them by Bonner he was called upon to answer to the main business which was his saying nothing of the Kings power under age to this he said he had prepared notes about it both from the Instances in Scripture of Solomon Joash and Manasses of Josiah and Joakim that reigned under age as also several instances in the English story as Henry the Third Edward the Third Richard the Second Henry the Sixth and Edward the Fifth but he pretended these things had escaped his memory and a long account of the defeat of the Rebels being sent to him by the Council with an Order to read it had put him in some confusion and that the Book in which he had put his Notes fell from him for which he appealed to his Chaplains whom he had imployed to gather for him the names of those Kings who had reigned before they were of age But this did not satisfie the Court so they proceeded to examine Witnesses whom Bonner intangled all he could with Interrogatories and the niceties of the Canon Law Bonner built his main defence on this that in the Paper which the Protector gave him that Article concerning the Kings age was not mentioned but was afterwards added by Smith so that he was not bound to obey it But it was proved that the whole Council ordered that addition to be made Smith had treated him somewhat sharply for his carriage was very provoking upon that he renewed his former Protestation against him and refused to look on him as his Judge since he had declared himself so partial against him He complained that Smith had compared him to Thieves and Traytors Smith said it was visible he acted as they did To which Bonner answered that as he was Secretary of State he honoured him but as he was Sir Thomas Smith he lied and he defied him And being threatned with Imprisonment he seemed not much concerned at it he said he had a few Goods a poor Carkass and a Soul the two former were in their power but he would take care of the latter And upon that he appealed to the King and would not answer any more unless Smith should withdraw For that contempt he was sent to the Marshalsea but as he was carried away he broke out into great passion both against Smith and Cranmer Being called again before them he adhered to his former Appeal and some new matter being brought against him he refused to answer Great endeavours were used to perswade him to submit and promises were made him of gentler usage for the future but he continued obstinate and instead of retracting he renewed his Appeal And deprivation So on the first of October Cranmer Ridley Smith and May pronounced sentence of deprivation because he had not obeyed the Orders of the Protector and Council nor declared the Kings power while he was under age He was sent back to prison till the King should give further Order and a large Record was made of his whole deportment during the Process and put in the Register of the See of London which he took no care to deface when he was afterwards restored This was much censured as at best a great stretch of Law if not plainly contrary to it Some complained that Lay-men concurred in such a Sentence But it was said this was no Spiritual Censure for he was not degraded but only deprived of his Bishoprick and he had taken a Commission for holding it during the Kings pleasure and so those that were Commissioned by the King might well deprive him since he held it so precariously It was also said that Constantine had appointed Triers for hearing the Complaints made of some Bishops and they examined the business of Cecilian and the Donatists upon an Appeal from some Synods that had before judged that matter That same Emperour did also by his own authority turn out the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch and the Bishop of Constantinople And though the Orthodox party complained of his doing it upon the false suggestions of the Arians yet they did not deny his authority in such cases And it was ordinary for the Emperours to appoint the Bishops that followed their Court to judge some other Bishops which was not done Canonically but by the Emperours authority But to the matter of the Sentence it was also said that it was hard to deprive Bonner for an omission that might be only a defect of his memory as he pretended it was though few believed that Upon the whole matter it was visible that it had been resolved to turn him out on the first occasion that could be found and that they took hold of him on this disadvantage and that the fault was rather aggravated for his sake than he deprived for the fault which would have been more gently past over in another but he had been fierce and cruel and so was much hated and little pitied He remained a Prisoner till Queen Mary's Reign but continued to behave himself more like a Glutton than a Divine for he sent about to his Friends to furnish him well with Puddings and Pears and gave them all to the Devil that did not supply him liberally Such Curses were strange acts of Episcopal Jurisdiction yet they were mild compared to those he gave out when he was again restored to his See in the next Reign by which he condemned so many Innocents to the fire The English affairs in Foreign parts went very unsuccessfully this year Ill success of the English for when they were so distracted at home no wonder if both the French and Scots took advantage from thence Most of the Forts about Bulloigne were taken by the French but though those that commanded them did for their own excuse pretend they were ill provided yet the French Writers published that they were well stored From these they came and sat down before Bulloigne and though the Plague broke into the French Camp yet the Siege was not raised The King left the Army under the Command of Coligny the famous Admiral of France He found the sure way to take it was to cut it off from Sea and so to keep out all Supplies But the several attempts he made to do that proved unsuccessful The Winter that came on forced him to raise the Siege but he lodged a great part of his Army in the Forts about so that it was in danger of being lost next year In Scotland there was also a great turn the Castle of Broughty was taken by the Scots and the Garrison almost wholly cut off The English took care to provide Hadington well expecting a Siege but upon that the Scots let it alone yet the charge of keeping it was so great and the Countrey about it was so wasted that all their provisions were to be sent from Berwick so that the Protector thought it more advisable to abandon it and upon that sent orders to the Garrison to slight the works and come back to England So that now
of Age he was put into the hands of Dr. Cox and Mr. Cheek the one was to form his mind and to teach him Philosophy and Divinity the other was to teach him the Tongues and Mathematicks other Masters were also appointed for the other parts of his Education He discovered very early a good disposition to Religion and Vertue and a particular Reverence for the Scriptures for he took it very ill when one about him laid a great Bible on the Floor to step up on it to somewhat which was out of his reach without such an advantage He profited well in Letters and wrote at eight Years old Latin Letters frequently both to the King to Q. Katherine Parre to the Archbishop of Canterbury and his Uncle the Earl of Hartford who had been first made Viscount Beauchamp being the Heir by his Mother of that Family and was after that advanced to be an Earl In the end of his Fathers life it had been designed to create him Prince of Wales for that was one of the reasons given to hasten the attainder of the D. of Norfolk because he held some places during life which the King intended to put in other hands in order to that Ceremony Upon his Fathers death the E. of Hartford and Sir Anth. Brown were sent to bring him up to the Tower of London and when King Henry's death was published he was proclaimed King At his coming to the Tower his Fathers Will was opened K. Hen. testament by which it was found that he had named 16. to be the Governors of the Kingdom and of his Sons person till he should be eighteen Years of Age. These were the Archbishops of Canterbury the Lord Wriothesly Lord Chancellor Lord St. John Great Master Lord Russel Lord Privy Seal Earl Hartford Lord Great Chamberlain Vis Lisle Lord Admiral Tonstall B. of Duresme Sir Anth. Brown Master of the Horse Sr Will. Paget Secretary of State Sr Ed. North Chancellour of the Augmentations Sir Ed. Mountague L d Chief Just of the Common Pleas Judge Bromley Sir Anth. Denny and Sir Will. Herbert Chief Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber Sr Ed. Wotton Treasurer of Callis Doctor Wotton Dean of Canterbury and York They were also to give the Kings Sisters in Marriage and if they married without their consent they were to forfeit their right of succession for the King was Impowered by Act of Parliament to leave the Crown to them with what limitations he should think fit to appoint There was also a Privy Council named to be their Assistants in the Government if any of the 16. died the Survivers were to continue in the Administration without a power to substitute others in their rooms who should die It was now proposed that one should be chosen out of the 16. to whom Ambassadours should address themselves and who should have the chief direction of affairs but should be restrained to do nothing but by the consent of the greater part of the other Co-executors The Chancellor who thought the Precedence fell to him by his Office since the Archbishop did not meddle much in secular Affairs opposed this much and said it was a change of the Kings will who had made them all equal in power and dignity and if any were raised above the rest in Title it would not be possible to keep him within due bounds since great Titles make way for High Power but the Earl of Hartford had so prepared his Friends that it was carried that he should be declared the Governour of the Kings Person and the Protector of the Kingdom A Protector chosen with this restriction that he should do nothing but by the advice and consent of the rest Upon this advancement and the opposition made to it two Parties were formed the one headed by the Protector and the other by the Chancellour the favourers of the Reformation were of the former and those that opposed it were of the latter The Chancellor was ordered to renew the Commissions of the Judges and Justices of Peace and King Henry's great Seal was to be made use of till a new one should be made The day after this all the Executors took their Oaths to execute their trust faithfully the Privy Councellors were also brought into the Kings presence who did all express their satisfaction in the choice that was made of the Protector and it was ordered that all dispatches to foreign Princes should be signed only by him All that held Offices were required to come and renew their Commissions Bishops take out Commissions and to swear Allegiance to the King among the rest the Bishops came and took out such Commissions as were granted in the former Reign only by those they were subaltern to the Kings Vicegerent but there being none now in that Office they were immediately subaltern to the King and by them they were to hold their Bishopricks only during the Kings pleasure and were impowered in the Kings name as his Delegates to perform all the parts of the Episcopal function Cranmer set an Example to the rest in taking out one of those It was thought fit thus to keep the Bishops under the terror of such an Arbitrary power lodged in the King that so it might be more easie to turn them out if they should much oppose what might be done in points of Religion but the ill consequences of such an unlimited power being well foreseen the Bishops that were afterwards promoted were not so fettered but were provided to hold their Bishopricks during life The late King had in his Will required his Executors to perform all the promises he had made A Creation of Noblemen so Paget was required to give an account of the Promises the late King had made and he declared upon Oath that upon the prospect of the attainder of the D. of Norfolk the King intended a Creation of Peers and to divide his Lands among them the Persons to be raised were Hartford to be a Duke Essex a Marquess Lisle Russel St. John and Wriothesly to be Earls Sir Tho. Seimour Cheyney Rich Willoughby Arundell Sheffield St. Leger Wymbish Vernon and Danby to be Barons and a division was to be made of the Duke of Norfolks Estate among them some shares were also set off for others who were not to be advanced in Title as Denny and Herbert and they finding Paget had been mindful of them but had not mentioned himself had moved the King for a share to him The King appointed Paget to give notice of this to the Persons named but many excused themselves and desired no addition of honor since the Lands which the King intended to give them were not sufficient to support that dignity The Duke of Norfolk prevented all this for being apprehensive of the ruine of his Family if his Estate were once divided he sent a message to the King desiring him to convert it all to be a Revenue to the Prince of Wales This wrought so much on the
marry her and that being entertained by her shews she had then no aspirings to the Crown But the Cardinal having understood somewhat of the King 's secret Intentions did so threaten him that he made him tho not without great difficulty break off his addresses to her Knight then Secretary of State was sent to Rome to prepare the Pope in the matter And applies to the Pope and the Family of the Cassali having much of the Pope's Favour they were likewise imployed to promote it To Gregory Cassali did the Cardinal send a large Dispatch setting forth all the Reasons both in Conscience and Policy for obtaining a Commission to himself to judge the Affair Great Promises were made in the King's Name both for publick and private Services and nothing was forgot that was likely to work either on the Pope or those Cardinals that had the greatest Credit about him Knight made application to the Pope in the secretest manner he could and had a very favourable Answer for the Pope promised frankly to dissolve the Marriage but another Promise being exacted of him in the Emperour's Name not to proceed in that Affair he was reduced to great straits not so much out of regard to his Promises for he had so engaged himself that it was unavoidable for him to break one as to his Interests he was then at the Emperour's mercy so he was in fear of offending him yet he both hated him and was distrustful of him and had no mind to lose the King of England therefore he studied to gain time and promised that if the King would have a little patience he should not only have that which he asked but every thing that was in his power to grant The Cardinal Sanctorum quatuor made some Scruples concerning the Bull that was demanded till he had raised his price and got a great Present and then the Pope signed both a Commission for Wolsey to try the Cause Who was very favourable and judge in it and also a Dispensation and put them in Knights hands but with tears prayed him that there might be no proceedings upon them till the Emperour were put out of a capacity of executing his Revenge upon him and when ever that was done he would own this act of Justice which he did in the King's favour For tho the Pope on publick occasions used to talk in the language of one that pretended to be S. Peter's Successor yet in private Treaties he minded nothing but his own Security and the Interests of his Family And being a very crafty Man he proposed an Expedient which if the King had followed it had put a quicker and easier end to the Process He found his sending Bulls or a Legat to England would become publick and draw the Emperour upon him and must admit of delays and be full of danger therefore he proposed if the King was satisfied in his own Conscience in which he believed no Doctor could resolve him better than himself then he might without more noise make Judgment be given in England and upon that marry another Wife and send over to Rome for a Confirmation which would be the more easily granted if the thing were once done This the Pope desired might be represented to the King as the Advice of the Cardinals and not as his own But the King's Counsellers thought this more dangerous than the way of a Process for if upon the King 's second Marriage a Confirmation should be denyed then the Right Succession by it would be still very doubtful so they would not venture on it The Pope was at this time distasted with Cardinal Wolsey for he understood that during his Captivity he had been in an Intrigue to get himself chosen Vicar of the Papacy and was to have sate at Avignion which might have produced a new Schism Staphileus Dean of the Rota being then in England was wrought on by the promise of a Bishoprick and a Recommendation to a Cardinals Hat to promote the King's Affair and by him the Cardinal wrote to the Pope in a most earnest strain for a dispatch of this business and he desired that an indifferent and tractable Cardinal might be sent over with a full Commission to joyn with him and to judge the matter proposing to the King's Embassadours Campegio as the fittest Man when a Legate should be named he ordered Presents to be made him and that they would hasten his dispatch and take care that the Commission should be full But upon the Arrival of the Couriers that were sent from Rome Gardiner the Cardinals Secretary and Fox the Kings Almoner the one a Canonist and the other a Divine were sent thither with Letters both from the King and Cardinal to the Pope they carried orders that were like to be more effectual than any Arguments they could offer to make great Presents to the Cardinals They carried with them the draught of a Bull containing all the Clauses could be invented to make the matter sure one Clause was to declare the Issue of the Marriage good as being begotten bona fide which was perhaps put in to make the Queen more easy since by that it appeared that her Daughter should not suffer which way soever the matter went The Cardinal in his Letters to Cassali offered to take the blame on his own Soul if the Pope would grant this Bull and with an Earnestness as hearty and warm as can be expressed in Words he pressed the thing and added That he perceived that if the Pope continued Inexorable the King would proceed another way These Intreaties had such Effects Campegio sent over Legate That Campegio was declared Legate and ordered to go for England and joyn in Commission with Wolsey for judging this matter Campegio was Bishop of Saliebury and having a Son whom he intended to advance was no doubt a tractable Man but to raise his price the higher he moved many Scruples and seemed to enter upon this Employment with great fear and aversion Wolsey who knew his Temper prest him vehemently to make all the hast he could and gave him the Assurance of great Rewards from the King For whatever was to be made use of publickly for formes sake these were the effectual Arguments that were most likely to convince a Man of his Temper In which Wolsey was so sincere that in a Letter he wrote to him that of a good Conscience being put among other Motives to perswade him in the first Draught the Cardinal struck it out as knowing how little it would signify Campegio set out from Rome and carried with him a Decretal Bull for annulling the Marriage which was trusted to him and he was Authorized to shew it to the King and Wolsey but was required not to give it out of his Hands to either of them At this time Wolsey was taken with the sweating Sickness which then raged in England and by a Complement which both the King and Ann Boleyn writ him
England Audley the Chancellour dying at this time Wriothesly that was of the Popish Party was put in his place And Dr. Petre that was hitherto Cranmer's Friend was made Secretary of State So equally did the King keep the Ballance between both Parties and being to cross the Seas he left a Commission for the Administration of Affairs during his Absence to the Queen the Archbishop the Chancellour the Earl of Hartford and Secretary Petre And if they should have any occasion to raise any Force he appointed the Earl of Hartford his Lieutenant He gave order also to Translate the Prayers and Processions and Litanies into the English Tongue which gave the Reformers some hopes again that he had not quite cast off his Designes of corrupting such Abuses as had crept into the Worship of God And they hoped That the Reasons which prevailed with the King for this would also induce him to order a Translation of all the other Offices into the English Tongue The King crossed the Sea with great Pomp The King takes Bulloign the Sails of his Ship being of Cloth of Gold He sat down before Bulloign and took it after a Siege of two Months It was soon after very near being retaken by a Surprise but the Garison being quickly put in order beat out the French Thus the King returned Victorious and was as much flattered for taking this single Town as if he had conquered a Kingdom The Inroads that were made into Scotland this Winter were Insuccessful The King of France set out a Fleet of above 300 Ships and the King set out a hundred Sail On both sides they were only Merchant-men hired upon this Occasion The French made two Descents upon England but was beat back with loss The English made a Descent in Normandy and burnt some Towns The Princes of Germany saw their Danger if this War went on for the Pope and Emperour had made a League for procuring Obedience to the Council that was now opened at Trent The Emperour was raising an Army tho he had made Peace both with the King of France and the Turk and was resolved to make good use of this Opportunity the two Crowns being now in War So the Germans sent to mediate a Peace between them but it stuck long at the business of Bulloign Lee Archbishop of York died this Year Holgate was removed from Landaffe thither who in his Heart favoured the Reformation Kitchin was put in Landaffe who turned with every Change that was made Heath was removed from Rochester to Worcester and Holbeach was put in Rochester Day was made Bishop of Chichester All those were moderate Men and well disposed to a Reformation at least to comply with it This Year Wishart was burnt in Scotland Wishart burnt in Scotland He was Educated at Cambridge and went home the former Year In many places he preached against Idolatry and the other Abuses in Religion He stayed long at Dundee but by the means that Cardinal Beaton used he was driven out of that Town and at his Departure he denounced heavy Judgments on them for rejecting the Gospel He went and preached in many other places and Enterance to the Churchs being denied him he preached in the Fields He would not suffer the People to open the Church Doors by Violence for that he said became not the Gospel of Peace which he preached to them He heard the Plague had broke out in Dundee within four Days after he was banished so he returned thither and took care of the Sick and did all the Offices of a faithful Pastor among them He shewed his Gentleness towards his Enemies by rescuing a Priest that was coming to kill him but was discovered and was like to have been torn in pieces by the People He foretold several extraordinary things particularly his own Sufferings and the spreading the Reformation over the Land He preached last in Lothian and there the Earl of Bothwel took him but promised upon his Honour that no harm should be done him yet he delivered him to the Cardinal who brought him to St. Andrews and called a Meeting of Bishops thither to destroy him with the more Solemnity The Governour being much prest to it by a Worthy Gentleman of his Name Hamilton of Preston sent the Cardinal word not to proceed against him till he should come and hear the Matter examined himself But the Cardinal went on and in a publick Court condemned him as an Heretick upon several Articles that were objected to him which he confessed and offered to justify The Night after that he spent in Prayer next Morning he desired he might have the Sacrament according to Christ's Institution in both kinds but that being denied him he consecrated the Elements himself and some about him were willing to communicate with him He was carried out to the Stake near the Cardinal's Palace who was set in State in a great Window and looked on this sad Spectacle Wishart declared that he felt much Joy within himself in offering up his Life for the Name of Christ and exhorted the People not to be offended at the Word of God for the sake of the Cross After the Fire was set to and was burning him he said This Flame hath scorched my Body but hath not daunted my Spirits and he foretold that the Cardinal should in a few days be ignominiously laid out in that very place where he now sate in so much State but as he speak that the Executioner drew the Cord that was about his Neck so strait that these were the last Words The Clergy rejoyced much at his Death Cardinal Beason is murdered and extolled the Cardinal's Courage for proceeding in it against the Governours Orders But the People look'd on him as both a Prophet and a Martyr It was also said that his Death was no less than Murder since no Writ was obtained for it and the Clergy could burn none without a Warrant from the Secular Power so it was inferred that the Cardinal deserved to dy for it and if his Greatness set him above the Law then Private Persons might execute that which the Governour could not do Such Practices had been formerly too common in that Kingdom and now upon this occasion some Gentlemen of quality came to think it would be an Heroical Action to conspire his Death His Insolence had rendred him generally very hateful so private and publick Resentments concurring twelve Persons entred into a fatal Engagement of killing him privately in his House On the 30th of May they first surprized the Gate early in the Morning and tho there were an hundred lodged in the Castle yet they being asleep they came to them apart and either turned them out or shut them up in their Chambers Having made all sure they came to the Cardinal's Chamber-door he was fast asleep but by their Rudeness he was both awakened and perceived they had a design on his Life Upon the assurance of Life he opened his Door but
begged that he might be heard with his Accusers face to face He prayed that the King would take all his Lands and Goods and only restore him to his Favour and grant him such an Allowance to live on as he thought fit He went further and set his Hand to a Confession of several Crimes as 1. His revealing the Secrets of the King's Council 2. His concealing his Son's Treason in giving the Arms of Edward the Confessor 3. His own giving the Arms of England with the Labels of Silver which belonged only to the Prince which he acknowledged was High Treason and therefore he begged the King's Mercy But all this had no effect on the King tho his drawing so near his end ought to have begot in him a greater regard to the shedding of Innocent Blood When the Parliament met And the Duke attainted by Act of Parliament the King was not able to come to Westminster but he sent his Pleasure to them by a Commission He intended to have Prince Edward Crowned Prince of Wales and therefore desired they would make all possible hast in the Attainder of the Duke of Norfolk that so the Places which he held by Patent might be disposed of to others who should assist at the Coronation which tho it was a very slight Excuse for so high a piece of Injustice yet it had that effect that in seven Days both Houses past the Bill On the 27th of January the Royal Assent was given by those Commissioned by the King and the Execution was ordered to be next Morning There was no special Matter in the Act but that of the Coat of Arms which he and his Ancestors were used to give according to Records in the Herauld's Office so that this was condemned by all Persons as a most Inexcusable Act of Tyranny But the Night after this the King died and it was thought contrary to the Decencies of Government to begin a new Reign with so Unjustifiable an Act as the beheading of the old Duke and so he was preserved Yet both Sides made Inferences from this Calamity that fell on him The Papists said It was God's just Judgment on him for his Obsequiousness to King Henry But the Protestants said It was a just return on him for what he had done against Cromwel and many others on the account of the six Articles Cranmer would not meddle in this Matter but that he might be out of the way he retired to Croydon whereas Gardiner that had been his Friend all along continued still about the Court. The King's Distemper had been growing long upon him He was become so Corpulent that he could not go up and down Stairs but made use of an Ingine The King's Sickness when he intended to walk in his Garden by which he was let down and drawn up He had an old Sore in his Leg that pained him much the Humours of his Body discharging themselves that way till at last all setled in a Dropsy Those about him were afraid to let him know that his Death seemed near lest that might have been brought within the Statute of foretelling his Death which was made Treason His Will was made ready and as it was given out was signed by him on the 30th of December He had made one at his last going over to France All the Change that he made at this time was that he ordered Gardiner's Name to be struck out for in that formerly made he was named one of the Executors When Sir Anthony Brown endeavoured to perswade him not to put that Disgrace on an old Servant he continued positive in it for he said he knew his Temper and could govern him but it would not be in the Power of others to do it if he were put in so high a Trust The most material thing in the Will was the preferring the Children of his second Sister by Charles Brandon to the Children of his eldest Sister the Queen of Scotland in the Succession to the Crown Some Objections were made to the Validity and Truth of the Will It was not signed by the King's Hand as it was directed by the Act of Parliament but only stamped with his Name and it was said this was done when he was dying without any Order given for it by himself for proof of which the Scots that were most concerned appealed to many Witnesses and chiefly to a Deposition which the Lord Paget had made who was then Secretary of State On his Death-bed he finished the Foundation of Trinity-Colledge in Cambridge and of Christ's-Church Hospital near Newgate yet this last was not so fully setled as was needful till his Son compleated what he had begun On the 27th of January And Death his Spirits sunk so that it was visible he had not long to live Sir Anthony Denny took the courage to tell him that Death was approaching and desired him to call on God for his Mercy The King exprest in general his Sorrow for his past Sins and his Trust in the Mercies of God in Christ Jesus He ordered Cranmer to be sent for but he was speechless before he could be brought from Croidon yet he gave a Sign that he understood what he said to him and soon after he died in the 57th Year of his Age after he had reigned 37 Years and nine Months His Death was concealed three days for the Parliament which was dissolved with his last Breath continued to do business till the 31st and then his Death was published It is probable the Seimours concealed it so long till they made a Party for the putting the Government into their own Hands The Severities he used against many of his Subjects in matters of Religion An account of his Severities against the Priests made both sides write with great Sharpness of him His Temper was Imperious and Cruel He was both sudden and violent in his Revenges and stuck at nothing by which he could either gratify his Lust or his Passion This was much provoked by the Sentence the Pope thundered against him by the virulent Books Cardinal Pool and others published by the Rebellions that were raised in England and the Apprehensions he was in of the Emperour's Greatness and of the Inclinations his People had to have joined with him together with what he had read in History of the Fates of those Princes against whom Popes had thundered in former times all which made him think it necessary to keep his People under the Terror of a severe Government and by some publick Examples to secure the Peace of the Nation and thereby to prevent a more profuse Effusion of Blood which might have otherwise followed if he had been more gentle And it was no wonder if after the Pope deposed him he proceeded to great Severities against all that which supported that Authority The first Instance of Capital Proceedings upon that account was in Easter-Term 1535 in which three Priors and a Monk of the Carthusian Order The Carthusians
having a great Party in the Town which was a place of no strength fell in upon him next day and drove him out of it 100. of his Men were killed and thirty taken Prisoners Upon this they were much lifted up but the Earl of Warwick coming thither with 6000. Men that were prepared to be sent to Scotland they after some skirmishes with him were forced to retire for they had wasted all the Countrey about so that their Provisions failed them but Warwick followed them close and killed great numbers and dispersed them Ket and some of their Leaders were taken and hanged in Chains The news of this going to Yorkshire the Rebels there that had not exceeded 3000. accepted the offer of pardon that was sent them and some of the more factious that were animating them to make new commotions were taken and hanged On the 21. of August the Protector published a General Pardon in the Kings name of all that had been done before that day Many of the Council opposed this and judged it better to keep the Commons under the lash but the Protector thought that as long as such Members continued in such fears it would be easie to raise new disorders so he resolved though without the Majority of the Council to go through with it This disgusted the Council extreamly who thought he took too much upon him A Visitation of Cambridge followed soon after this A Visitation of Cambridge Ridley was the chief of the Visitors When he found that a design was laid to suppress some Colledges under pretence of uniting them to others and to convert some Fellowships that were provided for Divines to the study of the Civil Law he refused to go along in that with the other Visitors and particularly opposed the suppression of Clare Hall which they began with He said the Church was already too much robbed and yet some Mens ravenousness was not satisfied It seemed the design was laid to drive both Religion and Learning out of the Land therefore he desired leave to be gone The Visitors complained of him to the Protector and imputed his concern for Clare-Hall to his partiality for the North where he was born that being a House for the Northern Counties Upon that the Protector wrote him a chiding Letter but he answered it with the freedom that became a Bishop who was resolved to suffer all things rather than sin against his Conscience and the Protector was so well satisfied with him that the Colledge was preserved There was at this time an end put to a very foolish Controversie that had occasioned some heat concerning the pronunciation of the Greek Tongue which many used more suitably to an English than a Greek accent Cheek being the Professor of Greek had taught the truer Rules of Pronunciation but Gardiner was an Enemy to every thing that was new and so he opposed it much in King Henry's time and Cheek was made leave the Chair but both he and Sir Tho. Smith wrote in Vindication of his Rules with so much Learning that all People wondred to see so much brought out upon so slight an occasion but Gardiner was not a Man to be wrought on by reason Now the matter was setled and the new way of pronunciation took place and that the rather because the Patrons of it were in such power the one being the King's Tutor and the other made Secretary of State and that Gardiner who opposed it was now in the Tower So great an Influence has Greatness in supporting the most speculative and indifferent things Bonner was now brought in trouble Bonners Process It was not easie to know how to deal with him for he obeyed every Order that was sent him and yet it was known that he secretly hated and condemned all that was done and as often as he could declare that safely he was not wanting by such ways to preserve his interest with the Papists And though he obeyed the Orders of Council yet he did it in so remiss a manner that it was visible that it went against the grain August So he was called before the Council and charged with several particulars That whereas he used to officiate himself on the great Festivals he had not done it since the New Service was set out that he took no care to repress Adultery and that he never Preached So they ordered him to officiate every Festival to Preach once a quarter and to begin within three weeks and Preach at S. Pauls and to be present at every Sermon when he was in health and to proceed severely against those who withdrew from the new Service and against Adulterers They required him to set forth the heinousness of Rebellion and the nature of true Religion and the indifference of outward Ceremonies and particularly to declare that the Kings Authority was the same and as much to be obeyed before he was of age as after On the first of September he Preacht he said nothing of the power of Kings under Age and spoke but little to the other points but enlarged much on the Corporal Presence in the Sacrament Hooper and W. Latimer two of his hearers informed against him So a Commission was granted to Cranmer Ridley the two Secretaries of State and May Dean of S. Pauls to examine that matter and to imprison or deprive him as they should see cause for it They were also authorized to proceed in the summary way of the Spiritual Courts He was summoned to Lambeth where he carried himself with great disrespect and disingenuity towards the Delegates and gave the Insormers very soul language and in his whole discourse he behaved himself like one that was disturbed in his Brain When the Commission was read he made a Protestation against it reserving to himself power to except to diverse things in it He said the Informers were Hereticks and only prosecuted him because he had taught the presence of Christ in the Sacrament At the next meeting Secretary Smith was there who was not present at the first So upon that account Bonner protested against him he also charged Heresie on his Accusers who were thereby under Excommunication and so not capable to appear in any Court He denied that any Injunctions had been given him under the Kings hand or Signet he said he had preached against the late Rebels which implied that the Kings power was compleat though he was under age It was answered to this that the Court might proceed ex Officio without Informers And that the Injunctions concerning the heads of which he was required to treat in his Sermon were read to him by one of the Secretaries and were given him by the Protector and they were afterwards called for and that Article about the Kings power under age was by Order of Council added and the Paper was delivered to him by Secretary Smith At a third appearance the Informers offered to vindicate themselves of the charge of Heresie but after some scurrilous language given
and worship and our being during the whole action in one continued posture of devotion and if the Jews who were more bound up to Ceremonies made a change in the posture at the Memorial of their deliverance without any warrant mentioned in the Old Testament it must be acknowledged that the Christian Church which is more at liberty in such matters had authority to make the like change of the posture in this Memorial of Christ's sufferings At this time six of the most eminent Preachers were appointed to wait on the Court by turns two at a time and the other four were sent as Itinerant Preachers into all the Counties of England in a Circuit for supplying the defects of the Clergy who were generally very weak and faulty The Mass said in Lady Mary's Chappel Lady Mary in trouble for having Mass said was now again challenged The Court was less afraid of the Emperours displeasure than formerly and so would no longer bear with so publick a breach of Law And the Promise they had made being but Temporary and never given in Writing they thought they were not bound by it But the Emperour assured her that he had an absolute Promise for that Priviledge to her This encouraged her so much that when the Council wrote to her she said she would follow the Catholick Church and adhere to her Fathers Religion Answer was writ in the Kings name requiring her to obey the Law and not to pretend that the King was under age since the late Rebels had justified themselves by that The way of Worship then established was also vindicated as most consonant to the word of God But she refused to engage into any disputes only she said she would continue in her former courses And she was thinking of going out of England insomuch that the Emperour ordered a Ship to lie near the Coast for her Transportation which was strange advice for it is probable if she had gone beyond Sea she had been effectually shut out from succeeding to the Crown The Emperour espoused her quarrel so warmly that he threatned to make War if she should be hardly used and the Merchants having then great effects at Antwerp it was not thought fit to give him a colour for breaking with them and seizing on these so the Council were willing to let the matter fall and only advised her to have her Mass privately said yet the young King could not be easily induced to yield to that for he said he ought not to connive at Idolatry The Council ordered Cranmer Ridley and Poinet to satisfie him in it And they convinced him that though he ought not to consent to any sin yet he was not at all times obliged to punish it He burst out in weeping lamenting his Sisters obstinacy and his own circumstances that obliged him to comply with such an impious way of Worship Dr. Wotton was sent over to the Emperour to convince him that no absolute Promise was ever made For Paget and Hobbey whom the Emperour vouched for it declared upon Oath that they made not any but what was Temporary and since the King did not meddle in the concerns of the Emperours Family it was not reasonable for him to interpose in this The Emperor pretended that he had promised to her Mother at her death to protect her and so he was bound in honour to take care of her But now when the Council were not in such fear of the Emperours displeasure as formerly they sent to seize on two of her Chaplains that had said Mass in her House when she was absent they kept out of the way and she writ to the Council to stop the prosecution and continued to stand upon the Promise made to the Emperour A long answer was returned to her by the Council in which after the matter of the Promise was cleared they urged her with the absurdity of Prayers in an unknown tongue offering the Sacrament for the dead and worshipping Images All the Ancients appealed upon all occasions to the Scriptures by these she might easily discover the errours and cheats of the old Superstition that were supported only by false Miracles and lying Stories They concluded that they being trusted with the execution of the Laws were obliged to proceed equally Mallet one of the Chaplains was taken and she earnestly desired that he might be set at liberty but it was denied her The Council sent for the chief Officers of her House and required them to let her know the Kings pleasure that she must have the new Service in her Family and to give the like charge to her Chaplains and Servants This vexed her much and did almost cast her into sickness She said she would obey the King in every thing in which her Conscience was not touched But charged them not to deliver the Councils Message to her Servants Upon that the Lord Chancellour Petre and Wyngfield were sent with the same orders to her and carried to her a Letter from the King which she received on her knees but when she read it she cast the blame of it on Cecyl then Secretary of State The Chancellour told her the whole Council were of one mind that they could not suffer her to use a form of Worship against Law And had ordered them to intimate this both to herself and her Family She made great protestations of duty to the King but said she would die rather than use any form of Worship but that which was left by her Father only she was afraid she was not worthy to suffer on so good an account When the King was of age she would obey his Commands in Religion and though he now knew many things above his age yet as they did not think him yet capable of matters of War or Policy so much less could he judge in points of Divinity If her Chaplains refused to say Mass she could have none but for the new Service she was resolved against it and if it were forced on her she would leave her house She desired her Officers might be sent back to her whom they had put in the Tower for not intimating the Councils order to her Servants which had been strange for them to have done when she forbid it She charged them to use her well for her Fathers sake who had raised them all out of nothing She was sick by reason of their ill usage and if she died she would lay it at their door She insisted on the Promise made to the Emperour who writ of it to her and she believed him more than them all She gave them a token to be carried to the King and so dismist them When they had laid a charge on her Chaplains and Servants to the same effect and were going away she called after them and desired they would send her Comptroller to her for she was weary of receiving her accounts and examining how many Loaves were made of a Bushel of Meal Upon this resolution that she exprest
stay in England where he had no hopes of making himself Master left her and that increased her Melancholy New Fires were kindled More Hereticks burnt Cardmaker that had been a Prebendary at Bath and Warne a Tradesman were burnt in Smithfield in May. The body of one that suffered for Robbery but at his Execution said somewhat savouring of Heresie was burnt for it Seven were burnt in several parts of Essex They were condemned by Bonner and sent down to be burnt near the places of their abode The Council writ to the Great Men of the County to gather many together and assist at those Spectacles and when they heard that some had come of their own accord to the burnings at Colchester they writ to the Lord Rich to give their thanks to those Persons for their Zeal so dexterously did they study to cherish a spirit of Cruelty among the People Bradford who had been committed soon after he had saved Bourne in the Tumult at Saint Paul's had been condemned with the rest and was preserved till July He was so much considered that Heath Archbishop of York and Day Bishop of Chichester Weston and Harpsfield with the King's Confessor and Alphonsus à Castro went to see if they could prevail on him and had long Conferences with him in Prison but all to no purpose Bourn was made Bishop of Bath and Wells and his Brother was Secretary of State but though Bradford had preserved his life yet he neither came to visit him nor did he interpose for his life on the contrary it was objected to Bradford that by his carriage in suppressing that Tumult it appeared that he had set it on but he appealed to God who saw how unworthily they returned him evil for good and he appealed to Bourn who was sitting among the Bishops that judged him if he had not prayed him for the Passion of Christ to endeavour his preservation and if he had not done it at the hazard of his own Life But Bourn as he was ashamed to accuse him so he had not the honesty nor the courage to vindicate him a young Apprentice was burnt with him whom he encouraged much in his sufferings and in transports of joy he hugged the Faggots that were laid about him Thornton Harpsfield and others set on a Persecution at Canterbury though Cardinal Pool was averse to it but he durst not now discover so much for the Pope had an inveterate hatred to him and was resolved upon the first occasion to recall him and for that end he entred in a Correspondence with Gardiner who hoped thereby to have been made a Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury and upon the hopes he had of that he still preserved Cranmer for tho' he was now condemned for Heresie yet the See was not esteemed void till he was formally degraded Some said it was fit to begin with him that had been the chief promoter of Heresie in England But Gardiner said it was better to try if it could be possible to shake him for it would be a great blow to the whole Party if he could be wrought on to forsake it whereas if he should be burnt and should dye with such resolution as others expressed it would much raise the spirits of his followers The See of Canterbury was now only sequestred in Pool's hands and he being afraid of falling under the Pope's rage was willing to let the cruel Prebendaries do what they pleased They burnt two Priests and two Laymen at Canterbury and sent a Man and a Woman to be burnt in other Places in Kent Two that belonged to the Dioceses of Winchester and Chichester were condemned by Bonner and were burnt near the places of their abode There were at this time several pretended discoveries of Plots both in Dorsetshire and Essex and Orders were given to draw Confessions from some that were apprehended by Torture but the thing was let fall for it was grounded only on the surmises of the Clergy The Queen was this Year rebuilding the House of the Franciscans at Greenwich Religious Houses set up and had recalled Peyto and Elston of which mention was made Book 1. pag. 117. the one she made her Confessor and the other was to be Guardian of that House The People expressed such hatred of them that as they were passing upon the River some threw stones at them but they that did it could not be discovered More 's Works published Judge Rastall published Sir Tho. More 's Works at this time but as was formerly observed he left out his Letter concerning the Nun of Kent though it lies among his other Letters in that very Manuscript out of which he published them He prefixed nothing concerning Mores Life to his Works which makes it highly probable that he never writ it for this was the proper time and place for publishing it if he had ever writ it So that Manuscript life of Mores pretended to be writ by him out of which many things have been quoted since that time to the disgrace of King Henry and Anne Boleyn must be a later forgery contrived in spite to Queen Elizabeth The Queen did now go on with her Intentions of founding Religious Houses out of those Abbey-Lands that were still in the Crown She recommended it also to the Councils care that every where there might be good Preaching and that there might be a Visitation of the Universities she desired that Justice might be done on the Hereticks in such a manner that the People might be well satisfied about it and prest them to take care that there might be no Pluralities in England and that the Preachers might give good Example as well as make good Sermons The burnings went on Seven were burnt in August in several places six more were burnt in one fire at Canterbury and four were burnt in other places but the particular days are not marked In September five were burnt at Canterbury and seven in other places In October two were burnt at Ely by Shaxton's means who now compleated his Apostasie by his Cruelty The 16th of that month became remarkable by the sufferings of Ridley and Latimer Ridley and Latimer are burnt Three Bishops Lincoln Gloucester and Bristol were sent with a Commission from Cardinal Pool to proceed against them Ridley said he payed great respect to Pool as he was of the Royal Family and esteemed him much for his Learning and Vertues but as he was the Popes Legate he would express no reverence to him nor would uncover himself before any that acted by authority from him The Bishop of Lincoln exhorted him To return to the obedience of the See of S. Peter on whom Christ had founded his Church to which the Ancient Fathers had submitted and which himself had once acknowledged He began his answer with a Protestation That he did not thereby submit to the authority of the Pope or his Legate he said Christ had founded his Church not on St. Peter but on the
expect Justice there so she went out of the Court and would never return to it any more Upon this the King gave her a great Character for her extraordinary Qualities and protested he was acted by no other Principle then that of Conscience He added that Wolsey did not set him on to this Suit but had opposed it long that he first moved the matter in Confession to the Bishop of Lincoln and had desired the Archbishop of Canterbury to procure him the Resolution of the Bishops of England in his Case and that they had all under their hands declared that his Marriage was unlawful The Bishop of Rochester denied he had signed it but Warham pretended he gave him leave to make another write his Name to it Fisher denied this and it was no way probable The Legates went on according to the forms of Law The Queen appeals to the Pope tho the Queen appealed from them to the Pope and excepted both to the Place to the Judges and her Lawyers Yet they pronounced her Contumax and went on to Examine Witnesses chiefly to that particular of the Consummation of her Marriage with Prince Arthur But now since the Process was thus going on the Emperours Agents prest the Pope vehemently for an Avocation and all possible endeavours were used by the King's Agents to hinder it they spared nothing that would work on the Pope either in the way of perswasion or threatning It was told him that there was a Treaty set on foot between the King and the Lutheran Princes of Germany and that upon the Pope's declaring himself so partial as to grant the Avocation he would certainly imbark in the same Interrests with them But the Pope thought the King was so far ingaged in Honour in the Points of Religion that he would not be prevailed with to unite with Luther's Followers So he did not imagine that the Effects of his granting the Avocation would be so dismal as the Cardinal's creatures represented them He thought it would probably ruine him which might make his Agents use such Threatnings and he did not much consider that for he hated him in his heart So in Conclusion after the Emperour had engaged to him to restore his Family to the Government of Florence he resolved to publish his Treaty with him But that the granting the Avocation might not look like what indeed it was a secret Article he resolved to begin with that and with great signs of sorrow he told the English Embassadours that he was forced to it both because all the Lawyers told him it could not be denied and that he could not resist the Emperours Forces which surrounded him on all hands Their endeavours to gain a little time by delayes were as fruitless as their other Arts had been for on the 15th of July The Pope grants an Avocation the Pope signed it and on the 19th he sent it by an express Messenger to England The Legates Campegio in particular drew out the matter by all the delayes they could contrive and gained much time At last it being brought to that that Sentence was to be pronounced Campegio instead of doing it adjourned the Court till October and said that they being a part of the Consistory must observe their times of Vacation This gave the King and all his Court great offence when they saw what was like to be the Issue of a Process on which the King was so much bent and in which he was so far engaged both in Honour and Interest Campegio had nothing to lose in England but the Bishoprick of Sailisbury for which the Pope or Emperour could easily recompence him but Wolsey was under all the Terrours that an Insolent Favorite is liable to upon a change in his Fortune None being more abject in misfortune than those that are lifted up with Success When the Avocation was brought to England the King was willing that the Legates should declare their Commission void but would not suffer the Letters Citatory to be served for he looked upon it as below his Dignity to be cited to appear at Rome The King governed himself upon this occasion with more temper than was expected He dismissed Campegio civily only his Officers searched his Coffers when he went beyond Sea with design as was thought to see if the Decretal Bull could be found Wolsey was now upon the point of being disgraced tho the King seemed to treat him with the same Confidence he had formerly put in him it being ordinary for many Princes to hide their designs of disgracing their Favourites with higher Expressions of kindnesses than ordinary till their Ruine breaks out the more violently because it is not foreseen At this time Cranmer's Rise Dr. Cranmer a Fellow of Jesus-Colledge in Cambridge meeting accidentally with Gardiner and Fox at Waltham and being put on the Discourse of the King's Marriage proposed a new Method which was That the King should engage the chief Universities and Divines of Europe to examine the lawfulness of his Marriage and if they gave their Resolutions against it then it being certain that the Pope's Dispensation could not derogate from the Law of God the Marriage must be declared null This was new and seemed reasonable so they proposed it to the King who was much taken with it and said he had the Sow by the right Ear He saw this way was both better in it self and would mortify the Pope extreamly so Cranmer was sent for and did so behave himself that the King conceived an high opinion both of his Learning and Prudence and of his Probity and Sincerity which took such root in the King's mind that no Artifices nor Calumnies were ever able to remove it But as he was thus in his Rise Wolsey it disgraced so Wolsey did now decline The Great Seal was taken from him and given to Sir Thomas Moor And he was sued in a Premunire for having held the Legatine Courts by a Forraign Authority contrary the Laws of England He confessed the Indictment and pleaded Ignorance and submitted himself to the King's Mercy so Judgment passed on him Then was his rich Palace now Whitehall and Royal Furniture seized on to the King's use Yet the King received him again into his Protection and restored to him the Temporalities of the Sees of York and Winchester and above 6000 l. in Plate and other Goods And there appeared still great and clear Prints in the King's mind of that entire Confidence to which he had received him of which as his Enemies were very apprehensive so he himself was so much transported with the Messages he had concerning it that once he fell down on his knees in a Kennel before them that brought them Articles were put in against him in the House of Lords it seems for a Bill of Attainder where he had but few Friends which all insolent Favourites may expect in their Disgrace In the House of Commons Cromwel that had been his Secretary did so
manage the matter that it came to nothing This failing his Enemies procured an order to be sent to him to go into Yorkshire Thither he went in great State with 160 Horses in his Train and 72 Carts following him and there he lived some time But the King was informed that he was practising with the Pope and the Emperour So the Earl of Northumberland was sent to arrest him of high Treason and bring him up to London On the way he sickned which different collours of Wit may impute either to a greatness or meanness of Mind His Death tho the last be the truer In Conclusion he died at Leicester making great Protestations of his constant Fidelity to the King particularly in the matter of his Divorce And he wished he had served God as faithfully as he had done the King for then he would not have cast him off in his gray Hairs as the King had done Words that declining Favourites are apt to reflect on but they seldom remember them in the hight of their Fortune The King thought it necessary to secure himself of the Affections and Confidences of his People before he would venture on any thing that should displease two such mighty Potentates as the Pope and the Emperour A Parliament is called So a Parliament was called in it the Commons prepared several Bills against some of the Corruptions of the Clergy particularly against Plurality of Benefices and Non-residence Abuses that even Popery it self could not but condemn The Clergy abhorred the Precedent of the Commons medling in Ecclesiastical matters so Fisher spoke vehemently against them and said all this flowed from lack of Faith Upon this the Commons complained of him to the King for reproaching them the House of Peers either thought it no breach of Priviledge or were willing to wink at it for they did not interpose Fisher was hated by the Court for adhering so firmly to the Queen's Interests so he was made to explain himself and it was passed over The Bills were much opposed by the Clergy but in the end they were passed The Kings Debts are discharged and had the Royal Assent In this long Interval of Parliament the King had borrowed great Sums of Mony so the Parliament both to discourage that way of supplying Kings for the Future and for ruining the Cardinal's Creatures who had been most forward to lend as having the greatest Advantages from the Government did by an Act discharge the King of all those Debts The King granted a general Pardon with an exception of such as had incurred the pains of Premunire by acknowledging a Forraign Jurisdiction with design to terrify the Pope and keep the Clergy under the lash The King found it necessary to make all sure at home for now were the Pope and Emperour linkt in the firmest Friendship possible The Pope's Nephew was made Duke of Florence and married the Emperour's Natural Daughter A Peace was also made between Francis and the Emperour and the King found it not so easy to make him break with the Pope upon his account as he had expected The Emperour went into Italy and was crowned by the Pope who when the Emperour was kneeling down to kiss his Foot humbled himself so far as to draw it in and kiss his Cheek But now the King intending to proceed in the Method proposed by Cranmer The Vniversities declare against the King's Marriage sent to Oxford and Cambridg to procure their Conclusions At Oxford it was referred by the major part of the Convocation to thirty three Doctors and Batchelors of Divinity whom that Faculty was to name they were impowered to determine the Question and put the Seal of the University to their Conclusion And they gave their Opinions that the Marriage of the Brother's Wife was contrary both to the Laws of God and Nature At Cambridg the Convocation was unwilling to refer it to a select number yet it was after some days Practice obtained but with great difficulty that it should be referred to twenty nine of which number two thirds agreeing they were empowered to put the Seal of the University to their Determination These agreed in Opinion with those of Oxford The jealousy that went of Dr. Cranmer's favouring Lutheranism made that the fierce Popish Party opposed every thing in which he was so far engaged They were also afraid of Ann Bolleyn's Advancement who was believed tinctured with those Opinions Crook a learned Man in the Greek Tongue was imployed in Italy to procure the Resolution of Divines there in which he was so successful that besides the great discoveries he made in searching the Manuscripts of the Greek Fathers concerning their Opinions in this point he engaged several Persons to write for the King's Cause and also got the Jews to give their Opinions of the Laws in Leviticus that they were Moral and Obligatory Yet when a Brother died without Issue his Brother might marry his Widow within Judea for preserving their Families and Succession but they thought that might not be done out of Judea The State of Venice would not declare themselves but said they would be Neutrals and it was not easy to perswade the Divines of the Republick to give their Opinions till a Brief was obtained of the Pope permitting all Divines and Canonists to deliver their Opinions according to their Consciences which was not granted but with great difficulty Crook was not in a condition to corrupt any for he complained in all his Letters of the great want he was in And he was in such ill terms with John Cassali the King's Embassadour at Venice that he complained much of him to the King and was in fear of being poysoned by him The Pope abhorred this way of proceeding though he could not decently oppose it but he said in great scorn that no Friar should set Limits to his Power Crook was ordered to give no Mony nor make Promises to any till they had freely delivered their Opinion which as he writ he had so carefully observed that he offered to forfeit his Head if the contrary were found true Fifteen or Twenty Crowns was all the reward he gave even to those that wrot for the King's Cause and a few Crowns he gave to some of those that subscribed But the Emperour rewarded those that wrot against the Divorce with good Benesices so little reason there was to ascribe the Subscriptions he procured to Corruption the contrary of which appears by his Original Accounts yet extant Besides many Divines and Canonists not only whole Houses of Religious Orders but even the University of Bononia tho the Pope's Town declared that the Laws in Leviticus about the degrees of Marriage were parts of the Law of Nature and that the Pope could not dispense with them The University of Padua determined the same as also that of Ferrara In all Crook sent over to England an hundred several Books and Papers with many Subscriptions all condemning the King's Marriage as