Selected quad for the lemma: truth_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
truth_n	according_a	communicate_v	great_a	25	3	2.0729	3	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57917	The strengthening of strong-holds invented on several occasions and practised during the late wars, as well in the United Provinces, as in France, Germany, Italy, Dalmatia, Albania, and the neighbouring countries / by Henry Ruse ... ; translated out of the Low-Dutch-copy by His Majesties command.; Versterckte vesting. English	Ruse, Hendrik, 1624-1679.	1668 (1668)	Wing R2314; ESTC R17015	40,035	86

improve_v my_o talon_n as_o to_o bring_v to_o light_v that_o which_o may_v be_v for_o the_o advantage_n of_o this_o great_a city_n and_o the_o whole_a country_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o shall_v begin_v with_o this_o small_a treatise_n the_o subject_a whereof_o be_v the_o doctrine_n of_o fortification_n not_o that_o i_o intend_v to_o discourse_v of_o the_o first_o rudiment_n but_o only_o to_o manifest_v unto_o those_o who_o understand_v this_o science_n the_o weakness_n of_o modern_a fortification_n and_o how_o the_o defect_n may_v be_v supply_v and_o the_o work_v make_v incomparable_o strong_a as_o well_o the_o royal_a fortress_n as_o the_o outwork_n and_o all_o this_o with_o as_o small_a cost_n as_o ordinary_o other_o work_n be_v erect_v which_o expedient_n be_v no_o chimaera_n or_o idle_a fancy_n but_o such_o as_o have_v be_v sufficient_o dispute_v of_o and_o thorough_o examine_v for_o i_o have_v make_v it_o my_o business_n to_o observe_v very_o strict_o the_o proper_a function_n of_o each_o distinct_a part_n of_o a_o fortification_n and_o that_o not_o in_o a_o closet_n but_o abroad_o and_o in_o the_o field_n together_o with_o the_o manifold_a way_n of_o improve_n they_o and_o have_v discourse_v and_o debate_v the_o same_o with_o the_o most_o excellent_a engineer_n of_o this_o our_o age_n i_o do_v not_o mean_v with_o such_o who_o attack_z city_n by_o a_o fireside_n or_o in_o a_o chimney-corner_n but_o with_o such_o who_o have_v be_v train_v up_o among_o the_o canon_n and_o musket_n nor_o do_v i_o mean_v with_o our_o ordinary_a mathematician_n who_o think_v that_o war_n and_o all_o affair_n of_o this_o world_n ought_v to_o be_v regulate_v unchangeable_o after_o their_o rule_n neither_o do_v i_o hereby_o in_o any_o wise_a despise_v or_o undervalue_v mathematical_a learning_n for_o on_o the_o contrary_a i_o lay_v that_o for_o my_o foundation_n and_o groundwork_n have_v for_o my_o own_o particular_a study_v it_o with_o great_a affection_n and_o delight_n but_o because_o i_o have_v find_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o principle_n of_o war_n be_v not_o always_o limit_v to_o mathematical_a rule_n therefore_o i_o do_v not_o begin_v this_o treatise_n with_o demonstration_n but_o declare_v my_o opinion_n to_o the_o lover_n of_o this_o kind_n of_o learning_n as_o plain_o and_o as_o brief_o as_o i_o can_v not_o think_v it_o necessary_a to_o show_v how_o to_o erect_v a_o fortification_n but_o only_o to_o point_v at_o some_o general_a amendment_n which_o will_v i_o doubt_v not_o be_v very_o grateful_a to_o all_o ingenious_a student_n and_o in_o case_n there_o be_v any_o thing_n find_v which_o they_o can_v approve_v of_o they_o will_v high_o oblige_v i_o whenever_o they_o please_v to_o declare_v the_o same_o and_o to_o propound_v expedient_n for_o the_o reform_n of_o whatever_o be_v amiss_o but_o for_o asmuch_o as_o i_o do_v not_o doubt_v but_o that_o this_o little_a treatise_n will_v find_v acceptance_n i_o shall_v god_n willing_a communicate_v unto_o the_o world_n my_o particular_a reflection_n and_o observation_n for_o attacking_z defend_v artillery_n mine_n countermine_n with_o all_o other_o thing_n relate_v thereto_o as_o likewise_o for_o the_o order_n and_o form_v of_o battle_n all_o which_o have_v be_v find_v to_o be_v practicable_a and_o of_o great_a use_n in_o the_o late_a war_n the_o strengthen_v of_o stronghold_n invent_v on_o several_a occasion_n and_o practise_v in_o the_o late_a war_n as_o well_o in_o holland_n as_o in_o france_n germany_n italy_n dalmatia_n albania_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n by_o henry_n ruse._n after_o i_o have_v thorough_o consider_v the_o best_a method_n of_o fortification_n practise_v in_o the_o country_n before_o mention_v i_o find_v that_o none_o of_o they_o have_v make_v better_o use_v of_o situation_n as_o to_o the_o artificial_a part_n than_o the_o unite_a province_n forasmuch_o as_o they_o have_v not_o only_o very_o well_o design_v and_o contrive_v their_o fortress_n but_o have_v also_o place_v they_o so_o advantageous_o that_o by_o the_o overflow_a of_o water_n which_o they_o can_v by_o the_o open_n of_o sluice_n let_v in_o or_o out_o as_o they_o please_v they_o have_v render_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o work_v impregnable_a i_o do_v not_o say_v but_o that_o in_o other_o country_n be_v also_o find_v very_o sufficient_a fortress_n and_o well_o contrive_v but_o there_o have_v be_v a_o necessity_n in_o these_o province_n where_o they_o have_v have_v to_o deal_v with_o so_o potent_a a_o enemy_n to_o use_v great_a caution_n and_o circumspection_n then_o elsewhere_o and_o to_o make_v choice_n of_o the_o best_a fortification_n and_o yet_o with_o no_o great_a charge_n be_v make_v of_o earth_n only_o which_o of_o all_o material_n i_o hold_v to_o be_v the_o best_a for_o this_o purpose_n whereas_o in_o other_o country_n especial_o in_o italy_n they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o outside_n of_o their_o work_n ought_v to_o be_v altogether_o of_o stone_n and_o afterward_o cut_v or_o pare_v which_o can_v be_v do_v without_o excessive_a charge_n and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o all_o their_o endeavour_n they_o have_v not_o be_v able_a so_o to_o contrive_v their_o stronghold_n but_o that_o the_o best_a of_o they_o if_o accessible_a be_v take_v in_o a_o short_a time_n be_v hardly_o tenable_a for_o three_o month_n to_o the_o astonishment_n of_o the_o world_n as_o example_n do_v abundant_o testify_v this_o have_v be_v the_o cause_n why_o many_o military_a architect_n have_v try_v all_o way_n and_o mean_n to_o supply_v those_o defect_n of_o which_o i_o have_v see_v many_o conceit_n but_o in_o my_o judgement_n altogether_o impracticable_a which_o have_v encourage_v i_o to_o improve_v my_o own_o observation_n in_o all_o occurrence_n and_o earnest_o to_o mind_v each_o part_n of_o the_o fortification_n of_o what_o use_v it_o may_v be_v and_o whether_o it_o be_v able_a to_o perform_v that_o for_o which_o it_o be_v ordain_v and_o intend_v and_o have_v discover_v very_o many_o error_n especial_o in_o the_o modern_a flanque_n and_o outwork_n i_o do_v debate_v my_o observation_n very_o particulary_a with_o many_o engineer_n of_o the_o great_a practice_n and_o renown_n but_o never_o meet_v with_o any_o who_o judgement_n i_o so_o well_o approve_v as_o that_o of_o a_o certain_a noble_a italian_a who_o have_v have_v several_a employment_n as_o well_o in_o germany_n and_o the_o low-countries_n as_o likewise_o in_o the_o french_a war_n have_v careful_o improve_v all_o opportunity_n and_o advantage_n of_o gain_v knowledge_n and_o experience_n with_o this_o gentleman_n i_o therefore_o make_v a_o particular_a acquaintance_n and_o friendship_n and_o we_o do_v mutual_o communicate_v and_o compare_v together_o our_o observation_n till_o such_o time_n as_o we_o have_v find_v out_o and_o agree_v upon_o such_o a_o method_n as_o seem_v to_o we_o to_o be_v of_o all_o other_o the_o safe_a and_o yet_o practicable_a with_o the_o least_o expense_n according_a to_o which_o method_n almost_o all_o considerable_a fortification_n may_v without_o difficulty_n be_v redress_v the_o truth_n be_v this_o method_n be_v something_o near_o that_o which_o shall_v hereafter_o be_v discourse_v of_o for_o have_v look_v yet_o more_o narrow_o into_o this_o matter_n and_o examine_v it_o with_o great_a diligence_n and_o curiosity_n i_o do_v only_o as_o i_o find_v cause_n alter_v something_o of_o that_o our_o first_o design_n i_o do_v not_o here_o undertake_v to_o make_v accessible_a place_n impregnable_a since_o all_o that_o be_v make_v by_o man_n may_v by_o man_n be_v again_o destroy_v for_o the_o attacques_n be_v carry_v on_o upon_o a_o sure_a foot_n and_o the_o approach_n be_v manage_v with_o skill_n and_o judgement_n if_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n no_o relief_n come_v even_o the_o strong_a place_n must_v at_o length_n yield_v up_o to_o the_o besieger_n my_o intention_n be_v only_o so_o to_o contrive_v work_n that_o they_o may_v resist_v much_o long_o then_o ordinary_o they_o do_v that_o so_o the_o besieger_n may_v be_v waste_v and_o consume_v either_o by_o ill_a weather_n or_o some_o other_o accident_n for_o by_o lengthen_v of_o time_n opportunity_n be_v give_v to_o the_o besiege_a to_o get_v relief_n or_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n to_o attaque_fw-la some_o other_o place_n in_o the_o enemy_n custody_n and_o so_o to_o make_v he_o quit_v his_o design_n which_o will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a recompense_n for_o the_o pain_n and_o charge_n which_o i_o conceive_v to_o be_v but_o little_o more_o than_o ordinary_a in_o case_n the_o work_n be_v manage_v by_o a_o experience_a artist_n as_o will_v sufficient_o appear_v by_o what_o hereafter_o follow_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o shall_v propound_v some_o general_a rule_n or_o principle_n of_o fortification_n approve_v and_o own_a by_o many_o skilful_a captain_n and_o engineer_n the_o maxim_n or_o general_a rule_n which_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o modern_a

when_o they_o have_v no_o ditch_n but_o here_o in_o these_o unite_a province_n they_o have_v almost_o all_o of_o they_o their_o ditch_n which_o fault_n be_v discover_v it_o have_v be_v remedy_v by_o another_o hide_a way_n run_v about_o the_o ditch_n of_o the_o first_o and_o be_v cut_v in_o part_n of_o it_o according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o ground_n under_o the_o horizon_n and_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o parapet_n of_o this_o hide_a way_n lose_v itself_o slope_v into_o the_o field_n without_o a_o ditch_n of_o crown-work_n and_o horn-work_n it_o be_v many_o time_n necessary_a to_o make_v these_o or_o the_o like_a work_n to_o take_v in_o any_o height_n or_o suburb_n according_a as_o the_o place_n require_v it_o they_o be_v make_v after_o the_o manner_n and_o practice_n of_o the_o great_a fortress_n and_o according_a to_o the_o same_o proportion_n except_v only_o that_o their_o part_n be_v small_a and_o they_o have_v but_o half-bulworks_a on_o either_o side_n which_o be_v very_o weak_a and_o yet_o their_o strength_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v by_o a_o understand_a engineer_n they_o ought_v in_o my_o judgement_n to_o be_v make_v so_o that_o they_o need_v not_o to_o rely_v upon_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o great_a wall_n but_o that_o they_o be_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v themselves_o especial_o those_o that_o lie_v before_o the_o courtine_n as_o in_o fig._n 5._o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o crownwork_n d_o who_o wing_n have_v a_o very_a weak_a and_o oblique_a defence_n from_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwork_n and_o be_v attack_v by_o night_n the_o line_n e_o e_z can_v be_v well_o defend_v from_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwork_n yea_o in_o such_o occasion_n the_o defence_n of_o the_o great_a wall_n be_v but_o troublesome_a to_o these_o or_o the_o like_a work_n for_o the_o musqueteer_n of_o the_o great_a wall_n shoot_v by_o night_n only_o upon_o the_o alarm_n of_o the_o assaulter_n of_o the_o outwork_n do_v hit_v as_o well_o within_o as_o without_o and_o wound_v as_o well_o the_o defender_n as_o the_o adversary_n they_o ought_v nevertheless_o to_o lie_v open_a towards_o the_o city_n and_o to_o be_v make_v so_o that_o be_v take_v they_o may_v be_v little_a able_a to_o hurt_v it_o of_o single_a and_o double_a tongue_n these_o be_v very_o slight_a work_n and_o never_o ought_v to_o have_v other_o profile_v than_o those_o of_o ordinary_a trench_n for_o else_o if_o the_o wall_n shall_v be_v high_a they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o defend_v their_o own_o front_n neither_o be_v they_o but_o seldom_o make_v otherwise_o than_o trench_n or_o to_o hinder_v the_o approach_n as_o also_o the_o kettle_n mark_v with_o h._n hence_o it_o may_v be_v see_v wherein_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o outwork_n now_o in_o use_n do_v consist_v which_o the_o modern_a engineer_n make_v such_o boast_n of_o let_v we_o now_o examine_v the_o outwork_n according_a to_o my_o practice_n of_o outwork_n according_a to_o the_o late_a method_n and_o practice_n first_o of_o the_o counter-guard_n of_o these_o outwork_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o they_o take_v in_o much_o place_n which_o be_v a_o truth_n but_o when_o we_o shall_v have_v show_v what_o benefit_n come_v by_o they_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o will_v outweigh_v any_o inconvenience_n that_o shall_v be_v occasion_v be_v the_o great_a space_n and_o place_n which_o these_o work_n take_v in_o more_o than_o other_o work_v usual_o do_v neither_o be_v the_o difference_n so_o very_o great_a for_o admit_v that_o about_o the_o modern_a seven-angled_n work_v fig._n 5._o numb_a iii_o there_o shall_v be_v make_v another_o hide_a way_n about_o that_o which_o be_v there_o already_o or_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v strengthen_v with_o two_o hide_a way_n the_o semidiameter_n of_o my_o heptagone_n fig._n 4._o be_v but_o five_o rod_n long_o than_o that_o of_o the_o other_a in_o recompense_v whereof_o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v that_o my_o exterior_a polygones_n of_o the_o heptagone_fw-mi be_v 80_o rod_n whereas_o those_o of_o the_o other_a or_o modern_a heptagone_n be_v but_o 70_o rod_n long_o which_o in_o the_o whole_a make_v 70_o rod_n difference_n which_o be_v a_o entire_a polygone_n wherefore_o to_o include_v the_o place_n of_o my_o heptagone_fw-mi after_o the_o modern_a manner_n there_o will_v be_v require_v eight_o bulwork_n so_o that_o i_o do_v include_v and_o fortify_v more_o place_n with_o few_o bulwork_n than_o now_o be_v usual_a which_o understand_v man_n will_v easy_o conceive_v by_o compare_v the_o one_o with_o the_o other_a to_o show_v then_o what_o good_a this_o counter-guard_n do_v let_v we_o suppose_v that_o the_o fortress_n fig._n 4._o be_v also_o attack_v by_o the_o approach_n o_o o._n now_o skilful_a artist_n know_v that_o it_o be_v best_o for_o the_o enemy_n to_o attack_v the_o point_n d_o and_o after_o he_o have_v gain_v the_o counter-scarp_a to_o pass_v the_o ditch_n of_o the_o counter-guard_n of_o 5_o rods._n to_o do_v this_o it_o be_v needful_a for_o he_o to_o render_v first_o the_o flanque_n of_o this_o work_n d_o and_o the_o face_n of_o the_o ravelin_n f_o uncapable_a of_o defence_n but_o if_o he_o will_v break_v the_o flanque_n of_o the_o counter-guard_n d_o he_o find_v no_o other_o place_n for_o his_o battery_n than_o by_o the_o letter_n c_o where_o but_o five_o piece_n can_v be_v place_v num._n iii_o fig_n 4_o schale_n voor_fw-mi dese_fw-fr beÿde_fw-mi fortificatien_n van_fw-mi 140_o roe_v fig._n 5_o to_o dismount_v the_o low_a flanque_n and_o surth_o in_o the_o field_n about_o g_z there_o may_v be_v plant_v 3_o or_o 4_o to_o throw_v down_o the_o uppermost_a parapet_n of_o the_o retire_a flanque_n so_o that_o nine_o piece_n of_o canon_n may_v be_v use_v whereas_o those_o of_o the_o retire_a flanque_n may_v bring_v 17_o or_o 18_o piece_n in_o counter-battery_n and_o from_o the_o part_n h_n 4_o or_o 5_o piece_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o face_n of_o the_o counter-guard_n therefore_o the_o defender_n be_v able_a with_o more_o ease_n to_o break_v the_o battery_n of_o the_o assaulter_n than_o they_o to_o break_v the_o flanque_n of_o the_o defender_n that_o which_o hinder_v that_o no_o great_a place_n be_v find_v for_o the_o battery_n of_o the_o assaulter_n be_v the_o ravelin_n f_o and_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o flanque_n of_o the_o counter-guard_n i._o let_v we_o see_v whether_o there_o be_v not_o where_o else_o a_o place_n to_o make_v a_o battery_n to_o break_v the_o retire_a flanque_n withal_o and_o to_o dismount_v the_o canon_n stand_v upon_o the_o same_o suppose_v there_o be_v a_o battery_n by_o b_o from_z thence_o with_o the_o line_n b_o one_o might_n boar_n in_o between_o the_o ravelin_n f_o and_o the_o angle_n i_o but_o not_o so_o as_o to_o touch_v the_o low_a and_o first_o flanque_n yet_o this_o shot_n which_o can_v be_v do_v by_o more_o than_o one_o piece_n of_o canon_n will_v come_v oblique_o against_o the_o last_o shooting-hole_n of_o the_o second_o retire_v flanque_n and_o can_v disinount_v the_o canon_n that_o stand_v there_o because_o the_o shot_n hit_v the_o parapet_n oblique_o in_o the_o forepart_n no_o more_o can_v it_o be_v do_v from_o the_o battery_n a_o against_o which_o battery_n upon_o the_o line_n d_o e_o every_z where_o counter-battery_n may_v be_v make_v put_v the_o case_n that_o the_o enemy_n not_o regard_v all_o these_o difficulty_n do_v with_o great_a loss_n pass_v the_o ditch_n by_o d_o and_o undermine_v the_o point_n of_o the_o counter-guard_n which_o will_v also_o be_v very_o hard_a to_o do_v see_v the_o wall_n be_v make_v so_o that_o one_o can_v well_o put_v a_o spade_n into_o the_o ground_n without_o be_v discover_v and_o make_v a_o breach_n in_o this_o case_n i_o can_v first_o with_o small_a labour_n cut_v off_o this_o point_n by_o the_o retrenchment_n 1_o and_o 2_o till_o the_o great_a retrenchment_n by_o 3_o and_o 4_o be_v finish_v which_o be_v due_o defend_v from_o the_o flanques_fw-la 6_o and_o 7_o as_o also_o from_o the_o bulworks-point_n 8_o beside_o that_o they_o succour_v and_o defend_v one_o another_o and_o in_o case_n the_o besieger_n mean_v to_o pass_v between_o the_o retrenchment_n towards_o the_o bulworks-point_n without_o gain_v before_o the_o two_o line_n mark_v with_o 3_o and_o 4_o they_o will_v find_v hot_a work_n but_o suppose_v they_o force_v one_o of_o these_o line_n than_o there_o be_v within_o two_o or_o three_o rod_n after_o they_o another_o ready_a and_o those_o that_o lie_v before_o be_v undermine_v which_o mine_n be_v blow_v up_o when_o the_o enemy_n once_o think_v to_o lodge_v there_o and_o this_o be_v a_o thing_n that_o may_v be_v do_v with_o great_a advantage_n there_o need_v not_o one_o rod_n of_o ground_n be_v lose_v but_o what_o be_v gain_v with_o abundance_n of_o blood_n and_o also_o with_o great_a toil_n and_o

fortification_n 1._o there_o aught_o to_o be_v no_o point_n of_o the_o whole_a fortification_n undiscovered_a or_o unflanque_v and_o that_o from_o several_a place_n of_o defence_n 2._o the_o line_n defend_v aught_o to_o be_v long_o than_o the_o line_n defend_v or_o at_o least_o as_o long_o 3._o a_o regular_a fortification_n be_v very_o much_o strong_a than_o a_o irregular_a 4._o the_o more_o bastion_n a_o regular_a place_n have_v the_o great_a be_v its_o strength_n and_o defence_n 5._o a_o fortress_n ought_v to_o command_v all_o place_n whatsoever_o round_o about_o 6._o those_o part_n of_o a_o fortress_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o centre_n aught_o to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v more_o remote_a 7._o those_o part_n of_o a_o fortification_n which_o be_v at_o great_a distance_n from_o the_o centre_n ought_v always_o to_o be_v command_v by_o those_o e_z that_o be_v near_a the_o centre_n 8._o the_o line_n of_o defence_n fichante_fw-fr ought_v not_o to_o be_v much_o long_a than_o 60_o rod_n that_o be_v the_o distance_n ordinary_o allow_v for_o the_o port_n of_o a_o musket_n 9_o the_o large_a the_o flanque_n and_o gorges_n be_v the_o better_a and_o strong_a they_o be_v provide_v the_o other_o part_n be_v not_o prejudice_v thereby_o 10._o of_o second_o flanque_n and_o courtine-flanques_a the_o large_a be_v the_o better_a in_o case_n it_o cause_v no_o disproportion_n in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o fortification_n 11._o as_o for_o the_o n1_fw-la stringens_fw-la or_o line_n of_o defence_n secant_fw-la which_o be_v continue_v from_o the_o face_n to_o the_o courtine_n the_o short_a it_o be_v the_o better_a if_o the_o flanque_n be_v not_o too_o much_o lessen_v by_o it_o 12._o that_o open_v of_o the_o angle_n of_o a_o bastion_n be_v the_o best_a which_o give_v a_o right_a length_n to_o the_o flanque_n second_o flanque_n and_o gorge_n 13._o the_o angle_n of_o a_o bastion_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v less_o than_o 60_o degree_n nor_o great_a than_o a_o right_a angle_n or_o 90_o degree_n 14._o the_o angle_n of_o the_o poligone_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v less_o than_o 90_o degree_n 15._o the_o angle_n of_o the_o face_n and_o flanque_n ought_v to_o be_v at_o least_o 150_o degree_n 16._o the_o angle_n of_o the_o courtine_n and_o flanque_n ought_v to_o be_v evermore_o 90_o degree_n or_o a_o right_a angle_n 17._o the_o outward_a angle_n of_o defence_n or_o angle_n flanquant_a can_v well_o be_v too_o acute_a 18._o the_o inward_a angle_n of_o defence_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v less_o than_o 25_o degree_n 19_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o courtine_n and_o the_o face_n ought_v to_o be_v as_o 3_o to_o 2_o or_o as_o 36_o to_o 24._o 20._o the_o face_n shall_v never_o be_v long_o than_o the_o courtine_n nor_o short_a than_o one_o half_a of_o the_o courtine_n these_o be_v the_o maxim_n and_o rule_n for_o the_o structure_n of_o most_o of_o the_o modern_a fortification_n which_o i_o hold_v to_o be_v exceed_o good_a and_o necessary_a all_o but_o the_o 16_o which_o say_v that_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o flanque_n and_o courtine_n must_v always_o be_v a_o right_a angle_n as_o for_o the_o reason_n of_o that_o position_n we_o shall_v see_v more_o hereafter_o for_o i_o do_v assert_v the_o contrary_a and_o say_v that_o it_o ought_v always_o to_o exceed_v 90_o degree_n which_o angle_n be_v the_o only_a thing_n that_o make_v the_o difference_n in_o the_o form_n of_o my_o ground-line_n from_o those_o now_o in_o use_n beside_o that_o i_o take_v great_a part_n and_o other_o profile_v the_o truth_n be_v the_o flanque_n be_v the_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o a_o fortification_n and_o those_o wherein_n lie_v its_o chief_a strength_n and_o therefore_o the_o structure_n of_o those_o be_v of_o so_o much_o the_o great_a consequence_n but_o now_o the_o reason_n of_o those_o who_o will_v have_v the_o flanque_n evermore_o perpendicular_a to_o the_o courtine_n be_v these_o that_o follow_v viz._n because_o all_o shot_n come_v from_o thence_o fly_v parallel_n to_o the_o courtine_n and_o that_o by_o night_n all_o part_n of_o the_o courtine_n may_v be_v better_o defend_v and_o that_o when_o it_o be_v very_o dark_a the_o soldier_n hold_v their_o musket_n in_o a_o right_a angle_n to_o their_o breast_n must_v needs_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n from_o approach_v the_o courtine_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o fig._n 1._o these_o reason_n be_v well_o scan_v and_o examine_v appear_v so_o weak_a that_o they_o be_v scarce_o worth_a the_o answer_n nevertheless_o i_o shall_v brief_o refute_v they_o the_o first_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o shot_n fly_v all_o parallel_n with_o the_o courtine_n whereupon_o i_o say_v whether_o the_o flanque_n be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o courtine_n or_o no_o the_o shot_n may_v for_o all_o that_o fly_v parallel_n with_o the_o courtine_n for_o the_o soldier_n know_v not_o how_o to_o make_v a_o right_a angle_n in_o set_v their_o musket_n i_o do_v also_o affirm_v that_o only_o one_o musqueteer_n can_v with_o one_o shot_n clear_v the_o whole_a courtine_n at_o once_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n must_v incline_v to_o it_o for_o if_o they_o do_v fly_v parallel_n than_o those_o who_o give_v the_o assault_n must_v have_v wing_n likewise_o that_o so_o they_o may_v be_v shoot_v in_o the_o air_n in_o case_n those_o within_o be_v to_o defend_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o wall_n or_o else_o the_o shot_n must_v fly_v only_o the_o height_n of_o four_o or_o five_o foot_n above_o the_o horizon_n as_o out_o of_o the_o fausse-bray_a that_o so_o they_o may_v keep_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n whereas_o contrariwise_o the_o flanque_n in_o these_o fortification_n be_v eighteen_o or_o twenty_o foot_n high_a and_o all_o shot_n go_v downward_o and_o therefore_o hit_v the_o horizon_n in_o one_o place_n only_o the_o principal_a duty_n of_o a_o musqueteer_n be_v that_o by_o nighttime_n he_o turn_v himself_o with_o his_o musket_n towards_o the_o place_n where_o he_o hear_v a_o noise_n or_o see_v fire_n or_o something_o else_o to_o which_o neither_o the_o perpendicularity_n nor_o the_o obliquity_n of_o flanque_n can_v give_v any_o advantage_n or_o become_v the_o least_o hindrance_n and_o these_o parallel-shot_n be_v only_o imaginary_a find_v out_o upon_o the_o ground-line_n which_o in_o the_o profile_v come_v far_o otherwise_o as_o fig._n 1._o num._n 1._o show_v the_o musquetteer_v a_o stand_n upon_o the_o flanque_n which_o be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o courtine_n clear_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o it_o in_o case_n the_o musquetteer_n b_o do_v the_o same_o and_o shoot_v parallel_n with_o a_o but_o then_o his_o bullet_n fly_v so_o far_o from_o the_o wall_n as_o he_o himself_o stand_v off_o from_o his_o fellow_n and_o so_o likewise_o all_o the_o rest_n that_o stand_v along_o in_o the_o same_o line_n whence_o it_o follow_v that_o those_o who_o assault_n must_v be_v upon_o the_o wing_n or_o in_o the_o air_n or_o else_o be_v not_o to_o be_v hit_v by_o these_o parallel-shot_n but_o let_v the_o other_o without_o the_o point_n a_o as_o c_o d_o etc._n etc._n not_o shoot_v parallel_n with_o a_o than_o their_o shot_n can_v hit_v either_o the_o courtine_n or_o moat_n or_o bridge_n but_o in_o one_o place_n only_o which_o in_o a_o oblique_a flanque_n of_o a_o equal_a height_n will_v be_v the_o same_o now_o as_o for_o my_o flanque_n i_o order_v they_o after_o another_o method_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v of_o far_o great_a advantage_n than_o the_o former_a or_o any_o other_o that_o be_v ever_o yet_o in_o use_n which_o any_o artist_n may_v easy_o conceive_v when_o he_o view_v only_o the_o figure_n although_o no_o explanation_n or_o animadversion_n be_v make_v upon_o it_o in_o case_n he_o will_v but_o declare_v his_o judgement_n without_o partiality_n according_a to_o right_a reason_n and_o the_o practice_n of_o war._n the_o flanque_n or_o defending-line_n be_v the_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o fortification_n and_o aught_o therefore_o to_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o first_o place_n they_o have_v be_v alter_v several_a time_n already_o but_o never_o with_o any_o advantage_n comparable_a to_o what_o be_v obtain_v by_o these_o which_o advantage_n be_v distribute_v and_o have_v a_o influence_n upon_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o fortification_n the_o flanque_n with_o casematt_n be_v odious_a in_o the_o unite_a province_n because_o their_o orillon_n can_v not_o stand_v unless_o they_o be_v wall_v up_o with_o stone_n which_o be_v too_o chargeable_a as_o likewise_o by_o their_o cut_v and_o retire_v of_o the_o flanque_n mount_v with_o canon_n the_o entrance_n of_o the_o bulwork_n come_v to_o be_v too_o little_a which_o in_o my_o work_n be_v otherwise_o those_o who_o view_v my_o bulwork_n and_o do_v not_o understand_v the_o profile_v may_v also_o imagine_v that_o they_o be_v make_v with_o casematt_n but_o it_o be_v very_o far_o from_o that_o