of the two Commonwealths had with communication of the French Embassadour framed a Concept or Form which they called a Project and which we will call so hereafter also upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty according to the Conventions agreed on at the Hague This Project or Instrument of Peace they first presented to the King of Denmark who received it and requiring time to deliberate upon it promised an answer The Embassadours hereupon went the same day to the Camp and having obtained Steno Bielke the Swedish Embassadours liberty Aug. 28. for he had been thus long detained prisoner at Coppenhagen took him with them fancying that so great a present would render their coming more acceptable Being entred the Kings Lodging and in the Anti-Chamber his Majesty after a little stay came out to them where Collonel Sidney accompanied with all his Colleagues and the Dutch Embassadours for the French had withdrawn himself after a profound Reverence presented him a Rowl of Paper being the aforesaid Project The King asked what Papers they were Sidney answered that they contained the desires of the three States But the King replied with a stern countenance if it be the Project for Peace I will not receive it And adding told the English as for you I will not refuse your Mediation as long as you continue in the terms of friendship but will suffer no Arbitrators And then turning to the Dutch subjoyned as for you being you are my Enemies I absolutely refuse to receive you as Mediators and to them all You make your Projects in your Fleets and I clapping his hand upon his Sword wear mine at my side Having said this he left the Embassadours and turning suddenly from them went to the other side of the room The Dutch Embassadours following him said we are not your Majesties Enemies and shall â—prove your best friends The King looking fiercely upon them answered my Embassadours are unworthily used and you are suffered to go and come at pleasure Slingland replied to this We need fear nothing from a generous Prince and the King abruptly I have no great resentments of generosity for such Enemies The Embassadours would not provoke the offended King any further but retiring with a profound and respectful Reverence left the presence where His Majesty having given Bielke his hand to kiss rallied with his great Officers most of them having been present at this audience upon this unusual rencounter This indignity of offered the Embassadours was seconded with another though not so considerable They were scarce got into their Coaches when it was told them that the Trumpeter who waited upon them was thrown into prison Being surprised with this Novelty they sent me to the King to complain of this violence and breach of the Law of Nations But the Trumpeter was immediately released and his detension excused having happened without the Kings knowledge and done by the Generals command not with an intent to affront the Embassie but because he belonged to the Garrison of Coppenhagen which was very true The Danes were over-joyed with this ill treatment of the Embassadours fancying that the Dutch would now employ their Forces against the common Enemy without any further intermission as well in revenge of their own injuries as to assist their Confederates In the mean time Posts were dispatched into all parts with the news of this encounter the circumstances of it being aggravated according to the several passions of the interessed The States General were most netled at it as being most concerned and did not fail to exaggerate the affront done to the Embassadours of the three States by their Ministers in England and France as an indignity common to them all But the Mediators how ever ill received at their former Audience did not yet despair of a desired issue to their negotiation They knew the King of Sweden was not wholly averse from Peace for he had several times professed he had not espoused his Conquests provided he did not quit them without a compensation but from the manner of compassing it and he was not against the officious intervention of Mediators though he could not endure the Umpirage of their Arbitration The Dutch therefore seeing that he would never admit of their Mediation unless the ancient Correspondence and Amity betwixt him and them were first restored drew a form of reconciliation which should put an end to all their former misunderstandings and Controversies and sending it to Rosenhaen by the French Embassadour wrote also to him that they purposed to come to the Camp to perfect the Treaty of Elbing and its Elucidations and also to endeavour to accommodate the differences betwixt the two Kings But being they perceived that the King of Sweden looked upon the States as parties and their Ministers for that reason as improper for the Negotiation in hand and that it seemed not good to His Majesty to assent to the aforesaid elucidations before the difference betwixt himself and the States General were removed and the ancient friendship betwixt the two Nations restored and being they doubted whether their coming to the Camp at that time might be acceptable or not they thought good to send an Instrument of reconciliation with a promise that they would sign it as soon as the Peace betwixt the two Kings was concluded The day following the Dutch Embassadours being informed that the King had not only laid by his choller but that also he desired their return to his Court sent me to him to know whether their coming to the Camp would be agreeable to his Majesty or not Aug. 31. And whether they should be received according to their dignities in case they came I being returned and having brought word that all was as they desired the Heeren Slingland and Huybert went to the Camp where being civilly received by the Courtiers they were immediatly introduced into the Kings presence where having first condoled with him for the death of the Duke of Holsteyn his father in Law they urged what concerned the illustrations of the Treaty of Elbing the Peace betwixt the two Crowns and the reconciliation betwixt His Majesty and the States General They most insisted upon the present Treaty and pressed the King that he would be pleased to declare himself as to the main heads of it and grant his Letters of safe conduct for the Danish Commissioners in such manner and form as was required The King answered that he desired nothing more than to cultivate the ancient friendship betwixt Sweden and the United Provinces and had therefore sent Coyet his Embassadour Extraordinary into Holland to represent to the States General themselves the candor of his intentions in that particular As for the Peace he was not averse from it provided it were safe and honourable only he believed that the business would advance best if it were carried on by Commissioners of both sides according to the usual method betwixt the Northern Crowns The Conference being done the Embassadours returned to
none amongst them that did not seem full of courage and indignation against the unjust proceedings of the enemy The Court being thus appeased and confirmed the King commanded the trumpet to sound to horse and quick messengers to be dispatched into the Country to allarm those horse that were quartered in the neighboring Villages and order their sudden coming to Town which they did with so much diligence that they prevented the enemies speed and precaution In the mean time the Magistrates and chief amongst the Citizens were sent for and enquiry made what was to be expected from them in so imminent a danger The King having aggravated the ambition and perfidie of the Enemy added that they were not now to sight for the recovery of what they had lost but lest they should lose which he abhor'd to think on what they had yet remaining and become the prey and scorn of their insulting foes The Lord Gerstorf great Master of the kingdom proceeded to tell them That there was nothing more glorious for generous spirits than bravely to maintain that duty and that fidelity which they owed by nature and oath to their King and Country They were now reduced to that extremity that they must defend themselves or perish there being no mean betwixt the Enemies ambition and their slavery He did therefore exhort them in his Majesties name to unity and concord amongst themselves to sight like men to arm all that could bear arms and to refusâ— no labour nor nothing that might be required from them for their common defence The Enemy was not so formidable as some men believed nor their condition so despicable but that they might yet hope for an issue suitable to the equity and innocency of their cause if they did not betray it by their own dissentions and infidelity There were some who had apprehended that the Citizens fears might surmount their loyalty which they having understood protested by the mouth of their chief Burgomaster John Nansen that they would expose their lives and what ever was dear to them for the defence of their King and Country and by an example worthy to be transferred to posterity cried out They would dye his Majesties subjects Monsieur Van Beuning Pensionair of Amsterdam then Embassadour from the States General of the United Low-Countries at Court did by his presence and authority which the King of Sweden complained of afterwards as discrepant from the function of an Embassadour extreamly raise the minds of all and exhorting them to a brave defence assured them of speedy succors and relief out of the Low-Countries in case they held out but till it was possible for a fleet to come to their assistance He visited the guards in person and throwing moneys by handful amongst the soldiers did much quicken them by his liberality and promises But that he might hasten those ayds he had so seriously assured them off and lest his passage might be cut off by the Swedish fleet already in sight he immediately went on board and set sail for Holland in a man of war which lay ready in the haven for his transport Owen Joel a Danish Gentleman was sent by the King along with him but deputed to the Elector of Brandenburg to complain of this unjust invasion of the Swedes and to invite him also to his ayd and succour These Embassadors toucht upon the Coasts of Norway in their passage and landing at Flecker acquainted the Governour by word of mouth and the Kings Officers farther off by Letters of the renewing of the wars in Denmark admonishing them to stand upon their guards as well against the surprises as the open violence of the Swedes now their declared enemies Whilest Van Beuning hastens towards Holland strugling against the winds the rumour of the Swedish invasion slew thither before him and having gained belief with them that were most concerned the States voted a fleet and 2000 foot for the present relief of Coppenhagen Van Beuning's arrival quickned these preparations for having demonstrated the danger Denmark was in and the Kings earnest desires for the hastening of the succours added that it was impossible for the City to hold out much above six weeks Hereupon all imaginable speed and care was taken to forward the designed supplies neither could the Swedish Ministers then in Holland with all their skill however they magnified their Masters affection and amity towards the States General divert them from their taken resolution Nay the King himself having dismissed above seventy of their Merchants ships which he had surprised in the Sound wrote to them the 21 of August out of his Camp Aug. 21. in which Letters after an enumeration of the reasons which he said obliged him to continue the war and mention of the ancient confederations betwixt the Crown of Sweden and the United Low-Countries he did solemnly profess that he desired nothing more than the liberty of Commerce and an unviolable friendship with the free Belgick Provinces which he was for his part resolved to persist in and testifie by all arguments of candor and reality if they on their parts would but do the same as it became true confederates and friends But all this was to no purpose for the States sensible what danger might accrew to their Eastern traffick nay many of them judged it quite ruined if Denmark were lost and the very ship-fraught alone was estimated at three hundred and fixty thousand pound sterling a year if the two Northern Crowns were united under one Prince resolved to hinder it by ballancing their forces and aiding still the weaker so that they did not only not change their resolutions but commanded the voted supplies to be made ready with all imaginable speed and in the mean time sent several expresses to the King of Denmark to assure him of the sudden comming of their fleet and forces to his assistance All this while the Danes were busie in fortifying their Town they repair their old works raise new ones where they were defective cleanse and deepen their moats and strengthen their bulworks and curtains with cannons and mortar-pieces and great granadoes lying here and there upon the parapets to be rowled down into the moat upon occasion a very useful and destructive invention and several other offensive and defensive arms No age no sex no quality or order of men were exempt from labour but all were imployed in working or watching the publike danger they were all in requiring their whole endeavours for their common safety The Kings example and presence encouraged all men for he seldom quitted the walls spending the dâ—â— amoâ—gst his soldiers and workmen and that part of the night which his repose required in his pavillion upon the ramparts so that there was no body of so abject a spirit that did not willingly wo travails and dangers where his Prince was his spectator and companion Neither did the King confine his care to Coppenhagen only Cronenburg being looked upon as the most considerable fortress
side was greater for three of their Ships were taken and two some say more sunk There perished two more of their Ships in their retreat to Lanskrown one being stranded and quitted by them near the Isle of Ween and the other running upon its own Anchor split in the entry of the Haven The number of the slain and drowned on the Swedish side is uncertain as near as I can gather they doubled that of the Dutch though these affirm them to have been more and the other scarce so many It is constant that all on neither side did not their duties but being the number of eithers Cowards was not very disproportionable the disadvantage that way seems not unequal But to leave these degenerous spirits to the shame and punishment that attends them we will pursue our Relation Towards Evening the Danish Admiral Bielke who by reason of the contrary Winds could not get up to the fight joyned Opdam betwixt Coppenhagen and Ween with six men of War Hereupon it was resolved to engage the Enemies again but they having secured themselves in Lanskrown the design was changed into a Blockade and being they could not enter the Haven without too great a hazard to endeavour to destroy it by sinking several old ships filled with sand stones broken Cannon and such like Ballast in the entry of it and so render the Fleet within it useless by obstructing their passage out again The Swedes were at first frightened with the greatness of these preparations not thinking that impossible which they saw undertaken and pursued with so much eagerness Seeing therefore they could not hinder what they so much feared by force they would try what threatning could do and sent King Frederick word that they would revenge the detriment which should be done their Haven with the destruction of the Kingdom of Denmark But the Danes did not desist for all these menaces but returned answer that the King would persist in his design if he thought it might prove prejudicial to his Enemies not despairing but to be able another day to revenge those injuries which their malice might create him in Denmark by a just retaliation in Sweden it self But this as also another design of the Danes to surprise the Castle of Elzenburg about the same time proved fruitless Six hundred foot were ordered for this exploit but being opposed by a rude storm were forced back though not without some loss The whole Fleet the Winter being far advanced was likewise obliged to return to Coppenhagen for the Sea began already to freeze and crust with drifts of Ice It is not imaginable with what excess of joy the Dutch Auxiliaries were received within the City but the Besieged were transported when they saw the next morning after the fight that the Swedes had quitted their Works and Approaches near the Town and were retired The Sun had no sooner discovered the Enemies Retreat but the forsaken Trenches swarmed with the glad Citizens The Works which had been raised against them were levelled and whatever the Swedes had left behind them of moment carried in triumph into the Town These publick joys were further celebrated with publick Thanksgiving in all the Churches and this oppressed people seemed raised by this unexpected deliverance to hopes of a better fortune The Swedes Army in Batalia before their Camp when they quitted it Those to Sir Philip Meadow were as followeth Whereas upon occasion of the present War lately faln out betwixt the Kings of Sweden and Denmark We have thought fit to send a Fleet towards the Sound under Command of Vice-Admiral Goodson for the ends and purposes expressed in these our Instructions and also in those given by Us to the said Vice-Admiral which he hath order to communicate to you you are to take the first and soonest opportunity you can to speak with the said Vice-Admiral and to communicate with him or such as he shall send to you concerning the best wayes and means for putting in execution what you shall herewith receive in charge 2 In pursuance thereof you shall in Our name offer to both the said Kings Our friendly Mediation for composing the present War arisen betwixt them and for preventing the further effusion of Christian bloud you are to desire a Cessation of all Acts of Hostility betwixt them during the Treaty 3 In case a Treaty shall either be begun betwixt them before these arrive with you or shall be entred into upon your offer of a Mediation as aforesaid you shall use your best endeavour to bring the said two Kings to an Agreement and to settle a good and secure Peace between them taking care therein that nothing be concluded on to the prejudice or detriment of this Commonwealth 4 In the management of this Affair you shall communicate as you shall have opportunity with the French Minister remaining in the Court of Sweden with whom we would have you to maintain a very good correspondence And in case the States General of the United Provinces have any publick Ministers residing with the King of Sweden or the King of Denmark you shall do the best you can to have a communication with them and to encline them to use their endeavours to the setling of this Peace betwixt the said two Kings 5 In case the Mediation so to be offered be not accepted or that Affairs there are in such a condition that a Treaty cannot be propounded or in case a Treaty shall be accepted but no Cessation granted or no effect likely to be had of such Treaty for the ends aforesaid you are then for the better securing of the interest of this Commonwealth in these parts no other way appearing to Us possible in that behalf to let the King of Sweden know according to what you will find in Our Instructions to Vice-Admiral Goodson that the Fleet under his Command will be ready upon reasonable Conditions to give him assistance for his defence 6 And that you may fully know Our mind and intention upon this whole Affair We have herewith sent you a Concept of Articles which We judge fit and necessary to be agreed upon betwixt Us and the King of Sweden as the Terms of our Assistance which you shall communicate to the said King and upon his agreement thereunto and formal ratification thereof you shall signifie the same to Vice-Admiral Goodson That he may accordingly pursue the Instructions given him in that behalf 7 Though We have sent this Form yet Our mind and intention is not to tye you up to all the words and expressions therein but that you keep to the substance thereof so as if alterations be made in any part thereof the substance be not altered And in case any thing else occur to you being upon the place which as affairs stand may be of further advantage to the interest of this Nation you are to propound and insist on the same accordingly 8 In case matters should so stand at the arrival of Our Fleet that by
War The English as is already mentioned had about the latter end of the last year sent a Fleet towards Denmark but that being by reason of Tempests and the unpassableness of the Seas full of sholes of Ice unable to advance was obliged to return The Winter being past General Montague was sent thither with a second no less useful for service being very well fitted for War and well manned with betwixt nine or ten thousand men but no Land forces then glorious for ostentation The English Fleet was got ready with that expedition that it put to Sea a Fortnight or three Weeks before the Dutch which bred no little jealousie in them seeing their Rivals ready before them and that with such powerful Forces however Mr. Downing then Resident at the Hague had assured them Apr. 6. that the English Fleet which was gone towards the Sound had no Orders to use any kind of hostility against their Shipping but only to endeavour the procuring of a Pacification betwixt the two Crowns And it proved so though the States were hardly induced to believe it And yet they will not now making a vertue of necessity seem to wish it otherwise so that their preparations moved flower at least in appearance whilest they gave out that they did not need to make hast being Denmark was secured in the Neutrality of that present power General Montague having Rendevouzed in Sould Bay March 27. 1659. weighed the twenty seventh of March and arrived in the Sound at an Anchor between the Island of Ween and Cronenburg Castle April 6. Apr. 6. And And by agreement between the King of Sweden and the English Admiral neither flag was stirred but born aloft and the three Flag-ships as they passed by the Castle saluted it where the King and Queen were in person with 21 19 and 17 Guns Every other Ship gave only a Volley of small shot which were answered Flags and all only with two Guns each according to the Custom of Sweden The Instructions given to General Montague I have thought proper to insert here being they will give great light to the following passages of that Summers action WHereas upon consideration had of the state of Affairs in the Eastern parts and particularly of the War faln out betwixt the two Kings of Sweden and Denmark which hath greatly disturbed the Navigation and Commerce of this and other Neighbouring States and distracted the Affairs of the greatest part of Europe We thought it necessary to use Our best endevours for composing the said War and thereby to remove the manifold Evils and Inconveniences which depend thereupon And to that purpose gave directions to Sir Philip Meadow Our Envoy Extraordinary with the King of Sweden to offer Our friendly Mediation to both those Kings and to contribute his utmost diligence for setling a Peace between them Giving him such further Instructions as We found necessary for that occasion a Copy whereof they bearing Date the ninth of December last is herewith delivered unto you And whereas since that time there hath been a Treaty made and concluded on betwixt Us and the King of France a Copy whereof is also herewith delivered you touching the said Affairs which both States finding to be of so great importance to their respective Countries and Dominions and the Interest thereof They judge that it concerned Them in a joynt way and by joynt Counsels to apply the most effectual remedies that could be thought of for composing the said War And therefore did agree by the said Treaty to offer their joynt Mediation to those two Kings for procuring of a Peace betwixt Them as also their Garranty for securing thereof in case it should be accomplished With a mind also to accommodate the differences betwixt the King of Sweden on the one side and the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg on the other And for the better effecting of the mutual intentions of these two States It was further concluded by the said Treaty that all endeavours should be used for disposing the States General of the United Provinces to co-operate with England and France in this good Work And accordingly as well We as the King of France have given Instructions to Our respective Publick Ministers both at the Hague and with the said Kings of Sweden and Denmark to prosecute and promote the aforesaid good Intention which We hope will have the issue that is desired and that such a Peace will be setled in those parts where so great and powerful Armies both by Land and Sea are engaged as will be for the security of the common Interest and in particular of this Commonwealth And having on these grounds sent a Fleet towards those parts the last Winter which in respect of the season of the year was not able to perfect the intended Voyage We have now judged it necessary upon the same Grounds and to the same ends as are before expressed to send a Fleet under your Conduct and Command into the Sound and Baltick Sea You are therefore on the receipt of these Our Instructions and of the other papers herewith delivered to repair to Our Fleet prepared for this Expedition a List whereof is hereunto annexed and upon your coming aboard you shall by Gods blessing and assistance with your first Opportunity of Wind and Weather set sail for the parts aforesaid and having come thither shall follow and pursue the Instructions following viz. 1 You shall immediatly upon your arrival in the Sound send to Sir Philip Meadow as also to our Envoy with the King of Denmark if he be there residing and receive from them a true and perfect account of the state of the affairs of the several Princes engaged as aforesaid and what effect our Mediation hath had and whether it be probable that a Treaty and Peace will ensue on the Terms wherein you shall find affairs to stand at your arrival 2 You shall either by your self or by the hand of Sir Philip Meadow as you shall find it most convenient let both the Kings of Sweden and Denmark know that you have brought the Fleet into these parts by Our command as a common friend to both and with desires to procure a Peace betwixt them And that for the same purpose you are ready to contribute all that lies in you to remove those difficulties that lye in the way of Peace and secure Agreement betwixt them We judging it to be their own Interest as well as that of their Neighbours and Allies that the present War between them should be put to a speedy end And that We cannot understand how the same can be continued without extream danger as well to themselves as to the present Interests of their Allyes 3 If a Treaty be begun between them before your arrival you shall do what you can to bring the said Treaty to a Peace without delay But if it be found that either no Treaty is begun or that the difference is such upon the
Treaty that no Agreement is like to be made thereupon Then Sir Philip Meadow as We have directed him by your Instructions to him shall in Our name propound the Treaty of Rotschild to be the Terms of a Peace to be now setled between them with such Alterations as shall be found necessary upon occasion of the War since faln out between the said two Kings perswading both of them to center therein as that which is the likeliest means as affairs now stand to put an end to this unhappy and unchristian War And this you as Admiral of the Fleet shall also let both the Kings know And also that you shall be obliged by your Instructions to oppose that Party which shall refuse a reasonable Peace upon these grounds We holding our self engaged to propound this Treaty in respect We were one of the Mediators thereof 4 In case the said two Kings can be brought to a Treaty then a Cessation of all acts of Hostility is to be endeavoured between them in which Cessation it is to be expressed that no part of the Forces under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg and that Confederate Army be transported into Zeland Funen or any other of the Isles where now the King of Sweden hath footing and that no relief of Men or Shipping be put into Coppenhagen nor any attempt made upon either of the said Kings by the Forces of any Prince or State whatsoever And you are authorized to use your endeavours that the Terms of the said Cessation be observed and to oppose whomsoever shall go about to break the same 5 And whereas We find that One great difficulty which the King of Denmark makes about treating separately with Sweden is because of his engagement to his Allies We have directed the said Sir Philip Meadow to let him know That this Peace being once concluded yea whilest it is Treating We shall use Our best endeavours to reconcile the King of Sweden unto the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and do not doubt but something very effectually may be done therein But we conceive it of absolute necessity in the first place to agree the said two Kings without which it is impossible to imagine that any peace at all can any way be concluded on And we hope that the States General of the United Provinces will likewise agree herein 6 You shall also take the first opportunity to deal very seriously with the King of Sweden touching his present War in Denmark letting him know that We apprehend it very dangerous both for him and all his Allies in respect of the great Combinations that are made against him both by Land and Sea which in all probability he will not be able to defend himself against And that whosoever comes in to his assistance must expect to engage himself in a War with Holland and those other States which are the Allies of Denmark being a War which at this time this Nation is in no condition to engage in nor is the Parliament now sitting satisfied so to do And that therefore the Counsell which We as his true Friend and Ally do find necessary to give him at this time is That he will apply himself to make a reasonable Peace with the King of Denmark upon the Treaty of Rotschild which We at his own desire did in some sort become the Garranty of Letting him further know that in case his Majesty shall not think fit to follow this Counsel We cannot satisfie Our self to give him any assistance the consequence whereof will be so great upon this Nation And in case the Dutch will be perswaded to say as much to the King of Denmark We doubt not but matters will be brought to a happy issue in those parts 7 In case the King of Denmark shall refuse to treat upon the Terms before expressed you shall let him know That although We have not interested Our self in this present War but have carried Our self as Neuter betwixt him and the King of Sweden Yet now We find the Interest of this Commonwealth so much concerned in this War That We held Our self obliged to make use of all the means God hath put into Our hands to put an end thereto And that having done what lies in Our power by Our Ministers in a friendly way without success We have found Our self necessitated to give assistance to the King of Sweden as Our Friend and Ally who having declared himself willing to make Peace upon the Terms of the Rotschild Treaty We thought it not for the Common good nor for the interest of England to suffer him to be opprest and totally ruined by the conjunction of so great and powerful Forces against him 8 And upon this state of the case and having by your self or Sir Philip Meadow Our said Envoy used your best endeavour as aforesaid for making a Peace And if the King of Sweden shall give satisfaction upon the Terms of Assistance you shall then with the Fleet under your Command assist the King of Sweden in a defensive way in the manner expressed in the following Article 9 You shall with the Fleet under your Command either alone or in conjunction with the Swedish Fleet hinder what in you lies the transporting of any part of the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg or by whom else the same is commanded into the Isles of Zeland and Funen or into any other of the places now possessed by the Swedes And if any attempt shall be made to do it you shall use the force that is in your hand to withstand and prevent it by whomsoever it shall be attempted 10 In case the Fleet of the King of Sweden shall be attempted by the Dane or by the Fleet of any other State separately or in conjunction with the Dane you shall use the Force which God hath given you to defend him 11 You shall also labour by the Fleet under your Command to hinder the carrying of any Succour or relief into Coppenhagen until the King of Denmark shall be willing to Treat upon the Terms expressed in the former Article and are hereby impowred to fight with any such as shall endeavour to carry in any such relief as aforesaid And are also impowred to authorize such number of the Fleet as you shall judge necessary under the Flag of Sweden to joyn with the Fleet of Sweden to pursue and assault his enemies for the better accommodating of the Termes of Peace as aforesaid 12 And because Our intention is to manage this business by Counsel and Correspondence with the States General of the United Provinces as also to prevent any further Engagement between the King of Sweden and the Lords the States in a Hostile way We have directed our Resident at the Hague to propound to the said States General that they will joyn with England and France in the making of this Peace upon the grounds of the Treaty of Rotschild and that in order
shall be in Amity with those Confederates or either of them 8 That all the Ports Rivers Roads Harbours and Countryes of Sweden shall be free and open for the English Ships and men to come into reside in and go forth of from time to time as there shall be occasion without any molestation and shall be assisted and furnished with provisions and other necessaries at the same rates that the People â—nd Subjects of the King of Sweden are â— That all reasonable endeavours shall be used by these Confederates â—o withdraw the Elector of Brandenburg and all other Princes â—â—d States from any conjunction with the House of Austria and to Unite them against the said House â— That the said Fleet set out by His Highness as aforesaid shall be continued forth for the purposes aforesaid for so long time as the present season of the year shall permit with respect to the safety of the Fleet and no longer â—he English Admiral was bound up not to admit of any alteraâ—â—â— in the Treaty and the King of Sweden how great soever his â—eed of Englands help was yet immoveably persisted in refusing to sign the Treaty upon these Points First that he could not admit the English the Priviledges in Sweden that all Swedes have because he alledged some sort of Ships were built there in a form particular to be useful in his Wars and for lading Salt also in consideration whereof they had special immunities But he offered to make them equall with the rest of the Nation 2 That he could not exclude their Enemies out of the Baltick Sea For it was not possible for the English alone to suffice for the Commerce of it and if they could yet it was giving them to much advantage in Trade upon his own people and all the bordering Nations upon the Baltick Sea to make them Monopolizers thereof Whilest these things are in discoursing in the Sound the change of Government happened in England and the English Fleet thereby taken off from the prosecution of its first design was made to wait the new directions of the Power then in possession whose Interest differing from the former seemed to espouse that of Holland by undervaluing the Swedes to their very great prejudice But however affairs went in Denmark the struglings at the Hague were no less remarkable which ended at length in a League betwixt the three States to wit England France and the United Provinces Whereby they resolved to perswade or enforce the warring Kings and that against their wills or without consulting with them to a Reconciliation and Peace The Articles of this Convention wherein its Authours shewed they no less minded their own than their Neighbours interest were in all nine The first was May 22 11. 1659. that a Peace should be made betwixt the two Kings upon the foundation of the Rotschild Treaty 2 That the second Article of the said Treaty by which all Forreign hostile Fleets were prohibited to pass the Sound should be wholly exploded and left out or so couched that no Vessels or shipping whatsoever belonging to any of the three States should be comprehended in that restriction but that on the contrary they should be permitted to pass the said Streight at pleasure without any let or interruption 3 That the English Fleet should not joyn it self to either of the two Kings Fleets nor affist nor offend either of them for the space of three whole Weeks counting from the day that notice hereof was given to the Commander in chief of the said Fleet And likewise that the Dutch Fleet which was to be sent for Denmark should observe the same and not joyn with Opdams Fleet who was also to act nothing in prejudice of the Swedes for the said three Months time and that the Fleet to be sent thither should not go to Coppenhagen nor enter the Baltick Sea either by the Sound or by either of the two Belts 4 That the said three States should withdraw all manner of ayd and succours from that King who should refuse equitable terms of Peace and continue so to do until he had declared the contrary 5 That the three States should stand bound for ever for the executing and keeping of the made peace 6 That all Ships whatsoever belonging to the Subjects of the three States as also their Merchandise and lading should be free and exempted in the Sound and both the Belts from any new Impositions or Tolls 7 That England and France should undertake to remove all diffidences and mis-understandings arisen betwixt the King of Sweden and the States General and cause the Treaty of Elbing with its elucidations to be ratified 8 That the three States should use their utmost endeavours to compose the War with Poland as also the difference betwixt the Elector of Brandenburg and the Swedes 9 Lastly that the Articles of this Treaty should be ratified and duly observed by the three States And thus this Treaty notwithstanding the main opposition of the Emperor the Danes and the Brandenburgers Ministers was agreed upon by the three States But being those of England and France did refuse to sign it at present under pretence of waiting further and more plenary Orders from their Principals the States General dispatched an Express to the King of Denmark assuring him that their Fleet. notwithstanding the arrival of Forreign Fleets in the Sound April 29. should follow with the forty Companies designed for his assistance with all possible speed and that they would omit nothing whereby they might remove that oppression that his Kingdom did at present groan under There was no industry omitted for the hastening out of the Dutch Fleet all forreign Commerce and traffick by Sea being forbidden and wholly prohibited until the same were furnished with Marriners This unusual Embargo did extreamly trouble the Merchants especially the Green-land Farers for the season to fish for Whales drew nigh and the loss would be as well great as irrecoverable if it were neglected Seeing therefore that Seamen came but slowly in as unwilling to engage in a War where nothing was to be expected but blows and that they would not be prest as inconsistent with the freedom they pretend they were forced to hire them at excessive rates the price heightening even to forty Guilders a man every moneth At last though with much ado they levied twelve hundred Seamen which were dispersed amongst the Navy which by this time was ready consisting of forty brave Ships of War And now their Land-forces being likewise embarked May 10 3â— they set sail towards Denmark The Danish Agents which resided in Holland had hired several Fluyts and Galliots to carry provisions to Coppenhagen and to transport the Confederate Armies out of Jutland into the Islands but wanting both monies and credit they were stayed behind to the prejudice and dis-reputation of them who were concerned Michael de Ruyter Vice-Admiral of Amsterdam had the present Command of this Fleet for Opdam was absent and
Denmark had scarce order to mention to endeavour to remove what ever there was of any moment that might cherish those heats and jealousies which were betwixt them and to renew those Leagues of Amity which they had formerly so much esteemed and which the King would if they pleased alwayes keep inviolably He further propounded that Commissioners might be ordered to treat with him which was granted although they moved not so quick as he desired the main business being referred by the States to their Plenipotentiaries then in Denmark The King of Denmark hearing of Coyet's being in Holland resolved least his affairs there might suffer to oppose him in kind He therefore sent the Lords Otto Krage and Gotske Bockwalt Jan. 9. two Senators his Embassadours extraordinary to the Hague who were received with more appearance and realities of kindness than the Swede Amongst other things they told the States that the time designed to make the Peace in was expired and consequently that that the Hagues Agreement and Conventions did cease of course They therefore besought them to continue their assistance according to the reiterate Leagues betwixt them and that until Denmark were delivered from the oppression of their Enemies They further demanded that they might not at all be tied to the Treaty of Rotschild which the Swedes had broken but that the said Swedes might be obliged not only to render what they had usurped but also to restore Schonen a dangerous neighbour to Coppenhagen in compensation of the manifold losses which they had suffered by their violence Lastly they desired a Peace but would have it general as securest both for their Commerce and their Allies Some time after they required that the Dutch Militia in Denmark might be made up six thousand effective men that the States would furnish them with 24 thousand Crowns every moneth and lend them thirty Ships of War as soon as the Ice was broken to be at the Kings command In lieu of all this they offered the States Drontheym in Norway Malmuyen or Lanskrown in Schonen when they were taken or Gluckstat in Holsteyn as pledges and security for their moneys But the English opposed these Propositions of the Danes not willing to suffer that either the Elbe the Sound or the Northern Navigation should run the hazard of more interruptions so that this was no further insisted upon especially being the English Resident had desired in Writing from the States that they would not accept of any Cities Havens Forts or other places whatsoever before his Superiours had been first acquainted with it The States answer to the Danes except in this particular was very favourable for having sent a great quantity of all manner of Provisions to Coppenhagen they further declared that they would not be wanting in assisting their Confederates It will not be impertinent to add a Catalogue of the Provisions which were to compose a Magazin for the Citizens at Coppenhagen and to be sold to them at reasonable Rates the particulars and prises were 500000 Weight of Cheese cost 29160 Livers or Guilders 300 Tun of Herrings at 40500 Guild 400000 Weight of Stockfish at 28000 Guild 120 Tun of Grout 24840 Guild 120 Tun of Pease at 29160 Guild 135 Tun of Salt at 14610 Guild 800 Firkins of Butter 59200 Guild 400 Hogsheads of Brandy 34080 Guild 500 Hogsheads of Vinegar 10075 Guild 400000 Pound of Bacon at 72000 Guild 100 Ship pound of Hops 4300 Guild 200 Tua of Malt at 23240 Guild 200 Quarts of Train-Oyl 6300 Guild 4000 Pound of Horse-Radish 340 Guild 200 Ames of Rape Oyl 7800 Guild 300 Tun of Beef salied 16600 Guild 10000 Pounds of Candles 3000 Guild 20000 Pound of Tobacco 4000 Guild 200 Tun of Oats at 14000 Guild The whole Sum is 474045 Guild In English moneys 47404 l. 10 s. 00 d. The States also answered Coyets expostulatory speech accusing the Swedes as the causers of the breach of those Leagues and that friendship they so much complained of First they put him in mind how Queen Christina had not only refused them those Succours during the English War which the Crown of Sweden was obliged to send them but had also hindred the transport of the Cannon which they had then bought in Sweden for their use and imprisoned some of their Merchants upon unjust and frivolous pretences They further declared that their usage had not been better since the comming of Charles Gustave the present King to the Crown for that when a Catalogue of those Princes and States which were esteemed Friends and Confederates to the Kingdom of Sweden had been openly read in the Assembly of States they were omitted and wholly left out nay that this King had as Christina had done before when he was pressed to renew the ancient Alliances betwixt the two States declared under pretext of their League with Denmark that he was not at all obliged to observe them They also complained how the Kings Fleet had exacted extraordinary Imposts from their Subjects in the Baltick Sea and how their Embassadours had been detained at Lowenburg against their wills As for the Treaty of Elbing they acknowledged they had demanded a necessary Elucidation not Elusion of some of its Articles the which not being concluded and the Swedes having declared the former Treaties betwixt them not to be obligatory it seemed but reasonable in them to look to their own affairs and to send a Fleet and Souldiers to Dansick as well to secure their Trade as to insure a City which was their Friend and Confederate They added that they were not ignorant with how much industry both Queen Christina and King Charles had not only endeavoured to ruine the good intelligence which was betwixt King Frederick and their State but had also laboured by the accession and assistance of Denmark to exclude them out of the Baltick Sea But being they could not compass it it was no wonder if the States General did assist a Prince who was their Confederate and Friend And yet they professed that when the Peace betwixt the two Northern Crowns was once made they would omit nothing which might conduce to renew and re-establish the ancient Alliances and friendships betwixt the Crown of Sweden and their United Provinces During these transactions the Imperialists and Brandenburgers made havock of all in Pomerania uncontrouled under pretext of diverting the Swedes in their proceedings in Denmark The War in Norway was also carried on with much eagerness but with more variety of success but being these Contests happened out of Denmark however relating to the subject in hand though at a distance I thought good to omit them as well to avoid prolixity as to ease my self especially being the knowledge I had of them was but at second hand I must not however omit to say somewhat of the death of King Charles he having been the only Author of the Siege we mention although prevented by his untimely end from finishing that which he had so vigorously undertaken
he was also forced to expect six dayes more 22. by reason of contrary Winds King Charles seeing his Adversaries Fleet so near and in his neighbourhood omitted nothing on his side for their reception He went daily upon the Sands to visit and view their numbers and bulk and order with his perspectives Sometimes he seemed resolved to take advantage of the Wind and Stream and fall upon them where they were which both himself and many of his great Officers wished afterwards they had done considering that if they had been worsted they might have retreated to Gottenburg and that both the shores were possessed by the Swedish Troops But the contrary opinion prevailed which was to expect them in the Sound being they must first pass the batteries of the Castles from both sides and that they themselves if they were not victorious might abundantly secure their retreat by the neighbourhood of these two Forts and the Haven of Lanskrown The Wind being come about and blowing gently out of the North Opdam summoned the chief Officers and Captains on board and having given those Orders to each of them which were necessary dismissed them with this admonition that they should not be wanting to themselves to their Country nor to them whose deliverance depended upon the success of their present endeavours The Anchors being weighed with the general assent of all they set sail for the Sound But whilest they are hastening thither it will not be amiss to take a view of the Admiral and Colonel Pichlars Instructions which were as followeth 1 The Lieutenant Admiral shall first and before all things take notice That the intention and designe of this State in this present Expedition of their Fleet is to deliver such of the Inhabitants and Subjects of this State as traffick in the East sea from all oppression as also to assist the King of Denmark against the King of Sweden who lately unexpectedly invaded him and that so effectually as may by Gods help dâ—liver him from the aforesaid violence 2 To this end the Lieutenant Admiral shall sail with the Fleet of this State with all diligence to the Sound and convoy thither the Auxiliaries of this State designed for the assistance of the King and Kingdome of Denmark and especially for the relief of Coppenhagen and Cronenburg 3 Being come as far as Cronenburg he shall so far countenance and assist the said Succours with all his Forces that part of them may land and be received into the said Castle in case upon communication with the Governour there it be judged necessary 4 He shall in like manner endeavour to put the rest of the Succours and necessaries into Coppeâ—hagen 5 He shall vigorously and manfully like a Souldier and Seaman endeavour to deliver all the Ships Goods and Persons of the inhabitants of these United Provinces who are taken or detained by the Ships of War of the King of Sweden 6 For which end he shall in case he encounter the Swedish Fleet or any part of it vigorously attack and if possible overcome the same using therein such courage and Souldier like precaution as the occurrences of affairs will permit and he is entrusted with 7 Further he shall in general treat all them who will any way oppose or impede him in prosecution of his said Orders as is more amply mentioned in the aforesaid Article He shall the Land Militia being landed continue with the Fleet under his Command in and near the Sound and contribute by all Occurrences all that is necessary to remove the mentioned oppression Also he shall do his utmost endeavour to retake any Ships belonging to the Inhabitants of this State now with the Swedes and also hinder any further molesting of the Trafficking Subjects of this Land in Order to which he may upon such intelligences as he shall receive as occasion may require send any Ships or part of his Fleet to prevent any design that may threaten them 9 And in case the City of Coppenhagen and the Castle of Cronenburg should which God forbid be taken by the Swedes before the arrival of the Lieutenant Admiral the said Lieutenant Admiral shall then keep with the Fleet upon the Coasts of Denmark and Norway in such places as he shall judge securest and most proper to carry on the design of the States as in the eighth Article and to wait their farther Orders 10 The Lieutenant Admiral shall comport himself as above without notwithstanding tying himself so precisely to the Letter and Orders here prescribed as not to act according to intelligence and occurrences as he shall judg best for carrying on the designs and intentions of the States as is already exprest and shall also give the King of Denmark notice of his approach and defer much to his considerations and pleasure to which end he shall from time to time correspond with His Majesty 11 The Lieutenant Admiral shall take care that he shew all respect and civility to the Chiefs of other Armies or Squadrons belonging to any King Commonwealth or State in peace and alliance with the States General conformable to their respective Treaties yet without yielding in any thing contrary to these instructions much less receiving any command from them or suffering any visits by them but repel any with force that shall thus pretend to treat him Any chief Officers that come to dye in this Expedition shall be succeeded by their Lieutenants or next Inferiors unless uncapable c. 13 The Lieutenant Admiral shall keep an exact journal of all material Occurrences and advertise the States and the respective Admiralties therewith 14 The said Lieutenant Admiral shall in all other occasions not mentioned in these Instructions which may happen act by advise of his Councel of War and as shall be judged most for the Lands service Sept. 14. 1658. Collonel Pichler had also his Instructions apart which were That he should conduct his 38 Companies in the best order to the Sound That being come thither he should immediately confer with the Governour of Cronenburg and put so many men with their Officers into the said Garrison as should be judged necessary for its defence by the said Governour The said Officers and Companies should receive Orders from the Kings Governours reserving notwithstanding to themselves the correction and paying their souldiers He should also furnish them with Ammunition if they wanted it This done he should in person go with the remaining Companies to Coppenhagen and addressing himself forthwith to the King or him who commanded there in Chief receive such Orders as they pleased to give him and precisely follow the same reserving as above the payment and military discipline over the same to himself and his Councel of War Cornelius de Witte Vice-Admiral of Holland and West-Friezland lead the Van consisting of eleven men of War two Fluyts and one Fire ship the main Battle containing 13 men of War 2 Fluyts and one Fire ship was conducted by Opdam himself and the Rear equal
it was found that the Current ran so violently and uncertainly and differently in every small space of distance and the breadth of the water was so little that if the Dutch Fleet had come and he been obliged to fight the place was such as no Pilot knew how to work a Ship in And the other Station a breast of the Koll was good Sea-room and a steady Current for in that place is discernable no tide at all but if the Wind blow from the Ocean the Current runs into the Sound and if it blow out of the Baltick then the Current runs out The English Fleet thus posted and having obtained the consent of the King of Sweden to the Rotschild Treaty the Admiral again enforces the English Mediation upon the King of Denmark who being bound up and over-ruled by his Allies refuses the Terms of the Mediation whereupon the English Admiral according to his Instructions offers a Treaty of Assistance from England to the Swede which I thought fit to insert here WHereas there is a new and unhappy War broken out betwixt his Majesty the King of Sweden and the King of Denmark and that since the said Rupture the King of Sweden hath by his Arms got possession of the Town of Elzineur and Castle of Cronenburg in the Isle of Zeland and obtained thereby the Command of the Sound and hath also beleaguered the City of Coppenhagen yet with this mind and desire to make and conclude with the King of Denmark a good and secure Peace And whereas upon pretence of giving assistance to his Majesty the King of Denmark there is a great and powerful Army consisting chiefly of the Forces of the King of Hungary now Emperour of Germany and of the King of Poland already marched into Holstein and Jutland whereof they have already possession designing also to possess themselves of Funen and Zeland and the strength therein which should they be able to effect it would in all humane probability prove the ruine and loss of the Protestant Interest in those parts and endanger the subversion thereof in all Europe and also be to the destruction of Navigation and Commerce in the Baltick Sea and the King of Denmark himself whose assistance they pretend captivated into the hands of those whose interest obliges them to make a prey of him and his said Majesty the King of Sweden having upon these grounds and to the ends before expressed and in this exigency of affairs in pursuance of a Treaty made at London betwixt the two States on the seventh of July Old stile in the year of our Lord 1656 whereby it is in the first Article thereof among other things agreed that it shall be lawful for either of the said Confederates within the Kingdoms and Countries of the other to hire Ships as well Men of War as Merchant men upon the Terms and Conditions therein expressed desired the Assistance and ayd of his Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland and the dominions and Territories thereunto belonging and for the further setling the Trade and Commerce betwixt the two States 1 It is agreed on either part that for the affording of Ayd and Succour to His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden His most Serene Highness the Lord Protector shall be obliged to send forthwith towards the Sound a Fleet of Ships of War 2 That the said Fleet or Navy shall at the Charge of his said Highness and Commonwealth of England c. be equipped and fitted forth sufficiently with all things necessary for such an expedition and shall be also from time to time supplied for the keeping and maintenance of them in those Seas until the twenty ninth of September next 3 The said Fleet being come into those Seas they shall ayd and assist His Majesty the King of Sweden in a Defensive way that is to say First they shall do their endeavours to hinder any Forraign Ships of War to joyn themselves with the Fleet of Denmark under what Plag soever it be attempted or on what pretence soever Secondly for the hindering the transportation of any Souldiers or Forces belonging to the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg into Coppenhagen or any Islands of Denmark Thirdly for preventing of the carrying any Relief or Succour of Money Victuals Souldiers or other provision of War into Coppenhagen Fourthly for the defence of the Swedish Fleet in case they shall be assaulted at Sea or blockt up in Harbour by the Dane or any other in Conjunction with him or separately from him 4 Forasmuch as His Highness and the Commonwealth of England will be at excessive charge in setting forth and managing the foresaid Navy for the attaining the ends aforesaid Therefore by way of Recompence and satisfaction of the charges expended and to be expended And in respect of the other hazards and dangers which may ensue to this Commonwealth by reason of this Assistance It is agreed that the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth from time to time Sailing and Trading coming and going through the Sound or Belt shall not at any time be obliged to pay any Tribute Tolle or Custom Duty or other Charge whatsoever for either Ships or Merchandizes to the King or Kingdom of Sweden or any of his Officers or Ministers whatsoever but shall in their said Passage and Navigation through the said places be treated in manner following 5 That upon the coming of any of the Ships of His Highness and this Commonwealth and the People and Subjects thereof into those parts and at their passage through the Sound or Belt producing their Legal and Authentick Certificates to the Officers of the King of Sweden and to such Officer or Officers as shall be appointed by His Highness to reside at Cronenburg or such other place thereabouts as His Highness shall desire the Commanders Masters and other Officers of such Ships of this Commonwealth as shall so pass shall on such Certificates pay to the Officer or Officers so to be appointed by His Highness such Tolle and Duty as His said Highness shall think fit to appoint which Tolle and Duty shall be for the sole benefit of His Highness and this Commonwealth in recompence of the said Charge and Hazards aforesaid And upon payment of such Tolle or Duty such English Ships shall be suffered to pass without any stop or molestation â— â—hat the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth shall in the â—â—â—ntreys and Dominions of the King of Sweden which either 〈◊〉 are in His possession or hereafter shall come into His possession pay no higher or greater Custom or Duty than the Subjects of Sweden at this time do and be used in all other things as the Subjects of Sweden at this time are â— That His Majesty of Sweden shall shut up the Sound as also the Great and Little Belt and all other Passages into the Baltick Sea and prohibit all Commerce and Navigation through the same to all such who
Embassadours so that the whole Negotiation seemed to be carried on by common consent the Swedes were troubled at this intimacy and familiarity affirming that it was wholly unpracticable that Embassadours sent to a Forreign King and not having seen that King to whom they were so deputed should in the mean time confer and treat with the Ministers of other States not friends of the said King and that in his own Court or Camp But the Kings arrival put an end to these murmurings the English Commissioners went to Fredericksburg where he was and being received in the way by a party of Horse and some Gentlemen which the King had sent to wait upon them were conveyed to their Lodgings in the Kings Coaches accompanied with the Coaches of those Publick Ministers who were then at Court. Having reposed a while they were led to publick Audience which passed in congratulations and mutual expressions of friendship After Dinner being admitted again to the Kings presence they unfolded the secret of their Commission the sum whereof was the story of the Hagues Treaty which the three States had agreed upon and resolved to stand to neither did they omit to tell him with what industry and affection they had promoted his Majesties Interest in the said Convention The King who had expected better things from his friends he had so much relyed upon was troubled at this discourse He found also that the state of his affairs had been represented to them in a lower condition than they truly were in and that by such who either envied his felicity or were ignorant of his condition He therefore magnified though modestly the past and present and making a Majesteous reflexion upon his own Person and Conduct told them He did not despair of a happy and a hoped issue to his undertakings After this the Mediators did all they could by joynt Counsels by communication of affairs by several Conferences with the two Kings their Commissioners and by their utmost endeavours to compose the vast breaches betwixt these dissenting Princes but to little purpose for the Danes would listen to no Accommodation that did not restore them all that had been taken from them and include their Allies and the Swedes refused to stir out of Zeland unless the Fortresses and strong places of Denmark were left them as Pledges for the observing of the future Peace The time seemed to be spent not in treating but in fruitless and quarrelsome contestations King Charles caused a large Declaration to be delivered to the Dutch wherein beginning at the Wars of Poland he put them in mind of the injuries and offences he had received from the United Provinces not forgetting their Collusion as he called it about the Treaty of Elbing The Dutch Embassadours on the other side afterting their candor and desire of Peace professed they were far from any thoughts of harm towards Sweden proposing nothing to themselves but the security of their Confederates and the freedom of their Commerce About the same time there were published two invective Manifesto's by the two Kings Orders against each other They were both severe and harsh in their expressions but being both are in print I thought fit in order to the brevity I propose to my self in this Relation and out of the reverence I bear to such great Princes July 24 14. to omit any further mention of them Whilest they thus cavil in Denmark there was another Treaty concluded on in the Hague betwixt the three States more advantageous for the Danes than the former for Drontheim was restored to them by vertue thereof in compensation of the losses they had sustained by this last invasion In this as in the other Treaty of the 21 of May the Ministers residing with both the Kings were injoyned that they should by joint Councels and Forces endeavour and this in the space of fourteen days time to conclude a Peace upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty except in what is excepted in this present agreement or should afterwards be changed by consent of the two Kings And lastly that they should support and assist with all their might that Prince which should declare for Peace and compel the unwilling by force of Arms to accept of it This Treaty was followed by another more forcible and nervous wherein it was agreed July 25. Aug. 4. that if the fourteen days mentioned in the second Treaty were not begun when this Convention should be delivered to the Ministers in Denmark that then the said term should begin within four and twenty hours after the receipt thereof And further that the dissenting King should by the conjoyned Forces of England and the Low-Countries be without any intermission of time compelled to receive and accept of Peace this was the sum of this third Convention But the States solicitous for Coppenhagen sent secret Instructions and Orders to their Officers in Chief that however affairs went they should have a care to conserve the same and hazard all rather than suffer it to be lost or change Master Neither were the English ignorant of this mystery though they dissembled it being no less unwilling than the Dutch to see this considerable City the ballance of the North fall into the hands of the aspiring Swede King Charles full of scorn and indignation to see the Law prescribed him by others resolved not to treat but by the ordinary way of Commissioners He did not absolutely reject the amicable interposition of the English and French but would by no means admit of the Dutch his Enemies and actually in Arms against him until the old and usual friendship betwixt the two Nations were renewed King Frederick on the other side professed he would do much less conclude nothing without the Mediators especially the interposition of the United Provinces although he did not deny but that the Treaty begun and ripened by them might be polished and brought to perfection by the Commissioners of both Kings Charles would not hear of quitting of Drontheym without an equivalent nor be perseaded to determine any thing about the time of evacuation or withdrawing his Army out of Denmark and being urged to declare himself grew angry protesting though in private that he being a King and a Conquerour and not inglorious could not nor would not suffer himself to be braved and controulled by two Commonwealths whereof one had abdicated and the other murthered their Prince He was more in choller against the English than the other because he expected more kindness from them than any These he reproaches with parricide and wonders they durst approach him with their hands reeking with the bloud of their own Soveraign They should therefore get them gone with their Fleet out of the reach of his Cannon unless they meant to try their violence But this transport of rage and scorn was but vented amongst his Confidents What he said to the Embassadours themselves in publick some time after was of no less consequence or noise The Plenipotentiaries
yet General Montague declared in the name of his Colleagues that being the Dutch Commissioners would not define according to the Conventions betwixt the two Commonwealths how many of their Ships should joyn with an equal number of English men of War and how many of both Fleets should after the said conjunction be returned home they were resolved wanting also provisions for so great a multitude to send their whole Fleet back into England This he said they did not with an intent to depart from the Conventions betwixt the two Commonwealths or that they had any new design on foot but really forced to it through want of necessaries for the subsistence of so great a Fleet. The Dutch seemingly endeavoured to divert the English from this resolution and shewing them where and in what manner they might procure what provisions they pleased they besought them being the common Interest was to be carried on with common and conjoyned power they would not withdraw theirs seeing that could not be without a diminution of the dignity and credit of the two Commonwealths a weakening of their Mediation with the two Kings and a manifest retarding of the present Negotiation After this several Propositions were made concerning the number of Ships to be left behind and the English were invited to leave only fifteen of theirs whilest the whole Dutch Fleet continued there until further Orders from the States General but yet with this restriction that they should attempt nothing without communication of Councels with the English Plenipotentiaries and being the English were averse from such odds and so them a solemn Instrument of Assurance under their hands and seals and that one of their Commissioners should as a further testimony of their candor and sincerity not only trust his person in the English Fleet but continue in the same to communicate Councels with Montague and deliberate of what should concern the generality of their affairs according to emergencies Sidney did hereupon confess Sept. 5. that they had no Orders to send away their Fleet at all but on the contrary commands to observe the Hagues Convention But Montague of whose mind Honniwood and Boon also was being urged to declare himself answering very ambiguously broke the conference and next day leaving Coppenhagen went to the Sound and having saluted King Charles at Cronenburg where he was royally treated and all his chief Officers and Captains honoured with Presents he sailed with his whole Fleet towards England then full of Commotion and tumult The sudden departure of the Admiral surprised and troubled the minds of all parties The Swedes were grieved that the Sound their Havens and the Sea lay now open to the prevailing Dutch whilest the Danes interpreting all things in the worst sense fancied that Montague was therefore gone because he would not now war against the Swedes now openly refusing Peace and that all those Truces extorted hitherto from the States General had been prolonged in favour of their Enemies The Dutch also seemed to condemn this with-drawing of the English as happening contrary to their Treaties and even then when they were to act by vertue of them But this was but in outward shew for they did inwardly rejoyce that this Imperious Fleet was gone and they at length at liberty to act without controul But Sidney and his Colleagues were more really trouble at the absence of their Forces not being ignorant how weak their disputes were like to prove against an armed Mediation They were also more nearly grieved at the Admirals return as sensible of the great forces he commanded and his averseness to the present Government And truly they were not deceived for whilest all England weary of the tyranny of the Regicides prepared to vindicate their Liberties by Arms requiring tacitely their Prince but openly a Free Parliament Montague being invited and commanded by the King of Great Britain into whose grace and favour he had lately been restored hastened thither with his Naval forces to assist those just however unfortunate endeavours The day after Montague's departure the Commissioners met again in the Tents where the Danes demanded an Answer to their former Proposals declaring withall that their King induced by the desires and perswasions of the Mediators had consented to and would willingly accept of their Project for Peace so far forth as it agreed with the Hagues Conventions They therefore desired to know whether the King of Sweden had likewise done it protesting they would otherwise proceed no further The English and Dutch Embassadours pressed the same urging the Swedes to declare what Orders their King had given in answer to their just Propositions Rosenhaen being thus put to it replied that they had indeed delivered their King the Mediators Project professing further that His Majesty would omit nothing on His part for the compassing of an equitable and honourable Peace to which end he declared that the Mediatours endeavours should be most acceptable to him provided they interposed only when they were required and that as friends not Arbitrators leaving the disposing of affairs to the Commissioners of both Kings This he said was His Majesties resolution who could not chuse but wonder to see that a Treaty made at the Hague by the three States and that without his knowledge should be also obtruded upon him and that without his consent He further added that it was a thing wholly unpractical that Common-wealths should prescribe Laws to Kings at pleasure and never heard of in History that Mediatours should undertake to press or compel dissenting Princes even against their wills to accept of their fancies and conceptions as Laws This therefore being so his Majesty could not answer to those kind of proposals But if they would treat after the old fashion and according to the method hitherto observed betwixt the Northern Crowns he did not doubt but the way to the so much desired Peace would be plain and easie Monsieur Terlon the French Embassadour arrived there at the same time and declared to the Mediators that the Commissioners had truly and fully told them the Kings sense in order to the present transaction as he himself had understood it from His Majesties own mouth at Cronenburg from whence he came adding that he was very angry with Rosenhaen and Bielke for receiving their Project without his orders and had not pardoned them if he had not mainly interceded for them The Dutch Embassadours being returned to Coppenhagen sent Orders to De Ruyter and Everson to act with all their Forces both by Sea and Land against the Swedes and make war upon them where-ever they met with them The next day they gave the English and French Ministers notice of what they had done which could not at all as they affirmed retard the Peace which was being it could not be procured otherwise to be thus sought for according to the intention of the three States In the mean time they perswaded them to continue their endeavours and that with joynt advice
which was to be payed for the Salt wherewith the three Ships detained in the Sound about the beginning of the former War were loaden shall be paid according to the liquidation made at Coppenhagen and it is therefore agreed that His Majesty of Denmark shall cause the said remainder to be paid within one year and a day unto such Merchants at Hamborough as His Majesty of Sweden shall appoint to receive the same XI Moreover all the Nobles who possess goods and inhabit in the surrendred Provinces Lands and Governments shall be obliged to do homage and take an Oath of fidelity to the King his Successours and Kingdom of Sweden and be further bound to a due obedience and allegeance and services as they formerly were to the Kings of Denmark In like manner all the other Inhabitants of the said places as well Ecclesiastical as Civil Citizens and Country people shall from this day and for ever be bound to His Majesty his Successours and Kingdom of Sweden and all Super-intendents and Priests shall follow that Bishop Super-intendent and Consistory to whom His Majesty shall commit and injoyn them XII On the other side His Majesty and the Kingdom of Sweden do promise that all persons Nobles or Ignoble whether Ecclesiastick or Seculars whether Citizens or Country people dwelling in the Provinces or places surrendred by this Treaty ought to retain their goods and proprieties whether Inheritances Emptions Changes Morgages Grants c. And that in such manner that they shall have power for the future of possessing using enjoying and retaining the said goods and proprieties as they formerly did in like manner they shall retain their usual Rights Lawes Jurisdictions Priviledges and Immunities such as are those Biâ—â—ae vitae ac manus ut Patronatus according to the Lawes and Constitutions of the Province without all impediment or let so far forth as they do not contradict or oppugne the fundamental Lawes of the Kingdom of Sweden wherewith these surrendred Provinces and places shall hereafter be eternally united What ever shall be determined and decided by Law Justice or Judgement or any other lawful way within those surrendred Provinces that same shall hereafter continue so altogether unchanged and unmoved That it may also appear that His Majesty of Sweden out of His singular grace and indulgence had rather better than diminish the condition of His Subjects it is promised That all the Nobles that will wholly subject themselves to the King and Kingdom of Sweden as for their persons they shall enjoy all those Prerogatives and Priviledges that the Subjects and Nobles of Sweden do enjoy to wit they shall be capable of being received and admitted into the Order of Knighthood of the Nobles of Sweden and may enjoy equally with them the right of Voting according to the first constitution of the Court of Knighthood and that also so that as many of the Nobles who can prove that themselves or their Ancestours did enjoy the Office of a Senatour in the Kingdom of Denmark may also be assured to be honoured with the Prerogative of being received into the second Classis of the Knightly Order of Sweden The rest also may be received according to the Ordinance of the Court of Knighthood and shall absolutely be demeed for Nobles of Sweden and shall provided they render themselves capable enjoy the same access and admission to Benefices and Honours as the other Nobles of Sweden His Majesty of Sweden doth likewise promise that he will be no less careful in conserving the conditions priviledges liberties of the others Orders in these surrendred Provinces and provided they persevere in their duty to His Majesty of Sweden they may entertain an assured hope of bettering their conditons and enjoying the same Rights as the Natives of Sweden for the acquiring of Offices and Advancement XIII That all the Inhabitants of what quality soever none excepted whether in Schonen or in Denmark or in Norway who have goods and properties in Schonen Halland Bleking Bahuys and the rest of the surrendred Provinces and Towns may enjoy them again and retain them together with all the moveables or immoveables which are found there and that they take possession of them the next Feast of St. John together with all the priviledges proprieties and rights in like manner as had been agreed upon and concluded in the Treaty of Rotschild and afterwards encreased and bettered by His Majesty of Sweaen and all without any revenge or loss for any thing done by any whatsoever in the late War provided notwithstanding that wary and moderate Commissioners be constituted on both sides who may deal amicably betwixt both parties evenning and liquidating their accounts to the full satisfaction of each one the better to prevent all differences in their beginnings which might obstruct this wished for Peace XIV It is likewise consented to on both sides that when the Fortresses are delivered to the King of Sweden's Commissioners then also all the Documents and Instructions concerning the Condition Revenues Rents Borders Shores and Limits and also those writings which concern the Administration of Justice Books of Accompts and others which may relate to the knowledge of these things shall be delivered in case any such be found which are not as yet given over This done two or three Plenipotentiaries shall be appointed on both sides with power to separate review direct and ordain all the limits and borders betwixt the surrendred and their neighbouring Provinces and Governments where they are not as yet reviewed separated directed and ordained whereby all controversies and differences may be the better declined and every one enjoy that which is his in peace and quietness XV. On the other side the King his Successors and Kingdom of Sweden do yield to the King his successors and the kingdom of Denmark all those rights and pretensions which his Majesty of Sweden may have upon all the Fortresses Fortifications Isles Provinces Cities and Territories which he mastered by force of his armes namely Zeland Laland Falster Meun with all the Castles and Fortlesses in them as Nykoping Naskow Cooster Corseur Keuk and Cronenburg as also all other Cities Castles Forts Governments Gentlemens Houses and Territories whatsoever which are not expresly excepted in this transaction or not surrendred by former Covenants And after they shall be rendered and restored with all their appurtenances and rights according to the tenour of this Treaty they shall follow and belong to the King his Successors and Kingdom of Denmark without any impediment whatsoever XVI And for the better establishing of mutual confidence and Amity betwixt these two Kingdoms His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden will have no refusion for his expences in those Fortifications which he raised in Denmark but wil at the time of their evacuation take care that they be all delivered intire and in the state they are now in to His Majesty and the Kingdom of Denmark XVII In like manner at the instance of the Mediators and
the Rotschild Treaty or forthwith dispatched some other person or persons to pursue the same it had certainly issued to a Peace For England France Sweden yea and Holland too being at accord concerning the Medium of the Peace it was not possible that the Dane should stand it out long But no persons appearing from England and I having no authorities from the Parliament the Dutch Deputies began to seek evasions When I urged upon them that they ought not to assist the refusing King their only Reply was this that by the first Article of the Treaty at the Hague the Ministers upon the place were to use their utmost diligence and endeavour with both the Kings which said they I had done with the King of Sweden but not with the King of Denmark which was a meer shift because they knew I could not at that time go to Coppenhagen being destitute of Creditives And now they held themselves no longer obliged by the Treaty at the Hague but de Ruyter with a new Fleet of forty men of War enters the Belt joyns with Admiral Opdam passes on to Coppenhagen all which was expresly against the letter of the said Treaty True it is that about the middle of June 1659 I received a Letter from the Councel of State directed to my self authorizing me to continue my Negotiation with the two Kings as formerly till further order from the Parliament or Councel of State but I neither had Creditives nor Commission nor any thing to exhibit to either of the Kings whereby to constitute and legitimate me as the publick Minister of this Commonwealth And now the Negotiation for the Peace was at a long pause and our Fleet in the mean time at an Anchor in the Sound Only because His Majesty of Denmark had always insisted upon an Universal Treaty in reference to a general Peace His Majesty of Sweden gave me a Declaration in writing which I sent to the Councel of State June the 28 in which he also declared himself willing to treat a general Peace This he did of his own accord not at my instance for all my Instructions directad me only to a particular Treaty betwixt the 2 Crowns His Majesty told me moreover that in case England and France would obtain for him a general Peace in which said Peace he propounded to himself no more than that things betwixt Him the Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg should return to their former estate without any further demands on either side and for the Pole he should only give him some equitable recompence for the places he should surrender to him in Pruss He would not only admit the Dane to the Rotschild Treaty but release something considerable in the said Treaty in consideration of a general Peace But in case of a separate Treaty with Denmark he would remit nothing of the Rotschild Treaty The 20. of July 1659. The Commissioners Plenipotentiary arrived in the Sound which was three months after the Change of the Government here in England I was put out of the Commission for the Mediation and had Creditives sent me only as Resident A little before this viz. the fourth of the said Moneth a new Treaty was made at the Hague by which the King of Sweden was to restore not only what he had gaine upon the Dane by this last War but also the Island of Bruntholm with the Government of Drontheym in Norway with all its appurtenances a Country of near 200 English miles extent which was formerly granted him by the Rotschild Treaty and by authentick Acts of State incorporated in the Crown of Sweden Besides the remission of the 400000 Ryxdollers which the Dane had formerly promised to pay for satisfaction of damages done to the Swede in Guinea The King of Sweden was also to admit the States General to the Treaty made at Elbing and the Elucidations thereof made at Thoren and both States viz. England and Holland reciprocally oblige themselves not only not to assist the refuser but to compel by joynt force of Arms to an acceptance of the foresaid conditions And thus the State of Affairs was quite altered and new obstacles interposed in the way of the Peace For I. Both Kings were highly dis-satisfied with this manner of proceeding For whereas the first Treaty at the Hague of the eleventh of May was never propounded to either of the Kings as that which should bind or oblige them but only made use of by Me as a private Instruction this was not only publikely propounded but was to be obtruded by a compulsory force England and Holland making themselves not Mediators but Umpires and Arbitrators of the quarrel betwixt the two Kings which they interpreted to a diminution of their Soveraignty by erecting a superiority over them But the King of Sweden was most of all disgusted because England without any concert or communication had with him enters into a Treaty with his open Enemies for so at that time he reputed the States General to impose upon him by a conjoint force Laws and Conditions which he judges altogether unreasonable II. Whereas the King of Sweden had already accepted of the Rotschild Treaty conform to the Agreement made at the Hague of the eleventh of May though not under the notion and formality of the Treaty at the Hague as obligatory upon him but as the counsel and advice of England his faithful Allies and upon the King of Denmark's refusal had in prosecution of the War gained notable advantages upon him the King of Sweden expected both to have profited by his acceptance of the Peace at the instance of England and by the advantages of the War he having after the refusal of the King of Denmark reduced Moenen Falster and Laland Whereas a new Treaty is made at the Hague of the fourth of July in prejudice of the accepting King to clog the Peace on his part with new and burdensome conditions and these to be forcibly imposed upon him in favour of the Refuser Besides that England recoils from their own Agreement and sayes the King as they have made a second so they may still make a third and a fourth Treaty at the Hague III. The tedious and unnecessary delayes which have been used have been a great obstruction in the way of the Peace For if the Peace betwixt the two Crowns had been concluded in the Spring of the year the King of Sweden had had time enough to have transported his Army into Pomeren to have taken the Campagn there to have prevented the infal of the Imperial Army and to have provided Winter quarters for his Troops But the Summer being almost pass'd before the arrival of the Plenipotentiaries and the Peace to be begun anew upon another foot which would necessarily require some longer time The King of Sweden was to seek what to have done with his Army to disband them was not reasonable because though he had made Peace with Denmark yet he had still War with the Emperour Pole
and Brandenburger In Sweden there was no subsistence for them to transport them into Pomeren and there take the Field he could not for the Imperial Army was much superiour to his in strength and had already seized the principal Passes of the Country and was absolutely Master of the Campagne And to have put them into Garisons which above two parts in three consisted of Horse the want of forage had ruined them in few days So that now the King of Sweden holds close to Denmark First as a quarter to his Troops Secondly as a place of refuge and security putting himself upon the Defensive as it were intrenched within those Islands not having strength sufficient to appear before his Enemy upon the Terra firma Thirdly as a Gage or Pledge for the restitution of what he had lost in Pomeren And I have reason to believe that as things now stand the War betwixt Denmark and Sweden will hardly be accommodated but by a general Peace In the mean time I humbly conceive that England in the management of this business hath departed from their proper Interest and that upon these following grounds I. We have wholly dis-obliged the Swede who is Englands counterpoise against the Dane and Hollander The Hollander is sure that the Dane will alwayes side with him against England witness the Arrest of our Merchant-men in the Sound in 1653. We ought to be as sure of the Swede and though not to assist him in the conquest of Denmark yet so to have managed the business of a Peace as to have firmly engaged him in our Interests II. We have lost our reputation It had been honourable for England to have maintained the Rotschild Treaty in which we were Mediators But to equip a mighty Fleet of forty of our best men of War and to keep them out at Sea six Months together to the amazement of all our Neighbouring States without effecting any thing failing of our End and Design is wholly inglorious III. We have lost our Expences The King of Sweden never supposed that England would be at all those vast charges without expecting any return from him but freely propounded several advantages in point of Trade and Commerce by way of recompence and amongst others propounded that the Pitch and Tar and the whole growth and production of Sweden which is for the apparel and equipage of Shipping should be sold at a regulated price to English Merchants only by which means London might have become the Staple of those Commodities But we on the contrary have barr'd our selves from accepting any thing of priviledge or advantage though it be only ratione oneris upon the accompt of our expences and so to be considered as a re-imbursement For by the Agreement of the Hague of the fourth of July England is to compel the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Treaty at Elbing And by the express letter of the Treaty of Elbing the King of Sweden is obliged to admit the people of the United Netherlands to the same priviledges and advantages which he either hath or shall hereafter grant to any other Forraign Nation whatsoever IV. We oblige cour selves to force the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Elbing Treaty notwithstanding that by that Treaty the former Treaties made betwixt Queen Christina and the States General one at Stockholm 1640 and the other at Suderacre 1645 are expresly renewed and re-confirmed Both which are Treaties of mutual Defence and by vertue of which in case England become hereafter engaged in a War against Holland the King of Sweden will be obliged to assist Holland against us with four thousand men at his own charges V. We have lost our Opportunity of making the Peace England was once in a manner Arbitrator of this whole affair England propounds the Rotschild Treaty as the Medium of the Peace Holland though very unwilling yet is necessitated to assent thereto For to think that Holland who was in actual War with Portugal and Sweden would at the same time break with England when back'd with France especially his most confident Ally the Dane being reduced to that extremity as to become instead of a help a charge and burthen is to suppose that which is Morally and Politically impossible But as the case now stands England is the least in this business all that we pretend to is to be included in the States Generals Treaty of Elbing wherein they are Principals and we but Accessories VI. We play advantages into the hands of the Hollander our Rival State and that only which stands in the eye and aym of England's greatness For besides the Treaty of Elbing which we engage to obtain for him The Hollander obliges us also to see Drontheym restored to the Dane In which the Hollander consults his own utility for Schonen is the Country which the King of Denmark would have restored but the Hollander profits more by Drontheym when in the King of Denmark's hands than the King of Denmark himself both in point of Trade and in Levies of Men For during the late War betwixt England and Holland the Dutch had seldome less than two or three thousand of those Norwegians in the service of their Fleets Besides that the greatest part or the whole of the Revenue of Drontheym is oppignorated to the Merchants of Amsterdam for debt And indeed the whole Kingdom of Denmark is become so obnoxious upon the accompt of vast Debts that it is in a manner at the disposition of Holland The States General have steered an even and direct course to their Interest They have maintained their Ally they have not only secured Denmark from the power of Sweden but secured it to themselves And being secure of Denmark are now assuring Sweden to themselves also having already weakened the near Amity and correspondence which was betwixt England and Sweden Whereas we after all our Expences are so far from being sure of the friendship of either of the Kings that we are sure of the ill-will of both Of the Dane for appearing with an armed Fleet in the Interests of Sweden of the Swede for no sooner appearing but deserting him They have also obtained their Treaty at Elbing which in rigour of justice they could not pretend to for they themselves formerly refused to ratifie it in due time And to crown all they have heightened their reputation by rendring themselves Masters of their Design We on the contrary have lost our Friend lost our Expences lost our Business lost our Reputation From whence I conclude that in the management of this Affair we in England have departed from Our proper Interest FINIS A Catalogue of Books Printed for and are to be Sold by Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inn Folio ' s. 1. COsmography in four Books containing the Chorography and History of the whole World and all the principal Kingdoms and Provinces Seas and Isles thereof By P. Heylin Printed 1669