had carried armes against him except his sonne D. Sancho In the beginning of a will of his made in Nouember 1283. he makes great complaints of his aduersities and doth much blame the kings of Portugall Arragon England the Pope and others Curse of the father vppon D. Sancho and his posterity who had fauoured D. Sancho cursing him and all his posteritie and leauing heires of his Soueraigne Realmes D. Alphonso and D. Fernand de la Cerde one in default of the other and if they dyed without issue he gaue them to Philip king of France and to his descendants He gaue many other Legacies to his other children to Churches and to his Officers and domestique seruants By another testament apart made in the yeare 1284. he ordained that his heart should be carried and interred on mount Caluarie in the citty of Ierusalem and his body in his citty of Seuile or Murcia in the which his Executors should please He dyed in the yeare 1284. and was buried at Seuile An. 1284. hauing raigned 31. yeares 10. moneths and 23. dayes This Prince was a president of the weaknesse and inconstancie of humane things not onely in the goods which they call of Fortune but also of those of the mind whereof he was as well furnished as any Prince that hath beene before or since him all which did him more harme then good for neither vertue knowledge honour nor riches auayle not if the blessing of God do not accompany them but they rather ruine a man And in truth this Prince may be tearmed miserable in all these things He was a great and mighty king but nothing did suffice him by reason of his prodigality and ill-measured bounty he was neuer sincerely beloued of his subiects by reason of his sower disposition and wilfulnes proceeding from too great a presumption of his knowledge so as hee did neuer beleeue any good counsell It was the fruite of his Philosophie the which had made him so ouerweening as he presumed to controule the Author of Nature saying That if he had bin present at the Creation of the world he should in many things haue beene of another opinion with other such speeches full of impietie By iudiciarie Astronomie whereunto he was giuen beyond all reason he had foreseene as he thought his aduentures the which made him affect the Imperiall dignitie where hee purchased more dishonour then euer any Prince This vanity made him cruell to his brother D. Frederick and other Noblemen to preuent the conspiracies which threatened him but could not auoid them the which he had done if leauing these diuinations hee had relyed wholly vpon the prouidence of God without any further search But it is the will of God the curious should haue this torment alwaies to feare their misfortune which they would know by damnable meanes giuing effect to vanity and to the spirit of error against those that follow it The Queene D. Beatrix his mother who it may be was superstitious and giuen to these impieties had neuer any contentment after his birth hauing vnderstood when hee was in his cradle from a Grecian who was a great Sorceresse that he should bee depriued of his Realmes The end of the twelfth Booke SEMPER EADEM THE THIRTEENTH BOOKE of the Historie of Spaine The Contents 1 Don Sancho the Braue the fourth of that name the eleuenth king of Castile and the 32. of Leon. 2 Warre betwixt the French and the Arragonois in the Counties of Rossillon and Cattelogne where as the king D. Pedro dyed 3 D. Alphonso the third of that name tenth king of Arragon who continued the warre against the French 4 Philip the Faire king of France husband to Ioane of Nauar began to raigne in Nauar. 5 Aduancement of D. Lopes Diaz de Haro preiudiciall both to the Realme of Castile and to himselfe 6 Acts and proceedings betwixt the Estates of Arragon and the King Don Alphonso the third 7 Treaties betwixt D. Alphonso king of Arragon and Charles the Haulting king of Naples prisoner and what succeeded 8 Quarrels in the Court of Castile and the death of D. Lopes Diaz de Haro 9 Deliuerie of the children of D. Fernand de la Cerde from prison in Arragon Don Alphonso de la Cerde declared king of Castile 10 Tumults at Badajos supprest 11 Family of Guzmans who are Dukes of Medina Sidonia 12 D. Iames the 2. of that name 11. King of Arragon 13 Peace betwixt the French and the Arragonois and the retention of the Iland of Sicily by D. Fredericke of Arragon brother to the king D. Iames contrarie to the Capitulations 14 Donation of the I le of Corsica and Sardinia to the king D. Iames of Arragon the second by Pope Boniface the eighth 15 D. Fernand the fourth of that name the twelfth king of Castile and the three and thirtith of Leon. 16 Iewish superstitions Conuersion of some Iewes to the Christian faith 17 Foundation of Bilboa in Biscay 18 Compromise betwixt the children of D. Fernand de la Cerde contending for the Realm of Castille and D. Fernand then raigning and betwixt the king of Arragon and him of Castile and the sentence giuen by the arbitrators 19 Lewis Hutin the 1. of that name 26. king of Nauarre 20 Translation of the Popes Court from Italy into France 21 Persecution of the Templers 22 Order of Christ in Portugall 23. Order of Monteça in Arragon 24 VVarre in Granado 25 Deeds of the Cattelans in Greece and Thrace after the wars of Sicily and Naples 26 Troubles at Lyons and in the Court of France 27 Discourse of the crosses which did accompany Philip the Faire as well in his raigne as in priuate affaires 28 D. Alphonso the 12. of that name 13. King of Castile 34. of Leon and the troubles which happened at his entrie 29 Papacie affected with murthers 30 Philip the long King of France 2. of that name 27. king of Nauarre 31 Exploits of the Castillans against the Moores the sodaine and strange death of D. Pedro and D Iohn Princes of Castile and troubles in that Realme 32 Perpetuall vnion of Arragon Cattelogne and Valencia 33 D. Iames the eldest sonne of Arragon quits the successsion of the Realme and becomes a rebellious man 34 Confirmation of the gift of Sardinia and Corsica to the house of Arragon by the Pope Conquest of Sardinia by the Infant D. Alphonso 35 Deedes of Denis King of Portugall Pietie of Queene Isabell his wife their buildings in Portugall 36 Troubles in Castille by the death of D. Mary the Queene mother 37 Maioritie of king D. Alphonso the twelfth of Castile 38 Estate of the Moores of Granado at that time Order of the Kings raigning in Spaine whereof mention is made in this 13. Booke CASTILE 11 D. Sancho 12 D. Fernand 13 D. Alphonso LEON 4-23 4-33 11-34 Some number him for the 12. ARRAGON 10 D. Alphonso 3. 11 D. Iames 2. NAVARRE 25 Philip the faire 1. 26 Lewis Hutin 1. 27 Philip
the king gaue him many bitter and threatning words Mahumet either for feare or disdaine to haue beene threatened with iniurious words layed a plot with Ozmin who was already much discontented for the death of his sonne whome they had so little spared at the assault of the rocke of Martos and resolued together to kill king Ismael and to place in the royall Seate of Granado a Moore called Mahumet Aben Alhamar or the Vermell who descended from i the first king of Granado and carried the same name saying that the Crowne belonged more rightly to him then to Ismael who was allyed to these kings onely by the Mothers side This king was called to this Councell and they made a new confederacie with Ozmin who should bee readie in Armes with his friends and seruants whilest that Mahumet sonne to the Gouernour of Algezire with his father and another brother should execute the murther vpon the person of king Ismael These things beeing concluded the Conspirators entred into Alhambra of Granado and addressing themselues vnto the king they told him that they had some matters of great importance to impart vnto him desiring him to giue them audience in some retired place the which the king willingly graunted who beeing entred into a gallerie the father and the sonne marching before the king and his brother after with the great Prouost or Constable of Granado whom they called Alguazil Maior the two foremost turned suddenly vppon the king and gaue him two wouds vpon the head The Alguazil seeing this disloyaltie drew his sword to defend his king and fought so valiantly against these two traytors father and sonne as hee made them giue backe vnto the end of the gallerie and to enter into a chamber into the which hee shut them notwithstanding that the brother who was the third murtherer had wounded him behind in foure places who returning afterwards against the king gaue him a mortall wound in the shoulder The Alguazil hauing shut vp the two first came against the third and forced him to enter into an old cabinet into the which he also shut him Ismael king of Granado 〈◊〉 by 〈…〉 Beeing thus freed of the traytors this faithfull seruant came vnto the king whom he found grieuously wounded and almost fainting hauing taken him in his armes and carried him into a chamber in the which were his mother widow to Ferrachen and his wiues where leauing the cure and care of him to them hee went into the pallace Court of Alhambra where as he found many as well of the conspirators as of others which might haue heard the noyse and vnderstood something of the fact to whome hee sayd there was no great danger and that the kings wounds were light and hauing called some vnto him whom he knew faithfull vnto the king he entred with them into those places where as the traytors were shut and cut off their heads then he returned into the chamber where as the king was in the Phisitions and Surgeons hands but there was no more hope of life wherefore going out of Alhambra he met with Ozmin who came running at this noyse well accompanied and asked him of the kings life The Alguazil dissembling the truth answered that all was well intreating him to accompany him to seaze vpon those that were suspected to be of this conspiracie the which Ozmin durst not refuse thus of a traytor he became faithfull by constraint and running through the city of Granado they seazed vpon all the friends and seruants of the murtherer Mahumet and brought them into Alhambra where in the heate they were put to death In the meane time king Ismael breathed his last hauing raigned by force about nine yeares this was in the yeare 1322. and the 705. of the Arabians Mahumet the sixt K. of Granado TO him succeeded his sonne Mahomet the sixt by the meanes and dexteritie of the Prouost or Alquazil who hauing seene the kings death and keeping it as secret as he could he gaue the Noblemen and Knights Granadins to vnderstand that they should shew themselues in armes before the castell to receiue the Kings commandements and namely Ozmin who was not well assured in his conscience but studied what hee should do yet he came well followed The Nobility being assembled the Alguazil being faithfull to the king euen after his death taking the eldest to three sons which he had left in his armes he went out of Alhambra and declared the truth vnto the assembly how the king had benne slaine by the treason of Mahumet and what had followed and presenting the child who was but twelue yeares old vnto the knights hee recommended him vnto them and perswaded them to acknowledge him for their lawfull king Ozmin who was of greatest authority among them was wonderfully perpelxt and wauering in his discourses yet thinking that he should rule this Infant better then any other he was the first that gaue his consent saying Mahumet is our king His voyce was allowed by all that were present and the brute both of Ismaels death and of the election of Mahumet his sonne was dispersed through the town and soone after the new king was led through the streets and shewed vnto the Granadins who were discontended at this sudden change as wel by reason of the King murthered as of the hasty election of his sonne beeing so young yet it held good but notwithstanding that this young Mahumet obtained the Realme by a law full meanes yet his end was miserable being a familiar thing among the Arabians one to spoyle and dispossesse an other by wicked and cruell treasons as a people alwaies void of all good gouernement Such of the conspirators as were not taken fled among the which was Mahumet Aben-Athamar who in time returned to Granado and raigned as we shall hereafter shew What past in Nauarre during the raigne of Philip the Long Nauarre who dyed about the time of these reuolutions in Granado we find not any thing worth the relating only mention is made of a Gouernor for the king in that Realme called Ponce of Morentain whome some terme Lord of Rossillon othes Vicont of Anay of Arnaud of Barbastan Bishop of Pampleona D. Martin of Ayuar Standard-bearer of the Realme D. Iuigo Peres de Rada a Knight D. Iohn Arnaud of Espeleta of the Abbot of Lerin of D. Martin Iuanes of Vrris D. Pedro Ximenes of Mirafuentes D. Garcia Martines of Ollaoqui Diego Martines of Vrris and Martines of Arletta knights who made the Councell of state of that Realme The end of the thirteenth Booke SEMPER EADEM THE FOVRTEENTH BOOKE of the Historie of Spaine The Contents 1 CHarles the Faire first of that name the 28. king of Nauarre troubles in the Realm vnder the Gouernors his marriages 2 Excesse massacres and spoyling of the Iewes in Nauarre 3 Ieanne daughter to Lewis Hutin Queene of Nauarre and in her right Philip of Eureux accounted for the 29. King of Nauarre and the third of that name Articles
the end stirre vp the other people of Spaine against the Gaditanes whereof followed much warre of small fame by reason of the weakenesse of the Commonweales and Potentates which did manage them if wee will compare them with others of those times Onely there is an honourable mention made of a noble man commaunding vpon the coast of the Ocean Arganthon neere vnto this Island of Gadis called Arganthon happie in wealth and long prosperitie of his affaires for they say he liued 155 yeares and reigned 80 and withall loued justice whose time is conferred with that of Ancus Martius reigning in Rome about 150 yeares after the foundation thereof The Gaditanes were kept somewhat in awe by him and others yet not so subdued but they tooke armes vpon all occasions so as the people round about conspired against them who finding not themselues strong ynough to oppose against so many enemies they resolued to call the Carthaginians to their aid who in the end became masters of Spaine Carthaginians called into Spain by the Gaditanes vntill the Romanes stayed the course of their victories and conquests the which shall be related in the following Bookes with more delight for that we are better assured than of these things Hitherto we haue discoursed of the beginning and antiquitie of those nations which came first to inhabit Spaine following the obscure steps of those that haue left any thing in writing or read or conjectured hauing scarce obserued any order of times being without any sure grounds for euen the places whereas euery one of the Gouernors Captains or Kings wherof we haue made mention did reigne is not very certaine Yet it is most apparent that the Isle of Gades hath been the most famous place of all Spaine and that the superstition of idolatrous people hath preserued it from the inuasions and spoyles of strangers Religion whatsoeuer it be is â—aturally reâ—ereâ—ed by reason of the famous Temple of Hercules which was built there and that the maine land which is about this Island and the strait which is neere vnto it haue beene sooner and more particularly knowne than other places within the heart of Spaine by reason of the commodious landing for Armies and the abourd of merchants strangers which came thither by sea And it is credible that within the countrey there were many pettie kings heads of people without fame and it may be without any good and lawfull policie and it is not impertinent that some townes famous in after ages and euen in our times whose beginning is not known haue had their first foundations from these vnknowne people Wee haue willingly omitted many discourses written by others for that wee haue held them fabulous or at the least very doubtfull as the comming of Noe into Spaine and the voyage and conquest thereof by Nabuchodonozor and such like which we may read in counterfeit Berosus or in Iosephus being deceiued by the memorials of the Chaldeans who put this last Nabuchodonozor aboue all the Hercules that euer were to whose acts the which in truth were great as we may gather by the holy Scriptures wee doe not any way derogate by calling in question his comming into Spaine for that Asia Aegypt and Africk which were neere might furnish him wherewith to erect his trophies The great drought whereof some haue left remembrance seemeth as incredible vnto vs A prodigious drought the which continued six and twentie yeares and burnt all the trees and plants in Spaine except some Oliue and Pomegranet trees as they say as if these trees could not be hurt by the extreame heat as well as the rest it dried vp all the riuers except Ebro and Guadalquibir which became small vnprofitable riuers so as the people were forced to goe out in great troupes to seeke for other dwellings These things for that they haue not beene written by any auncient and good Authors who would not haue passed ouer so memorable an accident with silence and for the absurdities which follow they are with reason rejected And for as much as in that which we are hereafter to treat of we shall find Spaine more manured better peopled with men townes and burroughes limitted and distinguished by more apparent bounds and hauing some better forme of gouernment and policie than it hath hitherto had we haue thought it expedient for the Readers ease before we enter into the subject to make a particular and briefe description thereof making some mention of the fertilitie of the soyle qualitie of the ayre and nature and manners of the Spaniards both auncient and moderne 10 Spaine in generall Description of Spaine and in regard of other countries had from the beginning naturall limits as they are at this day vnlesse they will say that the continuall beating of the waues of the sea hath made some breaches or hath diuided it from Africke to the which some beleeue it was joyned in the beginning or that the forme hath beene changed by some other accident There may well be some diminution for in Islands the which for that they are little are better comprehended and measured by the sences we find without all question that some at this present are much lesse than they were in former ages and others that haue beene famous are now perished and are no more hauing beene vndermined by the waues and swallowed vp in the sea But whatsoeuer hath happened since that Spaine had any fame vnto this day it doth not appeare that there hath beene any great portion cut away or that it is much altered or changed This Region hath beene very fitly compared by the Auncients to an Oxes hyde spread abroad Spaine like to an Oxes hyde for beginning by the necke somewhat narrow which is the passage of the Pyrenee mountaines by the which it is joyned vnto Fraunce it extendeth it selfe to the right and to the left going towards the West so as making in a manner a square forme the Promontories or heads which thrust into the sea on the one side vpon the coast of Biscaye and at Finis terrae and on the other at Cap de Gates and at the strait of Gibaltar represent the legs then the point of Cap S. Vincent stretcht forth behind towards the West makes the tayle That which is taken for the East part of Spaine runs along the Pyrenee mountaines beginning neere vnto the towne of Bayonne vpon the limits of Fraunce where was nerctofore the Promontorie Easo and runs vnto Cap de Crux whereas Venus Temple was in old time that is from the Ocean to the Mediterranean sea being 80 leagues or thereabouts taking the way by Fraunce for these mountaines haue no strait course but bend much towards Spaine and hold a great part of that countrey so as he that would goe from the Ocean to the Mediterranean sea within the countrey of Spaine on that side of the mountaines should find it much more than 80 leagues Although that this coast of Spaine
commaunded to passe with all the shipping he had at Calis Magâ— Hannibals brother commaunded to passe into Italy into Italie and to leuie all the souldiours he could in Gaule and along the sea coast and to joyne with his brother Hannibal to the end the warre which had bin begun with such animositie might be continued with the like resolution For the effecting whereof they brought money from Carthage and he for his part got all hee could from the Gaditanes Mago spoils the Gaditanes hauing not onely exhausted their common treasure but vnfurnished their temples of their jewels and other riches and forced euerie priuat man to bring him all the gold and siluer he had As he passed along the coast of Spaine comming neere vnto new Carthage he landed some souldiours which forraged the countrey neere vnto the sea and gaue an alarme vnto the whole prouince Then he approached neere vnto the towne and hauing kept his souldiours aboord the gallies in the day time at night he put them on shore towards that part of the wall whereas the Romanes had entred supposing that Carthage had not been verie well manned with souldiours and that haply some of the inhabitants might reuolt but the flight of the countrey-men and the centinels which had discouered the armie at sea the day before had alreadie giuen aduertisement to the town who imagined that it was notwithout some designe that the gallies had cast anker so neere vnto them Wherefore the garrison kept themselues in armes and stood readie at the port next vnto the poole and towards the sea Mago makes a vaine attempt vpon new Carthage The enemies came in troupes mixt of souldiours and mariners vnto the foot of the wall with more brute than effect and then the port was set open whereas the Romans made a furious â—allie vpon them with great cries wherewith they were so amazed as at the first charge they turned their backes in disorder towards the sea whither they were pursued with great slaughter and if their gallies had not beene verie neere to receiue them there had not any one escaped Hauing gotten aboord they were not yet assured but feared that some of the enemies gallies would come out of the port against them wherefore they drew vp their ladders and bridges speedily and for that they would loose no time in weighing their ankers they cut their cables And it happened that many thinking to saue themselues by swimming not able to discerne their gallies by reason of the darkenesse of the night went out of their way and were drowned This armie returned speedily towards the Ocean from whence they had parted Day being come the Romanes found aboue 800 men slaine betwixt the towne and the shore and aboue two thousand cuirasses To Mago who thought to returne vnto Gades the entrie was refused wherefore he returned vnto a place neere vnto it called Cimbis from whence he sent certaine gentlemen vnto Gades to know the reason why they shut the gates against him who was their friend and allie To whom they answered That it had beene done by the multitude who had beene discontented at the spoiles and insolencies which the souldiours committed when they imbarqued Then he sought to draw their Suffetes out of the towne which were those that held the soueraign magistracie in that Phenician nation to parley with them Suffetes Magistrats of the Gaditanes and with their chiefe treasurer When he had them hee caused them to be scourged with rods Magoes tyrannous rigour against the Gaditanes and then to be hung vpon a gibet Which done he sayled towards the Pytiuses being islands some hundred miles from the firme land and inhabited at that time by Carthaginians where both he and his whole armie were well entertained the which was not onely refreshed with victuals but furnished with souldiors and armes by those islanders Mago relying vpon these things came vnto the Baleares some fiftie miles from thence thinking to winter in the greater of them the which was rich and full of men with a large and safe port for now Autumne drew neere But he found himselfe deceiued for the inhabitants of Majorca went in hostile manner against him no lesse than the Romanes would haue done and with their slings kept them from landing so as the Carthaginians were forced to put out to sea went to Minorca which is the other island of the Baleares as fertile as the other but not so strong of men There they landed and without any great resistance became masters of the towne and island where they inrolled two thousand men of that nation the which they sent to Carthage to winter When as Mago had left the Ocean The Gaditanes yeeld vnto the Romans to enter into the strait the Gaditanes yeelded vnto the Romans These were the affaires which passed in Spain vnder the gouernment of P. Corn. Scipio who hauing resigned the prouince and the armies vnto L. Lentulus and L. Manlius Acidinus returned to Rome with ten gallies Scipio returnes to Rome where being arriued he made known vnto the Senat the great exploits of warre which he had done the battel 's woon the townes taken and the people and countries subdued vnder the obedience of the Romans finally that in Spaine he had left no enemie These things were deliuered by him with great state rather to see if they would grant him a triumphant entrie into the citie than to demaund a triumph For in truth vnto that day there had not any captaine entred in triumph into the citie of Rome how great soeuer his exploits had beene if it were not with the title of a Roman magistrat Being entred into Rome Proconsuls no magistrats in Rome he brought into the publique treasurie of the remainders of the spoyle of Spaine 14352 pounds of siluer in masse and great store of coined money THE THIRD BOOKE OF the Historie of Spaine The Contents 1 A Discourse of the disposition of the auntient Spaniards and the factions that were among them after the departure of P. Com. Scipio 2 A new reuolt of Mandonius and Indibilis against the Romane Proconsuls their defeat and punishment 3 The Saguntines obedience to the Romanes and their fauour to them 4 Couetousnesse of the Romane Gouernours in Spaine and the great spoyles they carried to Rome 5 Spaine diuided into two gouernments otherwise than before 6 Warre betwixt the Romanes and Spaniards alone 7 M. Portius Cato sent into Spaine with an armie His exploits and militarie stratagems 8 The good gouernment of P. Corn. Scipio sonne to Cn. Propretor in the further prouince and the vnfortunat successe of Sex Digitius 9 Exploits of C. Flaminius and M. Fuluius Pretors in Spaine 10 The deeds of L. Emilius Pretor in the further Spaine 11 The exploits of L. Quintius Crispinus and Caius Calphurnius Piso Pretors 12 Victorie of Q. Fuluius Flaccus in the hither Spaine 13 The deeds of Titus Semp. Gracchus and L. Posthumius Albinus
there were aboue 120000 foot and 6000 horses and had in a manner all the townes of Spaine at their deuotion At the beginning of this war Cotta Didius and Thoranius defeated by Sertorius he defeated Cotta in a sea fight neere vnto the towne of Mellaria and put to rout Didius or Fidius Pretor of Betica neere vnto the riuer of Betis where he slue 10000 of his men and by the diligence of his Questor Hertuleius he also defeated Thoranius lieutenant to the Consull Q. Metellus Pius to whom that prouince was assigned in the yeare 673. Afterwards he had to deale with Metellus himselfe and did so annoy him being a great and an expert captaine as Manlius the Proconsull of Gaule was forced to come to his succours with three legions and 1500 horse but Manlius being encountred by Hertuleius Sertorius Questor Sertorius defeats Manlius and kils L. Domitius was defeated put to flight and forced to saue himselfe in a manner alone within Lerida L. Domitius was more vnfortunat who was slain vpon the place in an other incounter all which exployts were done by surprises and in flying or retiring the Romane captains not being able to draw Sertorius to fight in a pitcht field whereupon the Senat of Rome considering that Metellus age which was somewhat aduanced made him more slow and therefore not fit to incounter Sertorius who was in the flower of his age accompanied with souldiours as light as the wind inured to labour hunger thirst and all the discommodities of war Pompey sent into Spaine to assist Metellus were of opinion to send Cn. Pompeius vnto him as an assistant companion with like authoritie In the mean time Metellus besieged the towne of the Langobriges thinking to take it without difficultie for want of water knowing there was but one onely well in the whole towne but Sertorius prouided for this inconuenience for hauing promised a reward to such as would carrie goats skins filled with water the Moores and other aduenturous people went in with a great quantitie so as Metellus who had victuals but for fiue daies was forced to retyre after that Aquinus one of his lieutenants whom he had sent to forage with 6000 men had bin defeated by Sertorius who lay continually in ambush About that time M. Perpenna arriued in Spaine with a great armie the which he ioyned to that of Sertorius not of his owne free will meaning to make war apart but by constraint for that the souldiours hauing a better conceit of Sertorius than of him would not follow him which made Perpenna to enuie and hate Sertorius Vertue 〈◊〉 alwaies enuied With these forces in a manner al Spaine beyond Ebro was conquered by him When as Pompey was come to Metellus camp many throgh his fame which was great began to doubt of Sertorius affaires and manie townes which were allyed vnto him began to wauer but that which hapned at Lauronne did confirme them for Sertorius hauing besieged Lauronne Lauronne besieged and taken by Sertorius in Pompeyes presence Pompey comming thither to raise the siege when as the armies were neere that Pompey expected to giue him battel he perceiued that at one instant Sertorius held both the towne his armie besieged for he had lodged 6000 men behind Pompeys army watching an oportunitie to compasse him in so as he was forced to be more carefull how to saue himselfe than to deliuer the Lauronitanes whose towne he did see taken burnt before his face the which Sertorius did not vpon any crueltie for in the whole course of his life he was neuer noted of that excesse if it were not by constraint but to let them know who made so great esteeme of Pompey that he knew more than he whom he tearmed a yong man and Syllaes disciple and in this act of Lauronna he said That a wise captain doth alwaies looke more to that which is behind than before And to say the truth Sertorius was one of the politickst captaines of his time as it appeared in this warre whereas he maintained himselfe and those he led alwaies inuincible being neuer beaten but by his Lieutenants through whose errors he receiued many prejudiciall losses the which he repaired afterwards with great honor as the defeat of Hirtuleius by Metellus neere vnto the towne of Italica where he lost twentie thousand men After the taking of Lauronne the armies of either side hauing wintered the one in Lusitania the other neere vnto the Pyrenees they began to seeke one another and it happened that Pompey hauing encountred Herennius and Perpenna neere vnto Valence Battell betwixt Pompey and Sertorius wheras Sertorius had the better he defeated them and in like sort Hirtuleius who was slaine at that time wherewith growne proud he marched towards Sertorius and without attending Metellus and his forces hee came to fight with him neere vnto the riuer of Sucro or Xucar whereas Pompey was put to flight and hurt Metellus arriuing caused Sertorius to retyre with whom he did afterwards fight in the territorie of Sagunt whereas Memmius Pompeyes Questor was slaine and Metellus wounded but Sertorius seeing that he had the worst retyred himselfe cunningly suffering himselfe to be besieged in the towne of Calaorre a strong towne in a mountaine country where he did more annoy the enemie than they did him in the meane time leuying men in the townes of his allies hee made a furious sally and dispersed his enemies so as Metellus went to Winter in Gaule and Pompey in the territorie of the Vacceans where hauing besieged Palantia Sertorius made him to rayse his siege In this countrey Pompey found himselfe much distressed so as he was forced to demaund money clothes and come for his armie from the Senat else hee should be forced to bring it backe into Italie Whereupon the Consull Lucullus gaue order hee should be furnished fearing that if he brought his armie backe into Italie he would sue vnto the people for a Commission to make warre against Mithridates which charge hee affected During the Consulship of L. Lucullus and M. Cotta Ann. 679. the Proconsuls Metellus and Pompey did all they could against the townes allied to Sertoriusi who did so terrifie them as Metellus despairing euer to vanquish him with all the force of the Romans during his life made a proclamation by the sound of the trumpet to giue 100 talents to him that could kill him amounting to 60000 crownes Sertorius life set to sale contrarie to the vertue of the ancient Romans and besides 20000 acres of land if he were a Romane if a banished man restitution to all his goods and honours The banished Senatours of Rome which followed Sertorius army did all malice their Generall wherunto Perpenna alwaies jealous of his glory did still incite them wherefore they began to crosse him vnder hand in many gallant designs abusing the authoritie which Sertorius had giuen them ouer the Spaniards proudly couetously and cruelly vnder
Constantines donation A false donation fathereâ— vâ—on Constantine besides that Pope Pius the second doth jeast at it there is no receiuable testimonie there of nor any probable conjecture besides the histories of following emperors do argue the contrarie euen they of the West In the time of this emperor the Northerne nations inuaded Spaine and spoiled that part of the countrey which lies neere the Ocean from Gallicia vnto the strait whither he led a great army chased away the enemies restored the Spaniards which were fled into mountaines vnto their houses and setled an order in the prouince as well for that wich concerned the temporaltie as the churches There was a prouinciall Councell held by his commaundement at Illiberis Illiberis where Callibre was built at the foot of the Pyrenees some call it Eliberis a towne in the marches of Grenado whither came Helena the mother of Constantine with Constantine his eldest sonne to whom he had assigned the Gauls and Spaine for his portion In this Councell Spaine was diuided into fiue prouinces Spaine vnder Constantine diuided into fiue 〈◊〉 that is that of Tarracone Carthagene Betica Lusitania and Gallicia in either of the which there was a Metropolitan appointed at Tarracone new Carthage to whom Toledo hath since succeeded at Seuille at Merida and at Bracara Some hold that this Councell was more antient than that of Nice among which Beuter affirmes That Conscius bishop of Cordoua Osius predecessor was there present others say that it was Osius himselfe Quintian bishop of Ebora Some beleeue that the emperor Constantine was not baptized vntil he drew neer his death being deceiued by the error of some which beleeued that the circumstance of places gaue more authority to baptisme for he had a great desire to be baptized in Iordan Many thought that in the end of his daies he fel into the heresie of the Arrians for that he had banisht Athanasius by the persuasion of the Arrians that his sister Constance liuing with him was an Arrian but it is most certaine that before his death he commaunded that Athanasius should be called home againe and that he did not beleeue the confession of faith nor the exposition made by Arrius after that he had called him from banishment but sent it to the Councell of Ierusalem there to be examined Of Constantines deeds in Spaine there are many medailles found in that countrey and elsewhere in our time that beare witnesse After him there raigned in the West Constantine and Constans his sonnes the East remaining to Constantius their brother Constantine the yong had Spaine and other prouinces for his portion To Constantine was assigned Spaine Gaule and the islands of Britaine or that which the Romanes held there But Constantine being a proud and turbulent prince he would make warre against his brother Constans and take Italie from him in which enterprise he was slaine neere vnto Aquilea in the 25 yeare of his age wherefore all the prouinces of his portion fell vnto Constans in whose time the Poet Aurelius Prudentius Clement was borne at Sarragossa or rather at Calaorra Pacian bishop of Barcellona flourished in doctrine and good life The repeale of Arrius granted by Constantine the great had caused greater troubles in the Church than before for being returned into Alexandria he had confirmed his doctrine and drawne many bishops vnto him yea the emperour Constantius who held the empire in the East was infected with this errour and did persecute the faithfull beleeuers so as Athanasius being banished againe by him and Paul of Constantinople who retired to Constans his brother they wrought so as by the consent of the two brethren princes a generall Councell was called at Sardica The Councell of Sardica a towne in Illirâ—a whither came two hundred and fiftie bishops among the which was Osius bishop of Cordoua who was then verie old Annianus of Castulo Costus of Sarragossa Domitian of Augusta that is to say Bracar Florentine of Emerita and Pretextatus bishop of Barcellona There the confession of the faith or Symbole of the Councell of Nice was confirmed But at the same time by reason of the bad agreement which was betwixt the two brethren Constans and Constantius there was another assemblie of the Easterne bishops at Philipopolis in Thracia who agreed not with any that held with Athanasius and Paul Councell of Syrmium And after that there was another held at Syrmium im Hungarie whither Constantius went in person and others elsewhere The Councell of Sardica being ended Constans entreated his brother Constantius to restore Athanasius the which he did partly for loue and partly for feare of warre But Constans being dead Athanasius was forced to saue himselfe by flight being accused to haue persuaded Constans to make warre against his brother for his sake Arrians persecute the faithful and then the Arrian bishops began to persecute them that made profession of Athanasius his doctrine more cruelly than the Dioclesians or Maximians The Councell of Syrmium Anno 360. contrarie to that of Nice was held in the yeare three hundred and threescore or three hundred fiftie and six according vnto some whereas many wicked decrees were made and maintained especially by Photinus bishop of that place who reuiued the blasphemies of Samosatenus denying the two natures in Iesus Christ borne of the virgine Marie This Councell to suppresse all controuersies would disguise the tearmes and manner of speaking receiued in the Church and in stead of saying That Iesus Christ was coessentiall with the Father or of the same essence they propounded the tearme of Like in essence Which two words in the Greeke tongue doe somewhat symbolize 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 By this disguising vnder which the poyson lay hidden the good old man Osius the Spaniard hauing constantly maintained the truth all his life time The error of Osius suffered himselfe to be deceiued and woon whether that his great age had dulled his vnderstanding or that he did it for feare of the emperour who examined him vpon that point and threatned him in the towne of Rimini where hee had againe assembled many bishops causing him to commit this errour saying That both the one and the other said well But the Orthodoxes did soone after reject that word of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as captious and deceitfull Osius as Isidore writes dyed soone after in his impietie strucken with the hand of God in his bishoprick and that being brought to Cordoua Gregorie bishop of Illiberis according to the Edict made by Constantius the emperor against the Christians to force them to the Arrians opinion he refusing to yeeld vnto it The magistrat did not meddle with clergie men before they were degraded Osius prest Clementine Gouernour of the prouince to banish him but he answered That he could not banish a bishop before he was deposed from his bishopricke and judged incapable Whereupon Osius
the which was now growne full of state but not such as it hath been since Agapite or Agapie being also turned from a souldiour to a Monke had beene made bishop of Corduba not for any learning hee had but for meere zeale The nourishment he gaue to his diocesans and his religious exercises were in the inuention and veneration of reliques of the bodies of martyres whereunto the world was then more addicted than to know the grounds of their Faith Yet there was a Councell held at Seuille A Councell at Seuille of eight bishops against the heretikes which were called Acephali or without a head the which denied the truth of the two natures diuine and humane in Iesus Christ where as a certaine Syrian bishop a great defender of that heresie was vanquished by the strong arguments of Isidorus bishop of that place and President of the Councel In all the Ecclesiastical orders which were made in Spaine during the raigne of king Sisebuth he interposed his authoritie He forced Cecilius bishop of Mentesa to giue a reason for that abandoning his bishopricke he had made himselfe a Monke and he deposed Eusebius bishop of Barcelona for that he had suffered certaine Comedians to make playes of the false Pagan gods At the said Councell of Seuille it was decreed That Nunnes should not talke to any man except the Abbesse to the Abbot or Monke which had the charge of their monasterie and that before one or two witnesses Mahumets sect began then to spread in Africke Anno 620. which was in the yere six hundred and twentie of our Sauiour and the six hundreth fiftie and eight of the Spaniards Aera the which did run wonderfully throughout all Asia and part of Europe in a short time whilest that the Pastors of the Church of Christ did busie themselues to adorne their exterior Hierarchie and to conuert it into a mundane Principalitie and that the summe of the doctrine of the Gospell was reduced by them to build churches and chappels and to heape vp rents and reâ—enewes to seeke out and oftentimes to suppose the dead bodies of Saints and that which had belonged vnto them in this corporall life to reuerence them after an extraordinarie maner with other such like traditions which approached neere to impietie couering all with a cloake of well meaning We read in the acts of Sisebuth Lawes of king Sisebuth That he made a law by the which he cursed all his successours kings which should suffer any Christian to be held as a slaue or to serue a Iew. There is another law of his found which ordaines That those which should not go to the warre when the armie should march or should flie from the enemie should bee for euer noted with infamie This last hath beene since corrected as too seuere He was happie in warre subdued them of Asturia who had rebelled and triumphed twice for the victories he obtained against the Romanes To conclude he was so mild and courteous euen vnto his enemies His mildnesse and christian bountie as being prisoners he paid their ransoms to his owne men and sent them home free so as he exhausted his treasure in the redeeming of prisoners Hee built the church of Saint Leocadia at Toledo and hauing raigned eight yeares he died leauing Ricared his sonne successour in the realme but verie young and of a short life whom they doe not put in the number of the kings of Spaine Some write that he liued but three moneths after him others seuen 20. Suintilla 31 THe Gothes did chuse Suintilla for their king Anno 621. being sonne to the first Ricared This was the first king of the Gothes which obtained the absolute monarchie of Spaine and wholly dispossessed the Romanes By that which hath beene said they conclude Monarchie of the Gothes in Spaine That among the Gothes they did not raigne by right of succession from father to sonne but those were chosen kings among them which were held worthie to gouerne which election was made by the nobilitie and the people Royaltie of the Gothes electiue and if any one did affect that dignitie by any other vnlawfull meanes he was excommunicated and rejected from the companie of Christians as it appeareth by the fift Councell of Toledo The Vascons inhabiting the countrey which is now called Nauarre were entred into Arragon whom he supprest and forced them to build at their owne charges the towne called Olit or Oligil neere to Tafalla which hath since beene the kings houses in Nauarre to keepe them in awe We find that the towne of Foâ—tarabie was the worke of this king Suintilla called properly Ondarriuia which signifies in the Basques language sand of the riuer He admitted his sonne Ricamire to a part of the gouernment In the beginning hee was a good prince but in the end hee grew exceeding couetous and cruell wherefore the Gothes made him to resigne his kingdome the which Sisenand his aduersarie obtained Suintilla deposed for his vices with the consent of the people and with the helpe of king Dagobert of France who sent Abondant and Venerand two of his captaines into Spaine with forces which they had leuied of the nobilitie of Bourgogne Suintilla was not onely depriued of the crowne but also excommunicated by the bishops whose power at that time began to equall that of kings at the fourth Councell of Toledo The power of bishops ballancing that of kings where they did interdict him Geilan his brother with their wiues and children the communion and fellowship of the Church and the possession of their goods gotten by violent and tyranous meanes Suintilla raigned ten yeares 21. Sisenand 32 SIsenand being seated in the royall throne Ann 635. by the aid of the French the fourth Councell of Toledo was celebrated 4 Councell at Toledo of sixtie bishops or sixtie seuen according vnto some and as others say by seuentie whither among the rest came Isidorus of Seuille Iustus of Toledo who did preside Iulian of Bracar Stephen of Merida Aâ—dax of Tarracone Silua of Narbona all Archbishops In this Councell it was decreed That from thenceforth the Iews should not be forced to make themselues Christians for the spirit by the which the doctrine is apprehended is not to be forced but persuaded The Iewes were in the meane time debarred of all publique charges least they should thereby doe injurie vnto the Christians Clergie men were exempt from all politike care that they might with more liberty attend that which did belong vnto their spirituall charge and as Baleus writes who hath taken it out of Isidorus lawfull mariage was restored vnto the Clergie and the vse of concubines forbidden And it was decreed That no priest should be admitted before he were thirtie yeares old Yet were these good and wholesome constitutions mingled with externall ceremonies which were in great credit in those dayes Some good men had then care of the Church but there were others
gouernors of Castille murthered where some dayes after without any formall proceeding he caused them to be murthered in the prison D. Diego Porcello as some thinke was of this number D. Nugno Bellides maried his daughter D. Sulla of whom were borne two sonnes D. Nugno Nugnez Razura D. Diego Porcello the stemme of the princes of Castille grandfather to the earle D. Fernand Gonsales and the other was Iustus Gonsales grandfather to the Lord of Lara A yeare after this tyranous action the king D. Ordogno died according to the common opinion in the yeare of our saluation 897 but according to the letters and titles of donation of the abbeyes and churches of Spaine he liued in the yeare 919 as Garibay saith who hath made a diligent search Of the authoritie and truth of which charters we may iustly doubt This king raigned eight yeares and was buried at Leon in the new Cathedrall church of Saint Marie the great the first of those kings which had beene interred at Leon. D. Froila second of that name and 15 King of Ouiedo and Leon. 48 AFter the death of D. Ordogno An. 897. the realme was held by his brother D. Froila who vsurped it from his nephewes D. Alphonso and D. Ramir sonnes to the deceased He is not put in the catalogue of the kings of Ouiedo it may be by reason of the shortnesse of his raigne or in detestation of his cruelties which purchased him the surname of Cruell or for some other considerations Genealogie of Ouiedo and Leon. He had maried a ladie called D. Munina or D. Nugna by whom he had three sonnes D. Alphonso D. Ordogno and D. Ramir and by a concubine a bastard called D. Fruela Of this bastard issued D. Pelagius called the Deacon who maried D. Aldonsa grand child to D. Bermund the Goutie whereof we will make mention King D. Fruela was a tyrant Tyrants alwaies feareful suspitious and cruelt and therefore fearefull and suspitious so as he vsed great crueltie against the noblest personages in Spaine he put some to death banished many and afflicted euerie estate Among the rest he put to death the children of a noble knight called D. Olmunde or Dimunde banished D. Frominio their brother who was Bishop of Leon and committed many other such outrages yet couered with the cloke of iustice as tyrants doe vsually 49 The people of Castille incensed at the crueltie vsed against their earles by D. Ordogno rebelled against the Crowne of Ouiedo and Leon Change of the Estate of Castille and made an Estate apart chusing two Gouernors or Iudges among them whereof the one should haue charge of the war Iudges chosen in Castille and the other should take knowledge of ciuile causes These were Nugno Razura and Flauin Caluo his sonne in law Nugno Razura was sonne to Nugno Bellides a German knight who they say was the first founder of the citie of Burgos so called by him of a German word signifying a habitation of people This knight comming into Spaine vpon deuotion to visit S. Iaques sepulchre was there maried to D. Sulla daughter to D. Diego Porcello and had by her this D. Nugno Razura a knight who was wise valiant and much esteemed by reason of his modestie He had one sonne and one daughter by his wife D. Gonsalo Nugnes and D. Eluira Nugnes or else D. Theresa Nugnes surnamed Bella either for that she was exceeding faire or to seeme to be so for the custome of the auncient was to giue their children pleasing names and surnames thinking they should thereby purchase fauour with men and that a goodly name gaue some marke or impression to the person conformable to that which it did signifie This ladie D. Bella was maried by her father to Flauin Caluo a knight of Castille lord of Biuar by whom descended by fiue degrees Cid Ruys Diaz who was a wise and valiant knight By these two Castille was gouerned without opposition for that the king D. Fruela being hated and ill obeyed by reason of his tyranie and tormented with continuall distrust being also growne a leaper could not bring any armie against them Wherefore this manner of gouernement was setled among the Castillans and the countrey was dismembred from the Crowne of Ouiedo for a time and the riuer of Pisorga diuided Castille the old from the kingdome of Leon. D. Nugnes determined of ciuile causes with great equitie and iustice Flauin Caluo managed matters of state and warre Mention is made in certain priuiledges giuen by the first kings of Castille to certain towns of that countrey of a volume of the Castillian Lawes according to the which iustice should be administred called the booke of Iudges the which was of great authoritie vnto the time of king D. Alphonso the Wise sonne to D. Fernand the third that the Lawes of the seuen parties were brought in according to the which this realme was afterwards gouerned King D. Fruela Ouiedo and Leon. without rest among his subiects without warre against the Moores and Infidels without honour in any of his actions and without health in his person infected with leprosie raigned onely foureteene monethes and was interred at Leon in the chiefe church in the yeare 898 according to the common opinion but there are letters in the treasurie of Saint Iaques of a donation of twelue miles of ground to this church made by this king dated the 28 of Iune 924 which Garibay saith he hath seene ⧠THE SEVENTH BOOKE OF the Historie of Spaine The Contents of the seuenth Booke 1 D Sancho Abarca second of that name and ninth king of Nauarre 2 D. Alphonso fourth of that name and 16 king of Ouiedo and Leon. 3 D. Ramir second of that name and 17 king of Leon leauing the title of Ouiedo 4 D. Gonsal Nugnes Iudge of Castille his vertues 5 D Fernand Gonsales first earle proprietarie of Castille 6 D. Mir second proprietarie earle of Barcelone 7 D. Ordogno third of that name and 18 king of Leon. 8 D. Garcia Sanches fourth of that name and 10 king of Nauarre 9 D. Seniofrid third earle of Barcelone sonne to D. Mir. 10 D. Sancho first of that name and 19 king of Leon called the Fat. 11 Hali Hatan ninth Souer aigne king of the Arabians or Moores in Spaine 12 D. Ramir third of that name and 20 king of Leon. 13 D. Garcia Fernandes second proprietarie earle of Castille 14 Hizen second of that name and 10 king of the Moores at Cordoua 15 D. Bermund second of that name 21 king of Leon from whom the citie of Leon was taken by the Moores 16 D. Sancho third of that name and 11 king of Nauarre 17 D. Borel fourth proprietarie earle of Barcelone 18 D. Alphonso fift of that name and 22 king of Leon. 19 D. Sancho Garcia third earle of Castille 20 D. Raymond Borel fift earle of Barcelone 21 Decay of the Moores power in Spaine by their ciuile dissentions 22
vnder the commaund of an Earle called D. Gonsalo Sanches who watched his opportunitie so well as he defeated the Normanes slew their captaine Gundired and burnt their shippes D. Sisenand second Bishop of Compostella had beene slaine by these pyrates he was a turbulent man and an vnworthie Prelate of whom Histories report â—isenand bishop 〈◊〉 Compostâ—lla â—urbulent 〈◊〉 that for his vices prodigalitie and lewd life the king D. Sancho the fat had caused him to be put in prison in whose place Rodosinde was chosen a holie man and of good fame a Monke of the Order of S. Benet but after the death of D. Sancho Sisenana being gotten out of prison he came with force to enter his Bishopricke being resolued to kill Rodosinde the which he had effected if this holie man had not willingly quit the place returning to his Monasterie where he ended the rest of his dayes Afterwards Sisenand pursuing the Normanes being more fit to commaund souldiors then to gouerne the Church of Christ hee was slaine with an arrow neere vnto Formellos Such were the Bishops for the most part in those times The Estate of Leon was by this meanes peaceable both within it selfe and in regard of enemies abroad hauing peace with the Moores King Hali Hatan being loth that the beginning of his raigne should passe without some famous exploit Castille being also sollicited by D. Bela of Nagera a knight of Alaua who as we haue said had beene expelled by D. Fernand Earle of Castille and was retyred to the Moores Court at Cordoua hee raysed a mightie armie the which hee sent to ruine the Earle of Castille against whom he had a spleene for the former warres and tooke from him Sepuluedas An. 942. S. Estienne of Gormas and other places about the yeare 942 the which the Earle of Castille could not suddainely preuent whereat he was so much discontented as within few dayes after he died in Burgos to the great griefe of all the people of Castille and was interred in the Monasterie of Arlansa which he founded There is some reason to doubt of the yeare of his death for that there is found in the Instruments and Titles of donation made by him to the Monasterie of S. Emylian of the towne of Saint Marie de Pezuegos dated in the yeare 944 to the Church of S. Martin of Granon the yeare 945 of certaine houses in the towne of Salines of the Church of S. Stephen of Sabredo dated 947 to the same Monasterie of the Church of S. Iohn Baptist of Ciguri vpon the riuer of Tiron the which runnes into the riuer Ebro neere vnto the towne of Haro where it is expressely said that the Earle D. Fernand and D. Sancha his wife make this donation to the Abbot and religious of the said Monasterie and to their successors for the loue of the glorious Confessor S. Emylian that at the dreadfull day of judgement they might deserue to heare that comfortable voice of the Lord Come ye blessed of my father c. In these letters D. Ferdinand did intitle himselfe Earle of Castille of Alaua and of Nagera There are registers and memorials found also in the Monasterie of S. Emylian making mention of the Earle D. Fernand and of D. Vrraca his first wife of the yeare 964 the which without doubt is false and counterfeit Donations priuiledges and other titles of Monasteries vncertaine as in the truth there is no great certaintie in anything which the Monkes produce of their priuiledges donations exemptions and other graunts of auncient kings It is to be seene vpon the tombe of D. Sancha Countesse of Castille in the great Chappell of S. Peter of Arlansa that she died that yeare 964 and in the Aera 1002 to Cont Fernand Gonsales succeeded his third sonne D. Garcia Fernandes the first of that name in the Earledome of Castille and other places aboue mentioned in the yeare according to the common opinion 942. 13 The Moores being masters of the field in Castille Moores there being no forces together to withstand them being pust vp with successe they entred the territories of Leon breaking the peace which they had with the king D. Ramir without any subiect and came and besieged the towne of Zamora Zamora taken and ruined the which they tooke and ruined Vntill that time which was about the yeare 950 An. 950. the Christians dwelling vnder the gouernment of the Arabian Moores whom they called for the respect Musarabes had remained in great tranquilitie and peace without forcing them in their religion in any sort whatsoeuer Moreouer they had justice duely administred paying the pensions and tributes which were imposed vpon them whereby they were assured from all violence But Hali Hatan being come to the Crowne he was so zealous in his religion and conceiued so great a hatred against that of the Christians as he published an edict A cruell edict made by Hali Hatan against the Christian his subiects by the which all Christians dwelling vnder his iurisdiction were commanded to abiure the religion of Iesus Christ and causing themselues to be circumcised to imbrace that of Mahumet vpon paine of death Then did the spirit of God quicken in the hearts of many the fire which had beene smothered by the humane traditions and instructing them inwardly seeing that ordinarie meanes failed or were corrupted made it appeare vnto the world that the true religion hath no better meanes of propagation than persecution for loue and charitie surmount nature making the dull quicke witted causing them which were in a manner dumbe to speake and giuing force and courage to the simple and weake Many Christians of all sexes and ages did vertuously confesse the saluation we haue in Iesus Christ by his onely merit and satisfaction before the Inquisitors and Iudges which were sent by this barbarous king The names of which holie martyrs are worthie of memorie to be a president to all the faithfull Martyres vnder the Moores but we haue too few of them In the citie of Cordoua there were put to death for the testimonie of Christs truth Aurelius Gregorius and Felix with their wiues Natalia Crescencia and Liliosa In the territorie of Rioje Victor borne at Cerezo who had long defended his fellow citizens from the violence of the Moores was beheaded At Bosca neere to Nagera Nunilla and Allodia two holy sisters suffered death Yet by the letters and priuiledges of the kings of Nauarre giuen to S. Sauiour in Leyre where they say they were buried it seemes their death was long before this persecution In Arragon in the towne of Iaca the holie virgine Eurosia suffered and many others in diuers parts of Spaine where the Moores commaunded Thus were the Christians afflicted both in peace and warre by armes and by vniust proceedings The Authors of the Spanish Historie make no mention Leon. that the king D. Ramir had any great care to suppresse the insolencie of these Arabian Infidels nor to be
Emperour D. Alphonso and with him the Earle of Barcelone accompanied with a good number of his Knights of Cattelogne to honour these kings It was this king Lewis who had put away Elenor Dutchesse of Guienne and Couâ—esse of Poictiers who married with Henry king of England which was the cause of long warres in France The yeare following 1151. Arragon and Barcelone for as much as the towne of Tarragone was not wel peopled it may be for that it did belong vnto the Archbishop and the Clergie and that feare of the Moores which were neere kept the people in those places which were commanded by martiall men The Archbishop D. Bernard Cord made cession againe of the sayd Towne vnto the Earle D. Raymond resigning it into his hands with the permission of Pope Eugenius the third and with the consent of the Chapter and Bishops Suffraganes ganes of the Church Don Raymond put it instantly into the hands of a Knight called Robert and did inuest him with a title of Principalitie The same yeare his wife D. Petronille Queene of Arragon was brought in bed of her sonne Don Raymond whose name after the decase of his father was changed to Don Alphonso and hee inherited the Realme of Arragon and Principalitie of Cattelogne Genealogie of Arragon This deliuerie was so dangerous as the Queene resoluing to dye made her will and instituted her after-birth for her heire and the Earle his father for Gouernour of his Estates but God deliuered her and sent her health after which shee had Don Sancho who was Earle of Roussillon and of Cerdagne and two daughters D. Aldonça the eldest married to Sancho the first of that name and second King of Portugall the other was wife to Don Armingol Earle of Vrgel After Queene Petronilles lying in Don Raymond cleansing the rest of the Countrie which lyes betwixt Sarrgossa and Torrosa of Moores hee to-oke from them the Castell of Mirauet A little before D Berenguels Queene of Castile was deceased who desired to be interred at Saint Iemes for the great opinion she had of the Apostles intercession as she had beene instructed by her Prelates D. Sancho the seuenth of that name the 20. King of Nauuarre 18 D. Sancho surnamed the Wise Nauarre sonne to D. Garcia beeing come to the Crowne of Nauarre hee made an Assembly and enteruiew of Princes at Tudele neere vnto Aigues-chaudes whither came the Emperour D. Alphonso and his sonne Don Sancho King of Castile and D. Raymond Berenger Prince of Arragon where they conspired against the new King of Nauarre and set downe many Articles concerning the warre as the Emperour and Earle had done some yeare before Among others they agreed That the Realme of Nauarre should be conquered at their common charge and diuided equally betwixt them except the forts which the Nauarrois held belonging to the Crowne of Arragon the which should be re-united As for the towne of Tudele the Iurisdiction should be diuided the moitie thereof entring into that portion of the lands which lye from Ebro to Montcajo and that for one halfe of the Realme of Nauarre which the Earle should enioy he should as Gouernour of Arragon do homage to the King of Castille That by Saint Michels day next ensuing the Infant Don Sancho should take vnto him D. Blanche the Infanta of Nauarre to marry her or if the thought good to leaue her These and such other like conditions were concluded betwixt these Princes to the ruine of the young King D. Sancho of Nauarre and of his Estates if God had not preserued him With this resolution the Castillan and Arragonois parted from Tudele and went euery one into his Countrie to giue order for that which was needfull for the warres thinking that their enemie who was but a child could not defend himselfe against so great forces but God had otherwise decreed and confounded all their practises Soone after D. Pedro â— ' Athares dyed who had fayled to bee King of Nauarre and Arragon the founder of the Monasterie of S. Mary of Veruela where he was interred The Nauarro is doubting some practise against their Prince in this Assembly of Tudele were very carefull to fortifie their frontier places and to renew the allyances of the house of Nauarre with the French king and other Noblemen of that nation The young king D. Sancho was crowned after the death of his father in the Church of Pampelone where he sware to obserue the lawes and statutes of the Countrie which were the same which they call at this day the lawe of Arragon according to the which Nauarre Guipuscoa and the places ioying to Nauarre were then gouerned Saint Sebastian which was at that time a place of great trafficke had priuiledges granted by him and so had the Towne of Durando in Biscaye They surnamed this king the Sage for that in truth he was a wife and a discreet Prince and for his valour and courage hee was called by some Valiant Hee had some knowledge of learning honored learned men and was studious of the Scriptures as the vse was in those times and shewed himselfe a great Iusticer for all which vertues he was much esteemed by other Princes and was honoured feared and loued of his subiects The armies of the league made at Tudele beganne to annoy him at his first entrance and did him some harme vppon his fronters yet he did not loose any place of importance for although hee were very young yet he was of an actiue spirit and a noble courage and was well and faithfully assisted by his allies and serued by the Nauarrois The warre was hottest in the valley of Roncall but there is no mention that either in that yeare or in the other following there was any memorable exployt done and they hold that Lewis the French king who had beene a great friend to Don Garcia his deceased father French king fauours the king of Nauarre did wonderfully crosse the enterprises of the League and hindred them all he could beeing either vppon his treatie of marriage or else newly married to Dona Isabells Infsanta of Castile in fauour of which allyance the Emperour D. Alphonso did desist from that warre or did neglect it and Don Sancho his sonne King of Castile who had his choice to marrie D. Blanche Genealogie of Castile or to leaue her married her and had a Ionne by her at the end of the yeare called D. Alphonso who was king of Castile and Toledo after the father Some hold that the marriage of king Lewis with D. Isabella was after all this in the yeare 1154. and that the King of Nauarre came to Burgos to the celebration thereof the which was admired by the French for the exceeding pompe The Countrie of Nagera was then one of the chief gouernments of Castile for the Gouernour thereof was Captaine generall of the fronter towards Nauarre The Infant Don. Sancho who was called king of Castile did enioy those lands
After him Gençalo Peres Lord of Molina did rebel beeing mooued therevnto by D. Gonçalo Nugnes de Lara who beganne to ouerrunne and spoile those parts which lay neere his houses like an enemy not ceasing for any admonitions or threats made vnto him in the Kings name vntill that hee was forced to goe and besiege him in Molina notwithstanding by the means of D. Berenguela the Queene mother hee was restored to the Kings fauor and the souldiers were drawne from before Molina But D. Gonçalo Nugnes de Lara who for feare of punishment was retired into the Moores country demanding pardon also could not obtaine it wherefore hee liued the remainder of his daies which were but short at Baeça in Andalusia where hee died miserably as his brethren D. Aluaro and D. Fernand had done worthy in truth of great punishments for their rash and seditious enterprises beeing greater and more eminent then all the other Noblemen of the realme The King beeing freed from this care and the realme in some quiet D. Maurice Bishop of Burgos an English man borne beganne in the yeere of our Lord 1222. to set his hand to the building of the great church of that city An. 1222 according to the fashion wee see it at this day the which was finished in his time The Episcopal seat was before at Saint Laurence The Archbiship D. Roderigo caused them also this yeere to worke about the building of the chiefe Church of Talauera the which was indowed with foure dignities and twelue Chanoiâ—s and at the same time the Churches of Vailledolit and Osma were built by a Bishop of Osma who had beene Secretary to the King D. Fernand. The church of Padron the Bishops lodging and the bridge which is vpon Minio were also then built by the care and charge of D. Laurence Bishop of that place It was also about the beginning of this yeere 1222. that D. Ramir Infant of Nauarre Nauarre brother the King D. Sancho the retired was made Bishop of Pampelone of whose charity Authors write with admiration that hee gaue all he had vnto the poore and the more his riches did abound the more he gaue In all the time after the marriage of the King D. Iames Arragoâ—â— and D. Elenor of Castille vnto the yeere 1228. when as the warre of Majorca was attempted the realme of Arragon was troubled with continual seditions procured by the Infant D. Fernand the Kings vncle beeing exceeding ambitious who hauing entred into League with D. Nugno of Arragon his cousin sonne to D. Sancho Earle of Rosillon D. William of Moncada a little before enemies but now growne friends vpon this occasion Pedro d' Ahones and others tooke vpon him againe the Regency of the realme by force in the yeere 1223. and distributed amongst his fauourers and confederats the chiefe dignities of the realme holding the King and Queene in his power but a while after the King esçaped from Tortosa and retired to Hucâ—ra or Horta where hauing conferted with the Nobility hee raised an armie with the which hee entred the territories of the Moores of Valencia and Murcia beeing tired with ciuill tumults so as hee forced Azebut or Zeit King of Valencia to promise him tribut and in like manner him of Murcia which was the fiâ—th penny of their imposts In this warre many commaunders of the League intermedled contrarie to the Kings liking Amongst others D. Pedro d' Ahones discontented that the King had made a truce with the Moores sought to breake it and did often lead troupes of souldiars into the territory of Valencia spoyling all he found so as the King hauing often aduised and intreated him to conteine himselfe but in vaine hee commanded they should take him prisoner D. Pedro de Ahones 〈◊〉 but D. Pedro seeking to defend himselfe being pursued by the King and others was slaine by D. Sancho Martines de Luna with a lance the which did put all the townes of Arragon beeing already infected into open rebellion against the King who marched presently with his army into the countries of Sobrarbre and Ribagorça whereas the houses lands and subiects of D. Pedro were the which he wasted al he could The townes of Saragossa Huesca and all the rest except Calatajub followed the Infant D. Fernand and the Noblemen of his faction as defenders sayd they of the publike liberty the chiefe of the Saragossans was their Bishop D. Sancho d' Ahones brother to D. Pedro that was slaine On the other side the Kings army was led by D. Blasco Alagon and Artal de Luna who did much annoy them of Saragossa and others In the end the mildnesse patience and dissimulation of the King D. Iames surmounted al these alterations and mutinies who could so winne the Princes and Noblemen beeing much troubled to maintaine this warre as they all submitted themselues vnto him by whose example the townes were quiet yet the citties of Saragossa Huesca and Iacca made a league amonst themselues for the defence of their lands and iurisdictions against theeues and robbers and remainders of ciuil dissentions and erected a Magistrate holding a forme of Iustice like vnto that which they call Hermandades in Castille yet without any preiudice to the Kings royal preogatiue 13 In Castille whilest that the King D. Fernand was busie to suppresse his owne subiects and to dispose of the affaires of old Castille Moores the Inhabitants of Cuenca Huete Alarcon and Moja beeing gathered together made a roade into the territories of Valencia from whence they brought a great booty This was an aduice giuen by D. Berenguela the Queene mother and the prelates of Castille to the end they might breake the truce which was betwixt her sonne and the petty Kings of the Moores thinking it high time the King should goe to the warre and that it was the dutie of a Catholike Prince to pursue these infidels Fernand King of Castille eâ—â—ers Andalusia with what right soeuer Wherefore the King animated by this councel gathered his army together and marched into Andalusia where at his first entry Aben Mahomad King of Baeça made himselfe his vassal sending to meet the Christians army when it was at the passage of the mountaine called Puerto del Muradal Afterwards they came to Quesada whereas many Moores were slaine and many taken the townes of Lacra Teua and Palhes were abandoned by the Moores the castles of Esnader Escamel and Espulei were razed whereof the two last were yeelded by composition From thence D. Lope Dias de Haro was sent with D. Fernand Coci Maister of the Order of Saint Iames and D. Gonçal Tuannes maister of Calatraua to Biuoras whereas there were certaine bands of Arabians of Affrike whom they defeated bringing away many prisoners D. Roderigo Ximenes the Archbishop and Primat did accompany the King in this expedition who after these happy exploits returned to Toledo whereas the Queenes attended him In the meane time D. Iames King of Arragon Arragon being discontented
the other side the Marquis of Villena went in person to draw into their league Don Garcia Aluares of Toledo Earle of Alua de Tormes and Don Aluaro of Estuniga Earle of Plaisance whom he drew into the number In like manner the Master of Calatraua played his part thorough the whole countrie of Andalusia with great secrecie D. Ioane borne in adultery the subiect of all the stirs in Castile for their desseigne was to get the Infants Don Alphonso and Donna Izabella from the Court into their power to serue for a colour to their proceedings not caring at all for Donna Ioane who was tearmed the Princesse of Castile whom they all held to be begotten in adulterie by Don Bertrand de la Cueua of the Queene The king wanted no aduertisement and information of the progression of these matters but he was negligent and carelesse At his returne to Madrid hearing of the Arch-bishoppes and the Marquises retreate hee beganne to thinke vppon their dangerous practises and sent to commaund them to come to the Court to vnderstand what hee had agreed vppon and concluded with the king of Portugall but they excused themselues and desired to talke with the king in a place and companie not suspected The King and the Marquis did see one another and talked and conferred together betweene Madrid and Alcala of Henares without any conclusion Soone after it was decreed that the Marquis of Santillana and the Earle of Haros sonne should be giuen as hostages to the Arch-bishoppe of Toledo for the Marquis of Villena his safe-comming to the Court who gaue the king to vnderstand that he would not come vnlesse hee would commit the Arch-bishop of Seuile Don Alphonso of Fonseca to prison for the reasons which hee had shewed vnto him endeauoring by his persecution to keepe the rest of the kings seruants in suspition the which came to passe for the King who did alreadie distrust the Arch-bishoppe of Seuille sent Iohn Fernandes Galindo Gouernour to the Queene to take him who beeing aduertised thereof by the Marquis himselfe who played with both hands escaped whereat all the Lords of the Councell and others which were employed and negotiated in matters of State were greatly offended and then the violences and tyrannies which did afflict the kingdome during this kings life began to appeare After this tricke the Marquis came to Court and with him the Earles of Benauent and Paredes and Don Alphonso Henriques eldest sonne to the Admirall euery one of them well accompanied with their acquaintance friends and seruants with intent and purpose to seize vppon the persons of the King the Earle of Ledesma and the Infants The King as ill aduised as he was did distrust them and therefore caused the Infants to be shut vp in the tower of homage with sufficient guard and as hee was doing hereof the confederates who should execute that enterprise came hastily to the Pallace and violently breaking open the gates entred into the hall then the King fearing and distrusting what might happen withdrew himselfe by a priuie way with the Earle of Ledesma hauing made the Infants safe The Marquis who was wise and subtill perceiuing their proiect and purpose to faile with a stedfast and assured countenance as though he had had no hand therein presented himselfe to the King and was one of those that did sollicite him rigorously to punish such an offence which the King might easily haue done in himselfe if he had beene possessed with an heroicke spirit but all that hee sayd vnto him was How now Marquis do you thinke that this which is attempted in my house is well done assure your selfe that I will be now no longer patient The Marquis who was thoroughly acquainted with his humour found meanes to appease him and so returned to his lodging But this senslesse King thought that he should be sufficiently reuenged if hee should giue sharper spurres to those who were alreadie to much gauled with enuie and emulation to see the Earle of Ledesma so honored aduanced and enriched His determination then was in despight of all his enemies to honour him with the Mastership of Saint Iames which was kept since the death of the Constable Don Aluaro de Luna by the King Don Iohn and by this King Don Henry his sonne as an appendix to the Crowne with the dispensation of the Popes Nicholas the fifth and Calixtus the third vntill that time And for to obtaine the consent and Bull of Pope Pius the second he dispatched one of his Chaplaynes called Suero de Solis to Rome who caried with him fourteene thousand golden Henryes to get expedition Before this Chaplayne returned the Secretarie Aluar Gomes who had written the Kings letters to the Pope went and reuealed it to the Marquis whose familiar friend and partisan he was the which did the more enflame the consederates to the ruine of the King his Minion and the whole kingdome The Marquis who was very expert in all points belonging to a cunning Courtier perswaded the King to remooue to Segobia saying that there the affaires in hand might bee better managed then at Madrid but the truth was he did it of purpose to haue him neerer vnto the countries of the Confederates if the matter should happen to come to strokes And he dealt in such sort making so great a shew of distrust as the Bishoppe of Palença brother to the Earle of Ledesma was giuen in hostage to the Master of Calatraua and kept in the towne of Pegnafiel When they were all come to Segobia the Marquis fained to beare a great grudge to the Earles of Plaisance Alua and others in which meane space arriued the messenger from Rome bringing with him the Popes Bull for the Master-shippe of Saint Iames for the Earle of Ledesma whereat the king greatly reioyced and told the Marquis that now he must needes allow and tolerate the Popes graunt to the Earle who answered that hee was well contented so to do neuerthelesse hee shewed vnto him diuers reasons of the manifest and apparent wrong done therein to the Infant Don Alphonso the which the King sleightly passed ouer and did not regard and the day following hee did inuest the Earle in that place and dignitie giuing and willingly surrendring vnto him the Ensignes and Ornaments thereunto beelonging Conspiracie against the K. Queene her daughter and D. Bertrand de la â—neua This deed did so highly displease the Marquis as from thencefoorth hee did sollicite the Confederates to arme themselues and to practise how they might take the king Queene her daughter together with the Infants Don Alphonso and Donna Izabella and to kill the new Master of Saint Iames and the better to execute their plot they dealt with a Captaine of the Kings named Fernand Carillo that his wife who was one of the Ladies attending on the Infanta Donna Izabella should in the night open a doore of the Queenes lodging and it was decreed amongst them that the Earle of
Queene of Castile and Arragon Anne Queene of France and Anne Queene of Bohemia and Hungary Francis Phoebus the foure and thirtith King of Nauarre LEt vs now go forward with our Historie after Queene Leonora's decease her sonnes sonne Francis Phoebus of the age of twelue yeares succeeded by right to the Crowne of Nauarre Seditions awaked by those of Beaumont and Grammont in Nauarre the yeare one thousand foure hundred seuenty nine beeing brought vp in his Earledome of Foix and Lordship of Bearne vnder the gouernement of Donna Magdaleine of France his mother and the Cardinall his Vncle but three yeares were expired before hee durst passe into his Kingdome by reason of the seditions which suddenly after the Queene Leonora's decease were renewed betwixt the Beaumontois the Earle of Lerin beeing their head who held the Cittie of Pampelona and those of Grammont who followed Pedro of Peralta the Constable and Philip of Nauarre the Marshall who had for their forts the places of Estella Sanguessa Olita and a great part of the cittie of Tudela The young Kings mother made a iourney thither as appeareth by letters graunted by her this same yeare dated at Pampelona where shee laboured though in vaine to settle peace and quietnesse in the Countrey diuers Prelates and great Lords of Castile and Arragon did in like manner but to none effect go about to appease these obstinate seditious persons who were hardened in their wickednesse The Faction of Grammont was much discontented to see the Earle of Lerin married to a Ladie of the bloud royal sister to King Fernand of Castile and for that hee was possessed of the cittie of Pampelona the chiefe of the Kingdome they sayd that hee thought to make himselfe king of Nauarre These quarrels beeing sharpely poursued by either side it happened that Philip of Nauarre Viana surprised by the Marshall Philip. successour to his father in the office of Marshall and in hatred to the Earle of Lerin did surprize the cittie of Viana but he could not get the castle wherein a knight of the house of Gongora was captaine for the Earle and beeing out of hope of beeing able to keepe the towne so great was his hatred towards the Earle as hauing complotted with Don Iohn of Riuera Gouernor of Logrogno for the king of Castile Captaine Mudirre and other Spanish knights he deliuered the towne into their hands the which deed of his Exploites of the Earle of Lerin the Earle of Lerin greatly resenting endeauored to recouer that losse which did not so much touch him nor his faction as the whole Realme in generall and hee did so well bestirre himselfe as he did not onely recouer Viana but Larraga likewise which had beene before that time possessed by the king of Castile and if he had beene as strong as hee was couragious and skilfull in martiall affaires he would without all doubt haue recouered the places of Saint Vincent la Garde and Arcos the which hee attempted but hee was too weake with this good happe yet neuerthelesse hee tooke the towne of Miranda vppon Arga and caused those which held it to leape into the riuer In these trobles was the Realme of Nauarre when this young King Francis Phoebus came to the Crowne in danger vppon such like occasions to haue the kings of Castile attempt some thing to his preiudice as well thorough the euill offices of the chiefe of the Factions as by the superfluous duties of thâ— Captaines of the frontiers who to bee accounted good and profitable seruants do oftentimes draw their masters into vniust quarrels contrarie to their owne minds and dispositions The Court of Castile Castile remayned yet at Toledo in the which cittie in the beginning of the yeare one thousand foure hundred eightie the kings had called a Parlament Parliament at Toledo there the Deputies of the citties who were accustomed to haue voyces hauing well weighed and considered the disposition of the royall reuenue which was alienated to particular persons in recompences perpetuall rents superfluous gifts and other such like wastes which were not well digested did craue reformation thereof and demaunded to haue those things which had beene giuen from the Crowne to be restored to the same and they were the more instant therein Consultation touching the re-union of the royall reuenue because they did fore-see that if the kings did not looke to it necessitie would constraine them to seeke money in another nature and to charge the people with new tributes and taxes The matter beeing consulted on by the kings the Cardinall of Spaine and by other Prelates Lords and Knights it was determined that regard should bee had to the peoples admonishment but concerning the manner how the opinions were diuerse some thought it fit that whatsoeuer had beene alienated should be vnited againe others were of opinion to call that onely in question which had beene euill employed others sayd that no distinction ought to be made in that point but either to take all or leaue all Vppon this diuersitie of opinions the Kings knew not what to resolue but wrote their letters to the great Lords of Spaine to come to Toledo to giue their opinions concerning that businesse and if some of them could not come thither in person that they should set downe in writing what they thought was fit to be done and to send it The most part of them thought it requisite that the whole reuenew of the Crowne should be re-united Whereupon the Cardinall did secretly aduise the Kings to make this difference in the matter namely to take away from those vppon whom the late King Henry had bestowed any thing that is to say from the Lords and Knights which had beene the cause of the troubles and had followed the Prince Don Alphonso and not to mention those gifts which they themselues had giuen vnto such as had serued them In these difficulties the Kings made this conclusion That all those who had gifts reuenues and other such like pensions out of the ordinarie reuenue of the Crowne should by a certaine prefixed time come and shew cause how and wherefore they had obtayned such graunts and Friar Fernand of Talauera was appoynted to search out the truth and set downe an order vppon whose good conscience and integritie all men reposed great trust and to satisfie euery man according vnto right and reason who with other assistants did so order the matter as hee brought backe three millions of reuenues into the kings coffers and diuers men had their graunts confirmed others were cut off in part others had all taken from them and others enioyed their pensions during their liues The Estates were likewise very much busied about other matters and euery day was a Councell held in fiue seuerall chambers one was for the State another for the administration of iustice another for the affaires of Arragon and Sicill another for the businesses of the commons and for the iurisdictions of the Hermandades
point to raise the seege and to cause great forts to bee raised round about it furnished with strong guardes and to strengthen the neigbour garrisons and by these slow meanes to tame the enemies and make them yeeld but because Queene Isabel did greatly desire to see an end of this warre of Granado to whose constancy the pursute thereof and the conquest of that Kingdome The conquest of Granado attributed to Queene Isabeâ—s constancy so long time held by the Infidel is to bee attributed the King craued her opinion who being wonderfully displeased that so dishonorable a resolution should be taken did entreate the King to thinke better thereon and for modesties sake would not vtter her opinion but perceiuing that want of victuals and money was the greatest hinderance they stood vpon which in so long a seege might disaduantage the army shee said that they needed not to doubt any such matter for shee would prouide in such sort as there should be no want of either of them The King knowing the Queenes dilligence in such matters and the desire shee had that Baça might bee taken commaunded the seege should bee continued with all vehemency wherewith the whole army in generall was well pleased wherefore the two campes were disposed and placed a miles distance the one from the other a great trench drawn from one to an other fortified with piles aâ—d fifteene forts of timber and flags where great numbers of souldiars were lodged and by this meanes the city was more streightly shut vp An other trench was drawne from the hils side of two miles long so as the place was enuironed round about in which workes they spent two monthes in all which time they neuer left skirmishing And as diuers Moores distrusting the successe of the seege fled to the Christians campe it was knowne by their meanes how that the city was not well prouided with victualls wherein King Zagall had greatly failed and besides how that they had their water from a fountaine at the foote of the hill called Alboahacen which being taken from them they would be in great want wherefore the King hauing resolued vpon this intelligence to build a fort vpon that hill The Moores being aduertized thereof by some spies did preuent him and they themselues made a fort there for the guarde of their fountaine In the meane space Don Antonio de la Cuena and others ranne vp and downe the country and spoiled the townes and villages neere to Guadix from whence bringing great numbers of cattaile of all sorts the Moores came forth to the reskew of them and there the Christians beganne to stand at a stay and knew not whether it were best to leaue their booty to betake themselues to flight or else to tarry still and defend it valiantly The valour of Hernand Peres de Pulgar encouraged the rest who hanging an hand-kercher vpon the toppe of a pike cried out aloud let those that are no cowards follow this Enseigne and in this sort marching against the Moores they beate them backe with great slaughter and returned victorious to the campe in regarde whereof the King made Hernand Peres Knight and permitted him to beare a white hand-kercher in his armes in token of his valor to his posterity King Muley did oftentimes attempt to victuall Baça but it was in vaine and foreseeing that the end of the Moores reigne in Spaine was at hand his last refuge was by the counsell of his friends to haue recourse to the Soldan of Egipt who in a manner commaunded ouer all the pettie Kings of Affrica vnto whom hee complained of the greedinesse of the Christian King who did vniustly dispossesse him from the Kingdome which his Ancestors had enioyed so long a time whereat the Sultan beeing mooued sent two friers Ambassadors to Pope Innocent of those that dwelt in the Temple of Ierusalem which they call our Sauiours Sepulchre The Soldan of Egipts dilligence in the behalfe of the Spanish Moores to let him vnderstand how that the Kings of Castile did deale vniustly in vexing the Moores that dwelt there by warres wherein if they persisted hee would vse the Christians in the same manner that liued in his countries and dominions the Pope gaue notice thereof to King Fernand and Queene Isabella yet they for all that would not leaue of their deseigne but satisfied the Pope with reasons wherefore they pursued that warre The King of Castile gaue a thousand dueats yeerly rent to the friers at Ierusalem and beeing deuout and charitable Princes they gaue and assigned a yeerely stipend to the friars of a thousand ducats which they enioy and is the fairest reuenue they haue at these daies Besides that the Queene sent a vaile wrought with her owne hand to hang ouer the Sepulchre at Ierusalem During the seege of Baça this yeere 1489. Don Garcia Lopes de Padilla the last Maister of the Knights of Calatraua died The Mastership of Calatraua incorporated to Castile for the Maistership was then incorporated to the Royall crowne of Castile by the Popes authority as not long after those of Saint Iames and Alcantara were remayning euer after in the Kings hands with title of perpetuall administrators thereof for in truth these masters did draw after them by reason of the authority which they had ouer so great a number of Knights all gentlemen of great houses to great a power and to be suspected by the Kings as pernitious to a state where in conclusion they were heads of factions by whom Spaine was many times torne in peeces The Knights of this order were permitted to marry the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and forty by Pope Paul the third From the first institution of this order vntill this time and the death of Don Garcy Lopes de Padilla eight and thirty maisters of the same order are reckoned The siege of Baça had already lasted foure whole moneths without hope of winning it against which the Artillery wrought no great effect for that men in those dayes were not skilfull in the approaches and neere batteries as they are now in these times Neuerthelesse King Ferdinand thinking it would bee a great blemish to his reputation if hee should raise the siege would by no meanes giue it ouer beeing assured that continuance of time would bring the Moores to reason the besieged on the contrary knowing that the losse of Baça would carry with it Almerie and Guadix and so consequently the whole ruine of the Moores state in Spaine did all of them resolue to dye rather then to yeeld And because the trench on the hills side was a great hinderance to them they went out vpon a day to breake and fill it vp where they gaue a very furious assault wherein great numbers on both sides were slaine Wherevpon the King commanded that no man should goe forth to skirmish without leaue and caused all the Moores to depart out of the Campe commanding that all those that should flye forth
place called the Antique of Darien being commaunded by Vasco Nugnes of Balboa Exploits of Vasco Nugnes of Balboa they obtained of him the deliuerie of the bacheler Martin Hernandes of Enciso who could not be staied by any intreaties in that countrey to be chiefe Iustice ouer all but went presently to S. Domingo and from thence into Spaine where hee made his complaint vnto the king accusing Vasco Nugnes of much wickednesse and excesse whereupon there was a grieuous sentence pronounced against him the punishment whereof he auoyded by his great future seruices The first voyage which Vasco Nugnes made against the Indians was against a Cachique or king of that countrey called Careta lord of Coyba who hauing refused him victuals and gold was by him his troups which were 130 Spaniards assayled taken and his burrough sackt where they found three Spaniards who for villanies committed had fled from their captaine Nicuesa and had beene receiued and wel intreated by this Cachique at whose intreatie he was deliuered and held for a friend and Vasco Nugnes promised to aid him against another Cachique his enemie who was called Ponsa Being prest with hunger and want of all necessaries these Spaniards of Antique sent Samudio and Valdiuia two of their men into the island of Hispaniola to fetch them victuals and another into Spaine called Zamudio who carried the processe of the bacheler Martin Hernandes of Enciso Vasco Nugnes in the meane time went in person against the Cachique Ponsa who fled away with his people carrying all their wealth with them whereupon he went against another Cachique called Comagro whose land was not farre from the South sea for the region of Darien is but an isthmus Darien an isthmus or neck of land or a strait necke of land Vasco Nugnes contracted friendship and alliance with this Cachique for he found him mild and tractable He lodged him in a hall which was 150 paces long and 80 broad whereas he and all his Spaniards made good cheere with their victuals wine of dates and â—ther fruits after their maner and the Cachiques eldest sonne brought the weight of 4000 dragmes in gold wrought and seuentie slaues which he gaue vnto the Spaniards Coâ—etousnesse of the Spaniards somewhat checked by an Indian who seeing them through greedinesse to contend and quarell about the diuision of these things he wondred much and said vnto them That seeing they had so great a desire of gold which was but earth as for it they did thrust themselues into so great dangers and did trouble so many peaceable nations he would shew them a region not farre of and neere vnto the other sea where they should glut their couetousnesse but they must not goe with so small a troupe being necessarie to lead a thousand Spaniards thither Vasco Nugnes and Roderigo of Colmenares being verie joyfull of this aduertisement and more for that they heard him speake of another neere sea imbraced this lord who was called Panquiaco intreating him to become a Christian and that hee should goe with them the which he did willingly yeeld vnto and was baptised Charles in honour of prince Charles of Austria the heire of Spaine This region whereof Charles Panquiaco spake was called Tumanama to come vnto the which they must of necessitie passe the mountaines and woods inhabited by the Caribes cruell people and eaters of men carrying arrowes dipt in deadly poison which made them madde that were wounded therewith and therefore Vasco Nugnes returned to Antique to prouide all things necessarie for this voyage and conquest Hauing found Valdiuia returned from S. Domingo with some victuals he sent him into Spaine and with him 15000 dragmes of gold for the kings fift part of diuers booties which they had taken giuing him charge to beseech the king to send a thousand Spaniards for the conquest of the South sea But Valdiuia miscarried by the way he and all his treasure being drowned In the meane time Vasco Nugnes with a brigantine and many barkes began to saile into the gulph of Vraba to seeke for victuals and finding a great riuer which he called S. Iohn he went ten leagues vp against the streame but he found not any man for all were fled vp into the countrey hauing bin terrified with the crueltie and insatiable couetousnesse of the bearded Spaniards as they called them by Cemaco the Cachique who had beene vanquished by Martin Hernandes Enciso yet the Spaniards forraged the countrey neere vnto the riuers sides and made great bundels of arrowes and other armes nets couerings and other Indian implements the which afterwards they cast into the sea for that in their returne they were taken with a storme carrying away the value of seuen thousand Castillans in gold but nothing that could satisfie hunger for these people in truth were poore and liued only of fishing exchanging their fish with their neighbours for Mays Roderigo Henriques of Colmenares running vp along the riuers side with seuentie companions returned without bread or any other victuals but he brought much Casse-fistula which he found growing in those regions in great aboundance Hauing joyned againe with Balboa they entred into the mouth of a floud which they called the blacke riuer where they were to incounter a Cachico called Abenamaquer whom they defeated and tooke prisoner whose arme a villanous Spaniard cut off in cold bloud for that he had been wounded during the skirmish Colmenares remaining there with this Cachico and the moitie of the Spanish troupes Balboa with the rest past on came vnto a place where as he found a building made vpon great old trees much like vnto a cage to keepe birds in there a Cachico kept who thinking himselfe to be in a safe place inexpugnable they mockt at the Spaniards who were on the ground did summon theÌ„ to yeeld but when as they saw them begin to ouerthrow the foundation of his palace with axes he came downe with two of his sonnes and presented himselfe humbly to Balboa excusing himselfe that hee had not any gold whereof he had no need but promised that he would goe and seeke some if he would suffer him at libertie Balboa trusting him let him goe free but he was deceiued For this Cachico falsifying his faith consorted with other Cachicoes and their people in great numbers who fell vpon the Spaniards but to their owne losse for they were repulst with the losse of many Indians Not content with this insolencie the Cachicoes about the blacke riuer and that gulph conspired to assaile the Antique of Darien suddenly with all their power and to kill the Spaniards and eat them The which was discouered to Vasco Nugnes by a faire Indian woman whom he entertained as his friend who had beene aduertised to free her selfe of this danger by a brother of hers who was of the conspiracie and for her sake did frequent familiarly among the Spaniards Vasco Nugnes of Balboa caused this Indian to be taken hauing vnderstood
others Lewis coâ—t Palatin allied to the king and some to giue the authoritie to the Infant D. Ferdinand many gaue their voyces to the Chancellor Sauâ—age As for Maximilian he was ingaged in the warres of Italie to aduance Ferdinand that was not safe nor conuenient and it had beene alwayes their care which loued the peace and vnion of these two brethren that the Infant should be neerely lookt vnto least that mutines should make him their shield The cont Palatin was held fit yea to take charge of the Infant the which did not altogether displease the cardinall for he had desired euer since the death of the Catholike king to remoue such from about him as in his opinion had bred him vp ill yet he desired rather not to obey any one to which end he writ to the king Cardinall Ximenes cannot endure a companion in the gouernment of Castille beseeching him not to send any into Spaine with whom he must alwayes quarell but rather to giue him leaue to retire to his diocesse where hee would looke to his owne priuat affaires and liue religiously in rest for he did foresee that the enuie of some and the couetousnesse of many would alwayes seeke to crosse his good designes and resolutions to serue the commonweale they tending to no other end but to cause some great tumult in Spaine wherein he desired not to be ingaged but rather to looke on a farre off aduertising him that the onely remedie of these inconueniences was to commit the affaires to his tried faith and to relie onely vpon him not suffering any Fleming nor any of his Councell a farre off no not himselfe vntill he were at age to meddle in Spaine with the prouision of Estates and order of justice with gouernments of prouinces leuying of the kings money nor with garrisons of frontires and their commaunders but onely retaine vnto himselfe the disposition of bishoprickes being void commaunderies and benefices of knights of militarie orders and to vse his royall bountie with good measure Cardinall Ximenes will diuide the royall authoritie betwixt the king and himselfe his cardinall diuiding betwixt the king and him the royall soueraigntie the which euerie man of judgement thought expedient considering his constant resolution to maintaine justice and right in all things adding still this concluding reason For that said he the Flemings vnderstand nothing in our affaires in Spaine and that the king by reason of his tender age cannot vndergoe so great a burthen full of care and trouble By reason whereof he caused himselfe to be so hated as many Councels were held against him and without doubt his dayes were shortened The courteors dissembled expecting but an opportunitie to tumble him from this high degree in the which hee maintained himselfe inuincible against their wills who writ vnto him That hee should continue to doe well assuring him that they would assist him with all their meanes and solicite the kings passage into Spaine aduising him for the effecting thereof to send a good armie of ships well furnished into Flanders This voyage was much prest by the Emperour Maximilian as most necessarie and therefore he came to Brâ—ssels to see the king and to conferre with him fearing least his long stay there would cause some alteration in the State comparing those people being moued to a colt which being stung with a hornet kickes at euerie one sparing not his owne damme This conference put the cardinall into a jealousie writing to monsieur de Cheures That the enteruiew of great men did neuer bring profit neither to themselues nor to their affaires prouing it by many examples and great reasons The Spaniards seeing that the time past away in vaine hopes of their princes comming they began to make conuenticles and to runne into the course but by another way of former seditions For sayed they the Flemings not able to forbeare to meddle with the affayres of Spaine whereof they had made shew not to care they leaue vs not any estate Greedinesse of the Flemings gouerning king Charles charge nor benefice but it is sold to them that will giue most and prophaned by vnworthie men The great treasures of the realme gathered together and religiously preserued by cardinall Ximenes for the kings comming are spoyled by strangers and transported out of Spaine the which is not tollerable to a free nation well affected to the honour and greatnesse of their prince and to the publicke good They of Burgos Leon Vailledolit and all that countrey of Spaine being incensed with these complaints and quarels they appointed a day to resolue on some remedies for these great disorders or how they might withstand the greedinesse of the Flemish courteors Many thought it fit to persuade the king to chase all Flemings from about him and to take Spaniards in their places such as were vnderstanding men to counsell him Others sayed That besides the difficultie to obtaine it it was to bee feared the Spaine would in short time be as corrupt as the rest and more cunning in their villanies holding that the best course to restraine the couetousnesse of courteors by a publike decree by the which power should be taken from the king to giue the estates offices or benefices of Spaine to strangers Demaunds of the townes of Spaine That there should be no readie money câ—rried out of the countrey without great cause and that no necessarie money for the kings house should be sent by cardinall Ximenes without consent of the townes Many other things of this kind were then propounded profitable in truth for the publike but derogating somewhat from the authoritie and Maiestie royall for thereby they did open a gate vnto the people to commit great insolencies the which they found by experience after the death of cardinal Ximenes who moderating what he could the peoples heat could not preuent the decrees of these assemblies for the publike good some gouernors consenting thereunto and signing them as D. Pedro of Castille at Burgos and others yet the Leonnois could neuer induce D. Frederic of Zamora their gouernour to consent vnto such decrees whereof the towne and Comminalties did afterwards aduertise the cardinall and the kings Councell sending deputies to treat with them of the affaires of the commonweale afflicted and to intreat them to appoint a place and time for a generall assemblie to that end The cardinall and the Councell knew well that the desire of the townes was just yet they sought to moderate them Cardinall and Councell fauour the Spaniards demaunds against the Flemings fearing some popular tumults persuading them to forbeare an assemblie vntill they had more certaine newes of the kings comming who they vnderstood made preparation to imbarke speedily In the meane time they did aduertise the king of all that had past excusing the Spaniards for that they did not in any sort doubt of the kings good will and judgement to know that all the admonitions counsels which they gaue
in any sort repugnant to this Maxime That all lawes should be equall inflexible vnchangeable c. hee must be answered That it is onely vnderstood of the dead letter of the law which as it euer speaketh and resolueth in one manner so ought it in respect of it selfe to be indifferently interpreted and executed But there is another reason of the liuing law which is the prince and his ministers especially touching Commissions which bee receiued from him for they ought to execute the dead letter of the law with such respect and moderation as hath beene mentioned before so as they bend it with equitie but breake it not with wilfulnesse Wherefore there is a certaine power giuen vnto the prince aboue the lawes and by the rule of conscience which is imprinted in the heart of him or them that are set vnder him the cause is qualified according to the reason of the circumstance for rigor is not alwayes right neither may we say that they rule best which vrge the letter without respect to the reasons that rather follow the words of a text which is mute than the due consideration of a quicke interpretation which is more sensible Prouided alwayes for the preseruation of Maiestie and maintenance of lawes That howsoeuer it may please a prince out of his owne conceit to dispose in ouerruling any matter with respect either of the person or time augmenting or abating the reward of any good desert or punishing of any fault the same be not drawne to consequence or inforced as a president to those that shall liue after him They that gouerne know better how to moderate these cases than the lawyers that plead and many things are incident to politicke direction which neuer come within the compasse of an ordinarie Aduocate Contention betwixt husbands and wiues masters and seruants parents and their children neighbours kinsmen friends and such like conjoyned in the strait linke of ordinarie officers ought rather to be ended by a friendlie arbitrator with spare of charges which belong to suits than by a seuere judge who decideth all things by extremitie The best course for a prince is to censure causes by due circumstances without partialitie and that the difference which shall appeare betwixt his moderation and the written law may rather seeme to arise out of a right in equitie than an error in affection I would haue all the courts of justice offend rather in compassion than rigor or crueltie vnlesse there be a notable example to be made for the terror to the multitude In all kinds of rewards be bountiful aboue the common course and alwaies chuse rather to leaue a light offendor whose crimes are not manifest vnpunished than to condemne an innocent or to leaue a peece of seruice vnrewarded at the least with fauorable words with praise and cause of hope vntill time and opportunitie may yeeld a more ample satisfaction Be carefull that compassion facilitie in remitting punishments be tempered with such a reasonable meane as it neither incourage men to offend nor giue occasion of many errors which grow by too much lenitie Let it suffice that your subiects liue vnder you with industrie and as becommeth men without giuing scandall or ill example to the world Proceed not to that kind of curiositie which makes many rules to inquire search what men doe in the most priuat and secret places of their houses this humor is many waies offensiue for both a breedeth trouble to the prince and oftentimes great harme to the party without desert Though some be not absolutely chast yet so they be found wary in auoiding all cause of scandall manifest offence the prince hath reason to referre the judgement of the secrets of mens hearts vnto God and the correction of secret sins to his diuine Maiestie for where our eyes can no way pierce there is no reason that our hands should execute Keepe one eare alwayes open for the aduerse partie beware of setling your judgement especially in causes of justice vpon the first impression for time traueleth for truth and oftentimes graue deliberation easeth her of her burthen In those occasions a moderation shold be had in such regard as neither the subiect be induced by too great facility to attempt any practise of vnlawful action for the furtherance of his intent nor discouraged by too great rigour for expecting reason at your hands for both extremities are dangerous Whilest that you are in choler or haue made your selfe a prey to any other passion or respect of priuat interest be verie carefull neuer to giue sentence or at the least not to put the same in present executiō least afterwards appeales be made vnto your selfe from such vniust sentences and executions by the parties that are wronged when you are come vnto your selfe You may read in histories of a poore woman that appealed from king Philip being transported with passion to the same king Philip qualified with a due consideration and of the penance which was injoyned by S. Ambrose to Theodosius after the massacre of Thessalonica Touching the orders of your familie and Court I haue discoursed with you at other times out of which you may draw rules for the direction of those affaires be alwayes mindfull that your gards be entertained about your person according to the wonted maner rather to set forth the maiestie of gouernment than in respect of danger of your life for euidēt necessitie Touching the wearing of your apparel there is no doubt but princely garments fit for your estate at certaine times doe both grace your person and strike a kind of awe into the peoples hearts Notwithstanding to sute your selfe ordinarily more plainly according to that fashion which is most generall doth win great loue as I haue obserued by mine owne experience for nothing pleaseth the subiect more than to note sometimes a carelesse contempt of those outward complements in which some princes set their princelie felicitie The like consideration must be had touching your die◠and other necessarie things belonging to your person and your Court with a carefull regard that neither hatred be purchased by excesse nor contempt by too great equalitie To the time of peace likewise belong diuers kinds of workes worthie of a princes care which draw the subiects eyes to admiration and his heart to thankefulnesse In this degree we marshall whatsoeuer princes either build or repaire for the peoples good as adorning cities amending highwayes repaying bridges making riuers nauigable charges in bringing waters in repairing of churches hospitals guild-halls publike places and towne walls taking order for the reformation of abuses in religion Vniuersities Colledges and judiciall places in limiting the fees of Counsellors excluding auarice from courts of conscience and corruption of magistrats in the bringing vp of orphans mariage of poore maids and redemption of prisoners Blessed is the heart that thinketh on those things and the hand that putteth them in execution for by this meanes the subiect shall
de Ferreira whereas Ferdinand Caguer made offer of an accord and continued it vpon all occasions for hee was the least desperate among all the Captaines of the Moores At this place of Pitres the Moores fought and slew many of the marquesses men but they presently left the place and retired to Iubiles whereas Aben Humcia committed great cruelties euen vpon the Moores of that place who did not so dainely satisfie his desire There was an old castle which they had rampired with an intent to make it a fort and their store-house for the warre and had carried most of their spoyles thither the which notwithstanding they could not defend for although the greatest part of their forces were there yet they had not the hearts to fight and being to dislodge they were readie beeing pursued to kill a great number of Christians prisoners of all ages women and children whose husbands and fathers they had slaine before but some that had more humanitie hindred it their retreat was to Vercheul This miserable troupe of women and children came and presented themselues before the Marquesse hideous leane bare and halfe naked praising God with teares for his comming and their deliuerance The Moores which kept the castle fledde also where they found there hundred men and a thousand and fiue hundred women who were in like manner set at libertie but it was vnhappieÌ„ for many yea for most of those poore women for the campe beeing lodged hauing placed most of those women in a Church and such as could not enter beeing laid before it for that night it happened that a disordered souldier comming about midnight among them sought to take away a maiden to abuse her Excesse of a disordered souldier who being staied and deâ—ended by the other women one of them drew the souldiers sword and hurt him this villaine leauing his hold began to crie out to armes saying that there were Moores disguised and armed among those women which had hurt him in that manner whereupon they came running in disorder and without any further inquirie discharged their peeces vpon these poore creatures so as in a manner all they that were before the Church were either slaine or sore hurt those within it were preserued by the shutting of the doores in the meane time the captaines came and caused the massacre to cease The truth of this fact beeing knowne the marquesse was very much grieued and caused many of these murthering souldiers to bee hanged and then he sent the rest of the women and children with a conuoy to Granado where they receiued them and gaue them great almes This pittifull spectacle increased their hatred against the Moores dwelling in the Albayzin Moores of the Albayzin in great numbers whom they distrusted much for they were held to be ten thousand men able to beare armes and therefore the Earle of Teudilla to be better assured lodged souldiers in their houses whereof thinking to complaine they were sharpely reprehended so as they repented that they had not reuolted when as Farrax did solicite them Whilest that the Marquesse of Mondejar imployed himselfe vertuously Exploits of the marquesse of Velez to chase the Moores and their king who were in the mountaines and strong places of Alpuxarra hee of Velez with such men as he had gathered together in the territories of Valencia Murcia Basa Lorca and other neere places entred into the realme of Granado by Tauernas hauing fiue thousand foot and three hundred good horse and came and charged a troupe of Moores who had fortified themselues at Guecija vnder a diuellish captaine called Gorri who in viâ—we of the marquesse campe caused many Christian men to be beheaded whom he had kept prisoners to expose them as a spectacle to them that should come first to assayle him and then he dislodged without fighting The Christian armie marching towards Filix to besiege it they were preuented by D. Garcia de Villaroel gouernour of Almerie who would haue the honour to free this place presuming that the Moores which held it would abandon it as soone as they should see him approach thinking it to be the marquesse his fore ward but he was deceiued for hee found them ready to make head against him beeing many wherefore he retired with all speed to the marquesse his campe to whom hee made his excuse and gaue him to vnderstand that among these Moores there were Turkes come out of Barbarie to succour them and then he gaue him a conuoy to returne vnto Almerie from whence he might not long bee absent The marquesse passing on found the Moores which were come forth in battell to incounter them which came to discouer them beeing come to fight they found they were not those whom they sought and knowing that it was the marquesse of Velez who was a resolute man and was called among them Ybilis Arraezel Hadit that is to say a deuill with an iron head their courage was somewhat quailed Incounter at 〈◊〉 yet they did fight and did rallie themselues thrice together but in the end they were forced to quit the place and retire to the mountaines hauing lost about seauen hundred men and among them some women which had fought desperately three captaines Fulcy Tezi and the sonne of Porto Carrero de Xergal where two of his sisters maidens died also On the marquesse de Velezside there were both slaine and hurt but they did not publish the number The fort of Filix by this retreat was wonne where they found much good stuffe gold siluer silkes pearle victualles and a great number of women and children Moores whom they had abandoned wherewith the souldiers being enricht they disbanded by troupes to carrie their booties to their houses wherefore the Marquesse was forced to retire to fortifie his armie They of Guadix defeated a troupe of Moores at the same time at Deyre most of which had come out of the Marquisate of Zenete they slue 400 men and tooke aboue 1000 women children with great spoiles The chief of this enterprise was Pedro Arias d'Auila and they said it was one of the best exploits of all this warre King Aben Humeia being pursued by the marquesse of Mondejar and was then at Vxixar a place situated in the middest of Alpuxarra the which he had fortified as an assured retreate and had about him 6000 men yet at the approach of the marquesse this man who was neither valiant nor of any commaund retired with his troupes to Palerne Fernard el Caguer continued still his practises of peace so as he had conference with Ierome d'Apont and Iohn Sanches And D. Alphonso de Granado Venega wrought so vpon the marquesse word and promise Aben Humeia killes his father in law and other Moores as he drew Aben Humeia to a parle with him but at the noise of some shot inconsiderately discharged hee was so amâ—zed and fell into such distrust as he fled away neither was it possible to bring him backe againe and in this
of Portugall They sent Iohn Tello one of the bodie of the cittie of Lisbone vnder colour to assist Emanuel of Portugall his brother-in-law who did fortifie Belen and other places at the mouth of the riuer of Tagus beneath the cittie but it was to be ridde of him for he did not fauour the Castillan partie no more then Emanuel his brother-in-law Gouernors seek to dissolue the Estates and for that the Deputies of the Prouinces and townes which were at S. Iren did crosse them they sought to send them home as vnprofitable saying that after the Kings death who had called them their procurations were void and that there was not any assembly of Estates yet they were content the tenne of the said Deputies shold remaine with them to bee witnesses of their actions who should come to Setuuall a towne and port of the sea twenty miles from Lisbone whether they meant to retire themselues by reason of the plague which was crept into Almerin The Deputies on the other side maintayned that their proclamations wer still in force that the Estates were not ended and that in the busines which was now in question their assembly was more requisite then in any other occasion inuiting them againe to come vnto Saint Iren where there was not any danger of the plague the which they would not doe but went to keepe their Councell at Setuual farre from those that did obserue them beeing accompanied by the Duke of Bragança and the Ambassadours of Castile Setuual was one of those places whereof the King of Spaine desired to seize for that in holding this port he might shut vp the riuer of Lisbon and therefore hee had commanded Doâ— Aluaro de Bassaâ— Marquis of Santa Cruz his Admirall to go thither with his Fleet consisting of aboue sixtie gallies and to make some enterprise whilest that the Duke of Alba should enter by land from Badajos to Eluas and other places of that country as he did soone after the king hauing first sent Pedro Velasco Iudge of Badajos to see if with perswasiue words promises and presents he might draw the neighbour townes and places to yeeld themselues voluntarily and without force where hee behaued himselfe so discreetly as he caused D. Philip to be acknowledged for King of Portugall at Eluas Oliuença Serpa Mora Campo Maioâ—la noua Aroughez Portalegre and others The Duke of Alba coming to the army found it much wasted with sicknes being in all but 4500. Italians 3500. Germans and 3000. Spaniards of the old regiments of Italy the which the King supplyed with 7000. Besognes or new soldiers which he had leuied in Spaine after which he took a view of his army where he found about 18000. foot and 6000. horse with 25. peeces of ordinance and store of victuals and other warlike necessaries for the carriage whereof he had aboue 6000. carts and wagons The Duke of Alba was General both at sea and land in this expedition Peter de Medicis was General of the Italians being diuided into 3. regiments of the one Prosper Colonna was Colonel of the other Vincent Carrafa and of the third Charles Spinelli Ierome Earle of Lodron was Colonel of the Germans Sancho d' Auila was Marshall generall at land and Francis d' Alaua was Master of the ordinance There was no Generals of the horse for all the companies were commanded by Noblemen that were of the Kings councell but in executions Don Francis de Toledo the Dukes son should lead them With these forces the Duke of Alba past the riuer of Caya and entred into Portugall the 27. of Iune 1580. threatning such as would not acknowledge K. Philip his Master for their king Duke of Alba enters into Portagal The Deputies of the Estates which remained at S. Iren seing the king of Castile to enter the realme with an army they accused the Gouernors to haue abandoned the publike cause and declared D. Antonio defender of the Realme alone but soone after the people proclaimed him king although he excused himself D. Antonio declared defender of the realme of Portugal being content said he for that time with the title of defender yet was he forced to accept it seeing himselfe enuironed with many swords in the midst of a furious multitude cursing the Gouernors crying that he must lead them against the Castillans If D. Antonio did then somwhat want a spurre to prick him forward to the royall dignity he had afterwards more need of a bridle to curbe him not to abandon himself as he did in a time of so great confusion hauing an armed enemy in the hart of the country who wan the Nobility daily wanted neither mony nor credit which are the sinewes of war He might haue apprehended the want both of friends and mony into the which he soon fell hauing no support but the multitude and some Monks who shewed themselues in his cause not only passionat but desperate or rather mad A royaltie is held to bee so sweet a morsell and the desire to be a king is so vehement as they do willingly breake the bounds of law to deuoure it when occasion is offred without any respect yea there haue beene many who to raigne one day haue not cared to be slaine the next whereof there are some examples in the course of this History so as it is no wonder if D. Antonio who had suffred so many crosses to come to it hauing got it sought to keepe it The first error he committed was to haue caused Fernand de Pina one of the Magistrates of Lisbone to be slaine for that he spake against him and then hee suffered Suares who had committed the murther to be hanged whom he might haue saued by his authority The opinion of the Portugals is and hath beene for many yeares that the city of Lisbone is the force of a world and that whosoeuer holds it may make head against the mightiest Monarks of the earth In truth it is one of the greatest peopled cities in Europe of great traffick and wonderfully rich but a multitude of people is but a weake support and riches in the hands of priuate men in tumults when as euery man sees himselfe in danger and seekes to preserue that which he hath are not assured nor to be accompted of vnlesse they will vse violence and tyrannie which make the most lawfull kings to be hated These considerations were not regarded by Don Antonio hee must needes runne to Lisbone thinking that if all the Realme were lost Lisbone alone would restore him The bodie of the cittie and the Magistrates apprehending this hastie comming and the peoples proclamation at Saint Iren who had cryed Real Real for Don Antonio intreated Iohn Tello one of the Gouernors with Don Emanuel of Portugal as wee haue sayd to come and hinder Don Antonio's entrie if he could and to perswade him not to take the name of King vppon him but onely to tearme himselfe defender of the State and Crowne of
by whome he had three sonnes and one daughter of the which at his death there remained onely the prince who was then called Charles Laurence but at his comming to the Crowne he was surnamed Philip the third He ended his dayes with an act of wisedome worthie of his long experience Princes cannot enter into their realmes by a better port than the loue of their subjects If their fathers be dead desired and lamented they must doe some great matter to mollifie this sorrow Painters are no more bound to represent the true lineaments of the face than princes are to represent their fathers vertues whose liuelie images they are Before his death hee made an Edict which could not be pleasing vnto his subiects who began to murmure and it seemed that they would not be so satisfied if they proceeded to execution Wisedome of the King of Spaine It was not made for that the king of Spaine had any desire to haue it executed and obserued but to the end he might giue the prince his sonne a good occasion to win the peoples hearts for he sayed presently that hee would neuer allow of the execution of that Edict and that he would breake his head that should first speake it the which hee spake so lowd as euerie man thought himselfe happie to liue vnder the command of such a prince who would proue better than his father We haue formerly made mention of a paper which the king drew out of a casket and deliuered to his sonne the which contained this instruction following My sonne Instruction of the King of Spaine to his Sonne I haue beene euer carefull to leaue you your Estate setled and in peace but neither the many yeares which I haue liued nor the assistance of princes my allies could euer purchase it I confesse that I haue spent in lesse than thirtie three yeares fiue hundred ninetie and foure millions of ducats all which haue bred me nothing but cares and troubles It is true I conquered Portugall but as France did easily escape me so may this be wrested from me I would to God I had followed the aduice of the Emperour Charles my deceased father of famous memorie or at the least that you would beleeue and follow mine I should then beare my crosses more willingly and should die with more content leauing you in this vallie of miseries Behold then what I leaue you for an euerlasting restament besides so many kingdoms and Estates that you may see as in a glasse after what maner you shall gouerne your selfe after my death Be alwayes verie watchfull of the alteration and change of States to make your profit thereby according to occurrents Haue a vigilant eye ouer them that are most familiar with you in councell You haue two meanes to entertaine your realmes of Spaine the one the present gouernement the other the trade to the East and West Indies As for the gouernement you must either relie vpon the nobilitie or vpon the Clergie If you leane vnto the Church-men keepe the other in awe as I haue done but if you fortifie your selfe with the nobilitie shorten the reuenues of the Clergie as much as you may If you seeke to countenance them alike they will consume you and trouble your realms whereof you shall neuer see a finall conclusion Consideration of Forraine Princes If you will make good vse of the nobilitie my aduice is that you keep good correspondencie with the Low Countries for they are friends to the French English and some princes of Germanie therein you can haue little assistance from Italie Poland Sueden Denmark or Scotland The king of Scotland is poore Denmarke drawes his reuenues from foreine nations Sueden is euer in faction and not well situated the Polonians are alwaies masters of their kings Italie although it bee rich yet is it far off and the princes are of diuers humors On the other side the Low Countries are populous rich in shipping constant in labour diligent in search hardie to vndertake and willing to endure It is true I haue giuen these prouinces to your sister but it imports not there are an hundred euasions whereof in time you may make your profit The chiefe are that you keepe your selfe alwaies gardian to her children and that there be no alteration concerning religion for these two points taken away you are quite depriued of those countries And then will some other princes present themselues and bind them vnto them by some meanes which may proue your ruine If you thinke to fortifie your selfe against this by the Clergie you shall purchase many enemies I haue tried yet keepe good correspondencie with the Popes Aduice touching the Pope be bountifull and kind vnto them entertain such cardinals as they fauour most and labour to beare a sway in the Conclaue Keepe friendship with the bishops of Germanie but commit not the distribution of their pensions to the Emperor Let them know you they will serue you the more willingly and will receiue your presents more thankfully Draw not any neere vnto you that are of base condition neither respect the nobilitie and commons alike for seeing I must now speake the truth their pride is great they are verie rich they must haue what they desire they will be burthensome vnto you and in the end will be your masters Serue your selfe then with such as are of the noblest families and aduance them to preferments of great reuenues the common sort are not so needfull for they will procure you a thousand discontents which will consume you Beleeue not any of them if they be not of qualitie Free your selfe from English spies and French pensions Imploy some of the noblemen of the Low Countries confidently whom you shall haue bound vnto you by fealtie Councel touching the Indies As for the Nauigation of the East and West Indies therein consists the strength of the kingdome of Spaine and the meanes to curbe Italie from the which you shall with much difficultie restraine France and England their power is great they haue many mariners the seas are spatious their marchants too wealthie their subiects too greedie of gaine and their seruants too faithfull I haue excluded the Low Countries but I feare in time mens humors may change and therefore you must often change your ministers at the West Indies Such as you call home make them of your Councel for the Indies and so in my opinion you shal neuer be circumuented but both the one and the other will acquaint you with the gaine aspiring to more honour See how the English seeke to depriue you of that commoditie they are mightie at sea both in men and shipping As for the French I doe not much feare them Fortifie your selfe with them of the Low Countries although they be partly heretikes and would continue so with this prouiso That they shall freely sell their marchandise in Spaine and Italie paying the kings customes and other dueties And in taking pasports to