dalmatia_n albania_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n by_o henry_n ruse_n engineer_n and_o captain_n of_o a_o foot-company_n belong_v to_o the_o city_n of_o amsterdam_n translate_v out_o of_o the_o low-dutch-copy_n by_o his_o majesty_n command_n in_o the_o savoy_n print_v by_o the_o assign_v of_o john_n bill_n and_o christopher_n barker_n printer_n to_o the_o king_n most_o excellent_a majesty_n 1668._o the_o strengthen_v of_o stronghold_n invent_v on_o several_a occasion_n and_o practise_v in_o the_o late_a war_n as_o well_o in_o holland_n as_o in_o france_n germany_n italy_n dalmatia_n albania_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n by_o henry_n ruse._n after_o i_o have_v thorough_o consider_v the_o best_a method_n of_o fortification_n practise_v in_o the_o country_n before_o mention_v i_o find_v that_o none_o of_o they_o have_v make_v better_o use_v of_o situation_n as_o to_o the_o artificial_a part_n than_o the_o unite_a province_n forasmuch_o as_o they_o have_v not_o only_o very_o 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and_o yet_o practicable_a with_o the_o least_o expense_n according_a to_o which_o method_n almost_o all_o considerable_a fortification_n may_v without_o difficulty_n be_v redress_v the_o truth_n be_v this_o method_n be_v something_o near_o that_o which_o shall_v hereafter_o be_v discourse_v of_o for_o have_v look_v yet_o more_o narrow_o into_o this_o matter_n and_o examine_v it_o with_o great_a diligence_n and_o curiosity_n i_o do_v only_o as_o i_o find_v cause_n alter_v something_o of_o that_o our_o first_o design_n i_o do_v not_o here_o undertake_v to_o make_v accessible_a place_n impregnable_a since_o all_o that_o be_v make_v by_o man_n may_v by_o man_n be_v again_o destroy_v for_o the_o attacques_n be_v carry_v on_o upon_o a_o sure_a foot_n and_o the_o approach_n be_v manage_v with_o skill_n and_o judgement_n if_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n no_o relief_n come_v even_o the_o strong_a place_n must_v at_o length_n yield_v up_o to_o the_o besieger_n my_o intention_n be_v only_o so_o to_o 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observe_v in_o the_o modern_a fortification_n 1._o there_o aught_o to_o be_v no_o point_n of_o the_o whole_a fortification_n undiscovered_a or_o unflanque_v and_o that_o from_o several_a place_n of_o defence_n 2._o the_o line_n defend_v aught_o to_o be_v long_o than_o the_o line_n defend_v or_o at_o least_o as_o long_o 3._o a_o regular_a fortification_n be_v very_o much_o strong_a than_o a_o irregular_a 4._o the_o more_o bastion_n a_o regular_a place_n have_v the_o great_a be_v its_o strength_n and_o defence_n 5._o a_o fortress_n ought_v to_o command_v all_o place_n whatsoever_o round_o about_o 6._o those_o part_n of_o a_o fortress_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o centre_n aught_o to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v more_o remote_a 7._o those_o part_n of_o a_o fortification_n which_o be_v at_o great_a distance_n from_o the_o centre_n ought_v always_o to_o be_v command_v by_o those_o that_o be_v near_a the_o centre_n 8._o the_o line_n of_o defence_n fichante_fw-fr ought_v not_o to_o be_v 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own_o inability_n for_o so_o great_a a_o work_n if_o i_o have_v see_v any_o part_n of_o elton_n piece_n before_o i_o have_v conclude_v these_o my_o minor_a line_n they_o shall_v have_v be_v turn_v into_o oblivious_a dust_n but_o be_v command_v by_o some_o of_o our_o chieftain_n and_o desire_v by_o other_o of_o my_o friend_n to_o proceed_v thus_o far_o and_o no_o far_o according_o i_o have_v both_o grant_v and_o obey_v it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o least_o to_o condemn_v any_o person_n that_o have_v go_v before_o i_o or_o to_o boast_v in_o the_o least_o for_o what_o be_v do_v or_o what_o i_o know_v i_o have_v observe_v that_o some_o be_v most_o excellent_a for_o their_o pen_n some_o in_o their_o lingue_n and_o other_o for_o execution_n now_o what_o i_o do_v want_n in_o either_o of_o the_o two_o first_o the_o last_o with_o my_o blood_n shall_v witness_v to_o all_o the_o true_a zeal_n i_o bear_v to_o my_o sacred_a king_n and_o country_n good_a when_o command_n and_o occasion_n present_v themselves_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o he_o who_o be_v the_o great_a king_n of_o king_n lord_n of_o lord_n preserve_v to_o his_o honour_n good_a of_o his_o people_n and_o confusion_n of_o his_o enemy_n chap._n i._n the_o original_a and_o beginning_n of_o ensign_n and_o colour_n of_o this_o subject_a i_o never_o think_v to_o have_v speak_v any_o thing_n 1670._o 1670._o but_o this_o last_o summer_n perceive_v most_o ensign_n have_v that_o honour_n assign_v they_o by_o commission_n know_v but_o little_o what_o belong_v to_o their_o office_n and_o think_v it_o a_o thing_n of_o little_a or_o no_o difficulty_n but_o only_o a_o rag_n or_o mark_n which_o any_o man_n may_v carry_v so_o it_o be_v bear_v up_o or_o swing_v about_o man_n car_n and_o sometime_o in_o the_o tooth_n of_o such_o which_o be_v next_o unto_o they_o and_o for_o the_o election_n of_o these_o officer_n by_o some_o new_a commissionated_a captain_n it_o be_v not_o by_o the_o greatness_n of_o his_o skill_n but_o the_o 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courtesy_n to_o his_o inferior_n i_o be_o sure_a that_o some_o be_v so_o far_o from_o make_v inquiry_n after_o these_o discovery_n that_o you_o shall_v see_v some_o ensign_n let_v fly_v their_o colour_n when_o they_o shall_v sink_v they_o and_o some_o to_o stoop_v they_o to_o peasant_n or_o comrade_n when_o superior_n have_v go_v unsaluted_a there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o other_o absurdity_n but_o i_o shall_v hereby_o endeavour_v a_o reformation_n although_o it_o may_v not_o be_v to_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o all_o yet_o i_o will_v lay_v open_a and_o plain_a what_o i_o know_v of_o these_o concern_v as_o not_o to_o puzzle_v he_o who_o be_v desirous_a to_o learn_v nor_o lull_v asleep_a with_o amazement_n the_o weak_a capacity_n therefore_o in_o the_o first_o place_n i_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o declare_v the_o original_a and_o first_o beginning_n of_o ensign_n or_o colour_n in_o the_o war_n and_o how_o they_o have_v grow_v up_o by_o succession_n and_o continue_v as_o now_o they_o be_v 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that_o ever_o lead_v army_n upon_o the_o earth_n be_v moses_n the_o great_a servant_n of_o the_o great_a god_n he_o be_v true_o dux_n a_o duke_n a_o leader_n such_o a_o duke_n and_o such_o a_o leader_n as_o after_o he_o christ_n except_v be_v never_o the_o like_a see_v in_o the_o world_n and_o the_o army_n which_o he_o lead_v be_v the_o great_a strong_a and_o most_o fortunate_a in_o number_n power_n and_o in_o all_o manner_n of_o hazardous_a action_n that_o ever_o the_o world_n see_v or_o the_o sun_n shine_v upon_o now_o we_o find_v this_o duke_n this_o prince_n over_o israel_n by_o the_o holy_a appointment_n of_o god_n himself_o be_v the_o first_o that_o begin_v true_a martial_a discipline_n for_o as_o himself_o be_v general_n over_o that_o huge_a body_n so_o for_o the_o well_o dispose_v and_o govern_v of_o every_o particular_a member_n he_o constitute_v and_o appoint_v several_a colonel_n over_o the_o several_a tribe_n and_o under_o every_o colonel_n several_a captain_n as_o 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greatness_n first_o know_v the_o elder_a be_v distinguish_v by_o his_o ensign_n or_o mark_n from_o the_o young_a the_o great_a from_o the_o less_o and_o the_o eminent_a and_o more_o superior_a from_o those_o of_o low_a rank_n and_o inferior_a although_o we_o have_v a_o large_a basis_n to_o superstruct_v our_o imitation_n upon_o yet_o there_o be_v not_o the_o general_a use_n of_o ensign_n then_o as_o now_o there_o be_v for_o these_o ensign_n be_v due_a only_o to_o the_o great_a colonel_n or_o chief_a head_n of_o the_o tribe_n not_o to_o every_o particular_a company_n but_o to_o one_o tribe_n be_v allow_v but_o one_o ensign_n and_o after_o one_o manner_n and_o form_n so_o as_o simeon_n may_v not_o carry_v that_o of_o levi_n nor_o levi_n that_o of_o judah_n but_o be_v tie_v to_o their_o own_o colour_n also_o if_o that_o one_o tribe_n be_v
which_o be_v use_v by_o fire-master_n for_o they_o put_v sulphur_n salt-peter_n charcoal_n all_o together_o in_o a_o earthen_a pot_n a_o certain_a proportion_n of_o each_o which_o proportion_n one_o to_o the_o other_o they_o have_v learn_v by_o experimental_a practice_n upon_o which_o they_o pour_v fair_a fresh_a water_n which_o they_o boil_v upon_o the_o fire_n until_o all_o the_o water_n be_v evaporate_v and_o the_o matter_n become_v thick_a then_o they_o take_v it_o from_o the_o fire_n and_o dry_v it_o in_o the_o sun_n or_o in_o some_o warm_a place_n as_o a_o stove_n or_o the_o like_a then_o they_o pass_v it_o through_o a_o hair_n sieve_n and_o reduce_v it_o into_o small_a grain_n there_o be_v other_o that_o take_v these_o material_n and_o grind_v they_o upon_o a_o smooth_a flat_a stone_n or_o a_o smooth_a earthen_a dish_n and_o then_o have_v moisten_v it_o by_o their_o skill_n they_o bring_v it_o into_o grain_n which_o powder_n bring_v to_o this_o degree_n of_o perfection_n they_o serve_v their_o occasion_n with_o as_o much_o utillity_n and_o profit_n as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v make_v by_o the_o hand_n of_o one_o of_o the_o most_o know_a or_o skilful_a powder-maker_n in_o the_o world_n it_o be_v in_o my_o judgement_n labour_v lose_v to_o speak_v more_o of_o these_o superficial_a way_n but_o come_v to_o the_o order_n and_o method_n which_o be_v necessary_a and_o usual_o observe_v in_o the_o prepare_n of_o gunpowder_n it_o shall_v likewise_o suffice_v i_o to_o propose_v in_o this_o chapter_n some_o composition_n most_o excellent_a and_o best_a approve_v which_o be_v these_o composition_n for_o cannon_n powder_n composition_n for_o musquet-powder_n composition_n for_o pistol-powder_n the_o first_o the_o first_o the_o first_o salt_n peter_n 100_o l._n salt-peter_n 100_o l._n salt-peter_n 100_o l._n sulphur_n 25_o sulphur_n 18_o sulphur_n 12_o coal_n 25_o coal_n 20_o coal_n 15_o the_o second_o the_o second_o the_o second_o salt-peter_n 100_o l._n salt-peter_n 100_o l._n salt-peter_n 100_o l._n sulphur_n 20_o sulphur_n 15_o sulphur_n 10_o coal_n 24_o coal_n 18_o coal_n 8_o you_o must_v first_o fine_o powder_v these_o composition_n or_o mixture_n for_o cannon_n or_o musket_n powder_n and_o after_o moisten_v they_o with_o fair_a fresh_a water_n or_o vinegar_n or_o with_o aquavitae_n but_o if_o you_o will_v have_v your_o pistol_n powder_v strong_a and_o more_o violent_a you_o ought_v to_o stir_v it_o up_o several_a time_n whilst_o it_o be_v in_o the_o mortar_n with_o this_o follow_a liquor_n that_o be_v a_o water_n distil_v from_o rind_n of_o orange_n citron_n or_o lemon_n by_o a_o alymbeck_n or_o any_o other_o chemical_a vessel_n then_o let_v all_o be_v beat_v and_o well_o bray_v 24._o hour_n and_o then_o in_o the_o end_n reduce_v it_o into_o very_o fine_a small_a grain_n a_o liquor_n for_o this_o purpose_n may_v likewise_o be_v make_v of_o twenty_o part_n of_o aquavitae_n and_o 12_o part_n of_o distil_a vinegar_n make_v of_o whitewine_n and_o four_o part_n of_o spirit_n of_o salt-peter_n and_o two_o part_n of_o water_n of_o salarmoniac_a and_o one_o part_n of_o camphire_n dissolve_v in_o brandywine_n or_o reduce_v into_o powder_n with_o powder_a sulphur_n or_o reduce_v with_o oil_n of_o sweet_a almond_n to_o corn_n powder_n well_o you_o must_v prepare_v a_o sieve_n with_o a_o bottom_n of_o thick_a parchment_n make_v full_a of_o round_a hole_n then_o moisten_v the_o powder_n that_o must_v be_v corn_v with_o its_o water_n and_o make_v it_o up_o in_o ball_n as_o big_a as_o egg_n which_o put_v into_o the_o sieve_n and_o with_o it_o put_v a_o wooden_a bowl_n and_o when_o you_o have_v so_o do_v sift_v the_o powder_n so_o as_o the_o bowl_n roll_v about_o the_o sieve_n may_v break_v the_o clod_n of_o powder_n and_o make_v it_o pass_v through_o those_o little_a hole_n into_o corn_n it_o be_v observe_v by_o fire-master_n and_o gunner_n that_o powder_n when_o it_o be_v corn_v be_v of_o much_o great_a force_n and_o power_n than_o in_o meal_n from_o hence_o it_o be_v conclude_v that_o powder_n when_o it_o be_v put_v into_o a_o piece_n of_o ordnance_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v press_v or_o beat_v home_o too_o hard_o in_o the_o piece_n for_o thereby_o it_o will_v loose_v its_o form_n of_o grain_n and_o thereby_o lose_v a_o great_a part_n of_o its_o strength_n that_o it_o have_v and_o be_v therefore_o not_o able_a to_o throw_v out_o the_o bullet_n with_o so_o great_a a_o violence_n as_o if_o the_o powder_n have_v be_v gentle_o thrust_v home_o to_o the_o britch_n end_n chap._n xviii_o of_o the_o several_a colour_n which_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o powder_n know_v first_o that_o all_o the_o blackness_n which_o you_o see_v in_o gunpowder_n come_v from_o the_o coal_n not_o that_o this_o colour_n be_v absolute_o necessary_a to_o be_v conjoin_v to_o its_o nature_n or_o that_o it_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a to_o be_v give_v to_o it_o for_o its_o meliorate_n or_o make_v it_o more_o vigorous_a this_o be_v not_o so_o but_o by_o contraries_n you_o may_v be_v permit_v to_o give_v unto_o it_o any_o such_o colour_n as_o you_o shall_v think_v fit_a without_o prejudice_n or_o hindrance_n of_o the_o powder_n and_o virtue_n of_o it_o for_o if_o instead_o of_o coal_n you_o take_v rot_a dry_a wood_n or_o sawdust_n well_o dry_v or_o white_a paper_n moisten_v and_o dry_v in_o a_o stove_n and_o powder_a or_o indeed_o any_o other_o thing_n of_o a_o combustible_a nature_n or_o that_o be_v well_o dispose_v to_o take_v fire_n such_o as_o you_o read_v hereunder_o and_o to_o this_o you_o may_v add_v a_o colour_n according_a to_o your_o fancy_n and_o pleasure_n and_o you_o will_v infallible_o have_v a_o powder_n that_o will_v make_v the_o same_o effect_n as_o the_o black_a powder_n and_o for_o this_o purpose_n i_o shall_v lay_v down_o in_o this_o chapter_n certain_a miction_n with_o which_o i_o serve_v myself_o many_o time_n and_o therefore_o know_v to_o be_v experimental_a truth_n white_a powder_n take_v salt-peter_n six_o pound_n sulphur_n one_o pound_n of_o sawdust_n of_o the_o elder_a tree_n well_o dry_v and_o powder_v one_o pound_n these_o mix_v according_a to_o the_o direction_n in_o the_o former_a chapter_n there_o will_v be_v make_v a_o powder_n of_o a_o white_a colour_n or_o thus_o take_v salt-peter_n ten_o pound_n of_o sulphur_n one_o pound_n of_o the_o woody_a part_n when_o the_o hemp_n be_v take_v away_o one_o pound_n etc._n etc._n or_o thus_o salt-peter_n six_o pound_n sulphur_n one_o pound_n of_o tartar_n calcine_v until_o it_o be_v bring_v to_o a_o whiteness_n and_o the_o salt_n extract_v for_o use_n one_o ounce_n red_a powder_n take_v of_o salt-peter_n twelve_o part_n of_o sulphur_n two_o part_n of_o amber_n one_o part_n of_o red_a sander_n two_o part_n etc._n etc._n or_o take_v salt-peter_n eight_o pound_n of_o sulphur_n one_o pound_n of_o dry_a powder_a paper_n boil_a up_o in_o a_o water_n wherein_o be_v cinaber_n or_o brazil_n wood_n and_o then_o again_o dry_v one_o pound_n yellow_a powder_n take_v salt-peter_n eight_o pound_n sulphur_n one_o pound_n wild_a or_o bastard_n saffron_n boil_a in_o aqua_n vitæ_fw-la after_o dry_a and_o powder_v two_o pound_n etc._n etc._n green_a powder_n salt-peter_n ten_o pound_n of_o sulphur_n one_o pound_n dry_a wood_n or_o sawdust_n boil_a in_o aqua_n vitæ_fw-la with_o some_o verditer_fw-la then_o dry_v and_o powder_v of_o this_o two_o pound_n blue_n powder_n salt-peter_n eight_o pound_n of_o sulphur_n one_o pound_n of_o the_o sawdust_n of_o the_o teil_n wood_n boil_a in_o brandy_n wine_n with_o indigo_n and_o after_o dry_a and_o powder_v one_o pound_n chap._n xix_o still_o powder_n or_o powder_n without_o noise_n there_o be_v several_a that_o do_v write_v many_o strange_a thing_n concern_v this_o still_a powder_n or_o powder_n without_o noise_n or_o as_o some_o do_v give_v it_o the_o name_n deaf_a powder_n whereof_o they_o have_v treat_v prolix_o the_o which_o i_o think_v not_o convenient_a to_o do_v by_o reason_n i_o be_o loath_a to_o tire_v the_o reader_n with_o any_o such_o discourse_n as_o tend_v not_o much_o to_o edification_n i_o shall_v therefore_o put_v down_o certain_a mixture_n which_o i_o have_v know_v to_o be_v more_o excellent_a and_o best_a approve_v first_o way_n take_v common_a powder_n two_o pound_n venus_n borax_n one_o pound_n these_o be_v well_o powder_v mingle_a and_o incorporate_v together_o must_v be_v make_v up_o into_o corn_n powder_n second_o way_n take_v common_a powder_n two_o pound_n venus_n borax_n one_o pound_n of_o lapis_n calaminaris_n half_a a_o pound_n of_o sal-armoniack_a half_n a_o pound_n powder_n and_o mix_v they_o well_o and_o make_v they_o up_o into_o grain_n three_o way_n take_v common_a powder_n six_o pound_n of_o live_a mole_n burn_v in_o a_o earthen_a pot_n of_o venus_n borax_n half_a a_o pound_n mix_v they_o as_o before_o etc
which_o i_o hold_v to_o be_v exceed_o good_a and_o necessary_a all_o but_o the_o 16_o which_o say_v that_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o flanque_n and_o courtine_n must_v always_o be_v a_o right_a angle_n as_o for_o the_o reason_n of_o that_o position_n we_o shall_v see_v more_o hereafter_o for_o i_o do_v assert_v the_o contrary_a and_o say_v that_o it_o ought_v always_o to_o exceed_v 90_o degree_n which_o angle_n be_v the_o only_a thing_n that_o make_v the_o difference_n in_o the_o form_n of_o my_o ground-line_n from_o those_o now_o in_o use_n beside_o that_o i_o take_v great_a part_n and_o other_o profile_v the_o truth_n be_v the_o flanque_n be_v the_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o a_o fortification_n and_o those_o wherein_n lie_v its_o chief_a strength_n and_o therefore_o the_o structure_n of_o those_o be_v of_o so_o much_o the_o great_a consequence_n but_o now_o the_o reason_n of_o those_o who_o will_v have_v the_o flanque_n evermore_o perpendicular_a to_o the_o courtine_n be_v these_o that_o follow_v viz._n because_o all_o shot_n come_v from_o thence_o fly_v parallel_n to_o the_o courtine_n and_o that_o by_o night_n all_o part_n of_o the_o courtine_n may_v be_v better_o defend_v and_o that_o when_o it_o be_v very_o dark_a the_o soldier_n hold_v their_o musket_n in_o a_o right_a angle_n to_o their_o breast_n must_v needs_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n from_o approach_v the_o courtine_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o fig._n 1._o these_o reason_n be_v well_o scan_v and_o examine_v appear_v so_o weak_a that_o they_o be_v scarce_o worth_a the_o answer_n nevertheless_o i_o shall_v brief_o refute_v they_o the_o first_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o shot_n fly_v all_o parallel_n with_o the_o courtine_n whereupon_o i_o say_v whether_o the_o flanque_n be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o courtine_n or_o no_o the_o shot_n may_v for_o all_o that_o fly_v parallel_n with_o the_o courtine_n for_o the_o soldier_n know_v not_o how_o to_o make_v a_o right_a angle_n in_o set_v their_o musket_n i_o do_v also_o affirm_v that_o only_o one_o musqueteer_n can_v with_o one_o shot_n clear_v the_o whole_a courtine_n at_o once_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n must_v incline_v to_o it_o for_o if_o they_o do_v fly_v parallel_n than_o those_o who_o give_v the_o assault_n must_v have_v wing_n likewise_o that_o so_o they_o may_v be_v shoot_v in_o the_o air_n in_o case_n those_o within_o be_v to_o defend_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o wall_n or_o else_o the_o shot_n must_v fly_v only_o the_o height_n of_o four_o or_o five_o foot_n above_o the_o horizon_n as_o out_o of_o the_o fausse-bray_a that_o so_o they_o may_v keep_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n whereas_o contrariwise_o the_o flanque_n in_o these_o fortification_n be_v eighteen_o or_o twenty_o foot_n high_a and_o all_o shot_n go_v downward_o and_o therefore_o hit_v the_o horizon_n in_o one_o place_n only_o the_o principal_a duty_n of_o a_o musqueteer_n be_v that_o by_o nighttime_n he_o turn_v himself_o with_o his_o musket_n towards_o the_o place_n where_o he_o hear_v a_o noise_n or_o see_v fire_n or_o something_o else_o to_o which_o neither_o the_o perpendicularity_n nor_o the_o obliquity_n of_o flanque_n can_v give_v any_o advantage_n or_o become_v the_o least_o hindrance_n and_o these_o parallel-shot_n be_v only_o imaginary_a find_v out_o upon_o the_o ground-line_n which_o in_o the_o profile_v come_v far_o otherwise_o as_o fig._n 1._o num._n 1._o show_v the_o musquetteer_v a_o stand_n upon_o the_o flanque_n which_o be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o courtine_n clear_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o it_o in_o case_n the_o musquetteer_n b_o do_v the_o same_o and_o shoot_v parallel_n with_o a_o but_o then_o his_o bullet_n fly_v so_o far_o from_o the_o wall_n as_o he_o himself_o stand_v off_o from_o his_o fellow_n and_o so_o likewise_o all_o the_o rest_n that_o stand_v along_o in_o the_o same_o line_n whence_o it_o follow_v that_o those_o who_o assault_n must_v be_v upon_o the_o wing_n or_o in_o the_o air_n or_o else_o be_v not_o to_o be_v hit_v by_o these_o parallel-shot_n but_o let_v the_o other_o without_o the_o point_n a_o as_o c_o d_o etc._n etc._n not_o shoot_v parallel_n with_o a_o than_o their_o shot_n can_v hit_v either_o the_o courtine_n or_o moat_n or_o bridge_n but_o in_o one_o place_n only_o which_o in_o a_o oblique_a flanque_n of_o a_o equal_a height_n will_v be_v the_o same_o now_o as_o for_o my_o flanque_n i_o order_v they_o after_o another_o method_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v of_o far_o great_a advantage_n than_o the_o former_a or_o any_o other_o that_o be_v ever_o yet_o in_o use_n which_o any_o artist_n may_v easy_o conceive_v when_o he_o view_v only_o the_o figure_n although_o no_o explanation_n or_o animadversion_n be_v make_v upon_o it_o in_o case_n he_o will_v but_o declare_v his_o judgement_n without_o partiality_n according_a to_o right_a reason_n and_o the_o practice_n of_o war._n the_o flanque_n or_o defending-line_n be_v the_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o fortification_n and_o aught_o therefore_o to_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o first_o place_n they_o have_v be_v alter_v several_a time_n already_o but_o never_o with_o any_o advantage_n comparable_a to_o what_o be_v obtain_v by_o these_o which_o advantage_n be_v distribute_v and_o have_v a_o influence_n upon_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o fortification_n the_o flanque_n with_o casematt_n be_v odious_a in_o the_o unite_a province_n because_o their_o orillon_n can_v not_o stand_v unless_o they_o be_v wall_v up_o with_o stone_n which_o be_v too_o chargeable_a as_o likewise_o by_o their_o cut_v and_o retire_v of_o the_o flanque_n mount_v with_o canon_n the_o entrance_n of_o the_o bulwork_n come_v to_o be_v too_o little_a which_o in_o my_o work_n be_v otherwise_o those_o who_o view_v my_o bulwork_n and_o do_v not_o understand_v the_o profile_v may_v also_o imagine_v that_o they_o be_v make_v with_o casematt_n but_o it_o be_v very_o far_o from_o that_o and_o there_o be_v something_o else_o in_o it_o which_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v sufficient_o declare_v and_o explain_v only_o let_v no_o man_n flatter_v himself_o with_o a_o opinion_n that_o forasmuch_o as_o so_o many_o brave_a captain_n and_o engineer_n have_v employ_v the_o best_a of_o their_o understanding_n and_o endeavour_n to_o arrive_v at_o the_o utmost_a perfection_n of_o this_o art_n of_o fortification_n it_o can_v be_v but_o that_o they_o have_v attain_v unto_o it_o whereas_o in_o the_o late_a war_n it_o have_v be_v observe_v and_o be_v daily_o see_v that_o the_o best_a fortress_n make_v after_o the_o manner_n aforesaid_a can_v scarce_o resist_v so_o much_o as_o two_o month_n and_o it_o be_v altogether_o needless_a to_o produce_v example_n of_o that_o which_o so_o many_o history_n do_v attest_v beside_o all_o this_o we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o the_o brave_a captain_n and_o engineer_n of_o this_o age_n know_v very_o well_o the_o imperfection_n of_o the_o modern_a flanque_n and_o therefore_o they_o have_v make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o think_v of_o it_o and_o the_o truth_n be_v many_o have_v confer_v with_o i_o about_o it_o but_o i_o do_v not_o find_v the_o invention_n propound_v by_o they_o practicable_a in_o all_o place_n and_o in_o this_o country_n it_o have_v not_o be_v mind_v because_o the_o spanish_a do_v seldom_o or_o never_o attack_v any_o place_n of_o consequence_n with_o a_o industrious_a force_n but_o be_v besiege_a in_o any_o of_o their_o own_o place_n do_v easy_o surrender_v it_o without_o trouble_v themselves_o much_o with_o the_o knowledge_n of_o engineership_n but_o i_o shall_v leave_v this_o subject_a and_o come_v to_o my_o purpose_n which_o be_v not_o to_o teach_v the_o ground_n or_o first_o rudiment_n of_o fortification_n but_o only_o to_o instruct_v the_o ingenious_a lover_n of_o that_o art_n how_o to_o reform_v those_o error_n which_o in_o these_o late_a furious_a and_o industrious_a war_n have_v be_v right_o discover_v in_o the_o modern_a fortification_n i_o style_v they_o furious_a and_o industrious_a because_o no_o history_n give_v a_o relation_n of_o any_o war_n that_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o great_a fury_n or_o of_o any_o city_n that_o be_v take_v with_o great_a industry_n in_o the_o sequel_n of_o this_o discourse_n i_o shall_v manifest_v the_o error_n of_o modern_a fortification_n and_o in_o order_n thereunto_o i_o shall_v begin_v first_o from_o the_o ground-line_n and_o propound_v a_o part_n of_o a_o regular_a fortress_n of_o eleven_o bulwork_n according_a to_o the_o practice_n of_o friday_n and_o other_o modern_a mathematician_n who_o method_n i_o esteem_v to_o be_v much_o better_a than_o those_o of_o former_a age_n but_o before_o i_o proceed_v the_o enemy_n of_o stronghold_n aught_o in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o be_v know_v which_o be_v sappes_o spade_n pike_n canon_n mine_n and_o musket_n manage_v by_o soldier_n and_o command_v by_o skilful_a captain_n
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by_o they_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o will_v outweigh_v any_o inconvenience_n that_o shall_v be_v occasion_v be_v the_o great_a space_n and_o place_n which_o these_o work_n take_v in_o more_o than_o other_o work_v usual_o do_v neither_o be_v the_o difference_n so_o very_o great_a for_o admit_v that_o about_o the_o modern_a seven-angled_n work_v fig._n 5._o numb_a iii_o there_o shall_v be_v make_v another_o hide_a way_n about_o that_o which_o be_v there_o already_o or_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v strengthen_v with_o two_o hide_a way_n the_o semi-diameter_n of_o my_o heptagone_n fig._n 4._o be_v but_o five_o rod_n long_o than_o that_o of_o the_o other_a in_o recompense_v whereof_o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v that_o my_o exterior_a polygones_n of_o the_o heptagone_fw-mi be_v 80_o rod_n whereas_o those_o of_o the_o other_a or_o modern_a heptagone_n be_v but_o 70_o rod_n long_o which_o in_o the_o whole_a make_v 70_o rod_n difference_n which_o be_v a_o entire_a polygone_n wherefore_o 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the_o flanque_n of_o the_o counter-guard_n i._o let_v we_o see_v whether_o there_o be_v not_o where_o else_o a_o place_n to_o make_v a_o battery_n to_o break_v the_o retire_a flanque_n withal_o and_o to_o dismount_v the_o canon_n stand_v upon_o the_o same_o suppose_v there_o be_v a_o battery_n by_o b_o from_z thence_o with_o the_o line_n b_o one_o might_n boar_n in_o between_o the_o ravelin_n f_o and_o the_o angle_n i_o but_o not_o so_o as_o to_o touch_v the_o low_a and_o first_o flanque_n yet_o this_o shot_n which_o can_v be_v do_v by_o more_o than_o one_o piece_n of_o canon_n will_v come_v oblique_o against_o the_o last_o shooting-hole_n of_o the_o second_o retire_v flanque_n and_o can_v dismount_v the_o canon_n that_o stand_v there_o because_o the_o shot_n hit_v the_o parapet_n oblique_o in_o the_o forepart_n no_o more_o can_v it_o be_v do_v from_o the_o battery_n a_o against_o which_o battery_n upon_o the_o line_n d_o e_o every_z where_o counter-battery_n may_v be_v make_v put_v the_o case_n that_o the_o enemy_n not_o regard_v all_o these_o difficulty_n do_v with_o great_a loss_n pass_v the_o ditch_n by_o d_o and_o undermine_v the_o point_n of_o the_o counter-guard_n which_o will_v also_o be_v very_o hard_a to_o do_v see_v the_o wall_n be_v make_v so_o that_o one_o can_v well_o put_v a_o spade_n into_o the_o ground_n without_o be_v discover_v and_o make_v a_o breach_n in_o this_o case_n i_o can_v first_o with_o small_a labour_n cut_v off_o this_o point_n by_o the_o retrenchment_n 1_o and_o 2_o till_o the_o great_a retrenchment_n by_o 3_o and_o 4_o be_v finish_v which_o be_v due_o defend_v from_o the_o flanques_fw-la 6_o and_o 7_o as_o also_o from_o the_o bulworks-point_n 8_o beside_o that_o they_o succour_v and_o defend_v one_o another_o and_o in_o case_n the_o besieger_n mean_v to_o pass_v between_o the_o retrenchment_n towards_o the_o bulworks-point_n without_o gain_v before_o the_o two_o line_n mark_v with_o 3_o and_o 4_o they_o will_v find_v hot_a work_n but_o suppose_v they_o force_v one_o of_o these_o line_n than_o there_o be_v within_o two_o or_o three_o rod_n after_o they_o another_o ready_a and_o those_o that_o lie_v before_o be_v undermine_v which_o mine_n be_v blow_v up_o when_o the_o enemy_n once_o think_v to_o lodge_v there_o and_o this_o be_v a_o thing_n that_o may_v be_v do_v with_o great_a advantage_n there_o need_v not_o one_o rod_n of_o ground_n be_v lose_v but_o what_o be_v gain_v with_o abundance_n of_o blood_n and_o also_o with_o great_a toil_n and_o labour_n be_v force_v we_o have_v always_o a_o free_a retirement_n into_o the_o ravelin_n mark_v with_o k_o and_o l._n and_o in_o case_n there_o be_v but_o man_n within_o a_o fortification_n make_v after_o my_o method_n who_o understand_v the_o work_n it_o seem_v impossible_a to_o gain_v it_o any_o other_o way_n than_o by_o length_n of_o time_n and_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o many_o man_n this_o work_n help_v itself_o nothing_o be_v in_o the_o way_n that_o hinder_v and_o all_o part_n be_v so_o contrive_v that_o they_o be_v provide_v against_o all_o inconvenience_n hence_o the_o understand_a reader_n may_v easy_o conceive_v what_o advantage_n these_o outwork_n have_v before_o the_o modern_a they_o be_v flanque_v within_o and_o without_o with_o canon_n and_o musket_n from_o the_o great_a wall_n there_o may_v be_v make_v in_o haste_n and_o with_o small_a pain_n as_o many_o retrenchment_n as_o be_v desire_v which_o be_v all_o enfiled_a within_o and_o without_o from_o the_o great_a wall_n and_o the_o more_o obstacle_n be_v cast_v in_o the_o way_n the_o more_o the_o strength_n of_o these_o work_n be_v discover_v this_o be_v enough_o as_o to_o the_o form_n and_o advantage_n of_o my_o outwork_n which_o each_o according_a to_o his_o judgement_n and_o place_n may_v apply_v in_o my_o opinion_n it_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o propound_v these_o thing_n in_o a_o plain_a manner_n see_v all_o particularity_n may_v be_v observe_v by_o the_o figure_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o these_o outwork_n will_v cost_v more_o than_o those_o that_o be_v now_o in_o use_n the_o contrary_a of_o which_o be_v true_a for_o the_o parapet_n of_o the_o modern_a hide_a way_n have_v a_o base_a of_o 60_o or_o 70_o foot_n co_v as_o much_o as_o my_o counter-guards-wall_n who_o profile_n i_o do_v make_v so_o that_o it_o be_v just_a canon-proof_a i_o shall_v not_o add_v here_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o modern_a crownwork_n hornwork_n etc._n etc._n but_o i_o put_v my_o two_o ravelin_n against_o the_o modern_a halfmoon_n and_o ravelin_n the_o counter-guard_n against_o the_o counter-scarp_a now_o in_o use_n my_o outward_a hide_a way_n without_o ditch_n which_o be_v make_v with_o small_a charge_n against_o the_o modern_a second_o hide_v way_n be_v also_o without_o ditch_n and_o although_o this_o work_n shall_v cost_v much_o more_o yet_o the_o charge_n be_v sufficient_o balance_v by_o the_o benefit_n that_o be_v have_v thereby_o for_o the_o fortress_n make_v after_o this_o manner_n have_v quite_o another_o defence_n and_o be_v beside_o their_o out_o and_o in-work_n provide_v against_o all_o occurrence_n with_o 2_o 3_o a_o 4_o double_a flanque_n make_v as_o well_o for_o canon_n as_o for_o musket_n if_o any_o body_n think_v that_o i_o propound_v new_a and_o strange_a thing_n as_o doubtless_o those_o will_v do_v who_o be_v possess_v with_o the_o modern_a practice_n of_o fortify_v and_o never_o do_v search_v after_o more_o convenient_a mean_n or_o examine_v the_o strength_n of_o every_o part_n of_o it_o distinct_o or_o what_o may_v be_v the_o cause_n why_o stronghold_n be_v lose_v so_o soon_o neither_o understand_v the_o force_n of_o the_o maxim_n of_o war_n now_o in_o use_n to_o those_o i_o reply_v that_o if_o they_o will_v consider_v these_o new_a thing_n judicious_o they_o will_v find_v