be_v perceive_v then_o in_o case_n the_o tree_n be_v saw_v for_o wainscot_n etc._n etc._n again_o as_o to_o the_o first_o objection_n this_o seem_v to_o i_o a_o full_a answer_n as_o first_o for_o such_o tree_n as_o stand_v abroad_o single_a you_o shall_v find_v they_o to_o have_v a_o clear_a body_n of_o six_o seven_o eight_o or_o ten_o foot_n high_a i_o only_o ask_v my_o opponent_n whether_o such_o a_o length_n of_o timber_n have_v knot_n on_o it_o or_o no_o i_o hope_v they_o will_v grant_v it_o have_v well_o then_o how_o come_v it_o to_o be_v so_o clear_a without_o knot_n now_o i_o tell_v you_o it_o be_v cattle_n that_o crop_v off_o the_o bough_n while_o they_o be_v young_a and_o that_o make_v it_o clear_a from_o bough_n and_o the_o sap_n mount_v up_o high_o and_o there_o break_v out_o which_o if_o it_o be_v but_o take_v off_o as_o it_o be_v below_o it_o than_o will_v be_v as_o clear_v sixty_o foot_n as_o it_o be_v at_o six_o and_o as_o straight_o this_o very_a reason_n possess_v i_o so_o much_o that_o it_o tell_v i_o a_o elm_n which_o be_v the_o most_o subject_a of_o any_o tree_n to_o break_v out_o side-bough_n may_v be_v make_v clear_a timber_n sixty_o foot_n high_a as_o well_o as_o ordinary_o they_o be_v six_o by_o early_a often_o and_o summer-pruning_a this_o my_o experience_n have_v prove_v true_a again_o a_o thorn_n or_o white-bush_n grow_v in_o a_o park_n and_o keep_v under_o by_o dear_a crop_n of_o it_o for_o eight_o ten_o or_o more_o year_n so_o that_o it_o have_v get_v a_o hundred_o little_a bough_n if_o it_o once_o get_v but_o a_o lead_a shoot_n and_o that_o out_o of_o the_o dear_n reach_v all_o shall_v unite_v in_o that_o one_o and_o that_o shall_v come_v to_o be_v a_o straight_a body_n and_o straight-grained_n notwithstanding_o it_o be_v so_o crooked_a below_o for_o the_o low_a one_o will_n all_o die_v by_o the_o dear_a crop_v they_o and_o the_o sap_v free_a ascend_n into_o the_o lead_a shoot_n but_o as_o to_o the_o second_o objection_n i_o grant_v that_o sometime_o cut_v off_o bough_n especial_o great_a one_o and_o of_o old_a tree_n make_v more_o but_o then_o they_o be_v small_a for_o the_o more_o a_o river_n be_v divide_v into_o small_a rivulet_n the_o easy_a those_o little_a one_o be_v stop_v and_o bring_v into_o one_o for_o a_o great_a river_n must_v have_v a_o great_a dam_n and_o take_v off_o a_o great_a bough_n be_v a_o great_a dam_n to_o the_o sap_n for_o the_o tree_n fall_v sudden_o narrow_a upward_o and_o the_o sap_n be_v use_v to_o spend_v itself_o there_o and_o have_v free_a passage_n thither_o when_o it_o be_v get_v into_o that_o place_n it_o break_v out_o on_o each_o side_n of_o the_o knot_n into_o many_o little_a bough_n but_o if_o you_o take_v off_o these_o little_a bough_n that_o midsummer_n the_o summer_n after_o there_o will_v be_v but_o a_o small_a quantity_n in_o comparison_n of_o the_o spring-sap_n and_o the_o bark_n be_v then_o loose_a it_o make_v the_o easy_a way_n for_o the_o sap_n to_o ascend_v into_o the_o head_n and_o not_o to_o break_v out_o into_o bough_n and_o so_o have_v prepare_v the_o way_n by_o the_o sap_n that_o midsommer-shoot_a will_v not_o be_v at_o a_o stand_v so_o much_o the_o spring_n follow_v or_o if_o the_o spring_n after_o you_o have_v take_v off_o the_o bough_n you_o take_v off_o the_o little_a one_o that_o be_v shoot_v out_o the_o year_n before_o and_o slit_v the_o bark_n above_o each_o knot_n that_o be_v somewhat_o great_a down_o to_o the_o knot_n by_o so_o do_v you_o may_v bring_v your_o tree_n to_o have_v a_o clear_a body_n by_o a_o few_o year_n prune_v for_o i_o have_v observe_v it_o usual_a in_o many_o tree_n the_o year_n they_o have_v be_v prune_v up_o for_o the_o bark_n to_o have_v crack_v a_o inch_n or_o more_o which_o tell_v you_o most_o plain_o that_o the_o prune_n of_o tree_n do_v make_v they_o swell_v in_o body_n therefore_o help_v the_o pen_a place_n by_o slit_v the_o bark_n you_o may_v often_o see_v this_o on_o your_o ash_n etc._n etc._n pray_v you_o how_o come_v it_o that_o in_o your_o coppice_n you_o shall_v have_v timber-tree_n ten_o or_o twelve_o foot_n high_a clear_a without_o bough_n and_o then_o the_o tree_n break_v out_o all_o into_o head_n it_o be_v i_o be_o confident_a the_o under-wood_n which_o smother_v and_o beat_v off_o the_o side-bough_n as_o high_a as_o that_o grow_v and_o so_o make_v the_o timber_n clear_v so_o high_a also_o if_o you_o mark_v where_o high_a timber-tree_n be_v that_o have_v clear_a body_n a_o great_a height_n they_o do_v or_o do_v stand_v thick_a together_o and_o so_o one_o draw_v up_o another_o smother_a the_o side-bough_n and_o beat_v they_o off_o sometime_o by_o their_o motion_n in_o great_a wind_n thus_o by_o what_o have_v be_v say_v of_o cattle_n crop_v tree_n stand_v in_o coppice_n and_o by_o tree_n stand_v thick_a together_o you_o may_v learn_v that_o you_o may_v do_v the_o same_o and_o have_v timber_n by_o prune_v as_o clear_v from_o knot_n as_o it_o be_v by_o those_o accident_n three_o whereas_o they_o say_v it_o make_v a_o tree_n decay_v soon_o i_o grant_v this_o that_o to_o prune_v off_o great_a bough_n from_o a_o old_a tree_n make_v it_o decay_v soon_o for_o the_o wound_a place_n be_v great_a and_o the_o tree_n slow_a of_o growth_n be_v a_o long_a time_n cover_v over_o that_o place_n if_o it_o can_v be_v do_v at_o last_o and_o that_o take_v wet_a and_o air_n and_o decay_v the_o tree_n therefore_o i_o do_v not_o advise_v you_o to_o take_v great_a bough_n off_o from_o any_o tree_n but_o small_a bough_n cut_v off_o smooth_a and_o close_o from_o a_o old_a tree_n or_o young_a cause_v the_o tree_n to_o last_v long_o and_o to_o be_v clear_a timber_n for_o when_o small_a bough_n be_v take_v off_o from_o the_o side_n of_o your_o tree_n though_o old_a the_o tree_n than_o not_o draw_v much_o sap_n that_o little_a sap_n do_v most_o of_o it_o then_o ascend_v into_o the_o head_n and_o so_o make_v the_o head_n continue_v fresh_a and_o thrive_a the_o long_o and_o take_v off_o the_o side-bough_n make_v the_o tree_n to_o swell_v and_o grow_v soon_o into_o a_o great_a body_n for_o the_o bough_n that_o break_v out_o of_o the_o side_n have_v not_o such_o deep_a root_n in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o tree_n i_o mean_v those_o that_o come_v forth_o after_o the_o tree_n have_v be_v once_o prune_v for_o every_o bough_n that_o break_v out_o break_v out_o through_o the_o bark_n and_o have_v its_o root_n between_o the_o bark_n and_o tree_n that_o year_n and_o as_o the_o tree_n increase_v so_o that_o knot_n be_v deep_a and_o deep_o in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o tree_n thus_o take_v off_o the_o small_a bough_n often_o keep_v the_o tree_n clear_a from_o great_a knot_n within_o the_o timber_n and_o the_o little_a knot_n do_v cover_v over_o so_o soon_o before_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o knot_n be_v dead_a that_o they_o become_v as_o clear_v timber_n thus_o have_v i_o show_v you_o that_o all_o sort_n of_o tree_n come_v to_o have_v clear_a body_n by_o prune_v either_o 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esquire_n evelin_n discourse_n of_o forest-tree_n p._n 13._o choose_v a_o tree_n as_o big_a as_o your_o thigh_n say_v he_o but_o if_o less_o the_o better_a to_o grow_v remove_v the_o earth_n from_o about_o he_o cut_v through_o all_o the_o collateral_a root_n till_o with_o a_o competent_a strength_n you_o can_v enforce_v he_o down_o upon_o one_o side_n so_o as_o to_o come_v with_o your_o axe_n at_o the_o tap_n root_n cut_v that_o off_o and_o cut_v all_o the_o root_n smooth_a on_o the_o under-side_n re-dress_a your_o tree_n and_o so_o let_v it_o stand_v cover_v about_o with_o the_o mould_n you_o loosen_v
show_v the_o best_a way_n for_o improve_n your_o ground_n presume_v that_o every_o man_n that_o fence_v in_o a_o ground_n will_v plant_v as_o many_o tree_n as_o he_o can_v in_o it_o let_v such_o but_o mind_n what_o i_o have_v deliver_v and_o what_o i_o shall_v deliver_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n i_o hope_v it_o will_v be_v satisfactory_a to_o he_o if_o it_o be_v it_o will_v be_v the_o like_a to_o i_o but_o what_o order_n soever_o you_o plant_v your_o tree_n in_o make_v your_o hole_n good_a before_o set_v not_o your_o tree_n too_o deep_a and_o keep_v they_o stake_v the_o first_o year_n cover_v the_o ground_n over_o the_o root_n with_o some_o litter_n or_o dung_n and_o over_o that_o a_o little_a mould_n to_o keep_v the_o sun_n from_o burn_v the_o dung_n and_o exhaust_v the_o strength_n in_o the_o spring_n walk_v over_o the_o ground_n you_o plant_v in_o winter_n and_o set_v your_o tree_n to_o right_a and_o tread_v the_o mould_n to_o the_o root_n especial_o if_o the_o spring_n be_v dry_a keep_v all_o the_o crack_v fill_v with_o mould_n after_o your_o tree_n be_v set_v keep_v your_o ground_n with_o dig_v or_o plough_v for_o three_o or_o four_o year_n at_o first_o but_o the_o long_o the_o better_o your_o tree_n will_v run_v and_o thrive_v in_o the_o loose_a ground_n much_o but_o if_o you_o do_v not_o so_o much_o mind_n order_n in_o plant_v but_o will_v keep_v your_o land_n for_o corn_n and_o yet_o will_v glad_o have_v fruit-tree_n too_o which_o may_v very_o well_o be_v and_o you_o may_v have_v good_a store_n of_o fruit_n and_o not_o much_o the_o less_o corn_n then_o plant_v your_o row_v about_o thirty_o foot_n asunder_o the_o long_a way_n of_o your_o ground_n and_o set_v the_o tree_n in_o the_o row_v about_o 15_o foot_n asunder_o and_o let_v the_o tree_n in_o each_o row_n stand_v exact_o square_a so_o may_v you_o have_v a_o very_a fine_a orchard_n and_o little_a or_o nothing_o the_o less_o corn_n many_o year_n may_v you_o have_v as_o much_o fruit_n as_o be_v worth_a a_o good_a crop_n of_o corn_n off_o so_o much_o land_n and_o not_o the_o less_o corn_n which_o may_v well_o encourage_v you_o to_o plant_v if_o you_o dare_v believe_v i_o but_o if_o not_o be_v but_o so_o kind_a to_o yourself_o and_o i_o as_o to_o try_v whether_o i_o tell_v truth_n not_o be_v sure_a to_o keep_v cow_n out_o of_o your_o young_a orchard_n sheep_n will_v do_v no_o harm_n provide_v you_o wisp_n your_o tree_n about_o with_o thum-band_n while_o young_a which_o be_v the_o best_a way_n to_o keep_v they_o from_o the_o destructive_a hare_n and_o coney_n chap._n xxxiv_o of_o prune_v tree_n some_o general_a observation_n although_o i_o have_v show_v you_o how_o to_o prune_v most_o sort_n of_o tree_n in_o each_o chapter_n where_o i_o show_v you_o how_o to_o raise_v they_o yet_o i_o shall_v say_v a_o little_a more_o and_o all_o will_v be_v too_o little_a for_o the_o curate_n of_o henonville_n tell_v you_o in_o his_o book_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o order_v fruit-tree_n that_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n very_o rare_a among_o gardener_n to_o prune_n tree_n well_o for_o the_o do_v of_o it_o well_o depend_v more_o upon_o their_o ingenuity_n than_o upon_o their_o hand_n it_o be_v also_o very_o hard_o to_o give_v instruction_n for_o it_o because_o it_o consist_v not_o in_o certain_a and_o general_a maxim_n but_o vary_v according_a to_o the_o particular_a circumstance_n of_o each_o tree_n so_o that_o it_o depend_v absolute_o upon_o the_o gardener_n prudence_n who_o ought_v of_o himself_o to_o judge_v what_o branch_n must_v be_v leave_v and_o which_o be_v fit_a to_o be_v cut_v away_o etc._n etc._n indeed_o that_o erroneous_a custom_n and_o say_v which_o be_v among_o most_o man_n of_o timber-tree_n not_o to_o prune_v they_o at_o all_o or_o if_o you_o do_v to_o cut_v off_o the_o bough_n at_o distance_n from_o the_o body_n have_v make_v many_o a_o good_a fruit-tree_n lose_v its_o life_n soon_o by_o many_o year_n than_o it_o will_v have_v do_v and_o also_o have_v yield_v to_o the_o owner_n much_o less_o and_o worse_a fruit_n than_o it_o will_v have_v do_v therefore_o whatsoever_o bough_n you_o cut_v off_o from_o fruit_n or_o forrest-tree_n cut_v it_o close_o and_o smooth_a and_o the_o low_a side_n close_a then_o will_v it_o not_o hold_v water_n and_o every_o year_n the_o bark_n will_v surround_v and_o overgrow_v the_o wound_n by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o it_o have_v quite_o heal_v the_o place_n but_o if_o you_o leave_v a_o stump_n it_o be_v likely_a that_o will_v hold_v water_n and_o make_v a_o hole_n into_o the_o very_a body_n of_o your_o tree_n and_o so_o in_o little_a time_n make_v it_o sick_a and_o kill_v it_o which_o before_o will_v bear_v you_o but_o little_a and_o poor_a fruit_n or_o if_o the_o stump_n hang_v down_o so_o that_o it_o do_v not_o hold_v wet_a than_o the_o tree_n must_v be_v as_o big_a as_o that_o stump_n be_v long_o on_o all_o side_n before_o it_o can_v overgrow_v that_o place_n or_o if_o the_o stump_n rot_v and_o break_v off_o than_o many_o time_n it_o leave_v a_o hole_n in_o the_o tree_n which_o if_o it_o tend_v much_o upward_a so_o that_o it_o take_v water_n it_o certain_o kill_v the_o tree_n and_o if_o the_o tree_n be_v not_o a_o very_a thrive_a tree_n it_o will_v be_v very_o long_o before_o it_o overgrowes_a that_o hole_n though_o it_o do_v not_o take_v wet_a therefore_o what_o bough_n you_o cut_v off_o cut_v they_o off_o close_o unless_o the_o tree_n be_v very_o old_a and_o the_o bough_n great_a such_o i_o do_v not_o advise_v you_o to_o meddle_v with_o but_o if_o you_o do_v cut_v they_o at_o a_o distance_n from_o the_o body_n always_o remember_v to_o let_v the_o wound_n be_v smooth_a and_o to_o tend_v as_o much_o from_o the_o horizon_n as_o may_v be_v all_o bough_n that_o grow_v upright_o be_v they_o great_a or_o little_a cut_v they_o not_o right_o cross_v over_o but_o cut_v they_o slope_v upward_o and_o let_v the_o slope_n aspect_n the_o south_n east_n or_o west_n if_o it_o may_v be_v and_o in_o those_o bough_n that_o lean_a from_o the_o head_n cut_v the_o slope_n on_o the_o low_a side_n the_o slope_n tend_v downward_o so_o will_v they_o cover_v over_o the_o better_a if_o the_o wound_n be_v great_a cover_n it_o over_o with_o some_o clay_n well_o mix_v with_o horse-dung_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o the_o weather_n and_o it_o will_v cover_v over_o the_o soon_o many_o a_o good_a tree_n be_v spoil_v by_o graft_v of_o it_o in_o bad_a place_n as_o i_o have_v see_v in_o some_o hundred_o of_o which_o i_o have_v not_o spare_v as_o oft_o as_o i_o can_v to_o tell_v the_o owner_n but_o few_o will_v believe_v i_o for_o sometime_o they_o cut_v off_o great_a bough_n till_o they_o come_v to_o 6_o inch_n or_o thereabouts_o diameter_n there_o they_o put_v in_o four_o or_o six_o graft_n in_o the_o bark_n and_o sometime_o two_o in_o the_o clift_n and_o see_v the_o bough_n right_o cross_v over_o though_o it_o grow_v upright_o in_o which_o if_o the_o graft_n do_v grow_v the_o head_n be_v so_o great_a and_o 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