Peucestes upon the account of his bringing in most Men into the Field and his eminent Post under Alexander conceiv'd he had most Right to challenge the chief Command Antigenes Captain of the * Argyraspides Silver Targateers insisted upon it That the whole Power of Election ought to be committed to his Macedonians who under Alexander had conquer'd Asia and by their Valour had so signaliz'd themselves as to gain the Reputation of being Ant. Ch. 315. Unconquerable But Eumenes fearing lest by their Divisions they should become an easy Prey to Antigonus advis'd that they should not make only one General but that all who were before chosen Captains and Commanders should meet every day in the King's Pavilion and there consult of all the publick Affairs For a Tent had been before erected to Alexander and his Throne plac'd therein to which they us'd to resort offering Incense as to a God and there debate all Matters of Weight and special Concern This Advice being Approv'd and Applauded by all they met there every day as in a City govern'd by a Democracy Afterwards being come to Susa there Eumenes was supply'd with what Monies he had occasion for out of the King's Exchequer For the Kings by Eumenes come to Susa their Letters had order'd the Treasures that they should issue to Eumenes alone so much Money as he at any time requir'd Hereupon he gave the Macedonians Six Months Pay P. 679. before-hand and to Eudamus who brought the Elephants out of India he paid Two hundred Talents under colour to defray the Charge and Expence of the Elephants but in truth the more to engage him to his Interest For if Contests should arise that Party would have the greatest Advantage with whom he sided by reason of the Terror occasion'd by the use of these Beasts The rest of the Governors every one maintain'd their own Soldiers they brought with them This done Eumenes continu'd for some time in Ant. Ch. 315. Susa and there refresh'd his Army In the mean time Antigonus who Winter'd in Mesopotamia resolv'd forthwith to set upon Eumenes before he grew too strong But when he heard that the Provincial Governors with their Forces together with the Macedonians were join'd with him he let his Soldiers rest and made it his Business to raise more For he saw that he had need of a great Army and reason to make more than ordinary Preparations for the War In the midst of these Preparations Attalus Polemo Docimus Antipater and Philotas who before were Commanders in Alcetas his Army and were taken Prisoners and now kept Several Captains being Prisoners in a strong Castle seek to escape close Prisoners in an extraordinary strong Castle hearing of Antigonus his intended Expedition into the higher Provinces conceiving now they had gain'd a fair opportunity hir'd some of their Keepers to suffer them to escape Having therefore gotten Arms about Midnight they set upon the Guard They themselves were but Eight in Number surrounded with Four hundred Men yet Valiant and Expert Soldiers through their Experience in the War with Alexander Xenopithes the Governor of the Castle they Ant. Ch. 315. threw off from the Walls headlong down a steep Rock a Furlong high and as to the rest some they kill'd upon the place and others they hurl'd down and then set the Houses on fire Hereupon they took into the Castle Five hundred Men that were without expecting the Issue It was indeed very well stor'd with Provision and all other Things necessary But they consulted together whether it was better to stay there and trust to the Strength of the Place waiting for Relief from Eumenes or to get away and wander about in the Country making use of a Change and Turn of Fortune when it might happen Much Canvassing and Disputing there was on both sides Docimus was for leaving the Place but Attalus declar'd he was not able to endure Labour by reason of the Hardship of his late Imprisonment Whilst they were thus at Difference amongst themselves above Five hundred Foot and Four hundred Horse were drawn out of the Neighbouring Garisons and got together in a Body besides Three thousand of the natural Inhabitants and upwards gather'd from all Parts of the Country these created one from among themselves to be their General and laid close Siege to the Castle Being therefore thus unexpectedly again coop'd up Docimus acquainted with a Passage under-ground where no Guard was set by a private Messenger kept Correspondence with Stratonice the Wife of Antigonus who was not far distant from the Place And afterwards he with one other in his Company through this Pass slipt out to her but contrary Ant. Ch. 315. to her Promise he was seiz'd and secur'd And he that came out with him undertook to conduct the Enemy into the Castle and accordingly brought in a great Number and with them gain'd one of the highest Rocks within the Fort. And although Attalus and all those with him were far inferiour in Number yet they defended the Place couragiously fighting valiantly every day till at length they fell into the Enemies hands after a Siege of Sixteen Months CHAP. II. Antigonus marches after Eumenes to Tigris Eumenes cuts off many of his Men at Pasitigris Antigonus goes into Media Eumenes comes to Persepolis The Description of Persia Peucestes his great Feast Eumenes his Policy His Tale of the Lion A Battel in Pareteceni between Antigonus and Eumenes Antigonus returns into Media The Story of Ceteus his two Wives striving which should be burnt Eumenes marches to Galiene Cassander to Macedonia Olympias goes to Pydna is there besieg'd The Epirots forsake their King and join with Cassander Antigonus designs to surprize Eumenes who stops his March by a Stratagem The last Battel between them in Gabiene Eumenes basely deliver'd up Antigonus returns to Media The dreadful Earthquakes in the Country of Rhages AFterwards Democlides was chief Governor at Athens and Caius Junius and Quinius Olymp. 116. 1. Ant. Ch. 314. An. M. 3634. Antigonus marches after Eumenes to Tigris P.
all that was done Whereupon their Courage reviv'd and the Senate blam'd all the Officers of the Fleet that being Masters at Ant. Ch. 308. Sea they should be so careless as to suffer the Enemies Forces to make a Descent upon Africa and they created Hanno and Bomilcar Generals of their Army notwithstanding Hanno and Bomilcar made Generals they were at private feuds between themselves and that ancient grudges had been in their Families one towards another For they thought that these private Quarrels would much tend to the common advantage of the City But they were very much mistaken For Bomilcar had for a long time been ambitious of the Monarchy but never yet had an opportunity fitted for his purpose to put his Designs in execution and therefore he greedily imbrac'd the offer of such a Command as was exactly agreeable to what he was aiming at And the chief cause of these Plots and Contrivances of his was the severity and cruelty of the Carthaginians For they advance the most eminent Persons to be Generals in their Wars because they conclude they 'l fight with more Resolution then others when all lies at stake But after the Wars are ended and Peace concluded then they bring false Accusations against them and most unjustly through Envy put them to death And therefore some Generals out of fear of those unjust Sentences either give up their Commissions or seek to be absolute Monarchs as Bomilcar one of the Carthaginian Generals P. 738 then did of whom we shall speak by and by The Carthaginian Generals therefore seeing now that delays were dangerous waited not for Soldiers to be rais'd out of the Country and from the Cities of their Confederates but led out the Citizens themselves into the Field having under their Command no Ant. Ch. 308. Battle between the Carthaginians and Agathocles less than Forty thousand Foot a thousand Horse and Two thousand Chariots and possessing themselves of a Hill not far from the Enemy drew up in Batalia Hanno commanded the Right Wing supported by them of the Sacred Brigade Bomilcar the Lest making his Phalanx very deep because the nature of the place would not allow him to extend his wing further in front The Chariots and Horsemen he plac'd in the Van to the end that with these at the first Charge they might try the Courage of the Greeks Agathocles on the other side viewing how the Barbarians had drawn up their Army committed the Right Wing to Archagathus his Son delivering to him Two thousand and five hundred Foot Then he drew up about Three thousand and five hundred Syracusians Next to them Three thousand Mercenaries out of Greece and Lastly Three thousand Samnites Tyrrhenians and Celts He himself with the Troops of the Houshold and a Thousand heavy Arm'd Men commanded in the Left Wing opposite to the Carthaginians Sacred Brigade The Archers and Slingers to the number of Five hundred he mix'd here and there in the two Wings The Truth was his Soldiers were scarce all Arm'd And therefore when he saw some of those that were naked and without Arms he took the Covers and Cases of the Shields and stretcht them out upon Sticks in the round shape of a Shield and so deliver'd 'em to them however in truth useless yet so contriv'd by him to the end that those that were at a distance and knew nothing of the Stratagem should look upon them to be Arm'd Men. Perceiving likewise that the Spirits of his Soldiers were very low and much discourag'd by reason of the great numbers of their Enemies especially of their Horse he Ant. Ch. 308. let out several Owls which he had before prepar'd for the purpose into divers parts of the Camp here and there to rid them of their fears which Birds flying up and down His Stratagem of Owls through the Army and lighting ever and anon upon their Shields and Bucklers chear'd up the spirits of the Soldiers all taking it for a very happy Omen because that creature is sacred to Minerva These sorts of tricks and devices altho' they may seem to some to be foolish and vain yet they have many times been the causes of extraordinary success As it fell out likewise at this time for the soldiers by this means growing more bold and couragious and it being generally nois'd abroad that the Goddess plainly soretold that they should be victorious they more resolutely underwent all dangers and difficulties For when the Chariots charg'd fiercely upon them some they pierc'd through with their Darts and Arrows others they avoided and suffer'd to pass by and most of them they drave back into the midst of their own Foot In the same manner they receiv'd the Charge of their Horse wounding many and putting them all at last to flight When they had thus gallantly behav'd themselves in the first Charge the Barbarians began to fall upon them with their whole Body of Foot at once upon which there was a very sharp Engagment wherein Hanno with that Body of Men call'd the Sacred Brigade striving to win the day by his own Valour makes a fierce Charge upon the Grecians and hews down many of them And tho' he was even overwhelm'd with showers of Darts and Arrows yet he fell not but receiving one Wound after another on he still goes till being overprest and altogether tir'd out down he fell and gave up his last Breath On the other hand Agathocles his Soldiers were so lifed up with expectations Ant. Ch. 308. of Victory that they were still more and more couragious which when the other General Bomilcar came to understand conceiving that the Gods had put an opportunity into his hand to gain the Tyranny he reason'd with himself That if the Army of Agathocles were destroy'd he could not mount the Throne because the City would be too strong for him but if Agathocles were Conqueror and by that means broke the Spirits of the Carthaginians then when they were brought low he should be able to lead them which way he would and as for Agathocles he concluded he should be able to subdue him P. 739. when ever he pleas'd Revolving these things in his mind he began to face about and Retreat willing the Enemy should take notice of what they were about to do then telling his Soldiers that Hanno was slain order'd them to keep their ranks and get to a rising ground there near at hand for that was now the last course for them to take But the Retreat looking like a down-right flight the Enemy prest so close upon them that the Africans who were in the Rear supposing that those in the Front of the Battle were Routed took to their Heels likewise In the mean time those in the Sacred Brigade fought bravely for a while after the death of Hanno and resolutely prest forward upon the Enemy over the Carkases of their fellow-soldiers but when they perceiv'd that most of their Army was fled Ant. Ch. 308.
Alarms and vain and needless Fears which often occasions great Mischief and Prejudice And at that time the Passes being strait and rough the Drivers of the Carriages and other Servants and Attendants of the Army that were not of any Ant. Ch. 307. form'd Companies quarrell'd one with another for the Way and not being able to move forward by reason of the Throng some fell to down-right Blows so that many on each side coming in to help their several Parties a great Tumult Noise and Clamour ran through the whole Army Upon which the Syracusians who were posted at Euryclus understanding the approach of the Barbarians by their tumultuous March and having the higher Ground fell in upon the Enemy Some from the high Places where they were posted gall'd them as they came on with their Darts and Arrows and some prevented them by gaining the necessary Passes and so block'd up their Way Others drave those that fled Headlong down the Rocks for by reason of the Darkness of the Night and want of Intelligence they thought the Enemy was coming upon them with a mighty Army so that the Carthaginians by reason of the Disturbance and Tumult amongst their own Men * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 their Ignorance of the Ways and straitness of the Passages were at a stand and confounded and at last fled outright And because there was no room to give way great numbers of them were trodden under Foot by their own Horse and part of the Army fought one with another as if they had been Enemies led into the Error by the Darkness of the Night Amilcar indeed at the first receiv'd the Enemy's Charge with great Resolution and call'd out to the Colonels and Commanders to stand to it and valiantly bear the Brunt with the rest But afterwards being deserted by his Soldiers through the Consternation that was amongst them having much ado to save his Life * For that some made away even upon the appearance of the Enemy especially being penn'd up and in amaze through their Ignorance of the Places he fell into the hands of the Syracusians Here a Man may justly observe the Inconstancy of Fortune and the surprizing Events Men are overtaken with contrary to what they expected For Agathocles not inferiour to any for Valour and who had the Command of a great Army in the Battel at Himera was not only beaten by the Barbarians but lost the best and greatest part of his Army But those that were left and penn'd up within the Walls of Syracuse with a small handful of Men that had been before beaten not only routed the Army of the Carthaginians by whom they were besieg'd but took Amilcar the General one of the noblest of the Citizens of Carthage Prisoner And that most to be admir'd is that a small Body of Men by an Ambuscado and the Advantage of the Place should utterly rout Ant. Ch. 307. an Army of an Hundred and twenty thousand Foot and Five thousand Horse So that it 's very true what 's in every Body's Mouth Many things are vain and to no purpose in P. 748. War After this Flight the Carthaginians scatter'd and dispers'd far one from another scarce got together the next day But the Syracusians returning to the City with much Spoil deliver'd Amilcar to them that were resolv'd to revenge themselves of him They remembred what was foretold by the Augur That he should Sup in Syracuse the next day the Truth of which the Deity now confirm'd by the Event The Kindred therefore of them that were slain led Amilcar bound through all Parts of the City and after they had most horridly tormented him kill'd him with the greatest Scorn and Contempt imaginable Then the principal Men of the City sent his Head to Agathocles with an Express Amilcar Head sent 〈◊〉 Africa to give him an Account of the late Victory But the Army of the Carthaginians after their Defeat though they came to understand what was the Cause of such great Calamities and Misfortunes yet were scarce after all Ant. C 〈…〉 freed from their Fears And because they wanted a General Quarrels arose between the Barbarians and the Grecians The Exiles therefore and the rest of the Greeks made Dinocrates General over themselves And the Carthaginians intrusted the supream Command with those that were next in Dignity to the late General At this time when the Agrigentines The Agrigentines seek to Command Sicily perceiv'd that Sicily was now in that Condition as that it might be easily gain'd they began to seek after the Sovereign Command of the Island themselves For they suppos'd that the Carthaginians were not able to deal with Agathocles in the War and that Dinocrates who had none but a company of Fugitives about him might be easily vanquish'd and that the Syracusians who were grievously press'd for want of Provisions would not so much as attempt to gain the Sovereign Command And lastly that which was of greatest weight was That inasmuch as they took up Arms to free all the Greek Cities they concluded that all would readily concur both upon the account of the Hatred they bore against the Barbarians and the Natural Love and Regard they all had to the Laws of their own Country They created therefore Xenodicus General and sent him forth to the War with a considerable Army who forthwith makes to Gela and by some of his own Friends was in the Night let into the City and so gain'd both the Town more Forces and a great deal of Money at one and the same time The Geloans having thus 〈◊〉 Ch. 307. recover'd their Liberty join'd in the War with the whole Strength and Power of the City and most readily put to their helping Hands for the restoring all the Cities to their ancient Laws This Attempt of the Agrigentines being nois'd abroad throughout the whole Island a sudden itch of Liberty spread over all the Cities And first the Enneans sent Agents and deliver'd up their City to the Agrigentines who freeing this City march'd on to Erbessus a Garison of the Carthaginians Here was a sharp Engagement but the Citizens coming in to the Assistance of the Agrigentines the Garison was expuls'd and many of the Barbarians kill'd and Five hundred laid down their Arms and gave up themselves While the Agrigentines were busi'd in these Affairs some of Agathocles his Soldiers in Syracuse having taken Echetla wasted and harrass'd the Country of the Leontines and Camareans This Calamity grievously afflicted the Cities because the Country was laid wast and all the Corn and Fruits destroy'd Whereupon Xenodicus the General march'd into those Parts and drave the Enemy out of the Country of the Leontines and Camarenians and then retaking Echetla which was a very strong Fort he restor'd the Democratical Government to the City and struck a Terror into the Syracusians To conclude he march'd up and down to the several Garisons and Cities and freed them from the Carthaginian Government
happen in these Cases For in Land-Fights Valour apparently carries the Day when no unusual Misfortune intervenes But in Sea-Fights there are many and various Accidents often fall out which sometimes on a sudden ruine them whose Valour otherwise would certainly and most justly have brought them off Victorious Of all the rest Demetrius placing himself upon the Stern of his Gally of Seven Tire of Oars behav'd himself with most Gallantry For when he was surrounded with Throngs of Enemies on every side he so bestirr'd himself that he strew'd the Decks with them some by Darts at a Distance and others by his Lance Hand to Hand Showers of Darts and other Weapons it's true were cast at him but some he nimbly declin'd and others he receiv'd on his Target and other defensive Arms that he then wore In this Conflict there were Three that stuck close to him as his Assistants whereof one was run through and Slain with a Lance and the other two were both wounded But at length Demetrius repuls'd his Enemies and put the Right Wing to a total Rout and forthwith those that were next to them On the other hand Ptolemy who had with him the greatest Ships and the best Soldiers easily broke that Party that oppos'd him and put them to flight sinking some of Ant. Ch. 305. their Ships and taking others with the Men in them and then returning from the Pursuit thought to have done the like with the rest But when he came he found his Left Wing totally routed by Demetrius and him in hot pursuit of them upon which he made back to Citium But Demetrius now being Conqueror committed his Men of War to Neon and Burichus with Orders to pursue the Enemy and to take up such as they found Swimming for their Lives He himself with his own Ships richly adorn'd and those that were taken of the Enemies tow'd along after small Skiffs return'd to his own Camp and Port whence he set out Mean while about the very time of the Fight at Sea Menelaus Governor of Salamis sent out to the Aid of Ptolemy the Sixty Ships compleatly Man'd and Arm'd under the Command of Menetius who Engaging with those Ships in the Mouth of the Harbour P. 671. that were set to keep him in Charg'd through them whereupon they fled for Safety to the Army that was at Land But when the Menetians were in open Sea and perceiv'd that they came too late they return'd back to Salamis This being the Issue of this Fight there were taken above a Hundred Transport Ships wherein there were almost Eight Thousand Soldiers Of Ships of War he took Forty with the Men in them and of those that were bilg'd in the Fight about Fourscore which being almost full of Water in the Hold they hawl'd to Land under the Camp near the City Demetrius had Twenty of his own Ships much damnify'd in this Fight which yet being Refitted and Rigg'd up again prov'd Serviceable as before Afterwards Ptolemy seeing no good to be done in Cyprus return'd in Aegypt But Demetrius having taken in all the Towns and Cities of the Island distributed the Garison Soldiers among his own Companies to the Number of Sixteen thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse And put Messengers on board the Greatest Ship in the Fleet and Ant. Ch. 305. sent them to his Father with an Account of the Victory he had gain'd As soon as Antigonus receiv'd the News he was so transported with the greatness of the Victory as that he put a Diadem upon his Head and from that time assum'd the Stile and Title of a King and allow'd Demetrius to do the same And Ptolemy also not Antigonus takes the Title of a King at all willing to hang the Head at his late ill Success took the Crown and Title of a King to himself likewise and in all his Letters from that time forward wrote himself King And by their Example other Governors of Provinces as Seleucus who had lately subdu'd the Upper Provinces and Lysimachus and Cassander who held the Provinces first allotted them all proclaim'd themselves Kings Having now spoken sufficient concerning these Affairs we shall proceed to give a distinct Account of things further done in Africa and Sicily Agathocles when he heard that the Governors of the Provinces before-mentioned had taken upon them the Dignity of Crown'd Heads judging himself no way inferior to them either as to the Strength and Power of their Arms Largeness of his Dominions or Memorable Actions took upon him likewise the Name and Title of a King But yet did not think fit to wear a Diadem For from the very time of his first aspiring to the Principality he wore a Crown after the manner of a Priest which he never laid aside all the time he was in Contest for the Tyranny Some say that he always wore this because he wanted Hair And now he made it his business to do something worthy of the honourable Title he had assum'd and therefore he led his Army against the Rebellious Uticans and surprising them on the sudden Ant. Ch. 305. Utica took Three hundred of them as they were abroad in the Fields At the first he pardon'd them and requir'd the Surrender of the City But those within refusing so to do he built an Engine and hang'd up all the Prisoners upon it living as they were and so brought it up to the Walls The Uticans though they pity'd the miserable Creatures yet they valu'd more their Common Liberty and therefore lin'd the Walls and resolv'd to abide a Siege Whereupon Agathocles furnish'd his Engine with shot Slingers and Darters and plying them with shot from his Machine began the Siege and so terrify'd them that he even cauteriz'd the Spirits of the Besieg'd Those that were upon the Walls at first scrupled to use their Darts and Arrows having their own Citizens plac'd before them as their Marks amongst whom were some of the Chief Nobility But the Enemy still pressing on with more violence they were forc'd to endeavour to beat off them that were plac'd in the Engine And here it happen'd that the Uticans fell into a suddain and unexpected misfortune through an inevitable necessity For the Greeks exposing the Prisoners they took abroad in the Fields to be Marks to their own fellow Citizens they were constrain'd either to fall into the Enemies hands by sparing their Townsmen or unmercifully to kill a great number of miserable Creatures in defending of the City as in truth it happen'd For while they repuls'd the Enemy with all sorts P. 762. Ant. Ch. 305. of Darts and Arrows and other Weapons the same time as they wounded and gall'd them that manag'd the Engine at the same time they wounded the Citizens that hung at it shooting some through and fastning others with their Darts and Arrows as with Nails to that part of the Machine towards which the Body happen'd to move so that their Ignominy and Misfortune resembled that
neighbouring Barbarians the Japygians and Peucetians furnishing them with Ships for Piracy and shar'd with them in the Robbery At length having pâ—t a Garison into Crotona he sail'd back to Syracuse 5. Diallus the Athenian Writer compos'd a General History in Twenty six Books And Psaon of Platea anothâ—r in Thirty Books 6. In the War against the Hetruscians Gauls and Samnites and their Confederates the Romans destroy'd wâ—en Fabius was Consul an Hundred thousand Men as Daris relates 7. Antipater out of Envy kill'd his own Mother Alexander his Brother was likewise Olymp. 121. Ant. Ch. 296. kill'd by Demetrius whom Alexander had sent for to his assistance Antipater the Murtherer of his Mother was aâ—so serv'd the same Sauce by Demetrius unwilling to have a partner in the Kingdom 8. Agathocles rais'd an Army and sail'd over into Italy with 30000 Foot and Agathocles again invades Italy 2000 Horse And â—ving the Command of the Fleet to Stilpo he order'd him to wast and spoil the Câ—untry of the Brutii While he was harassing the Sea-coasts he lost many of his Ships in a Storm But Agathocles by the help of his battering Engines took the City Hipponium which so terrify'd the Brutii that they sent Ambassadors to treat with him upon terâ—â— of Peace Upon which he put in a Garrison and carry'd away with â—im Six hundred â—ostages and return'd to Syracuse But the Brutii made slight of their Oath and with the whole power of the City fell upon the Garison and flew every His Garison all Mâ—rdâ—red Man and afterwards recover'd their Hostages and freed themselves from the Yoke of Agathocles Lenity is to be prefer'd before Revenge 9. Most Generals of Armies when they are brought into Straits and Difficulties out of Fear do generally humour the Multitude 10. When the Thebans made a Second defection Demetrius batter'd down their Walls and took the City by Storm and put only Ten Men to Death who were the Ring-leaders Demetrius takes Thebes of the Rebellion 11. Agathocles sent his Son Agathocles to Demetrius to enter into a League with him Offensive and Defensive The King kindly receiv'd the young Man and bestow'd on him a Royal Robe and many other Rich and Princely gifts And sent along with him Oxythemes his special Friend under colour to confirm the League but in truth to be a Spy in Sicily 12. King Agathocles after a long Peace between him and the Carthaginians at length Agathocles Riggs a Fleet against Carthage Rigg'd out a great Fleet. For he design'd to transport an Army into Lybia and with his Navy to hinder the Exportation of all Corn and Provision from Sardinia and Sicily to the Carthaginians who by the last War had gain'd the Dominion of the Sea and thereby had secur'd their Countrey from Invasions And tho' Agathocles had a well furnish'd Fleet to the number of Two hundred Gallies of four and six Tire of Oars yet he fail'd in his design by reason of what shortly happen'd For there was one Menon an Agestone a beautiful Captive then Servant to the King who for some time conform'd himself to a strict compliance to the Kings humour so that he was taken into the number of his * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 His Catamite Menon his Catamiâ—e beloved and intimate Friends But because of the ruin of his Country and the dishonourable abuse of his own Person he bore a secret hatred to the King and watch'd an opportunity to be reveng'd The King because he was old intrusted Archagathus with the Command of the Army he was the Son of Archagathus who was kill'd in Lybia and so was King Agathocles's Granchild he was a Man of a strong Body and of a brave and generous Spirit far above all the rest of his Family When he was Encamp'd with the Army near Aetna the King had a desire to promote his Son Agathocles to be his Successor in the Kingdom and to that end recommended the young Man to the Syracusians and declar'd his purpose and design to have him Succeed Afterwards he sent him to the Camp with Letters to Archagathus which order'd him to deliver up the Command of all the Forces both by Sea and Land to his Son Upon which Archagathus perceiving that the Kingdom was design'd for another contriv'd the destruction of them both And to that end sent a Messenger to Menon of Aegista who perswaded him to poyson the King * Archagathus The son of Agathocles Murder'd He himself celebrating a Sacrifice in a certain Island where Agathocles then lay with the Fleet Invited him to the Festival and in the Night when he was dead drunk cut his throat and threw his Body into the Sea which being afterward cast up by the Violence of the Waves was known by the Inhabitants and carry'd to Syracuse And whereas it was the King's Custom always after Supper to pick his Teeth with a Quill now rising from the Table he call'd to Menon for his Tooth-picker Who having dipt the end of it in Poyson deliver'd it to the King who never suspecting any thing ply'd all his Teeth with that care and earnestness that none of his Guns scap'd the touch of the Poyson Upon ths the Kingbegan by little and The manner of his Death little to be very ill which was succeeded by violent Torments in his Body every Day Then an incurable putrefaction and rottenness cover'd hs Gums and Teeth and now drawing near to his end he call'd a Senate where he complain'd of the wickedness of Archagathus and incited the People to take revenge of him for his Villanies declaring that he would forthwith restore them to their Democracy Afterwards when he was in the very height of his Extremity Oxythemes that had been there a little before sent by King Demetrius hurri'd him to the Funeral Pile and â—urnt him while he was yet alive and not able to speak by reason of the foulness and filthness of his Mouth through the Poyson And thus Agathocles for the many Slaughters and Murders of his Reign and Olymp. 123. 4. A. M. 3798. His Life is notorious vide Justin lib. 22. 23. his end otherwise relaâ—â—d Cruelties towards his own Subjects and Impieties against the â—ods came to an end such as he justly deserv'd for his former wickednesses after he hd Reign'd Twenty eight Years and liv'd Seventy two as Timeus the Syracusian relates and Callias another Syracusian who writ Two and twenty Books and Antander likewise the Brother of Agathocles an Historian The Syracusians having now Regain'd ther Democratical Government Consiscated all the Goods and Estate of Agathocles and boke down all his Statues Menon in the mean time who had Plotted and Executed the Tâ—ason was at the Camp with Archagathus having fled thither from Syracuse And now beginning to look very big upon it as being the Man that had ruin'd the Monarchy â—e secretly Murthers Archagathus and with fair Words and winning Carriage brought over the Army to
vehement Inflammation and a great Swelling at the bottom of her Belly which increas'd to that degree that it brought her into a violent Feaver The Physitians conceiv'd that it was an Ulcer about the neck of the Matrix Refrigerating Medicines and Plaisters therefore were apply'd to bring down and cool those hot burning Tumors upon the Seventh day the Humour burst and out started from the Privy Parts of Heraides a Man's Yard with the Testicles compleat This hapned when neither Physitian nor any other Stranger was present but only the Mother and Two Servants who with the strangeness of the thing were struck into a Maze However they made it their Care and Business to cure her and kept all private to themselves And when she was recover'd she still wore a Womans Habit and manag'd the Affairs of the House as Wives use to do But those who were privy to what had hapned suspected her to be an Hermaphrodite And so tho' formerly in carnal Embraces with her Husband there might be no natural copulation yet she had been seen frequently to have the carnal knowledge of Women In the mean time while all things were kept secret Semiades returns and demands his Wife as was very fit and reasonable And being continually urgent and pressing for the society of his Wife the Father refus'd and yet was asham'd to declare the reason which occasion'd great dissention so far as that the Husband resolv'd to sue the Father for his Wife So that this wonder was expos'd to the publick view like a Play upon the Stage by the means of a criminal Accusation The Person contended for was present in Court when the Matter was Banded to and fro on either parties behalf Upon which the Judges were in doubt whether the Power and Authority of the Husband over the Wife should be preferr'd before that of the Father over the Daughter At length when they were ready to give Sentence that the Wife should abide with her Husband she discover'd the truth of the whole matter and with great boldness and assurance of Mind threw off her feign'd Habit and discover'd her self to be a Man to all that were there present and in a surly manner utter'd these words Can any compel one Man to Marry another Upon which all were amaz'd and set up a shout of Admiration at the strangeness of the thing Heraides being now discover'd afterwards as is reported chang'd her Womans Attire and put on the Habit of a young Man And it 's likewise said that the Physitians when they saw those parts of the Woman judg'd that the nature of the Male lay hid in the Womb of the Female in a place in shape like an Egg and that in the thin skarf or skin that wrap'd about the Yard was an unusual hole through which the Urine pass'd And that therefore they declar'd that the place first being pierc'd and made like an hollow pipe should be turn'd into a green Wound and at length brought to a Scab and when the Yard was reduc'd to it's proper shape that sutable Remedies should be apply'd for the cure of the Patient Heraides was afterwards call'd Diophantus and serv'd in the King's Camp in a Regiment of Horse and then resided with the King at Abas At that time therefore was Alexander ' s Camp the meaning of the Oracle understood which was before dark and obscure when the King came to Abbas where this Hermaphrodite was Born It 's reported that Semiades at length through love he bore to her upon the account of their former familiarity and through shame of his unnatural Marriage was able to bear up no longer but after he had left all his Goods to Diophantus and made him his Heir broke his Heart and died So she that had been a Woman carry'd it with the courage of a Man and he that was ever a Man appear'd to be more pusillanimous than any Woman The like to this fell out about 30 Years after in the City of * In Peloponnesus Epidaurus There was a young Maid in Epidaurus as the report goes an Orphan whose name was Callo This Maid had no passage in her privy parts but about the Pecten there was a place like an issue through which the Urine pass'd ever from the time of her Birth When she came to a mature Age she was Married to one of the Citizens with whom she liv'd two Years and tho' she was not capable of natural Embraces as a Woman yet she was forc'd to endure those that were preternatural or besides nature But afterwards a Tumor arose near the Pecten which put her to exceeding torment so that many Physitians were sent for to consult together and all despair'd of Curing her But an Apothecary undertook the Cure and made an incision in the place whence came forth a Mans Yard with Testicles but solid without any passage And when all were amaz'd at the strangeness of the thing the Apothecary suppli'd the parts with what was deficient First he made an incision into the end of the Yard and pierc'd it even to the Uretor and thrusting down a small silver * Probe Instrument brought away the Urin and other excrementitious humours But the place where the Issue was he first turn'd into a green Wound and then heal'd it up Having perform'd this extraordinary Cure he demanded a double reward For he said he had undertaken to Cure a sick Woman and had now set right a young Man Callo hereupon laid aside her Wheel and other effeminate Imployments and took upon her the Name of Callon adding only the last Letter N to her former Name Some say that before her Transformation she was the Priestess of Ceres and because she shew'd to Men those things that were not to be seen this judgment fell upon her for her Prophaness They report that at Naples and several other places the like hath happen'd not that the two Sexes of Man and Woman are really form'd by Nature in two several shapes for that is impossible but that Nature is deceiv'd in fashioning the Members of the Body to the amazement and deceit of the beholders We have therefore judg'd these strange Events which are brought down to us both by Writings and Traditions worthy to be taken notice of in respect both of their pleasure and profit to the readers For many looking upon such things as these as Monsters in Nature are thereby infected with a kind of Superstition Not only private Men but whole Cities and Nations For it 's reported that a little before the beginning of the Martian War there dwelt an Italian near Rome who having Marry'd such a one as is before describ'd complain'd to the Senate upon which they out of a fond Superstition and perswaded thereunto by the Truscan Augures order'd the Hermaphrodite to be burnt And thus they say this poor Creature was most unjustly doom'd to destruction and was ignorantly judg'd a Monster because she had some resemblance of both Sexes And not
Croesus the King of Lydia and tho' he slew him against his Will yet he said that he himself who kill'd him was not worthy to live and therefore intreated Croesus not to spare him but forthwith to cut his Throat at his Son's Sepulchre Craesus indeed at the first was in a rage at Adrastus for the death of his Son and threatned to burn him alive but when he perceiv'd that the young Man did not seek to avoid punishment but rather voluntarily offer'd his Life as a Sacrifice to the dead his Anger was appeas'd and he pardon'd him complaining of his own misfortune and not of any purpose or design in the young Man However Adrastus went privately to Atys his Sepulchre and there kill'd himself 33. Croesus King of Lydia pretending to send Eurybatus the Ephesian to Delphos sent him in Croesus truth with a great Sum of Money into Peloponnesus to hire Soldiers but Eurybatus fled to Cyrus King of Persia and discover'd to him all Craesus his designs and therefore this Treachery of Eurybatus was so remarkable among the Grecians that when they would upbraid any Man with a base Action they call him Eurybatus 34. Cyrus believing that Croesus was a Religious Man because a sudden storm of Rain from Heaven extinguish'd the Fire in the Pile whereon he was burnt and calling to mind the saying of Solon carry'd Croesus along with him using him with all Honour and Respect and made him one of his Privy Council conceiving him to be a prudent Man who had familiarly convers'd with so many and such eminent Persons for Wisdom 35. Servius Tullius King of Rome Reign'd 44 years and out of his own virtuous disposition Servius Tullius order'd many things for the good of the Commonwealth 36. When Thericles was chief Magistrate at Athens in the 61 Olympiad Pythagoras the Philosopher Olymp. 61. Pythagoras flourish'd having attain'd to the highest pitch of Wisdom a Man worthy to have his Memory Eterniz'd if ever any other Philosopher deserv'd it he was born a Samos tho' some say at Tyrrhenum His Speeches were utter'd with so much Grace and force of persuasion that almost the whole City daily gaz'd upon him as if some God had been before them and a great concourse of People came from all parts to hear him And he was not only eminently eloquent but very sober and grave and was a wonderful Example for young Men to imitate in the course of their Lives in that respect and all that he convers'd with he dissuaded from vain Pomp and Luxury all the Inhabitants of that Country through plenty and fulness of all things among them being given to effeminacy and filthiness both of Body and Mind This Pythagoras when he heard that Pherycides once his Master was very sick in the Island Delos he forthwith sail'd out of Italy thither where after he had for some time cherish'd the Old Man and had us'd his utmost endeavour to restore him to health at length through Old Age and the violence of his distemper he dy'd and Pythagoras carefully bury'd him and so having perform'd the Office and Duty of a Son as to a Father he return'd into Italy 37. The Pythagoreans if any of their Society fall into decay divide and contribute The Pythagorians Love and Kindness one to another proportions of their Goods to him that is so in want as if he were their Brother and this they do not only as to them that are daily conversant with them but likewise to all others of the same Sect and Profession wherever they be And therefore one Clineas of Tarentum when he understood that Prorus a Cyrenian and a Pythagorean by some misfortune or other had lost all his Estate and was become exceeding poor he past over out of Italy to Cyrene with a considerable sum of Money and made up the loss of his Patrimony tho' he had never seen him before but only understood by hear-say that he was a Pythagorian And it 's reported that many others have done the like And they have not only supply'd their Companions with Monies in their wants but have hazarded their Persons with them in the most dangerous times For in the Reign of Dionysius the Tyrant it 's reported that one Phintias a Pythagorean when by the contrivance of the Tyrant he was to be led to execution desir'd of Dionysius but a few days to settle his Houshould Affairs and promis'd that in the mean time he would leave one of his friends to suffer in his stead if he return'd not Dionysius hereupon wondring whether any such friend could be found who would be willing to be cast into Goal for his friend Phintias presently call'd for one of his Scholars call'd Damon a Pythagorean who forthwith without Phintias and Damon willing to dye one for another any budging became his Hostage to dye in his room Many there were that commended this singular demonstration of Love and Kindness to his Friend others condemn'd it as a foolish and rash Act. But at the day appointed all the People flock'd together very earnest to see whether he that left his pledge would perform his word But the day drawing near to an end every body began to despair and Damon was led forth to execution and then on a sudden at the very last moment of the day Phintias came running in This wonderful Friendship and Kindness one for another was admir'd by all and Dionysius pardon'd the condemn'd Person and desir'd that he himself might be taken into the Society 38. The Pythagoreans had a great Art in improving their Memories and to that end employ'd their utmost Care and Diligence For the first thing they did constantly after they rose out of their Beds in a Morning was to recollect and call to mind every thing they had done the day before from the Morning to the Evening and if they had time and leisure they would go back to examine the Actions of the Second Third and Fourth day and sometimes further conceiving it very helpful and advantagious for the improving of Memory and increase of Knowledge 39. These Philosophers inur'd themselves to abstinence by this means They prepare all sorts of Delicacies and Rarities such as Tables are furnish'd with at Solemn Feasts after they have gaz'd upon them for a considerable time on purpose to whet their Appetite which naturally desires in such cases to be gratify'd on a sudden the Table is order'd to be whip'd-away and they themselves thereupon withdrew without tasting any of the Dainties 40. Pythagoras commanded his Disciples to forbear taking an Oath as much as they Oath could but when they had once taken it to be careful to keep it Having likewise regard to what was convenient even in the Acts of Venus he advis'd to abstain from Women in Summer time and to be moderate and sparing in Winter for he look'd upon all carnal Copulation to be hurtful but if it were frequent he said it impair'd the strength
before mention'd And besides the Eminency of his Birth his Father and Grandfather were the most Eminent Men of the City for both of them were * Chairmen or Speakers Presidents of the Senate and the first that gave their Votes and delivered their Opinions in all publick Matters to the time of their Deaths His Grandfather upon an Occasion was judg'd by the Senate the Best Man of all the Roman Citizens For it being found written in the Sibyls Books That the Romans should build a Temple in honour of the great Mother of the Gods and should bring her Image from Pessinunt in Asia and meet it out of the City with all the Orders and Degrees of the Citizens in solemn Pomp and State and that the Best Man should lead the Men and the Best Woman be at the head of the Women when they receiv'd the Image of the Goddess The Senate performing all that was prescrib'd by the Sibyls writings judg'd Publius Nasica to be the Best Man and Valeria the Best Woman For he was not only eminent for his Piety towards the Gods but of singular Prudence in governing and ordering matters of State and of a piercing Judgment For when Marcus Cato who was Sirnam'd Demosthenes in delivering his Opinion in the Senate was ever and anon affirming That Carthage must be raz'd though nothing was in debate concerning it but the Senate was consulting of other Matters Publius Nasica was ever of a contrary Opinion that Carthage was to be preserv'd In which difference of Opinions it seem'd a matter of great Difficulty to the Senate which of the Two was most adviseable but those that were accounted the best Statesmen amongst them preferr'd the Opinion of Nasica For they conceiv'd that the Power and Grandeur of the Romans was not to be judg'd of by the Ruine and Destruction of other Cities but rather by its Sovereign Power and Authority over such as are accounted the most Potent Besides if Carthage stood out of fear of that City the Romans would be kept within the bounds of their Duty and in Peace and Concord among themselves and the Common-wealth would be forced to carry it towards their Subjects with more Moderation and Clemency which things usually strengthen and enlarge all sorts of Governments But if Carthage the Rival City be once destroy'd what can be expected but Civil Wars among the Romans themselves and the hatred likewise of all their Allies for the Pride and Covetousness of the Roman Magistrates all which accordingly happen'd to the Romans after the Destruction of Carthage For turbulent Factions Agrarian Laws grievous Revolts of Confederates continual and destructive Civil Wars and all the other Mischiefs which Publius Scipio foretold came to pass His Son Nasica afterwards when he was well in years ordering the Senate to follow him kill'd Tiberius Gracchus with his own hands when he was contriving to set up himself and take upon him the Government At the Commission of which Fact the Commons being in an Uproar and Exasperated against the Authors of the Murder and the Tribunes of the People asking every one of the Senators Man by Man being brought before them Who it was that kill'd Gracchus Every one out of fear of the Rage of the People deny'd the Fact and made use of shifting and impertinent Answers But when it came to Nasica he own'd that he kill'd him with his own Hand and further declar'd That the designs of Gracchus in aspiring to be absolute Monarch was a Secret to all other Persons but very well known to him and the Senate Whereupon the People though they were much troubled at the Fact yet being mov'd by the Boldness and Authority of the Man from thenceforth rested quiet and said no more This Scipio Nasica likewise Son of the former Nasica who dy'd Consul this Year was of an unspotted Conversation all his Days never tainted or corrupted with Bribes And being endow'd with Philosophical Principles he was not only a Philosopher in Words but in Truth so that he inherited both the Glory and Virtues of his Ancestors 25. Antiochus Cyzicenus as soon as he got into Possession of the Kingdom applied himself Antiochus Cyzicenus cited by Ush An. 500. to Revellings and Luxury and Courses altogether unbeseeming Kings For being extremely Addicted to Anticks Stage-players and all sorts of Juglers he learn'd their Arts with a great deal of Vehemency He apply'd himself also to Puppit-playing and plac'd his chiefest Delight in making the Images of living Creatures in bulk Five Cubits cover'd over with Gold and Silver to move of themselves and other Engines of that Nature But as for Warlike Engines and Testudoes call'd Helepoles whose Preparations and Magnificence belong'd to Princes and were commonly of great use he was altogether wanting in them Moreover he was much addicted to unseasonable Huntings and oftentimes would steal out privately by Night with a Servant or two to hunt Boars Lions and Leopards so that many times he was in danger of his Life by his rash encountring of these wild Beasts 26. Mecipsa Son of Massinissa King of Numidia had many Children but above them all he lov'd Adherball his Eldest and Hiempsales and Micipsa the last of which was the Mecipsa a King of Numidia a mild and learned Prince mildest Prince of all the Kings of Numidia and sent for the Learnedst Men out of Greece he could hear of and spending his time with them in improving himself in all sorts of Liberal Sciences and especially in Philosophy he enjoy'd his Kingdom together with his Study of Philosophy to his Old Age. 27. Contoniatus the Petit Prince of Jentora in Gaul was eminent for his Prudence and Contoniatus Skil in Martial Affairs He was a Friend and an Ally of the Romans being formerly brought up in Rome and so season'd with Virtue and Civility by the help of the Romans he gain'd that Principality in Gaul 28. Caius Marius one of the Ambassadors was slighted by the Proconsul as one of the Caius Marius Meanest of them The rest who were of eminent Birth and in high Place were Honour'd and Respected by the Proconsul But as for the other who was said to have been but a Publican and had much ado to get into the lowest Form amongst the * The Proconsul Magistrates Metellus made no account of him Though in truth all the rest lov'd their Ease and avoided the Camp but Marius having been often employ'd in the Wars in desperate Adventures seem'd highly to resent the Injury and Affront But addicting himself with great application of Mind to Martial Affairs he became a most expert Soldier and being naturally of a warlike Spirit in a short time he grew very Famous and for his Generosity and courteous Deportment and his affable Carriage in all Meetings towards all that were under his Command he gain'd the Hearts of all the Soldiers who studying to make grateful returns for his Kindness fought the more Chearfully and Courageously to
them Neither is it to be wonder'd at inasmuch as the Honours given to the Gods are various some sort of Honours given to one and others to another especially those Honours of later time Nay those Honours given to some of the Hero's differ from Divine Honours 'T is not therefore fit to confound these things nor to advance Men above themselves and all Mankind besides and to degrade the Gods by Worshipping them with the same Worship wherewith we adore Men. Alexander himself would not suffer any private Man to usurp the Regal Dignity and Honours due to himself though he gain'd 'em by the unjust Suffrages of the People much more justly therefore may the Gods be angry if any mortal Man assume to himself Divine Honours or accept of them from others However let Alexander be esteem'd as in truth he is by many degrees the most Valiant of them that are Valiant the greatest King amongst all other Kings and amongst Generals the most Worthy to Command But as for thee Anaxarchus 't is thy Duty above any other to instruct Alexander in these things that have been spoken and to dâ—ter him from the contrary for thy Conversation he daily makes use of in order to improve in Wisdom and Learning Neither does it become thee to be the beginner of this Discourse but rather to remember that thou art not advising Cambyses or Xerxes but the Son of Philip descended from Hercules and Achilles whose Ancestors came out of Argos into Macedonia and maintain'd their Empire not by Arbitrary Power but by Ruling according to the Laws and Customs of the Macedonians But Divine Houours were not confevr'd upon Hercules himself by the Grecians while he was living nay nor when he was dead before the Oracle at Delphos commanded that he should be worshipp'd as a God But if there be but few that are in the Country of the Barbarians we ought to entertain the same Sentiments with them And I earnestly entreat thee Alexander to remember Greece for whose sake this Expedition was undertaken by thee in order to add Asia to Greece And now consider whether when you return thither you can be able to compel the free People of Greece to adore you as a God or excepting them of Greece you can impose this Dishonour and Slavery upon the Macedonians only or whether it be fit that quite different Honours be there allow'd you being the Grecians confer only those that are Human according to the Custom and Manner of the Greeks when at the same time only the Barbarians worship you as a God after the manner of Barbarians But if it be objected That Cyrus Son of Cambyses was the first of all mortal Men that was ador'd by Men as a God ana that since that time this Adoration has continued amongst the Medes and Persians yet you are to consider how his Pride was curb'd by the Scythians a poor and indigent People And how other Scythians again reduc'd Darius to more sober Thoughts of himself and the Athenians and Lacedaemonians Xerxes and Clearchus and Xenophon Artaxerxes only with Ten thousand Men and Darius now overcome by Alexander when at that time no Divine Honours were decreed to him When Calisthenes had spoken these and other things to the same purpose Alexander took it very heinously but what he said was very grateful and acceptable to the Macedonians which being known Alexander sent some to urge the Macedonians to remember the Adoration of the King upon which there being a great silence those among the Persians that were most Eminent for Birth and Honourable for Age all rose up together and * Prostrated themselves ador'd him But Leonatus one of Alexander's Friends when he saw one of the Perfians sordidly prostrating himself he fell a laughing at the poor and mean Gesture of the Persian at which Alexander was at the first very angry but was afterwards pacifi'd Some write that the King drank in a golden Bowl to them with whom he had made the Compact to adore him in a Ring as they sat and that the first that pledg'd him presently arose and * By Pâ—ystratâ—â— ador'd him and then kiss'd him and so in order the rest did the same one after another But when it came to Calisthenes's turn he rose up and drank off the Bowl and when he had done without adoring him drew near to the King to kiss him Alexander was then accidentally discoursing with Hephestion and therefore did not mind whether he omitted the Adoration or not But Demetrius the Son of Pythonax one of Alexander's Friends observing when Calisthenes approach'd to kiss Alexander inform'd him that Calisthenes had not ador'd him upon which the King turn'd away from him and thereupon Calisthenes said he must now be discarded with the Loss of a Kiss I cannot indeed praise either any of these things that tended to Alexander's Dishonour or the Moroseness of Calisthenes for I conceive it had been enough for him modestly to have carry'd himself and for him who would serve the King to promote his Affairs to the best advantage as far as ever he was able And therefore I am of Opinion that Calisthenes was not without just cause hated by Alexander by reason of the unseasonable liberty of his Speech and foolish Malepertness For which reason I believe Credit was more easily given afterwards to his Accusers by whom he was charg'd to be in the Conspiracy with the Pages against the King's Life and to others who affirm'd that they were put on to it by him The Conspiracy was thus There was an Order formerly made by Philip that from among the Sons of the Macedonian Nobility when they grew up to Men's estate choice should be made of some from time to time to attend upon the King both to be Squires of his Body and Gentlemen of his Bedchamber These Youths when the King was about to ride receiv'd the Horses from the Querries and led them to the King and after the Persian manner help'd him to mount and waited upon him whenever he went forth a Hunting Among these there was one Hermolaus the Son of Sopolides who studied Philosophy and was Scholar to Calisthenes The Report is That a wild Boar in the course of Hunting meeting Alexander this Hermolaus prevented the King who was aiming at him and kill'd the Boar. The King hereupon being in a rage to have the Opportunity of killing the Boar snatch'd out of his hand commanded that the Youth should be whipt in the presence of all the other Pages and have his Horse taken from him Which Disgrace he not being able to bear open'd his Mind to Sostrates the Son of Amyntas one of his Companions of the same Quality and his Bosom Friend and declar'd to him that his Life wou'd be but a Burden to him unless he could revenge the Injury done him upon Alexander and it was no difficult matter to persuade Sostrates being his special Friend to join with him in this Traiterous Conspiracy Antipater
* About 360. 〈◊〉 P. 754. Three thousand Furlongs they came to a City call'd Automolus and there Encamp'd thence marching forward they came to a mountain shelving down on both sides with steep and sharp Rocks having a deep Valley in the midst out of which rose a soft stone spiring up like unto a sharp Rock at the Foot of which was a wide Cave overshadow'd with Ivy and Leaves of the Yew tree in which is reported Queen Lamia a Lady of admirable Lamias Cave Beauty formerly dwelt but for her Cruelty they say her face was afterwards transform'd into the shape of a Beast for it 's reported that * All her Children they say were kill'd by Juno because they were got by Iupiter being bereav'd of all her Children she took it so grievously that she envy'd all other women that had Children and commanded the poor Infants to be pluck't out of their mothers Arms and forthwith murther'd And therefore even to this day the Tale of this woman is fresh among Children and with the Name of Lamia they are presently put into a very great fright Moreover being given much to Drunkeness she let every one do what they pleas'd without any inquiry after men's manners and because she never seriously minded what was done in her Province it was believ'd that she was blind And therefore there 's a Ant. Ch. 306. Fable told by some that she put her Eyes into a little purse excusing her drunken Sottishness by such an invented Tale as if that was the reason she saw nothing That she was in Africa one brings in Euripides for a witness for so he says 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To whom is that most hateful Name unknown Or of th' African Lamia the spawn But Ophellas removing again Travel'd with great toil and labour through a dry and thirsty Country full of wild Beasts for they did not only want Water but Bread and other Provision so that the whole Army was in danger to perish These Sandy Deserts near the Syrtes were pester'd with noisom Serpents and all sorts of hurtful beasts and it being for the most part deadly to be bitten by these venomous creatures many were brought into a sad condition out of the reach both of friends help and remedy from Medicines For some of the Serpents were of the same colour with the Earth so that none could see them before they were hurt so that many treading upon them were stung to death At last after two months miserable travel with much ado they carne to Agathocles his Camp where they pitcht their Camps at a small distance one from another on the other hand the Carthaginians hearing that they were come up to him were in a great Consternation seeing the great forces that were making against them Agathocles hearing of his approach went to meet him and advis'd him by all means to have a care of his Army after so tedious and hard a Journey and to see them well refresh'd He himself lay quiet a few days observing every thing that was done in the neighbouring Camp at length taking his opportunity when the greater part of Ophellas his Army were gone a forraging into the Country and taking notice that Ophellas never suspected any thing of what he was in contriving he suddainly call'd his Army together and before them accus'd Ophellas for that being call'd for as an Assistant in this War he went about Ant. Ch. 306 to betray him and having incens'd the multitude drew out his whole Army in Battalion against him and his Cyrenians Ophellas growing amaz'd at this unexpected alteration put nevertheless himself and the men he had with him in a posture of defence but the Enemy being too quick for him and he too weak for them he was there slain upon the place Agathocles persuaded the rest that were left to lay down their Arms then telling them what great things he would do for them he got the whole Army to himself And thus Ophellas by indulging his Ambition and being over credulous came to this fatal Catastrophe In the mean time Bomilcar at Carthage was waiting for an opportunity Bomilcar â—sp 〈…〉 to b 〈…〉 〈◊〉 of Câ—rthage 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an is put to a 〈…〉 P. 755. to put in execution what he had a long time been hammering in his brain in order to gain the Soveraign power and authority And although he had several times fit occasions offer'd him for that purpose yet always some light and inconsiderable cause or other intervening put a stop to his design For some superstitious persons many times are preparing to act great and remarkable pieces of Wickedness and yet always chuse rather to delay than act to put off than execute the thing which even then Ant. Ch. 306 came to pass For concluding he had a fair opportunity offer'd him the better to effect his purpose he sent away the most eminent Persons of the Citizens that were about him in an Expedition against the Numidians that he might have none of the Nobility at hand to oppose him but then checkt by his own Fears he durst not reveal to any his design of gaining the Principality and so he let the matter fall again At length it fell out that he attempted to set up himself at the very same time that Ophellas was cut off by Agathocles and neither of them knew what was done in one another's Camp For Agathocles knew nothing of the Ambition of the other or of the Tumult and Disorder that was in the City which he might at that time have easily subdu'd For if Bomilcar had been surpriz'd and taken in the very Fact he would have chosen rather to have join'd with Agathocles than to have given up himself to be punish'd by the Citizens Neither did the Carthaginians know any thing of Agathocles his falling upon Ophellas for they might easily have overcome him by joining with Ophellas But I suppose both sides were well enough content to be ignorant although they were things of great weight and concern and contrived by them that were near one to another For Agathocles being plotting to cut off a Person that was his Friend and Associate minded not to enquire after any thing that was in doing with the Enemy And Bomilcar on the other side contriving how to overturn the Liberties of his Country cared not what was in agitation in Agathocles his Camp whose purpose was now not so much to conquer Ant. Ch. 306 an Enemy as to subdue his own Fellow-Citizens Matters being thus here some may find fault with History seeing many things of divers Natures falling out at one and the same time and that Writers are forc'd to break in with new Matter of another nature and to divide between things done at the same instant that the Truths related may delight the more But to Answer this the History that is deny'd this liberty although it afterwards represents the things done yet it