Treaty that no Agreement is like to be made thereupon Then Sir Philip Meadow as We have directed him by your Instructions to him shall in Our name propound the Treaty of Rotschild to be the Terms of a Peace to be now setled between them with such Alterations as shall be found necessary upon occasion of the War since faln out between the said two Kings perswading both of them to center therein as that which is the likeliest means as affairs now stand to put an end to this unhappy and unchristian War And this you as Admiral of the Fleet shall also let both the Kings know And also that you shall be obliged by your Instructions to oppose that Party which shall refuse a reasonable Peace upon these grounds We holding our self engaged to propound this Treaty in respect We were one of the Mediators thereof 4 In case the said two Kings can be brought to a Treaty then a Cessation of all acts of Hostility is to be endeavoured between them in which Cessation it is to be expressed that no part of the Forces under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg and that Confederate Army be transported into Zeland Funen or any other of the Isles where now the King of Sweden hath footing and that no relief of Men or Shipping be put into Coppenhagen nor any attempt made upon either of the said Kings by the Forces of any Prince or State whatsoever And you are authorized to use your endeavours that the Terms of the said Cessation be observed and to oppose whomsoever shall go about to break the same 5 And whereas We find that One great difficulty which the King of Denmark makes about treating separately with Sweden is because of his engagement to his Allies We have directed the said Sir Philip Meadow to let him know That this Peace being once concluded yea whilest it is Treating We shall use Our best endeavours to reconcile the King of Sweden unto the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and do not doubt but something very effectually may be done therein But we conceive it of absolute necessity in the first place to agree the said two Kings without which it is impossible to imagine that any peace at all can any way be concluded on And we hope that the States General of the United Provinces will likewise agree herein 6 You shall also take the first opportunity to deal very seriously with the King of Sweden touching his present War in Denmark letting him know that We apprehend it very dangerous both for him and all his Allies in respect of the great Combinations that are made against him both by Land and Sea which in all probability he will not be able to defend himself against And that whosoever comes in to his assistance must expect to engage himself in a War with Holland and those other States which are the Allies of Denmark being a War which at this time this Nation is in no condition to engage in nor is the Parliament now sitting satisfied so to do And that therefore the Counsell which We as his true Friend and Ally do find necessary to give him at this time is That he will apply himself to make a reasonable Peace with the King of Denmark upon the Treaty of Rotschild which We at his own desire did in some sort become the Garranty of Letting him further know that in case his Majesty shall not think fit to follow this Counsel We cannot satisfie Our self to give him any assistance the consequence whereof will be so great upon this Nation And in case the Dutch will be perswaded to say as much to the King of Denmark We doubt not but matters will be brought to a happy issue in those parts 7 In case the King of Denmark shall refuse to treat upon the Terms before expressed you shall let him know That although We have not interested Our self in this present War but have carried Our self as Neuter betwixt him and the King of Sweden Yet now We find the Interest of this Commonwealth so much concerned in this War That We held Our self obliged to make use of all the means God hath put into Our hands to put an end thereto And that having done what lies in Our power by Our Ministers in a friendly way without success We have found Our self necessitated to give assistance to the King of Sweden as Our Friend and Ally who having declared himself willing to make Peace upon the Terms of the Rotschild Treaty We thought it not for the Common good nor for the interest of England to suffer him to be opprest and totally ruined by the conjunction of so great and powerful Forces against him 8 And upon this state of the case and having by your self or Sir Philip Meadow Our said Envoy used your best endeavour as aforesaid for making a Peace And if the King of Sweden shall give satisfaction upon the Terms of Assistance you shall then with the Fleet under your Command assist the King of Sweden in a defensive way in the manner expressed in the following Article 9 You shall with the Fleet under your Command either alone or in conjunction with the Swedish Fleet hinder what in you lies the transporting of any part of the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg or by whom else the same is commanded into the Isles of Zeland and Funen or into any other of the places now possessed by the Swedes And if any attempt shall be made to do it you shall use the force that is in your hand to withstand and prevent it by whomsoever it shall be attempted 10 In case the Fleet of the King of Sweden shall be attempted by the Dane or by the Fleet of any other State separately or in conjunction with the Dane you shall use the Force which God hath given you to defend him 11 You shall also labour by the Fleet under your Command to hinder the carrying of any Succour or relief into Coppenhagen until the King of Denmark shall be willing to Treat upon the Terms expressed in the former Article and are hereby impowred to fight with any such as shall endeavour to carry in any such relief as aforesaid And are also impowred to authorize such number of the Fleet as you shall judge necessary under the Flag of Sweden to joyn with the Fleet of Sweden to pursue and assault his enemies for the better accommodating of the Termes of Peace as aforesaid 12 And because Our intention is to manage this business by Counsel and Correspondence with the States General of the United Provinces as also to prevent any further Engagement between the King of Sweden and the Lords the States in a Hostile way We have directed our Resident at the Hague to propound to the said States General that they will joyn with England and France in the making of this Peace upon the grounds of the Treaty of Rotschild and that in order
Utinam nescirem Literas Since Knighted by his sacred Majesty here And upon this accompt and in gratitude for his good offices the King was pleased to admit Mr. Meadowe the English Envoy into the Order of Denmark This Treaty thus concluded and ratified the next thing which followed was the solemn Enterview betwixt the two Kings at Fredericksburg a sumptuous Palace of the King of Denmark about four Leagues from Coppenhagen Thither both of them went and which is remarkable without any previous stipulation concerning guards or number of followers usually practised upon such occasions but with a frank and Northern simplicity either not mistrusting or not willing to mistrust each other King Frederick met his new guest who came from Rotskild some two miles from his house Both Kings being at a competent distance alighted out of their Coaches at the same time and approaching on foot saluted each other by joyning their right hands with all the respect and obliging demonstrations of kindness immaginable and now as if their late enmity had been entirely forgot they both entred the same Coach being the Danish first the Swede then the Dane accompanied by the English Mediatour and the Duke of Holstein Sunderburg and so rode to Fredericksburg where they were received and entertained with as much magnificence as the place and season could afford At Table the Queen of Denmark sate at the boards end the King of Sweden on the side at her right hand as being the guest and next below him on the same side the King of Denmark Were that Roman to describe this entertainment who affirmed that the same wisdom was requisite for ordering a feast as for disciplining an Army he would be more large in the description of it than I shall be Let it suffice to say that the method was exact the provision sumptuous and the solemnity rare to see two Kings at one Table who had so little before been in Arms one against the other And it was not unpleasant that those Trumpets and Kettle-Drums which so lately denounced Death should now be made use of as loudly to proclaim Healths The Solemnity continued from Thursday to Saturday both Kings for two nights lodging under the same Roof At parting they exchanged Horses and other Presents and those Officers of the Danish Court who were particularly appointed to attend the Swedish King were nobly regaled by him On Saturday he took his leave and went to Elzineur the King of Denmark accompanying him part of the way from thence he past the Sound through the noise and smoak of the Cannon of the two Castles of Cronenburg and Elzenburg to take possession of his fresh conquests in Schonen where he was entertained by his new Subjects with more pomp than passion more state than affection the sense of their wonted obedience being yet too green to be so soon forgot He did not stay long there but went to Gottenburg to meet his Queen as also to deliberate with his Senate and rejoyce with his friends over his late successes And thus the Scene of Affairs being changed in Denmark a Serene calm did ensue but not last long However the Swedes did pretend to treat a new and stricter Alliance betwixt the two Crowns The Swedish Army was to continue in Denmark till the first of May where they lived with the usual rapines and disorders of insulting Victors which must yet continue longer than the designed time for their removal The Danes thus low were forced to a quick execution of the Treating as fearing to displease their new friends who yet complained of delays and evasory and non-performance Most of the two thousand Horse were run away which they pretended was by collusion and the Governour of Bremervord made difficulty to deliver up that place which he will yet part with too soon But that which vext the Sweeds most was that the Danes refused to enter into a Treaty Offensive and Defensive with them The main design of the Swedes herein was the stopping of the Sound which Van Beuning the Dutch Embassadour then in Denmark well observing presented a memorial to the King desiring him that whereas by the third Article of the Treaty of Rotschild that both Crowns should endeavour to hinder all Hostile Fleets from entring into the Baltick Sea that the said Article should not be understood of the ships of the Lords the States General being it directly opposed the league formerly made betwixt them and the Danish crown The said Embassadour had upon the fabricking of this Article likewise declared against it but Denmark was then forced to yield to demands much more prejudicial and of greater importance to it self not being in a condition to mind the interests of others where their own did so eminently suffer The King of Sweden had sent two Commissioners to Coppenhagen to urge this mutual confederation but they could not bring the Danes to it which produced new and more intricate difficulties for the Swedes complained openly of the Danes delays and the Danes of the Swedes not withdrawing their forces out of their Countries as they had promised One pretext seemed to beget another and one obstacle was no sooner removed but new ones appeared especially on the Swedes side who at length declared they could not withdraw their Army out of Denmark until they had entire satisfaction Their chief pretences were the compleating of the 2000 horse they having received no more than 936 most Danes whereas they should have been all Germans the possession of the little Isle of Ween as belonging to Schonen 400000 ryxdollers in consideration of the loss they sustained by Henry Carloff who had carried one of their Guinea ships laden with a quantity of Gold and Elephants teeth into Gluckstat after the making of the peace and other no less considerable points relating to the late treaty But most of these difficulties were cleared or remitted to the mediation of the English and French Ministers and now all seemed to tend to a perfect understanding By this time the King and Queen of Sweden were come into Holstein from whence they went to Wismar a convenient Port to transport the Queen back to Stockholm at pleasure The King returned to Oldeslo the general rendezvous of his troops where he gave audience to several Embassadors the neighbouring States and Towns and Princes being jealous of his great preparations and designes which jealousie was augmented by the daily boastings of his Officers who seemed to threaten all whilest the truth lay closlier concealed Denmark alone seemed to have no reason to fear having not only delivered Bremervorde but consented almost to every thing that was required of them to content the Swedes and get them out of their Country well-nigh ruined with their extorsion and in-quarterings But they will not be gone so and now smile at the Danish credulity whilest they prepare to possess the whole and render their King one of the greatest Princes of Europe The pretexts for this second War were
War The English as is already mentioned had about the latter end of the last year sent a Fleet towards Denmark but that being by reason of Tempests and the unpassableness of the Seas full of sholes of Ice unable to advance was obliged to return The Winter being past General Montague was sent thither with a second no less useful for service being very well fitted for War and well manned with betwixt nine or ten thousand men but no Land forces then glorious for ostentation The English Fleet was got ready with that expedition that it put to Sea a Fortnight or three Weeks before the Dutch which bred no little jealousie in them seeing their Rivals ready before them and that with such powerful Forces however Mr. Downing then Resident at the Hague had assured them Apr. 6. that the English Fleet which was gone towards the Sound had no Orders to use any kind of hostility against their Shipping but only to endeavour the procuring of a Pacification betwixt the two Crowns And it proved so though the States were hardly induced to believe it And yet they will not now making a vertue of necessity seem to wish it otherwise so that their preparations moved flower at least in appearance whilest they gave out that they did not need to make hast being Denmark was secured in the Neutrality of that present power General Montague having Rendevouzed in Sould Bay March 27. 1659. weighed the twenty seventh of March and arrived in the Sound at an Anchor between the Island of Ween and Cronenburg Castle April 6. Apr. 6. And And by agreement between the King of Sweden and the English Admiral neither flag was stirred but born aloft and the three Flag-ships as they passed by the Castle saluted it where the King and Queen were in person with 21 19 and 17 Guns Every other Ship gave only a Volley of small shot which were answered Flags and all only with two Guns each according to the Custom of Sweden The Instructions given to General Montague I have thought proper to insert here being they will give great light to the following passages of that Summers action WHereas upon consideration had of the state of Affairs in the Eastern parts and particularly of the War faln out betwixt the two Kings of Sweden and Denmark which hath greatly disturbed the Navigation and Commerce of this and other Neighbouring States and distracted the Affairs of the greatest part of Europe We thought it necessary to use Our best endevours for composing the said War and thereby to remove the manifold Evils and Inconveniences which depend thereupon And to that purpose gave directions to Sir Philip Meadow Our Envoy Extraordinary with the King of Sweden to offer Our friendly Mediation to both those Kings and to contribute his utmost diligence for setling a Peace between them Giving him such further Instructions as We found necessary for that occasion a Copy whereof they bearing Date the ninth of December last is herewith delivered unto you And whereas since that time there hath been a Treaty made and concluded on betwixt Us and the King of France a Copy whereof is also herewith delivered you touching the said Affairs which both States finding to be of so great importance to their respective Countries and Dominions and the Interest thereof They judge that it concerned Them in a joynt way and by joynt Counsels to apply the most effectual remedies that could be thought of for composing the said War And therefore did agree by the said Treaty to offer their joynt Mediation to those two Kings for procuring of a Peace betwixt Them as also their Garranty for securing thereof in case it should be accomplished With a mind also to accommodate the differences betwixt the King of Sweden on the one side and the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg on the other And for the better effecting of the mutual intentions of these two States It was further concluded by the said Treaty that all endeavours should be used for disposing the States General of the United Provinces to co-operate with England and France in this good Work And accordingly as well We as the King of France have given Instructions to Our respective Publick Ministers both at the Hague and with the said Kings of Sweden and Denmark to prosecute and promote the aforesaid good Intention which We hope will have the issue that is desired and that such a Peace will be setled in those parts where so great and powerful Armies both by Land and Sea are engaged as will be for the security of the common Interest and in particular of this Commonwealth And having on these grounds sent a Fleet towards those parts the last Winter which in respect of the season of the year was not able to perfect the intended Voyage We have now judged it necessary upon the same Grounds and to the same ends as are before expressed to send a Fleet under your Conduct and Command into the Sound and Baltick Sea You are therefore on the receipt of these Our Instructions and of the other papers herewith delivered to repair to Our Fleet prepared for this Expedition a List whereof is hereunto annexed and upon your coming aboard you shall by Gods blessing and assistance with your first Opportunity of Wind and Weather set sail for the parts aforesaid and having come thither shall follow and pursue the Instructions following viz. 1 You shall immediatly upon your arrival in the Sound send to Sir Philip Meadow as also to our Envoy with the King of Denmark if he be there residing and receive from them a true and perfect account of the state of the affairs of the several Princes engaged as aforesaid and what effect our Mediation hath had and whether it be probable that a Treaty and Peace will ensue on the Terms wherein you shall find affairs to stand at your arrival 2 You shall either by your self or by the hand of Sir Philip Meadow as you shall find it most convenient let both the Kings of Sweden and Denmark know that you have brought the Fleet into these parts by Our command as a common friend to both and with desires to procure a Peace betwixt them And that for the same purpose you are ready to contribute all that lies in you to remove those difficulties that lye in the way of Peace and secure Agreement betwixt them We judging it to be their own Interest as well as that of their Neighbours and Allies that the present War between them should be put to a speedy end And that We cannot understand how the same can be continued without extream danger as well to themselves as to the present Interests of their Allyes 3 If a Treaty be begun between them before your arrival you shall do what you can to bring the said Treaty to a Peace without delay But if it be found that either no Treaty is begun or that the difference is such upon the
thereto they will not send to the King of Denmark any assistance further till the issue of Our joynt endeavours for a Peace be seen nor go into those parts with a Fleet to take part with any side which We have also expressed Our self resolved to do And have accordingly given you direction by the fore-going third Instruction And have also desired of them to agree that their Fleet shall not sail into the Sound or Baltick Sea ut remain in some convenient place without in expectation of the Conclusion of the Peace whereunto We hope they will agree and give Instructions to their Admiral to conform thereto and to hold a good and friendly correspondence with you in the management of this business you shall therefore in case you shall either meet with the Fleet of the said Lords the States at Sea by the way thither or shall arrive in the Sound or those parts before them you shall hold a good and friendly Correspondence with them sending to the Admiral upon your first descrying of their Fleet at Sea and letting him know that you are come into those parts to endeavour a Peace between the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark without taking either side or giving assistance to either if it be possible to make the Peace without it and further that We have ordered the Treaty of Rotschild to be propounded as the Termes of the Peace to be made between them with such alterations as are necessary the management whereof between the two Kings is left by Us to Our Publick Minister upon the place And that you hope he is come with the same mind and intentions and that the Lords his Superiours have given him Instructions to conform thereunto And that he will accordingly declare himself and joyn with you for the making of this Peace upon the terms aforesaid in such a way as may be most likely to effect it and prevent all jealousie between England and the United Provinces whilest these endeavours are on foot And in order thereunto you are to desire the said Admiral That by agreement with you he will not give any assistance to either side either by Men Ships or otherwise nor endeavour to go with his Fleet into Coppenhagen or into the Sound or Baltick Sea lest further Hostility fall out betwixt the Swede and him but that they will remain without the Sound and Belt until it can be seen whether by your joint endeavours a Peace may be concluded betwixt them or until some other certain way of management of this affair may be agreed upon between you and him conducible to the ends aforesaid Engaging likewise to him that you will give no assistance on either side nor remove the station of the Fleet from the place which shall be agreed upon between you until the issue of the Treaty be seen as aforesaid But in case the Admiral or Commander in Chief of the said Dutch Fleet shall not hearken to these terms But shall with their Fleet endeavour to go through the Sound or Belt for the relieving of Coppenhagen assaulting the Swedes Fleet or giving other assistance to the Dane or that the Danes Fleet with the Dutch Ships already there shall endeavour to joyn with the said Fleet of the States General for the purpose aforesaid you shall in any of those cases by way of assistance to the Swede use your force for the hindring thereof 13 Incase you shall find the Dutch Fleet and their new Succours for Denmark to be arrived in those parts before you and that they have relieved Coppenhagen and joyned themselves to the Dane contrary to those intentions and Propositions made in pursuance thereof expressed to Our Resident at the Hague you shall let the Dutch Admiral also know your intentions of coming into those Seas and desire him to joyn with you in the promoting thereof according to the twelfth Instruction But if that be refused or delayed beyond what the nature and condition of affairs will admit you shall give assistance to Sweden upon the Terms before expressed Or if whilest you are debating these things with the Dutch or during the Treaty with Sweden about an assistance any endeavours be used to transport the Forces under the Elector of Brandenburg and to fight the King of Sweden you shall oppose it by force either by your self or in conjunction with Sweden by whomsoever it be attempted 14 And in respect there may many cases fall out wherein We at this distance and upon affairs subject to so great Changes and uncertainties cannot give particular Instructions you are in cases which are omitted or not well explained to have your eye in the determination thereof upon Our General scope which lies in two things to wit the making of a good Peace between the said two Kings wherein we desire a good Correspondence with the Lords the States General and their Forces which shall be in those parts And secondly if it shall please God to bring things to that pass that you shall find your self obliged by the tenour of your Instructions to give assistance unto Sweden that you so manage it that before you engage the Fleet in Action the King of Sweden do agree and Authentickly ratifie the Treaty herewith delivered to you lest that after any part of his work be done he should refuse to do what in justice may be expected from him However for preventing of the transportation of the forces under the Elect. of Brandenburg as aforesaid or for executing your 12th Instruction you are authorized to engage the Fleet although the said Treaty should not be agreed 15 In case that the refractoriness to the Peace shall be on the part of the King of Sweden endeavour shall be used to settle things so with the King of Denmark and the States General that the Treaty betwixt Denmark and this State may he observed and that whatsoever advantages are granted to the States General in point of Trade and Commerce may be likewise granted to this State and the same security given to Us for the performance thereof letting them know that otherwise We shall be obliged to provide for Our own Interest and this We have directed Sir Philip Meadow to transact who shall also follow such advice as you shall think fit to give him therein 16 As to matter of salutes betwixt Our Fleet and the King of Swedens as also for what will be necessary to be agreed touching the manner of your Conjunction with the Swedes in case it shall fall out you joyn with them you are to do therein what shall be found necessary and agreeable to the Honour of this Commonwealth as you in your judgment and direction shall think fit 17 You shall in case of meeting with any Ships of War belonging to any Forreign State in the British Seas take care that the Honour of this Nation be preserved by causing them to strike their Flag and lower their Top-sail as is accustomed and in case of refusal you shall
Denmark had scarce order to mention to endeavour to remove what ever there was of any moment that might cherish those heats and jealousies which were betwixt them and to renew those Leagues of Amity which they had formerly so much esteemed and which the King would if they pleased alwayes keep inviolably He further propounded that Commissioners might be ordered to treat with him which was granted although they moved not so quick as he desired the main business being referred by the States to their Plenipotentiaries then in Denmark The King of Denmark hearing of Coyet's being in Holland resolved least his affairs there might suffer to oppose him in kind He therefore sent the Lords Otto Krage and Gotske Bockwalt Jan. 9. two Senators his Embassadours extraordinary to the Hague who were received with more appearance and realities of kindness than the Swede Amongst other things they told the States that the time designed to make the Peace in was expired and consequently that that the Hagues Agreement and Conventions did cease of course They therefore besought them to continue their assistance according to the reiterate Leagues betwixt them and that until Denmark were delivered from the oppression of their Enemies They further demanded that they might not at all be tied to the Treaty of Rotschild which the Swedes had broken but that the said Swedes might be obliged not only to render what they had usurped but also to restore Schonen a dangerous neighbour to Coppenhagen in compensation of the manifold losses which they had suffered by their violence Lastly they desired a Peace but would have it general as securest both for their Commerce and their Allies Some time after they required that the Dutch Militia in Denmark might be made up six thousand effective men that the States would furnish them with 24 thousand Crowns every moneth and lend them thirty Ships of War as soon as the Ice was broken to be at the Kings command In lieu of all this they offered the States Drontheym in Norway Malmuyen or Lanskrown in Schonen when they were taken or Gluckstat in Holsteyn as pledges and security for their moneys But the English opposed these Propositions of the Danes not willing to suffer that either the Elbe the Sound or the Northern Navigation should run the hazard of more interruptions so that this was no further insisted upon especially being the English Resident had desired in Writing from the States that they would not accept of any Cities Havens Forts or other places whatsoever before his Superiours had been first acquainted with it The States answer to the Danes except in this particular was very favourable for having sent a great quantity of all manner of Provisions to Coppenhagen they further declared that they would not be wanting in assisting their Confederates It will not be impertinent to add a Catalogue of the Provisions which were to compose a Magazin for the Citizens at Coppenhagen and to be sold to them at reasonable Rates the particulars and prises were 500000 Weight of Cheese cost 29160 Livers or Guilders 300 Tun of Herrings at 40500 Guild 400000 Weight of Stockfish at 28000 Guild 120 Tun of Grout 24840 Guild 120 Tun of Pease at 29160 Guild 135 Tun of Salt at 14610 Guild 800 Firkins of Butter 59200 Guild 400 Hogsheads of Brandy 34080 Guild 500 Hogsheads of Vinegar 10075 Guild 400000 Pound of Bacon at 72000 Guild 100 Ship pound of Hops 4300 Guild 200 Tua of Malt at 23240 Guild 200 Quarts of Train-Oyl 6300 Guild 4000 Pound of Horse-Radish 340 Guild 200 Ames of Rape Oyl 7800 Guild 300 Tun of Beef salied 16600 Guild 10000 Pounds of Candles 3000 Guild 20000 Pound of Tobacco 4000 Guild 200 Tun of Oats at 14000 Guild The whole Sum is 474045 Guild In English moneys 47404 l. 10 s. 00 d. The States also answered Coyets expostulatory speech accusing the Swedes as the causers of the breach of those Leagues and that friendship they so much complained of First they put him in mind how Queen Christina had not only refused them those Succours during the English War which the Crown of Sweden was obliged to send them but had also hindred the transport of the Cannon which they had then bought in Sweden for their use and imprisoned some of their Merchants upon unjust and frivolous pretences They further declared that their usage had not been better since the comming of Charles Gustave the present King to the Crown for that when a Catalogue of those Princes and States which were esteemed Friends and Confederates to the Kingdom of Sweden had been openly read in the Assembly of States they were omitted and wholly left out nay that this King had as Christina had done before when he was pressed to renew the ancient Alliances betwixt the two States declared under pretext of their League with Denmark that he was not at all obliged to observe them They also complained how the Kings Fleet had exacted extraordinary Imposts from their Subjects in the Baltick Sea and how their Embassadours had been detained at Lowenburg against their wills As for the Treaty of Elbing they acknowledged they had demanded a necessary Elucidation not Elusion of some of its Articles the which not being concluded and the Swedes having declared the former Treaties betwixt them not to be obligatory it seemed but reasonable in them to look to their own affairs and to send a Fleet and Souldiers to Dansick as well to secure their Trade as to insure a City which was their Friend and Confederate They added that they were not ignorant with how much industry both Queen Christina and King Charles had not only endeavoured to ruine the good intelligence which was betwixt King Frederick and their State but had also laboured by the accession and assistance of Denmark to exclude them out of the Baltick Sea But being they could not compass it it was no wonder if the States General did assist a Prince who was their Confederate and Friend And yet they professed that when the Peace betwixt the two Northern Crowns was once made they would omit nothing which might conduce to renew and re-establish the ancient Alliances and friendships betwixt the Crown of Sweden and their United Provinces During these transactions the Imperialists and Brandenburgers made havock of all in Pomerania uncontrouled under pretext of diverting the Swedes in their proceedings in Denmark The War in Norway was also carried on with much eagerness but with more variety of success but being these Contests happened out of Denmark however relating to the subject in hand though at a distance I thought good to omit them as well to avoid prolixity as to ease my self especially being the knowledge I had of them was but at second hand I must not however omit to say somewhat of the death of King Charles he having been the only Author of the Siege we mention although prevented by his untimely end from finishing that which he had so vigorously undertaken
none amongst them that did not seem full of courage and indignation against the unjust proceedings of the enemy The Court being thus appeased and confirmed the King commanded the trumpet to sound to horse and quick messengers to be dispatched into the Country to allarm those horse that were quartered in the neighboring Villages and order their sudden coming to Town which they did with so much diligence that they prevented the enemies speed and precaution In the mean time the Magistrates and chief amongst the Citizens were sent for and enquiry made what was to be expected from them in so imminent a danger The King having aggravated the ambition and perfidie of the Enemy added that they were not now to sight for the recovery of what they had lost but lest they should lose which he abhor'd to think on what they had yet remaining and become the prey and scorn of their insulting foes The Lord Gerstorf great Master of the kingdom proceeded to tell them That there was nothing more glorious for generous spirits than bravely to maintain that duty and that fidelity which they owed by nature and oath to their King and Country They were now reduced to that extremity that they must defend themselves or perish there being no mean betwixt the Enemies ambition and their slavery He did therefore exhort them in his Majesties name to unity and concord amongst themselves to sight like men to arm all that could bear arms and to refusâ— no labour nor nothing that might be required from them for their common defence The Enemy was not so formidable as some men believed nor their condition so despicable but that they might yet hope for an issue suitable to the equity and innocency of their cause if they did not betray it by their own dissentions and infidelity There were some who had apprehended that the Citizens fears might surmount their loyalty which they having understood protested by the mouth of their chief Burgomaster John Nansen that they would expose their lives and what ever was dear to them for the defence of their King and Country and by an example worthy to be transferred to posterity cried out They would dye his Majesties subjects Monsieur Van Beuning Pensionair of Amsterdam then Embassadour from the States General of the United Low-Countries at Court did by his presence and authority which the King of Sweden complained of afterwards as discrepant from the function of an Embassadour extreamly raise the minds of all and exhorting them to a brave defence assured them of speedy succors and relief out of the Low-Countries in case they held out but till it was possible for a fleet to come to their assistance He visited the guards in person and throwing moneys by handful amongst the soldiers did much quicken them by his liberality and promises But that he might hasten those ayds he had so seriously assured them off and lest his passage might be cut off by the Swedish fleet already in sight he immediately went on board and set sail for Holland in a man of war which lay ready in the haven for his transport Owen Joel a Danish Gentleman was sent by the King along with him but deputed to the Elector of Brandenburg to complain of this unjust invasion of the Swedes and to invite him also to his ayd and succour These Embassadors toucht upon the Coasts of Norway in their passage and landing at Flecker acquainted the Governour by word of mouth and the Kings Officers farther off by Letters of the renewing of the wars in Denmark admonishing them to stand upon their guards as well against the surprises as the open violence of the Swedes now their declared enemies Whilest Van Beuning hastens towards Holland strugling against the winds the rumour of the Swedish invasion slew thither before him and having gained belief with them that were most concerned the States voted a fleet and 2000 foot for the present relief of Coppenhagen Van Beuning's arrival quickned these preparations for having demonstrated the danger Denmark was in and the Kings earnest desires for the hastening of the succours added that it was impossible for the City to hold out much above six weeks Hereupon all imaginable speed and care was taken to forward the designed supplies neither could the Swedish Ministers then in Holland with all their skill however they magnified their Masters affection and amity towards the States General divert them from their taken resolution Nay the King himself having dismissed above seventy of their Merchants ships which he had surprised in the Sound wrote to them the 21 of August out of his Camp Aug. 21. in which Letters after an enumeration of the reasons which he said obliged him to continue the war and mention of the ancient confederations betwixt the Crown of Sweden and the United Low-Countries he did solemnly profess that he desired nothing more than the liberty of Commerce and an unviolable friendship with the free Belgick Provinces which he was for his part resolved to persist in and testifie by all arguments of candor and reality if they on their parts would but do the same as it became true confederates and friends But all this was to no purpose for the States sensible what danger might accrew to their Eastern traffick nay many of them judged it quite ruined if Denmark were lost and the very ship-fraught alone was estimated at three hundred and fixty thousand pound sterling a year if the two Northern Crowns were united under one Prince resolved to hinder it by ballancing their forces and aiding still the weaker so that they did not only not change their resolutions but commanded the voted supplies to be made ready with all imaginable speed and in the mean time sent several expresses to the King of Denmark to assure him of the sudden comming of their fleet and forces to his assistance All this while the Danes were busie in fortifying their Town they repair their old works raise new ones where they were defective cleanse and deepen their moats and strengthen their bulworks and curtains with cannons and mortar-pieces and great granadoes lying here and there upon the parapets to be rowled down into the moat upon occasion a very useful and destructive invention and several other offensive and defensive arms No age no sex no quality or order of men were exempt from labour but all were imployed in working or watching the publike danger they were all in requiring their whole endeavours for their common safety The Kings example and presence encouraged all men for he seldom quitted the walls spending the dâ—â— amoâ—gst his soldiers and workmen and that part of the night which his repose required in his pavillion upon the ramparts so that there was no body of so abject a spirit that did not willingly wo travails and dangers where his Prince was his spectator and companion Neither did the King confine his care to Coppenhagen only Cronenburg being looked upon as the most considerable fortress
side was greater for three of their Ships were taken and two some say more sunk There perished two more of their Ships in their retreat to Lanskrown one being stranded and quitted by them near the Isle of Ween and the other running upon its own Anchor split in the entry of the Haven The number of the slain and drowned on the Swedish side is uncertain as near as I can gather they doubled that of the Dutch though these affirm them to have been more and the other scarce so many It is constant that all on neither side did not their duties but being the number of eithers Cowards was not very disproportionable the disadvantage that way seems not unequal But to leave these degenerous spirits to the shame and punishment that attends them we will pursue our Relation Towards Evening the Danish Admiral Bielke who by reason of the contrary Winds could not get up to the fight joyned Opdam betwixt Coppenhagen and Ween with six men of War Hereupon it was resolved to engage the Enemies again but they having secured themselves in Lanskrown the design was changed into a Blockade and being they could not enter the Haven without too great a hazard to endeavour to destroy it by sinking several old ships filled with sand stones broken Cannon and such like Ballast in the entry of it and so render the Fleet within it useless by obstructing their passage out again The Swedes were at first frightened with the greatness of these preparations not thinking that impossible which they saw undertaken and pursued with so much eagerness Seeing therefore they could not hinder what they so much feared by force they would try what threatning could do and sent King Frederick word that they would revenge the detriment which should be done their Haven with the destruction of the Kingdom of Denmark But the Danes did not desist for all these menaces but returned answer that the King would persist in his design if he thought it might prove prejudicial to his Enemies not despairing but to be able another day to revenge those injuries which their malice might create him in Denmark by a just retaliation in Sweden it self But this as also another design of the Danes to surprise the Castle of Elzenburg about the same time proved fruitless Six hundred foot were ordered for this exploit but being opposed by a rude storm were forced back though not without some loss The whole Fleet the Winter being far advanced was likewise obliged to return to Coppenhagen for the Sea began already to freeze and crust with drifts of Ice It is not imaginable with what excess of joy the Dutch Auxiliaries were received within the City but the Besieged were transported when they saw the next morning after the fight that the Swedes had quitted their Works and Approaches near the Town and were retired The Sun had no sooner discovered the Enemies Retreat but the forsaken Trenches swarmed with the glad Citizens The Works which had been raised against them were levelled and whatever the Swedes had left behind them of moment carried in triumph into the Town These publick joys were further celebrated with publick Thanksgiving in all the Churches and this oppressed people seemed raised by this unexpected deliverance to hopes of a better fortune The Swedes Army in Batalia before their Camp when they quitted it Those to Sir Philip Meadow were as followeth Whereas upon occasion of the present War lately faln out betwixt the Kings of Sweden and Denmark We have thought fit to send a Fleet towards the Sound under Command of Vice-Admiral Goodson for the ends and purposes expressed in these our Instructions and also in those given by Us to the said Vice-Admiral which he hath order to communicate to you you are to take the first and soonest opportunity you can to speak with the said Vice-Admiral and to communicate with him or such as he shall send to you concerning the best wayes and means for putting in execution what you shall herewith receive in charge 2 In pursuance thereof you shall in Our name offer to both the said Kings Our friendly Mediation for composing the present War arisen betwixt them and for preventing the further effusion of Christian bloud you are to desire a Cessation of all Acts of Hostility betwixt them during the Treaty 3 In case a Treaty shall either be begun betwixt them before these arrive with you or shall be entred into upon your offer of a Mediation as aforesaid you shall use your best endeavour to bring the said two Kings to an Agreement and to settle a good and secure Peace between them taking care therein that nothing be concluded on to the prejudice or detriment of this Commonwealth 4 In the management of this Affair you shall communicate as you shall have opportunity with the French Minister remaining in the Court of Sweden with whom we would have you to maintain a very good correspondence And in case the States General of the United Provinces have any publick Ministers residing with the King of Sweden or the King of Denmark you shall do the best you can to have a communication with them and to encline them to use their endeavours to the setling of this Peace betwixt the said two Kings 5 In case the Mediation so to be offered be not accepted or that Affairs there are in such a condition that a Treaty cannot be propounded or in case a Treaty shall be accepted but no Cessation granted or no effect likely to be had of such Treaty for the ends aforesaid you are then for the better securing of the interest of this Commonwealth in these parts no other way appearing to Us possible in that behalf to let the King of Sweden know according to what you will find in Our Instructions to Vice-Admiral Goodson that the Fleet under his Command will be ready upon reasonable Conditions to give him assistance for his defence 6 And that you may fully know Our mind and intention upon this whole Affair We have herewith sent you a Concept of Articles which We judge fit and necessary to be agreed upon betwixt Us and the King of Sweden as the Terms of our Assistance which you shall communicate to the said King and upon his agreement thereunto and formal ratification thereof you shall signifie the same to Vice-Admiral Goodson That he may accordingly pursue the Instructions given him in that behalf 7 Though We have sent this Form yet Our mind and intention is not to tye you up to all the words and expressions therein but that you keep to the substance thereof so as if alterations be made in any part thereof the substance be not altered And in case any thing else occur to you being upon the place which as affairs stand may be of further advantage to the interest of this Nation you are to propound and insist on the same accordingly 8 In case matters should so stand at the arrival of Our Fleet that by
it was found that the Current ran so violently and uncertainly and differently in every small space of distance and the breadth of the water was so little that if the Dutch Fleet had come and he been obliged to fight the place was such as no Pilot knew how to work a Ship in And the other Station a breast of the Koll was good Sea-room and a steady Current for in that place is discernable no tide at all but if the Wind blow from the Ocean the Current runs into the Sound and if it blow out of the Baltick then the Current runs out The English Fleet thus posted and having obtained the consent of the King of Sweden to the Rotschild Treaty the Admiral again enforces the English Mediation upon the King of Denmark who being bound up and over-ruled by his Allies refuses the Terms of the Mediation whereupon the English Admiral according to his Instructions offers a Treaty of Assistance from England to the Swede which I thought fit to insert here WHereas there is a new and unhappy War broken out betwixt his Majesty the King of Sweden and the King of Denmark and that since the said Rupture the King of Sweden hath by his Arms got possession of the Town of Elzineur and Castle of Cronenburg in the Isle of Zeland and obtained thereby the Command of the Sound and hath also beleaguered the City of Coppenhagen yet with this mind and desire to make and conclude with the King of Denmark a good and secure Peace And whereas upon pretence of giving assistance to his Majesty the King of Denmark there is a great and powerful Army consisting chiefly of the Forces of the King of Hungary now Emperour of Germany and of the King of Poland already marched into Holstein and Jutland whereof they have already possession designing also to possess themselves of Funen and Zeland and the strength therein which should they be able to effect it would in all humane probability prove the ruine and loss of the Protestant Interest in those parts and endanger the subversion thereof in all Europe and also be to the destruction of Navigation and Commerce in the Baltick Sea and the King of Denmark himself whose assistance they pretend captivated into the hands of those whose interest obliges them to make a prey of him and his said Majesty the King of Sweden having upon these grounds and to the ends before expressed and in this exigency of affairs in pursuance of a Treaty made at London betwixt the two States on the seventh of July Old stile in the year of our Lord 1656 whereby it is in the first Article thereof among other things agreed that it shall be lawful for either of the said Confederates within the Kingdoms and Countries of the other to hire Ships as well Men of War as Merchant men upon the Terms and Conditions therein expressed desired the Assistance and ayd of his Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland and the dominions and Territories thereunto belonging and for the further setling the Trade and Commerce betwixt the two States 1 It is agreed on either part that for the affording of Ayd and Succour to His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden His most Serene Highness the Lord Protector shall be obliged to send forthwith towards the Sound a Fleet of Ships of War 2 That the said Fleet or Navy shall at the Charge of his said Highness and Commonwealth of England c. be equipped and fitted forth sufficiently with all things necessary for such an expedition and shall be also from time to time supplied for the keeping and maintenance of them in those Seas until the twenty ninth of September next 3 The said Fleet being come into those Seas they shall ayd and assist His Majesty the King of Sweden in a Defensive way that is to say First they shall do their endeavours to hinder any Forraign Ships of War to joyn themselves with the Fleet of Denmark under what Plag soever it be attempted or on what pretence soever Secondly for the hindering the transportation of any Souldiers or Forces belonging to the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg into Coppenhagen or any Islands of Denmark Thirdly for preventing of the carrying any Relief or Succour of Money Victuals Souldiers or other provision of War into Coppenhagen Fourthly for the defence of the Swedish Fleet in case they shall be assaulted at Sea or blockt up in Harbour by the Dane or any other in Conjunction with him or separately from him 4 Forasmuch as His Highness and the Commonwealth of England will be at excessive charge in setting forth and managing the foresaid Navy for the attaining the ends aforesaid Therefore by way of Recompence and satisfaction of the charges expended and to be expended And in respect of the other hazards and dangers which may ensue to this Commonwealth by reason of this Assistance It is agreed that the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth from time to time Sailing and Trading coming and going through the Sound or Belt shall not at any time be obliged to pay any Tribute Tolle or Custom Duty or other Charge whatsoever for either Ships or Merchandizes to the King or Kingdom of Sweden or any of his Officers or Ministers whatsoever but shall in their said Passage and Navigation through the said places be treated in manner following 5 That upon the coming of any of the Ships of His Highness and this Commonwealth and the People and Subjects thereof into those parts and at their passage through the Sound or Belt producing their Legal and Authentick Certificates to the Officers of the King of Sweden and to such Officer or Officers as shall be appointed by His Highness to reside at Cronenburg or such other place thereabouts as His Highness shall desire the Commanders Masters and other Officers of such Ships of this Commonwealth as shall so pass shall on such Certificates pay to the Officer or Officers so to be appointed by His Highness such Tolle and Duty as His said Highness shall think fit to appoint which Tolle and Duty shall be for the sole benefit of His Highness and this Commonwealth in recompence of the said Charge and Hazards aforesaid And upon payment of such Tolle or Duty such English Ships shall be suffered to pass without any stop or molestation â— â—hat the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth shall in the â—â—â—ntreys and Dominions of the King of Sweden which either 〈◊〉 are in His possession or hereafter shall come into His possession pay no higher or greater Custom or Duty than the Subjects of Sweden at this time do and be used in all other things as the Subjects of Sweden at this time are â— That His Majesty of Sweden shall shut up the Sound as also the Great and Little Belt and all other Passages into the Baltick Sea and prohibit all Commerce and Navigation through the same to all such who
shall be in Amity with those Confederates or either of them 8 That all the Ports Rivers Roads Harbours and Countryes of Sweden shall be free and open for the English Ships and men to come into reside in and go forth of from time to time as there shall be occasion without any molestation and shall be assisted and furnished with provisions and other necessaries at the same rates that the People â—nd Subjects of the King of Sweden are â— That all reasonable endeavours shall be used by these Confederates â—o withdraw the Elector of Brandenburg and all other Princes â—â—d States from any conjunction with the House of Austria and to Unite them against the said House â— That the said Fleet set out by His Highness as aforesaid shall be continued forth for the purposes aforesaid for so long time as the present season of the year shall permit with respect to the safety of the Fleet and no longer â—he English Admiral was bound up not to admit of any alteraâ—â—â— in the Treaty and the King of Sweden how great soever his â—eed of Englands help was yet immoveably persisted in refusing to sign the Treaty upon these Points First that he could not admit the English the Priviledges in Sweden that all Swedes have because he alledged some sort of Ships were built there in a form particular to be useful in his Wars and for lading Salt also in consideration whereof they had special immunities But he offered to make them equall with the rest of the Nation 2 That he could not exclude their Enemies out of the Baltick Sea For it was not possible for the English alone to suffice for the Commerce of it and if they could yet it was giving them to much advantage in Trade upon his own people and all the bordering Nations upon the Baltick Sea to make them Monopolizers thereof Whilest these things are in discoursing in the Sound the change of Government happened in England and the English Fleet thereby taken off from the prosecution of its first design was made to wait the new directions of the Power then in possession whose Interest differing from the former seemed to espouse that of Holland by undervaluing the Swedes to their very great prejudice But however affairs went in Denmark the struglings at the Hague were no less remarkable which ended at length in a League betwixt the three States to wit England France and the United Provinces Whereby they resolved to perswade or enforce the warring Kings and that against their wills or without consulting with them to a Reconciliation and Peace The Articles of this Convention wherein its Authours shewed they no less minded their own than their Neighbours interest were in all nine The first was May 22 11. 1659. that a Peace should be made betwixt the two Kings upon the foundation of the Rotschild Treaty 2 That the second Article of the said Treaty by which all Forreign hostile Fleets were prohibited to pass the Sound should be wholly exploded and left out or so couched that no Vessels or shipping whatsoever belonging to any of the three States should be comprehended in that restriction but that on the contrary they should be permitted to pass the said Streight at pleasure without any let or interruption 3 That the English Fleet should not joyn it self to either of the two Kings Fleets nor affist nor offend either of them for the space of three whole Weeks counting from the day that notice hereof was given to the Commander in chief of the said Fleet And likewise that the Dutch Fleet which was to be sent for Denmark should observe the same and not joyn with Opdams Fleet who was also to act nothing in prejudice of the Swedes for the said three Months time and that the Fleet to be sent thither should not go to Coppenhagen nor enter the Baltick Sea either by the Sound or by either of the two Belts 4 That the said three States should withdraw all manner of ayd and succours from that King who should refuse equitable terms of Peace and continue so to do until he had declared the contrary 5 That the three States should stand bound for ever for the executing and keeping of the made peace 6 That all Ships whatsoever belonging to the Subjects of the three States as also their Merchandise and lading should be free and exempted in the Sound and both the Belts from any new Impositions or Tolls 7 That England and France should undertake to remove all diffidences and mis-understandings arisen betwixt the King of Sweden and the States General and cause the Treaty of Elbing with its elucidations to be ratified 8 That the three States should use their utmost endeavours to compose the War with Poland as also the difference betwixt the Elector of Brandenburg and the Swedes 9 Lastly that the Articles of this Treaty should be ratified and duly observed by the three States And thus this Treaty notwithstanding the main opposition of the Emperor the Danes and the Brandenburgers Ministers was agreed upon by the three States But being those of England and France did refuse to sign it at present under pretence of waiting further and more plenary Orders from their Principals the States General dispatched an Express to the King of Denmark assuring him that their Fleet. notwithstanding the arrival of Forreign Fleets in the Sound April 29. should follow with the forty Companies designed for his assistance with all possible speed and that they would omit nothing whereby they might remove that oppression that his Kingdom did at present groan under There was no industry omitted for the hastening out of the Dutch Fleet all forreign Commerce and traffick by Sea being forbidden and wholly prohibited until the same were furnished with Marriners This unusual Embargo did extreamly trouble the Merchants especially the Green-land Farers for the season to fish for Whales drew nigh and the loss would be as well great as irrecoverable if it were neglected Seeing therefore that Seamen came but slowly in as unwilling to engage in a War where nothing was to be expected but blows and that they would not be prest as inconsistent with the freedom they pretend they were forced to hire them at excessive rates the price heightening even to forty Guilders a man every moneth At last though with much ado they levied twelve hundred Seamen which were dispersed amongst the Navy which by this time was ready consisting of forty brave Ships of War And now their Land-forces being likewise embarked May 10 3â— they set sail towards Denmark The Danish Agents which resided in Holland had hired several Fluyts and Galliots to carry provisions to Coppenhagen and to transport the Confederate Armies out of Jutland into the Islands but wanting both monies and credit they were stayed behind to the prejudice and dis-reputation of them who were concerned Michael de Ruyter Vice-Admiral of Amsterdam had the present Command of this Fleet for Opdam was absent and
Coppenhagen being followed by Monsieur Terlon the French Embassadour who brought with him the desired Pasports for the Danish Commissioners There was no little difficulty on both sides about the titles of the two Kings to be inserted in the said Pasports The Danes refused to acknowledge the new Duke of Schonen and the Swedes would not relinquish their acquired honours but a middle way being proposed by the Dutch was embraced by both to wit that King Charles should only write himself King of Sweden and King Frederick only King of Denmark without any further additional titles on either side The Letters of safe Conduct being granted by the Swedes others of the same tenour were required from the Danes which they differring to give under pretence of new difficulties were pressed to it by a Memorial delivered to their King by the Commissioners of the two Commonwealths In it they desired His Majesty Sept. 1. being the Treaty could not begin much less be concluded without the required Pasports for the Swedes Commissioners that he would forthwith grant them lest the procrastination of the so much wished for Peace should lye at his door The King having received this Writing and the Swedes safe Conduct with it sent also his writ in Danish by the Lord Peter Redes one of his Senators to the Mediators with a Declaration wherein he professed that he would send Commissioners to perfect the Peace with the King of Sweden provided the said King would declare his mind concerning the further Contents of the present Declaration But being there were several Clauses in the said Declaration not only offensive to the King of Sweden but also displeasing to the English and Dutch besides the stop it was like to put to the Treaty it self the King was again earnestly desired both by Word and Writing by the Mediators that omitting his late Declaration its conditions and restrictions he would be pleased to send his Commissioners to the place appointed instructed with such powers and authority as should be necessary for the happy Conclusion of the present Negotiation lest which they did abhor to think on they should be necessitated to judge that he had no thoughts of Peace being he refused the means by which it was to be effected The King seeing himself so sharply pressed by the Mediators did at length deliver them a more satisfactory Declaration Sept. 5. whereby he did consent to all that was desired as far as agreeing with the Decrees of the three Sates of the 11 21 of May 14 24 of July and the 25 4 Jul. Aug. The French Embassadour went the same day to the Camp with this Declaration and Letters of safe Conduct and though the Swedes desired some things in them to be changed that was also assented to The day following the Lords Rosenhaen and Bielke came from the Camp and the Lords Pasberg and Magnus Hoeg from the City and met in the Tents pitched about the mid-way betwixt the City and Camp the Deputies of the three States were likewise assisting at this Conference in whose presence the two Kings Commissioners having saluted each other in their proper idioms professed their mutual desires and endeavours for peace the Danes did mainly urge that the most material things should be first treated on and that without delay and having delivered a Paper to the Swedes demanded that being the King of Denmark had been unexpectedly invaded even then when he hoped to enjoy the real effects of the Rotschild treaty that the King of Sweden should forthwith restore unto him all the Provinces Lands Forts Places and moveables which he was obliged to surrender by vertue of the said Treaty 2. That a just and equitable satisfaction be made in lieu of all the vast losses which they had suffered by this last Invasion 3. That the evacuation of all those places to be restored should immediatly follow 4. That all the Danish Captives and such who had been transported out of the Provinces subject to Denmark for the Swedes had pressed and sent some thousands of the Danish youth into Prussia Lieftand and their other remote Conquests should be set at liberty And lastly that the King of Denmarks Confederates should be duly included in this Treaty The Swedes on the other side did urge that a more fit place should be chosen to treat in and that the parties should agree upon the manner and form of treating before they entered upon the business it self As for the Mediators they would not refuse their Amicable intermedling in greater difficulties but if they intended to direct or decide matters by vertue of their Hagues Conventions or any other pretext whatsoever they professed it could not be as being a thing without example and not to be admitted by the Kings themselves without a manifest intrusion upon their dignities and honour Two days after they met again and the Treaty of Rotschild was reassumed and read by the Commissioners of both sides but being there arose several contests about its third Article the explication of it was referred by the Danes to the Mediators these taking hold of the occasion went to the Swedes into their Tents and delivering them the projected Treaty which they had formerly presented their King desired them to recommend it to His Majesty and entreat his speedy answer to it the Swedes Commissioners received the Treaty though not without some difficulty with promise they would present it to His Majesty and enquire into his pleasure concerning it The Dutch Commissioners seeing that the Dayes of Cessation from Arms was past for they were as well Generals as Embassadours wrote to their Admiral Opdam that whereas the King of Sweden had positively refused his Declaration for Peace and that the King of Denmark had satisfied the desires of the three States he should therefore make War upon the Swedes where he could meet with them relieve the City in as much as in him lay with provisions and hasten De Ruyter whom they daily expected with all possible speed In the last Hagues Convention it was agreed that the Plenipotentiaries of both Commonwealths should deliberate and determine amongst themselves what force and what number of Ships they thought sufficient to carry on the design in Denmark and that the rest as superfluous and extream expensive should be sent to their respective homes again the truth was the Dutch Embassadours had Orders not to dismiss above twenty of their Ships nor those but with this precaution that the remaining should be sufficient to execute the Convention of the twenty fourth of July neither should the said Ships be Licensed but with the English not before them and by no means after them and that the number of the dismissed Vessels should by no means exceed that of the English but if possible be less The English ignorant of this pressed that the precise number of Ships which were to Winter in Denmark should be determined but being the Dutch seemed unwilling to divide their Fleet as
to which also they would contribute their utmost As for the meetings in the Tents they declared they could not and that for weighty reasons come thither any more until it appeared that the Swedes did accept of the States Generals Mediation and would receive their Embassadours according to their dignity The rest of the Mediators acknowledged that the Dutch had done nothing contrary to the Covenants betwixt them and promised that they would not act as Mediators any more but conjoyntly with them But the Treaty did not break off for all this The English and French after Communication with the Dutch meet the Swedes again who propounded Rotschild or Elzineur as fitter and more convenient places to treat in which the Danes did not only oppose but the Dutch also absolutely reject being unwilling to remove so far from the City or Sea Two days after Sidney and Terlon returned to the Camp to see whether the King of Sweden had yet given any Answer either to the Danes Demands or to the Propositions of the three States but in vain for the Swedes Commissioners did plainly tell them that it would be but lost labour to insist any more upon this way for the Danish Demands were couched in such general terms that it would be to no purpose to Answer them so and as for the Project proposed by the Mediators they positively declared that the King would hazard all and venture his own life rather than to submit to the dictates of others being he could not do it without infringing his honour and his reputation Lastly they protested he desired nothing more then Peace provided it were not imposed upon him and proposed being the Tents were no fit place to treat and meet in by reason of the cold and approaching Winter that they should all go to Rotschild Elzineur or Fredericksburg as more proper for so celebrious an Assembly The Mediators seeing the Swedes immoveable and resolved Sept. 11 12 13. desired the King of Denmark that he would be pleased not only to continue the Treaty which they did not yet despair of perfecting but also to change the place for one of those already proposed as more convenient But the King replied that this could not be before the King of Sweden had declared as himself had done that he would accept of that form which the Mediators had presented and given his answer to the five aforementioned Articles The Embassadours were not well pleased with this Declaration of the Kings especially the English and French who seemed now to doubt whether of the two Kings was most refractory or ought to be esteemed least desirous of Peace Hereupon the Embassadours went again to Court and pressed the King so far that he was content though with much urging to joyn the Lord Gesdorf his chief Minister of State to his other Commissioners but upon condition that the States Generals Fleet and Land-Forces should continue to prosecute the War against the Swedes until the Treaty were brought to a desired conclusion And thus the Treaty was re-assumed but the place of treating was not changed only the Tents were taken away and Houses made of Plancks of better proof against the extremity of the Weather raised in their places The Commissioners did indeed sometimes meet though their Conventions proved wholly fruitless these contests for Peace being necessitated to give way to the more clamorous and more severe disputes of War During these traverses and treaties Coppenhagen continued blocked up by Sea and Land The Swedes had lain before the Haven the whole Summer with four sometimes five Ships so that the City laboured with the want of all things especially fresh Meats and Firing The Dutch Fleets lay useless in the Great Belt kept up by Cessations or contrary Winds and could not help them whilest the English lying betwixt the Town and the Island of Ween as Neutrals did not assist them until the General being advertised by me who was newly come from Court and had seen the miseries thereof a few Herrings and a piece of salt Beef being the best regalie at the Kings Table did send a Vessel fraught with all manner of Fowl and fresh Meats for the Kings children July 7 17. The Court moved with the English Generals munificence sent two Senators in an English man of War which I procured them from him to complement and thank him They were received by the Admiral with all sort of honour befitting their qualities to whom after the usual expressions of gratitude and kindness they represented and recommended the afflicted condition of their affairs and lest they might be thought to yield in civility to the generous General they returned his favour with an Honorary of Rhenish Wine After this the Citizens received several considerable refreshments from other parts The Embassadours both English French and Dutch did ordinarily reside in the City but had their provisions from abroad by permission from the Swedes under which pretence their servants carried great quantities into the Town the surplus whereof they sold at good rates to the eager buyers The Swedes were not ignorant of this kind of Commerce but connived at it as sharing in the profits Sept. 7 8. for their Officers by this means got monies for the Cattle which the said Servants bought from them in great numbers upon condition they would suffer them to pass with them into the City in safety But this traffick ended with the coming of the Dutch fleet which arrived at Coppenhagen the second day after Montagues departure who from the beginning of June to this time had lain betwixt Ween and Zeland as if he would cover the Sound on this side as he had formerly done it on the other when he hovered betwixt Lap and Koll De Ruyter the day after his arrival sailed towards the Sound and having blocked up the Haven of Lanskrown continned there There lay two men of War under Cronenburg which he defigned to ruine but his Fireships failing him he attempted them no further the loss which he might suffer in the enterprise not countervailing the victory It seemed likewise too hazardous to enter the Haven of Lanskrown though the ruine of the Swedish Fleet which lay in it seemed infallible the difficulty was to get out again through so many Volleys which the Castle and Batteries on shore might thunder upon them especially if the Wind proved contrary Besides it may reasonably be thought that the Dutch design was not to destroy but to humble the Swedes However it was they contented themselves with lying before the Haven at present and shutting up the Enemy within his receptacles But lest the Fleet might seem to do nothing at all Collonel Killegrew who commanded the Land forces at present on board Sept. 21. was sent with 1200 commanded men 11 ships of War and 7 Fluyts under the direction of Cornelius Everson Rear-Admiral of Zeland to intercept Keucks King Frederick had been advertised by his Spies that there were not above 200
with their Marriners and men and what ever else shall be provided by Denmark for the said evacuation shall as soon as the transport is done be released without any let or hinderance XXV It shall also be free for all the subjects and inhabitants of the surrendred Regions and Provinces to transport themselves into any other Cities or place to dwell there provided it be done according to the Statutes of the Provinces and priviledges of the Cities out of which they will transmigrate what concerns the goods which in the time of War were carried into Cities for their security the Masters and Owners thereof may redemand them without contradiction and impediment XXVI The former transactions and Covenants to wit those of Stetin Siôder Bromsbro and Rotschild excepting the third Article which is plainly excluded here made betwixt these Noble Kingdoms shall retain their force and vigour in all their Articles and shall be confirmed as they were before the beginning of this War and as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty unless in as much as they are expresly changed in this XXVII Whereas it is provided by the 22 Article of the Treaty of Rotschild that His Majesty of Denmark shall be obliged according to equity to satisfie his Highness the Prince of Sleswick the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp after that the Commissioners of both parts as well of the King of Denmark's as of his said Highness have treated transacted and concluded of the matter in difference at Coppenhagen the 22 of May 16â—8 it is agreed by these that all those Covenants and transactions shall be exactly observed and faithfully performed in every particular XXVIII Moreover if any thing should have happened in this or the former War that might breed any enmities or diffidence betwixt the King and kingdom of Denmark and the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp as well betwixt themselves as their Ministers servants and subjects all that as well out of consideration of their mutual consanguinity and especially of Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden as betwixt the two Royal and Ducal House of Holsteyn Gottorp shall from this day by vertue of this Treaty be composed and wholly forgot and on the contrary a perfect solid and perpetual friendship be established betwixt them His Majesty of Denmark will also when the evacuation is made in Denmark withdraw his Army and forces out of his Highness Countries Fortresses and Cities and also use his utmost endeavour to perswade the Confederates to evacuate such of his Highness Forts and Towns which they possess without any delay XXIX What Kings Commonwealths Powers and Princes soever shall desire to be comprehended in this Peace must require it of both Kings But the Emperour the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg together with their Kingdoms Electorships Dutchies and Provinces are expresly included herein So that His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden will seek no pretence under no pretext whatsoever against the aforementioned Emperour King of Poland and Electour of Brandenburg because of the ayd given by them this War against the Kingdom of Sweden and its Confederats XXX The Lord Anthony Gunther Earl of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst c. his Successors Feudals and Free-holders together with their Countries Dynasties Lands Goods Jurisdictions and Appurtenances shall be included in this Pacification wherein also John Prince of Anhalt of the Line of Zervest because of the Dynasty of Jeveren and the Lord the Earl Anthony of Oldenburg Lord in Varel and Kniphawsen with his Dynasties Lordships Goods and Rights shall be also comprehended XXXI It is further agreed that all the Cities comprehended in the Hanse League none excepted are likewise included in this so that they may enjoy a free and undisturbed Commerce in both Kingdoms both by Sea and Land and if any thing have happened in this War that might offend either party that also is forgot and buried in eternal Oblivion XXXII And whereas certain secret Articles were concluded about the time of the Rotschild Pacification which are not reiterated in this all such shall be of force as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty Moreover what Writings soever have been published during this War on either side tending to the prejudice or scandal of the other are hereby wholly taken away and shall be cashiered and prohibited and be no more divulged or reprinted within these Kingdoms XXXIII But that all these things as they are set down as well in word as in deed may be observed and fulfilled now and for the future with all firmness fidelity and sincerity it is mutually promised that these our Covenants shall be amicably confirmed by both Kings Frederick the third King of Denmark and Charles King of Sweden with the subscriptions of their Hands and impression of their Seals and for greater security they shall be signed and sealed by the Senatours of both Kingdoms XXXIV It is also concluded and promised that a Senator and Secretary of both sides shall about the 24 of June next following meet at Elzeneur and bring with them and exchange the Ratification of this Treaty confirmed with the Subscriptions and Signatures of both parties Where also the Swedes shall have with them the Letters of Cession for the Government of Drontheym and deliver them at the same time to the Danish Commissioners as a testimony of the force firmness and observance of the concluded Peace This Treaty being thus Concluded Subscribed and Sealed by the Commissioners of both sides the Embassadours Commissioners and Plenipotentiary Deputies of the most Christian King of France of the Commonwealth of England and of the High and Mighty Lords of the United Provinces did promise in the Names of their Principals and oblige themselves by a reciprocal Caution and Garranty as well general of the three States together as special of each State apart as they do hereby tie themselves in the best Form by a most ample secure and mutual Obligation as Sureties Cautions and Avengers of what is transacted and cause effectually that these covenants be fully carefully religiously performed and observed for ever And that they will also procure the Ratifications of their respective Principals hereupon So that they have been further entreated by the Commissioners of both Kings not only as Mediators but as Sureties Pledges and Avengers of these transactions for greater confirmation and certain assurance of all to Subscribe and Sign these Articles and Treaty together with them dated betwixt Coppenhagen and the Camp the 27 of May Anno 1660. Hugues de Terlon LS. Al. Sidney LS. Rob. Honniwood LS. G. Van Slingland LS. Pet. Vogelsang LS. P. de Huybert LS. W. Haren LS. Olaus Gasberg LS. Axelius Urup LS. Pet. Rees LS. Sch. Rosenhaen LS. Steno Bielke LS. WHilest this Work was in the Press the following Papers came accidentally to hand Which containing a Summary Accompt of things conducing to the illustration of much of the Political part of the foregoing History whose Author chiefly intended
and Brandenburger In Sweden there was no subsistence for them to transport them into Pomeren and there take the Field he could not for the Imperial Army was much superiour to his in strength and had already seized the principal Passes of the Country and was absolutely Master of the Campagne And to have put them into Garisons which above two parts in three consisted of Horse the want of forage had ruined them in few days So that now the King of Sweden holds close to Denmark First as a quarter to his Troops Secondly as a place of refuge and security putting himself upon the Defensive as it were intrenched within those Islands not having strength sufficient to appear before his Enemy upon the Terra firma Thirdly as a Gage or Pledge for the restitution of what he had lost in Pomeren And I have reason to believe that as things now stand the War betwixt Denmark and Sweden will hardly be accommodated but by a general Peace In the mean time I humbly conceive that England in the management of this business hath departed from their proper Interest and that upon these following grounds I. We have wholly dis-obliged the Swede who is Englands counterpoise against the Dane and Hollander The Hollander is sure that the Dane will alwayes side with him against England witness the Arrest of our Merchant-men in the Sound in 1653. We ought to be as sure of the Swede and though not to assist him in the conquest of Denmark yet so to have managed the business of a Peace as to have firmly engaged him in our Interests II. We have lost our reputation It had been honourable for England to have maintained the Rotschild Treaty in which we were Mediators But to equip a mighty Fleet of forty of our best men of War and to keep them out at Sea six Months together to the amazement of all our Neighbouring States without effecting any thing failing of our End and Design is wholly inglorious III. We have lost our Expences The King of Sweden never supposed that England would be at all those vast charges without expecting any return from him but freely propounded several advantages in point of Trade and Commerce by way of recompence and amongst others propounded that the Pitch and Tar and the whole growth and production of Sweden which is for the apparel and equipage of Shipping should be sold at a regulated price to English Merchants only by which means London might have become the Staple of those Commodities But we on the contrary have barr'd our selves from accepting any thing of priviledge or advantage though it be only ratione oneris upon the accompt of our expences and so to be considered as a re-imbursement For by the Agreement of the Hague of the fourth of July England is to compel the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Treaty at Elbing And by the express letter of the Treaty of Elbing the King of Sweden is obliged to admit the people of the United Netherlands to the same priviledges and advantages which he either hath or shall hereafter grant to any other Forraign Nation whatsoever IV. We oblige cour selves to force the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Elbing Treaty notwithstanding that by that Treaty the former Treaties made betwixt Queen Christina and the States General one at Stockholm 1640 and the other at Suderacre 1645 are expresly renewed and re-confirmed Both which are Treaties of mutual Defence and by vertue of which in case England become hereafter engaged in a War against Holland the King of Sweden will be obliged to assist Holland against us with four thousand men at his own charges V. We have lost our Opportunity of making the Peace England was once in a manner Arbitrator of this whole affair England propounds the Rotschild Treaty as the Medium of the Peace Holland though very unwilling yet is necessitated to assent thereto For to think that Holland who was in actual War with Portugal and Sweden would at the same time break with England when back'd with France especially his most confident Ally the Dane being reduced to that extremity as to become instead of a help a charge and burthen is to suppose that which is Morally and Politically impossible But as the case now stands England is the least in this business all that we pretend to is to be included in the States Generals Treaty of Elbing wherein they are Principals and we but Accessories VI. We play advantages into the hands of the Hollander our Rival State and that only which stands in the eye and aym of England's greatness For besides the Treaty of Elbing which we engage to obtain for him The Hollander obliges us also to see Drontheym restored to the Dane In which the Hollander consults his own utility for Schonen is the Country which the King of Denmark would have restored but the Hollander profits more by Drontheym when in the King of Denmark's hands than the King of Denmark himself both in point of Trade and in Levies of Men For during the late War betwixt England and Holland the Dutch had seldome less than two or three thousand of those Norwegians in the service of their Fleets Besides that the greatest part or the whole of the Revenue of Drontheym is oppignorated to the Merchants of Amsterdam for debt And indeed the whole Kingdom of Denmark is become so obnoxious upon the accompt of vast Debts that it is in a manner at the disposition of Holland The States General have steered an even and direct course to their Interest They have maintained their Ally they have not only secured Denmark from the power of Sweden but secured it to themselves And being secure of Denmark are now assuring Sweden to themselves also having already weakened the near Amity and correspondence which was betwixt England and Sweden Whereas we after all our Expences are so far from being sure of the friendship of either of the Kings that we are sure of the ill-will of both Of the Dane for appearing with an armed Fleet in the Interests of Sweden of the Swede for no sooner appearing but deserting him They have also obtained their Treaty at Elbing which in rigour of justice they could not pretend to for they themselves formerly refused to ratifie it in due time And to crown all they have heightened their reputation by rendring themselves Masters of their Design We on the contrary have lost our Friend lost our Expences lost our Business lost our Reputation From whence I conclude that in the management of this Affair we in England have departed from Our proper Interest FINIS A Catalogue of Books Printed for and are to be Sold by Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inn Folio ' s. 1. COsmography in four Books containing the Chorography and History of the whole World and all the principal Kingdoms and Provinces Seas and Isles thereof By P. Heylin Printed 1669