be forced to return back yet shall that souldier have his share of the bootie as if he had been present at the taking thereof Moreover concerning the taking of prisoners because other authours are scant in this particular it will not be amisse for the better satisfaction of such as are not acquainted with that language to adde something out of the States edict as followeth Every souldier of what condition soever he be shall forthwith and before evening Artic. 59. bring all such of the enemie as are taken prisoners before him which commandeth in the quarter upon pain of loosing his prisoner and being punished with death And if any should take some eminent officer or commander of the enemie prisoner 60. or other person of qualitie they shall be bound to present the same or cause him to be presented and delivered immediately to the Lords the States Generall or the Councel of State receiving for them as also for other prisoners which the said States shall take to themselves some reasonable recompence according to the qualitie or abilitie of the said prisoners yet not exceeding the summe of 500. pounds whereby the said prisoner shall remain at the disposing of the said States and they which took him ought to have no further pretence to him It shall not be lawfull for any man to cause a prisoner to be killed or set at ransom 61. nor after ransom be paid to suffer him to depart without leave of the Generall or of him that commandeth in the quarter on pain of being disarmed and banished out of the provinces And if any prisoner be found to walk about the leaguer or place of garrison 62. without leave of the Generall or Commander in that quarter or garrison the partie which had taken him shall forfeit his said prisoner to the profit of him who first shall apprehend the said prisoner All lawfull booties are to be certified by the takers thereof to the Commander of the quarter within three houres after their arrivall and are to be registred and sold in the open market c. upon pains of forfeiture and of corporall punishment c. CHAP. XVII Of the Souldiers pay THe means to have these and other good orders duly observed is as is abovesaid by giving to the souldiers their pay in competent measure and due time On the Spanish side they were wont to allow no Cornet to the Harquebusiers as is elsewhere shewed and therefore no pay is here set down for him but that course is since altered and his pay is onely one twelfth part inferiour to the pay of a Cornet of Cuirassiers The proportion which was observed on the King of Spains side since the end of the late truce with the States of the united Provinces is as followeth The Generall of horse his pay or entertainment is 500. crowns a moneth besides 86 ½ for his companie The Leutenant Generall 200. and 86½ for his companie The Commissarie Generall 80. and the pay of a Captain of Harquebusiers when he hath a companie The Captains of lances and Cuirassiers 80. and 6½ for their page The Lieutenant of lances and Cuirassiers 25. and 6½ for a page The Cornets 15. and 6½ for a page The souldiers of lances and Cuirassiers have 6½ crowns a moneth The Captains of Harquebusiers have 70. crowns a moneth and 6. for a page The Lieutenant 25. and 6. for a page The souldiers have six crowns a moneth Besides these stipends there is given to every companie 10. per centum without the advantages and entertainments which the Captain distributeth among the best deserving souldiers The Captains or other officers which are reformed that is dismissed from their service for their age or otherwise have their wonted pay continued The Quartermaster Generall hath 25. crowns a moneth and each of his assistants 15. The chief Chaplain hath 30. The Auditor 30 and 18. for his three officers The Provost Marshall hath 25 and for every of his men which must not exceed 12. he hath 5 crowns The chief Chirurgeon hath 25. In winter when the Cavallrie is in garrison the souldiers are paid by the day for the better keeping of their horses To the Generall 40. places are allowed as Generall and 10 as Captain To the Lieutenant Generall 20 and 10 as Captain To the Commissarie Generall 10 and 10 as Captain To every Captain 10. To the Lieutenant 6. To the Cornet 4. To the reformed officers 1½ To the Auditor 6. To the Quartermaster Generall 4. To each of his assistants 2. To the Provost Marshall 2 and 1 to each of his men To the chief Chaplain 5. Every place is worth 13. stuyvers about 16. pence English of these 13. stuyvers 10 are paid for forrage and 3. for service Half of the said 13. stuyvers is paid to the souldiers in money the other half in 16 pound of hay a Picotius three small measures of oats and two bundles of straw which are sufficient to keep a horse for a day At the end of the accounts every souldier is abated half a reall 3 pence upon every place The severall payes given by the States of the united Provinces at this day being reduced to English money are much about this proportion following To the Generall of horse 4l per diem To the Lieutenant Generall 2l. To the b Or Commissarie Generall Sergeant Major 30s. To the Quartermaster Generall 6s 8d. To the Provost 5s. To the Carriage-master 3s 4d. To the Preacher 4s. To the chief Chirurgeon 4s. Note that the Captain of horse mustereth 6 horse the Lieutenant 4 the Cornet 3 for which they receive allowance extraordinarie To the Captains 8s. To the Lieutenant 5s. To the Cornets 4s To the Corporalls 2s 6d. To the Trumpets 2s 6d. To the Quartermasters 2s 6d. To the Chirurgeons 2s 6d. To the souldiers Cuirassiers 2s. To the Harquebusiers 1s 6d. CHAP. XVIII Of supplying the Cavallrie with good horses FOr the reforming of the Cavallrie there is moreover required a singular care that the companies be supplied with good horses wherefore it will be necessarie that when the Cavallrie is retired from the field the Captains make sale of such horses as be unfit for service and buy better When the companies be entered into garrison the souldiers which are on foot must presently be remounted that so in the time of winter they may at leisure fit their horses for service for being onely remounted at the time of their going into the field the a Equos assiduo labore convenit edomari Veg. lib. 2. cap. 14. horses are not fitted for service and being young and not used to the bridle by any little toil they become unprofitable besides when a man is put on the sudden to buy such as he findeth they prove not onely the worser but the dearer Moreover those souldiers which want horses are of no service and these are they usually which straggle disbanded and do most mischief about the quarters
wherein I have observed to go upon good grounds affirming nothing of mine m Nihil mihi autoritatis assumâ— sed horum quos suprâ— retuli ea quae dispersa sunt velut in ordinem epitomâ—ta conscribo Veg l. 1. cap. 18. own authority It is true I have sometimes made bold to dissent from others but adding my reason and leaving the judicious Reader to his liberty For the style I conceived the n Nâ—que curiosam aliquam verborum manitatem conquirentes sed verbis 〈◊〉 communibus planÃse â—si militarem dicendi formam potissimùm securi sumus Leo Tact. in Epilog bluntest and plainest to be most proper for the subject If my annotations be displeasing to any they may use them like Countrey stiles and step over them To others they may serve to shew the truth of that assertion That a o Proved at large by S. Cl. Edmunds in his preface to Cesars Commentaries by him translated meer practicall knowledge cannot make a perfect souldier for had we not been beholding to p Apud veteres res militaris in oblivionem saepiùs venit sed à libris repetita est postea â—u cum autoritate firmata Veg. lib. 3. cap. 10. books the Military Art in all likelihood had been utterly obscured from our knowledge For what is there in these modern warres which is not borrowed from antiquity wherein we follow them step by step mutatis mutandis the later inventions of fire-weapons and the use and dependancy thereof onely excepted not onely in the manner but even retaining their very words of command as in this Treatise is partly shewed and would be more manifestly apparent if the subject were Infanterie which no way disparageth the modern practise but rather for the antiquity of it gives it the more respect and estimation Now lest the Tyro or untutored horseman should be deterred and should judge his task to be over-great I have set down a table of the Chapters that so he may apply himself onely to those things at first which are principally necessary for him to know and practise The defects of our trained bands of horse will argue the work neither unnecessary nor unseasonable had it but had the hap to light into the hands of a better workman But as I have seen when an excellent Musician could not be intreated to handle an instrument some bungler hath fallen upon it which caused the Musician out of impatience and indignation to undertake it so if these Essaies may be a means to incite some one or other better able q Nam cùm hoc opus usûs poitùs aliâ—rion quà m mea commendationis causâ aggressus sâ—n adjuvari me ab his qui aliquid illi aâ—truent non argui credam Frontin in Praef. to put pen to paper I shall think my pains abundantly rewarded In the mean time I desire they may be received with the right hand as they are offered and conclude in the words of the Poet r Hor. epist. 6. l. 1. Si quid novisti rectius istis Candidus imperti si non his utere mecum ¶ A Table of the Chapters PART I. Of levying men Chap. 1 OF Officers in generall page 1 Chap. 2 Of the Generall of horse page 2 Chap. 3 Of the Lieutenant Generall horse ibid. Chap. 4 Of the Commissary Generall page 3 Chap. 5 Of the Quartermaster Generall ibid. Chap. 6 Of the Captain page 4 Chap. 7 Of the Lieutenant ibid. Chap. 8 Of the Cornet page 5 Chap. 9 Of the particular Quartermasters ibid. Chap. 10 Of the Corporalls page 6 Chap. 11 Of the Trumpetters ibid. Chap. 12 Of the Auditor ibid. Chap. 13 Of the Provost Marshall ibid. Of Souldiers in generall Chap. 14 Of the corruption of the Cavallry page 7 Chap. 15 How to reform the Cavallry page 8 Chap. 16 Of distributing booty ibid. Chap. 17 Of the souldiers pay page 9 Chap. 18 Of supplying the Cavallry with good horses page 10 Chap. 19 Of the proportion of Cavallry with the Infantery page 11 Of Souldiers in particular Chap. 20 Of the enrolling of a Souldier and his qualities page 11 Chap. 21 Of the arming of the Cavallry and their kinds page 12 Chap. 22 Of the Lancier his arming ibid. Chap. 23 Of arming the Cuirassier ibid. Chap. 24 Of arming the Harquebusier and Carabine page 14 Chap. 25 Of arming the Dragon ibid. Chap. 26 Of exercise in generall and the necessity of it ibid. Chap. 27 Of managing the horse page 15 Chap. 28 Of exercising the Lance in their postures page 16 Chap. 29 Of exercising the Cuirassier in their postures page 18 Chap. 30 Of exercising the Harquebusier and Carabine in their postures page 20 Chap. 31 Of exercising the Dragon in the postures page 20 Chap. 32 Of exercising the Cavallry in their motions page 21 PART II. Of Marching Chap. 1 OF Guides page 26 Chap. 2 Of intelligence ibid Chap. 3 Of the order of marching page 27 Chap. 4 Of scouts and discoverers ibid. Chap. 5 Of the order of marching by day page 28 Chap. 6 Of the order of marching by night ibid. Chap. 7 How the baggage is to march page 29 PART III. Of Encamping Chap. 1 OF making the quarters page 29 Chap. 2 Of distributing the quarters page 30 Chap. 3 Of the necessity of securing the quarters ibid. Chap. 4 Of the manner of securing the quarters ib. Chap. 5 Of the Rendez-vous or alarm-place page 32 Chap. 6 Of the guards ibid. Chap. 7 Of the Sentinels page 33 Chap. 8 Of scouts to discover the high-wayes page 34 Chap. 9 Of forraging page 35 Chap. 10 Of Garrisons page 36 Chap. 11 Of Spies ibid. Chap. 12 Of dislodging page 37 PART IIII. Of Embattelling Chap. 1 HOw to assail a quarter page 38 Chap. 2 Of giving the charge page 39 Chap. 3 Of embuscadoes page 40 Chap. 4 How to do meeting the enemie marching page 42 Chap. 5 How to receive the charge ibid. Chap. 6 Of ordering the troops for combat by single companies page 43 Chap. 7 How the Cavallry are to fight against foot page 46 Chap. 8 Of ordering the Cavallry in battell ibid. Chap. 9 Of certain ceremonies before fight page 50 An Appendix CUrteous Reader this second Edition of my book of Cavallrie coming forth without my knowledge I was disappointed of my purpose of inserting some alterations and additions in their due places notwithstanding to satisfie the commanding requests of some Friends I shall give a touch of some sudden observations which you may please to referre to their severall Chapters Part. 1. Chap. 2. Experience having taught later times that the allowing of Bidets or Nagges to the Horsemen caused a great expense of forrage and a needlesse consumption of victuall and great disorders by reason of their boyes they are not now allowed any naggs neither in the Armie of the States of the united Provinces nor in divers other places And touching the Captains libertie to choose their own Officers that is also altered for
horse of service by reason that with them they must go to forrage for want of bidets or nags after their march and presently enter into guard in the armie or quarter without any rest to refresh their horses He is not to suffer the Captains either to make officers or to absent themselves from their companies without his leave and approbation He hath his officers apart and in that which concerneth the Cavallrie neither the Lord Marshall nor Lord Generall himself useth to dispose of any thing without his advice If he passe among the quarters of Cavallrie or Infanterie his trumpets are to sound but not where the Lord Generall lodgeth or where he is in person When he commandeth in the armie in absence of the Lord Generall upon occasion of fight his place is in the battel that he may be able to give order to all He hath usually a companie heretofore of lances to lodge with him and to serve him as his guard having usually six souldiers or more of his companie attending on him u Of Cesar it is said Dubium cautior an audentior Suet. A good Commander should rather look behind him then before him said Sertorius Plutarch in Sertor He should not resolve upon any enterprise unlesse he first consider seriously of all that might happen that so propounding to himself greater difficulties in the action then in effect they be he may prepare remedies surpassing all the said difficulties it being a benefit not to be expressed to be able to x Temeritas praeterquam quòd stulta est etiam infelix Livius 22. foresee with good judgement those things which might succeed in the uncertain and variable accidents of warre Especially he must be y Intentus sis ut neque tuae occasioni desis neque suam hosti des Ibid. ready in execution for suppose a determination never so well grounded yet it may prove vain and hurtfull if it be not executed with requisite promptitude CHAP. III. Of the Lieutenant Generall of horse THe charge of the Lieutenant Generall of the horse hath ever been held of very great importance and therefore must be supplied by a person of great experience and valour one that must be very carefull and diligent because he usually marcheth and lodgeth with the Cavallrie For which cause he ought to be well versed in the opportunitie of the wayes upon occasion of meeting the enemie in marching a Erat Philopoemen praecipua iâ— ducendo agmine locisque â—â—piendis soleâ—tiae atque usus Nec belli tâ—ntum temporibus sed etiam in pâ—ce ad id maximè animum exercuerit Vbi uer quopiam faceret ad difficilâ—m transitu saltum venissâ—t contemplatus ab omni parte loci naturam cùm solus iret secum ipse agitabat animo cùm comitâ—â— haberet ab iuquaerebat si hostis eo loco apparuisset quid si à fronte quid si à latere hoc aut illo quid si à â—â—â—go adoriretur capiendum consilii foret T. Livius dec 4. lib. 5. He must alwayes have his thoughts busied about the motions of the enemie discoursing with himself from what part they might shew themselves with what number of men whether with Infanterie or not in how many houres they might come upon him from their armie or garrison and whether they might present themselves in a place of advantage that so it might be prevented as need should require He must also advisedly choose commodious places for the quarters or lodgings providing good guards causing the highwayes to be scoured or discovered placing men on those passages where the enemie might make head not neglecting to send out rounders and omitting no diligence to secure the quarter in which the Cavallrie findeth it self exposed to greater dangers then can befall it any other way especially being lodged without Infanterie He must also procure to have spies not onely in the enemies armie but also upon their frontiers to penetrate their designes and intentions omitting no inventions which may stand him in stead to avoid inconveniences knowing that diligence is the mother of good fortune b Cui enim tantae poteilaâ—is insignia tribuâ—ntur cujus fidâ—â— atque virtuti possessorum fortunae tutela virium salus militum reipublicae creditur gloria non tantion pro universo exercitu sed etiam pro singulis contubernalibus debet esse solicitus Veg. l. 3. cap. 10. His particular care is to see that the Captains wrong not their souldiers that they keep their companies in good state and well armed and that themselves and their officers do their endeavours and observe good order and discipline Towards the souldiers he must be no lesse affable and ready to heare them willingly in their just complaints and to help them in their necessities then rigorous in punishing He should also himself being free from covetousnesse give order to others to use no c Extortions of divers kinds are punishable with death by the edict of Marshall law published by the States of the united provinces Artic. 41. extortion whereby the countrey is ruined and the souldier made odious to the prejudice of the Prince his service it being evident that too great a liberty of the souldiers produceth nothing but very bad effects Upon divers occasions of sending a good part of the Cavallrie to divers places the charge is given to the Lieutenant Generall not onely of the horse but also of the foot which accompanie them according to the occurrences for which cause he must also know how to command the Infanterie In absence of the Generall the whole weight resteth upon him and to him are the orders sent from the Lord Generall or Lord Marshall and to him as Chief reports are made of all the occurrences of the Cavallrie He may sequester a Captain from his companie upon just cause and demerit but cannot restore him without order from the Generall who first gives notice thereof to the Lord Generall He was wont to have a companie of lances which usually were lodged near his person whereof foure souldiers alwayes attend him When he passeth by the quarters of Cavallrie the trumpets sound but not in the Generalls quarter or where he is When the Generall of horse commandeth the whole armie and therefore takes his place in fight in the battel the Lieutenant Generall placeth himself in the vanguard of the Cavallry where otherwise the Generall useth to be CHAP. IIII. Of the Commissarie Generall THe Commissarie Generall commandeth in the absence of the Lieutenant Generall and therefore must be a man of great experience This charge was first instituted by Don Ferrand de Gonzagua afterward continued by the Duke of Alva and confirmed by the Duke of Parma and so remained He must be vigilant and carefull to appease dissentions which grow among the souldiers as he which dealeth most with them He is to send and distribute the orders and keep a The Romanes were very exact in keeping records and lists