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to_o the_o purpose_n for_o i_o will_v preface_n no_o long_o of_o the_o element_n of_o architecture_n the_o first_o part._n in_o architecture_n as_o in_o all_o other_o operative_a arts._n the_o end_n must_v direct_v the_o operation_n the_o end_n be_v to_o build_v well_o well-building_n have_v three_o condition_n commodity_n firmness_n and_o delight_n a_o common_a division_n among_o the_o deliverer_n of_o this_o art_n though_o i_o know_v not_o how_o somewhat_o misplace_v by_o vitruvius_n himself_o lib._n 1._o cap._n 3._o who_o i_o shall_v be_v willing_a to_o follow_v as_o a_o master_n of_o proportion_n then_o of_o method_n now_o for_o the_o attain_n of_o these_o intention_n we_o may_v consider_v the_o whole_a subject_n under_o two_o general_a head_n the_o seat_n and_o the_o work_n therefore_o first_o touch_v situation_n the_o precept_n thereunto_o belong_v do_v either_o concern_v the_o total_a posture_n as_o i_o may_v term_v it_o
enough_o to_o graduate_v a_o master_n of_o this_o art_n yet_o let_v i_o before_o i_o pass_v to_o other_o matter_n prevent_v a_o familiar_a objection_n it_o will_v perchance_o be_v say_v that_o all_o this_o doctrine_n touch_v the_o five_o order_n be_v fit_a for_o the_o quarry_n of_o asia_n which_o yield_v 127_o column_n of_o 60_o foot_n high_a to_o the_o ephesian_a temple_n or_o for_o numidia_n where_o marble_n abound_v then_o for_o the_o spirit_n of_o england_n who_o must_v be_v content_v with_o more_o ignoble_a material_n to_o which_o i_o answer_v that_o this_o need_v not_o discourage_v we_o for_o i_o have_v often_o at_o venice_n view_v with_o much_o pleasure_n a_o atrium_n graecum_fw-la we_o may_v translate_v it_o a_o anti_n porch_n after_o the_o greek_a manner_n raise_v by_o andraea_n palladio_n upon_o eight_o column_n of_o the_o compound_a order_n the_o base_n of_o stone_n without_o pedestal_n the_o shaft_n or_o body_n of_o mere_a brick_n three_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a thick_a in_o the_o diameter_n below_o and_o consequent_o thirty_o five_o foot_n high_a as_o himself_o have_v describe_v they_o in_o his_o second_o book_n then_o which_o my_o eye_n have_v never_o yet_o behold_v any_o column_n more_o stately_a of_o stone_n or_o marble_n for_o the_o brick_n have_v first_o be_v form_v in_o a_o circular_a moula_n and_o then_o cut_v before_o their_o burn_n into_o four_o quarter_n or_o more_o the_o side_n afterward_o join_v so_o close_o and_o the_o point_n concentre_v so_o exact_o that_o the_o pillar_n appear_v one_o entire_a piece_n which_o short_a descriptionâ—…_n can_v not_o omit_v that_o thereby_o may_v appear_v how_o in_o truth_n we_o want_v rather_o art_n then_o stuff_v to_o satisfy_v our_o great_a fancy_n after_o pillar_n the_o next_o in_o my_o distribution_n be_v pilaster_n mention_v by_o vitruvius_n lib._n 5._o cap._n 1._o and_o scant_o any_o where_o else_o under_o the_o name_n of_o parastate_n as_o philander_n conceive_v which_o grammatical_a point_n though_o perchance_o not_o very_o clear_a i_o be_o content_v to_o examine_v no_o further_o always_o what_o we_o mean_v by_o the_o thing_n itself_o be_v plain_a enough_o in_o our_o own_o vulgar_a touch_v which_o i_o will_v brief_o collect_v the_o most_o considerable_a note_n pylasters_n must_n not_o be_v too_o tall_a and_o slender_a lest_o they_o resemble_v pillar_n nor_o too_o dwarfish_a and_o gross_a lest_o they_o imitate_v the_o pile_n or_o peer_n of_o bridge_n smoothness_n do_v not_o so_o natural_o become_v they_o as_o a_o rustic_a superficies_n for_o they_o aim_v more_o at_o state_n and_o strength_n than_o elegancy_n in_o private_a building_n they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v narrow_a than_o one_o three_o nor_o broad_a than_o two_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a vacuity_n between_o pylaster_n and_o pylaster_n but_o to_o those_o that_o stand_v at_o the_o corner_n may_v be_v allow_v a_o little_a more_o latitude_n by_o discretion_n for_o strength_n of_o the_o angles_n in_o theater_n and_o amphi_n theater_n and_o such_o weighty_a work_n palladio_n observe_v they_o to_o have_v be_v as_o broad_a as_o the_o half_a and_o now_o and_o then_o as_o the_o whole_a vacuity_n he_o note_v likewise_o and_o other_o consent_n with_o he_o that_o their_o true_a proportion_n shall_v be_v a_o exact_a square_n but_o for_o lesten_v of_o expense_n and_o enlarge_n of_o room_n they_o be_v common_o narrow_a in_o flank_n then_o in_o front_n their_o principal_a grace_n do_v consist_v in_o half_a or_o whole_a pillar_n '_o apply_v unto_o they_o in_o which_o case_n it_o be_v well_o note_v by_o author_n that_o the_o column_n may_v be_v allow_v somewhat_o above_o their_o ordinary_a length_n because_o they_o lean_a unto_o so_o good_a supporter_n and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v touch_a pylasters_n which_o be_v a_o cheap_a and_o a_o strong_a and_o a_o noble_a kind_n of_o structure_n now_o because_o they_o be_v often_o both_o for_o beauty_n and_o majesty_n find_v arch_v then_o otherwise_o i_o be_o here_o orderly_o lead_v to_o speak_v of_o arch_n and_o under_o the_o same_o head_n of_o vault_n for_o a_o arch_n be_v nothing_o indeed_o but_o a_o contract_a vault_n and_o a_o vault_n be_v but_o a_o dilate_a arch_n therefore_o to_o handle_v this_o piece_n both_o compendious_o and_o fundamental_o i_o will_v resolve_v the_o whole_a business_n into_o a_o few_o theorem_n theorem_fw-la 1._o all_o solid_a material_n free_a from_o impediment_n do_v descend_v perpendicular_o downward_o because_o ponderosity_n be_v a_o natural_a inclination_n to_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o world_n and_o nature_n perform_v her_o motion_n by_o the_o short_a line_n theorem_fw-la 2._o brick_n mould_v in_o their_o ordinary_a rectangular_a form_n if_o they_o shall_v be_v lay_v one_o by_o another_o in_o a_o level_a row_n between_o any_o supporter_n sustain_v the_o two_o end_n than_o all_o the_o piece_n between_o will_v necessary_o sink_v even_o by_o their_o own_o natural_a gravity_n and_o much_o more_o if_o they_o suffer_v any_o depression_n by_o other_o weight_n above_o they_o because_o their_o side_n be_v parallel_n they_o have_v room_n to_o descend_v perpendicular_o without_o impeachment_n according_a to_o the_o former_a theorem_n therefore_o to_o make_v they_o stand_v we_o must_v either_o change_v their_o posture_n or_o their_o figure_n or_o both_o theorem_fw-la 3_o if_o brick_n mould_v or_o stone_n square_v cuneatim_fw-la that_o be_v wedge-wise_a broad_a above_o than_o below_o shall_v be_v lay_v in_o a_o row-level_n with_o their_o end_n support_v as_o in_o the_o precedent_n theorem_fw-la point_v all_o to_o one_o centre_n then_o none_o of_o the_o piece_n between_o can_v sink_v till_o the_o supporter_n give_v way_n because_o they_o want_v room_n in_o that_o figuration_n to_o descend_v perpendicular_o but_o this_o be_v yet_o a_o weak_a piece_n of_o structure_n because_o the_o supporter_n be_v subject_a to_o much_o impulsion_n especial_o if_o the_o line_n be_v long_o for_o which_o reason_n this_o form_n be_v seldom_o use_v but_o over_o window_n or_o narrow_a door_n therefore_o to_o fortify_v the_o work_n as_o in_o this_o three_o theorem_fw-la we_o have_v suppose_v the_o figure_n of_o all_o the_o material_n different_a from_o those_o in_o the_o second_o so_o likewise_o we_o must_v now_o change_v the_o posture_n as_o will_v appear_v in_o the_o theorem_fw-la follow_v theorem_fw-la 4._o if_o the_o material_n figure_v as_o before_o wedge-wise_a shall_v not_o be_v dispose_v levelly_a but_o in_o form_n of_o some_o arch_n or_o portion_n of_o a_o circle_n point_v all_o to_o the_o same_o centre_n in_o this_o case_n neither_o the_o piece_n of_o the_o say_a arch_n can_v sink_v downward_o through_o want_n of_o room_n to_o descend_v theor._n perpendicular_o nor_o the_o supporter_n or_o butment_n as_o they_o be_v term_v of_o the_o say_a arch_n can_v suffer_v so_o much_o violence_n as_o in_o the_o precedent_n flat_a posture_n for_o the_o roundness_n will_v always_o make_v the_o incumbent_a weight_n rather_o to_o rest_v upon_o the_o supporter_n then_o to_o shove_v they_o whence_o may_v be_v draw_v a_o evident_a corolary_n that_o the_o safe_a of_o all_o arch_n be_v the_o semicircular_a and_o of_o all_o vault_n the_o hemisphere_n though_o not_o absolute_o exempt_v from_o some_o natural_a weakness_n †_o as_o bernardino_n baldi_n abbot_n of_o angle_n guastalla_n in_o his_o commentary_n upon_o aristotle_n mechanic_n do_v very_o well_o prove_v where_o let_v i_o note_v by_o the_o way_n that_o when_o any_o thing_n be_v mathematical_o demonstrate_v weak_a it_o be_v much_o more_o mechanical_o weak_a error_n ever_o occur_v more_o easy_o in_o the_o management_n of_o gross_a material_n then_o lineal_a design_n theorem_fw-la 5._o as_o semicircular_a arch_n or_o hemispherical_a vault_n be_v raise_v upon_o the_o total_a diameter_n be_v of_o all_o other_o the_o round_a and_o consequent_o the_o secure_a by_o the_o precedent_n theorem_a so_o those_o be_v the_o graceful_a which_o keep_v precise_o the_o same_o height_n shall_v yet_o be_v distend_v one_o fourteen_o part_n long_o than_o the_o say_v entire_a diameter_n which_o addition_n of_o distent_n will_v confer_v much_o to_o their_o beauty_n and_o detract_v but_o little_a from_o their_o strength_n this_o observation_n i_o find_v in_o leon-batista_a alberti_fw-la but_o the_o practice_n how_o to_o preserve_v the_o same_o height_n and_o yet_o distend_v the_o arm_n or_o end_n of_o the_o arch_n be_v in_o albert_n durer_n geometry_n who_o teach_v the_o italian_n many_o a_o excellent_a line_n of_o great_a use_n in_o this_o art_n upon_o these_o five_o theorem_n all_o the_o skill_n of_o arch_v and_o vault_a be_v ground_v as_o for_o those_o arch_n which_o our_o artisan_n call_v of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o point_n and_o the_o tuscan_a writer_n di_o terzo_n and_o dâ—…_n quarto_fw-la accuto_fw-la because_o they_o always_o concur_v in_o a_o acute_a angle_n and_o do_v spring_n from_o division_n of_o the_o diameter_n into_o three_o four_o
above_o and_o this_o in_o exact_a oval_n be_v a_o masterpiece_n of_o chimney_n in_o the_o present_a business_n italian_n who_o make_v very_o frugal_a fire_n be_v perchance_o not_o the_o best_a counsellor_n therefore_o from_o they_o we_o may_v better_o â—…earn_v both_o how_o to_o raise_v fair_a mantle_n within_o the_o room_n and_o how_o to_o disguise_v graceful_o the_o shaft_n of_o chimney_n abroad_o as_o they_o use_v in_o sundry_a form_n which_o i_o shall_v handle_v in_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o my_o labour_n and_o the_o rest_n i_o will_v extract_v from_o philippe_n de_fw-fr l'orme_n in_o this_o part_n of_o his_o work_n more_o diligent_a then_o in_o any_o other_o or_o to_o do_v he_o right_o than_o any_o man_n else_o first_o he_o observe_v very_o sober_o that_o who_o in_o the_o disposition_n of_o any_o building_n will_v consider_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o region_n and_o the_o wind_n that_o ordinary_o blow_v from_o this_o or_o that_o quarter_n may_v so_o cast_v the_o room_n which_o shall_v most_o need_v fire_n that_o he_o shall_v little_o fear_v the_o incommodity_n of_o smoke_n and_o therefore_o he_o think_v that_o inconvenience_n for_o the_o most_o part_n to_o proceed_v from_o some_o inconsiderate_a beginning_n or_o if_o the_o error_n lie_v not_o in_o the_o disposition_n but_o in_o the_o structure_n itself_o then_o he_o make_v a_o logical_a enquiry_n that_o either_o the_o wind_n be_v too_o much_o let_v in_o above_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o shaft_n or_o the_o smoke_n stifle_v below_o if_o none_o of_o these_o then_o there_o be_v a_o repulsion_n of_o the_o fume_v by_o some_o high_a hill_n or_o fabric_n that_o shall_v overtop_v the_o chimney_n and_o worâ—…_n the_o former_a effect_n if_o likewise_o not_o this_o then_o 〈◊〉_d conclude_v that_o the_o room_n which_o be_v infest_a muâ—…_n be_v necessary_o both_o little_a and_o close_o so_o as_o the_o smoâ—…_n can_v issue_v by_o a_o natural_a principle_n want_v a_o suâ—…cession_n and_o supply_n of_o new_a air._n now_o in_o these_o case_n he_o sugge_v divers_a artificial_a remedy_n of_o which_o i_o will_v allow_v one_o a_o littâ—…_n description_n because_o it_o savour_v of_o philosophy_n and_o be_v touch_v by_o vitruvius_n himself_o lib._n 1._o cap._n 6._o bâ—…_n by_o this_o man_n ingenious_o apply_v to_o the_o present_a use_n he_o will_v have_v we_o provide_v two_o hollow_a brass_n ball_n oâ—…_n reasonable_a capacity_n with_o little_a hole_n open_a iâ—…_n both_o for_o reception_n of_o water_n when_o the_o air_n shaâ—…_n be_v first_o suck_v out_o one_o of_o these_o we_o must_v plaâ—…_n with_o the_o hole_n upward_o upon_o a_o iron_n wire_n thâ—…_n shall_v traverse_v the_o chimney_n a_o little_a above_o the_o mâ—…tel_n at_o the_o ordinary_a height_n of_o the_o sharp_a heat_n 〈◊〉_d flame_n whereof_o the_o water_n within_o be_v rarify_v and_o by_o rarifaction_n resolve_v into_o wind_n will_v breâ—…_n out_o and_o so_o force_v up_o the_o smoke_n which_o otherwiâ—…_n may_v linger_v in_o the_o tunnel_n by_o the_o way_n and_o oftentimes_o revert_v with_o the_o other_o say_v he_o 〈◊〉_d may_v supply_v the_o place_n of_o the_o former_a when_o it_o be_v exhaust_v or_o for_o a_o need_n blow_v the_o fire_n in_o the_o meâ—…_n while_n which_o invention_n i_o have_v interpose_v foâ—…_n some_o little_a entertainment_n of_o the_o reader_n i_o wiâ—…_n conclude_v with_o a_o note_n from_o palladio_n who_o observeâ—…_n that_o the_o ancient_n do_v warm_v their_o room_n with_o certain_a secret_a pipe_n that_o come_v through_o the_o wall_n transport_v heat_n as_o i_o conceive_v it_o to_o sundry_a part_n of_o the_o house_n from_o one_o common_a furnace_n i_o be_o ready_a to_o baptize_v they_o cali_n duct_n as_o well_o as_o they_o be_v term_v ventiducts_a and_o aqueducts_a that_o convey_v wind_n and_o water_n which_o whether_o it_o be_v a_o custom_n or_o a_o delicacy_n be_v sure_o both_o for_o thrift_n and_o for_o use_v far_o beyond_o the_o german_a stove_n and_o i_o shall_v prefer_v it_o likewise_o before_o our_o own_o fashion_n if_o the_o very_a sight_n of_o a_o fire_n do_v not_o add_v to_o the_o room_n a_o kind_n of_o reputation_n epig._n as_o old_a homer_n do_v teach_v we_o in_o a_o verse_n sufficient_a to_o prove_v that_o himself_o be_v not_o blind_a as_o some_o will_v lay_v to_o his_o charge_n touch_v conduct_n for_o the_o suillage_n and_o other_o necessity_n of_o the_o house_n which_o how_o base_a soever_o in_o use_n yet_o for_o health_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v as_o considerable_a and_o perhaps_o more_o than_o the_o rest_n i_o find_v in_o our_o author_n this_o counsel_n that_o art_n shall_v imitate_v nature_n in_o those_o ignoble_a conveyance_n and_o separate_v they_o from_o sight_n where_o there_o want_v a_o run_a water_n into_o the_o most_o remote_a and_o low_a and_o thick_a part_n of_o the_o foundation_n with_o secret_a vent_n pass_v up_o through_o the_o wall_n like_o a_o tunnel_n to_o the_o wild_a air_n aloft_o which_o all_o italian_a artisan_n commend_v for_o the_o discharge_n of_o noisome_a vapour_n though_o elsewhere_o to_o my_o knowledge_n little_o practise_v thus_o have_v consider_v the_o precedent_a apertion_n or_o overture_n in_o severalty_n according_a to_o their_o particular_a requisite_n i_o be_o now_o come_v to_o the_o cast_n and_o contexture_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n comprehend_v under_o the_o term_n of_o compartition_n into_o which_o be_v the_o main_a piece_n i_o can_v enter_v without_o a_o few_o general_a precaution_n as_o i_o have_v do_v in_o other_o part_n first_o therefore_o let_v no_o man_n that_o intend_v to_o build_v settle_v his_o fancy_n upon_o a_o draught_n of_o the_o work_n in_o paper_n how_o exact_o soever_o measure_v or_o neat_o set_v off_o in_o perspective_n and_o much_o less_o upon_o a_o bare_a plant_n thereof_o as_o they_o call_v the_o sciographia_fw-la or_o ground_n line_n without_o a_o model_n or_o type_n of_o the_o whole_a structure_n and_o of_o every_o parcel_n and_o partition_n in_o pasteboard_n or_o wood._n next_o that_o the_o say_a model_n be_v as_o plain_a as_o may_v be_v without_o colour_n or_o other_o beautify_v lest_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o eye_n preoccupate_v the_o judgement_n which_o advice_n omit_v by_o the_o italian_a architéct_n i_o find_v in_o philippe_n the_o l'orme_n and_o therefore_o though_o france_n be_v not_o the_o theatre_n of_o best_a building_n it_o do_v merit_v some_o mention_n of_o his_o name_n last_o the_o big_a that_o this_o type_n be_v it_o be_v still_o the_o better_a not_o that_o i_o will_v persuade_v a_o man_n to_o such_o a_o enormity_n as_o that_o model_n make_v by_o antonio_n labaco_n of_o st._n peter_n church_n in_o rome_n contain_v 22_o foot_n in_o length_n 16_o in_o breadth_n and_o 13_o in_o height_n and_o cost_v 4184_o crown_n the_o price_n in_o truth_n of_o a_o reasonable_a chapel_n yet_o in_o a_o fabric_n of_o some_o 40_o or_o 50_o thousand_o pound_n charge_n i_o wish_v 30_o pound_n at_o least_o lay_v out_o before_o hand_n in_o a_o exact_a model_n 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