Utinam nescirem Literas Since Knighted by his sacred Majesty here And upon this accompt and in gratitude for his good offices the King was pleased to admit Mr. Meadowe the English Envoy into the Order of Denmark This Treaty thus concluded and ratified the next thing which followed was the solemn Enterview betwixt the two Kings at Fredericksburg a sumptuous Palace of the King of Denmark about four Leagues from Coppenhagen Thither both of them went and which is remarkable without any previous stipulation concerning guards or number of followers usually practised upon such occasions but with a frank and Northern simplicity either not mistrusting or not willing to mistrust each other King Frederick met his new guest who came from Rotskild some two miles from his house Both Kings being at a competent distance alighted out of their Coaches at the same time and approaching on foot saluted each other by joyning their right hands with all the respect and obliging demonstrations of kindness immaginable and now as if their late enmity had been entirely forgot they both entred the same Coach being the Danish first the Swede then the Dane accompanied by the English Mediatour and the Duke of Holstein Sunderburg and so rode to Fredericksburg where they were received and entertained with as much magnificence as the place and season could afford At Table the Queen of Denmark sate at the boards end the King of Sweden on the side at her right hand as being the guest and next below him on the same side the King of Denmark Were that Roman to describe this entertainment who affirmed that the same wisdom was requisite for ordering a feast as for disciplining an Army he would be more large in the description of it than I shall be Let it suffice to say that the method was exact the provision sumptuous and the solemnity rare to see two Kings at one Table who had so little before been in Arms one against the other And it was not unpleasant that those Trumpets and Kettle-Drums which so lately denounced Death should now be made use of as loudly to proclaim Healths The Solemnity continued from Thursday to Saturday both Kings for two nights lodging under the same Roof At parting they exchanged Horses and other Presents and those Officers of the Danish Court who were particularly appointed to attend the Swedish King were nobly regaled by him On Saturday he took his leave and went to Elzineur the King of Denmark accompanying him part of the way from thence he past the Sound through the noise and smoak of the Cannon of the two Castles of Cronenburg and Elzenburg to take possession of his fresh conquests in Schonen where he was entertained by his new Subjects with more pomp than passion more state than affection the sense of their wonted obedience being yet too green to be so soon forgot He did not stay long there but went to Gottenburg to meet his Queen as also to deliberate with his Senate and rejoyce with his friends over his late successes And thus the Scene of Affairs being changed in Denmark a Serene calm did ensue but not last long However the Swedes did pretend to treat a new and stricter Alliance betwixt the two Crowns The Swedish Army was to continue in Denmark till the first of May where they lived with the usual rapines and disorders of insulting Victors which must yet continue longer than the designed time for their removal The Danes thus low were forced to a quick execution of the Treating as fearing to displease their new friends who yet complained of delays and evasory and non-performance Most of the two thousand Horse were run away which they pretended was by collusion and the Governour of Bremervord made difficulty to deliver up that place which he will yet part with too soon But that which vext the Sweeds most was that the Danes refused to enter into a Treaty Offensive and Defensive with them The main design of the Swedes herein was the stopping of the Sound which Van Beuning the Dutch Embassadour then in Denmark well observing presented a memorial to the King desiring him that whereas by the third Article of the Treaty of Rotschild that both Crowns should endeavour to hinder all Hostile Fleets from entring into the Baltick Sea that the said Article should not be understood of the ships of the Lords the States General being it directly opposed the league formerly made betwixt them and the Danish crown The said Embassadour had upon the fabricking of this Article likewise declared against it but Denmark was then forced to yield to demands much more prejudicial and of greater importance to it self not being in a condition to mind the interests of others where their own did so eminently suffer The King of Sweden had sent two Commissioners to Coppenhagen to urge this mutual confederation but they could not bring the Danes to it which produced new and more intricate difficulties for the Swedes complained openly of the Danes delays and the Danes of the Swedes not withdrawing their forces out of their Countries as they had promised One pretext seemed to beget another and one obstacle was no sooner removed but new ones appeared especially on the Swedes side who at length declared they could not withdraw their Army out of Denmark until they had entire satisfaction Their chief pretences were the compleating of the 2000 horse they having received no more than 936 most Danes whereas they should have been all Germans the possession of the little Isle of Ween as belonging to Schonen 400000 ryxdollers in consideration of the loss they sustained by Henry Carloff who had carried one of their Guinea ships laden with a quantity of Gold and Elephants teeth into Gluckstat after the making of the peace and other no less considerable points relating to the late treaty But most of these difficulties were cleared or remitted to the mediation of the English and French Ministers and now all seemed to tend to a perfect understanding By this time the King and Queen of Sweden were come into Holstein from whence they went to Wismar a convenient Port to transport the Queen back to Stockholm at pleasure The King returned to Oldeslo the general rendezvous of his troops where he gave audience to several Embassadors the neighbouring States and Towns and Princes being jealous of his great preparations and designes which jealousie was augmented by the daily boastings of his Officers who seemed to threaten all whilest the truth lay closlier concealed Denmark alone seemed to have no reason to fear having not only delivered Bremervorde but consented almost to every thing that was required of them to content the Swedes and get them out of their Country well-nigh ruined with their extorsion and in-quarterings But they will not be gone so and now smile at the Danish credulity whilest they prepare to possess the whole and render their King one of the greatest Princes of Europe The pretexts for this second War were
he was also forced to expect six dayes more 22. by reason of contrary Winds King Charles seeing his Adversaries Fleet so near and in his neighbourhood omitted nothing on his side for their reception He went daily upon the Sands to visit and view their numbers and bulk and order with his perspectives Sometimes he seemed resolved to take advantage of the Wind and Stream and fall upon them where they were which both himself and many of his great Officers wished afterwards they had done considering that if they had been worsted they might have retreated to Gottenburg and that both the shores were possessed by the Swedish Troops But the contrary opinion prevailed which was to expect them in the Sound being they must first pass the batteries of the Castles from both sides and that they themselves if they were not victorious might abundantly secure their retreat by the neighbourhood of these two Forts and the Haven of Lanskrown The Wind being come about and blowing gently out of the North Opdam summoned the chief Officers and Captains on board and having given those Orders to each of them which were necessary dismissed them with this admonition that they should not be wanting to themselves to their Country nor to them whose deliverance depended upon the success of their present endeavours The Anchors being weighed with the general assent of all they set sail for the Sound But whilest they are hastening thither it will not be amiss to take a view of the Admiral and Colonel Pichlars Instructions which were as followeth 1 The Lieutenant Admiral shall first and before all things take notice That the intention and designe of this State in this present Expedition of their Fleet is to deliver such of the Inhabitants and Subjects of this State as traffick in the East sea from all oppression as also to assist the King of Denmark against the King of Sweden who lately unexpectedly invaded him and that so effectually as may by Gods help dâ—liver him from the aforesaid violence 2 To this end the Lieutenant Admiral shall sail with the Fleet of this State with all diligence to the Sound and convoy thither the Auxiliaries of this State designed for the assistance of the King and Kingdome of Denmark and especially for the relief of Coppenhagen and Cronenburg 3 Being come as far as Cronenburg he shall so far countenance and assist the said Succours with all his Forces that part of them may land and be received into the said Castle in case upon communication with the Governour there it be judged necessary 4 He shall in like manner endeavour to put the rest of the Succours and necessaries into Coppeâ—hagen 5 He shall vigorously and manfully like a Souldier and Seaman endeavour to deliver all the Ships Goods and Persons of the inhabitants of these United Provinces who are taken or detained by the Ships of War of the King of Sweden 6 For which end he shall in case he encounter the Swedish Fleet or any part of it vigorously attack and if possible overcome the same using therein such courage and Souldier like precaution as the occurrences of affairs will permit and he is entrusted with 7 Further he shall in general treat all them who will any way oppose or impede him in prosecution of his said Orders as is more amply mentioned in the aforesaid Article He shall the Land Militia being landed continue with the Fleet under his Command in and near the Sound and contribute by all Occurrences all that is necessary to remove the mentioned oppression Also he shall do his utmost endeavour to retake any Ships belonging to the Inhabitants of this State now with the Swedes and also hinder any further molesting of the Trafficking Subjects of this Land in Order to which he may upon such intelligences as he shall receive as occasion may require send any Ships or part of his Fleet to prevent any design that may threaten them 9 And in case the City of Coppenhagen and the Castle of Cronenburg should which God forbid be taken by the Swedes before the arrival of the Lieutenant Admiral the said Lieutenant Admiral shall then keep with the Fleet upon the Coasts of Denmark and Norway in such places as he shall judge securest and most proper to carry on the design of the States as in the eighth Article and to wait their farther Orders 10 The Lieutenant Admiral shall comport himself as above without notwithstanding tying himself so precisely to the Letter and Orders here prescribed as not to act according to intelligence and occurrences as he shall judg best for carrying on the designs and intentions of the States as is already exprest and shall also give the King of Denmark notice of his approach and defer much to his considerations and pleasure to which end he shall from time to time correspond with His Majesty 11 The Lieutenant Admiral shall take care that he shew all respect and civility to the Chiefs of other Armies or Squadrons belonging to any King Commonwealth or State in peace and alliance with the States General conformable to their respective Treaties yet without yielding in any thing contrary to these instructions much less receiving any command from them or suffering any visits by them but repel any with force that shall thus pretend to treat him Any chief Officers that come to dye in this Expedition shall be succeeded by their Lieutenants or next Inferiors unless uncapable c. 13 The Lieutenant Admiral shall keep an exact journal of all material Occurrences and advertise the States and the respective Admiralties therewith 14 The said Lieutenant Admiral shall in all other occasions not mentioned in these Instructions which may happen act by advise of his Councel of War and as shall be judged most for the Lands service Sept. 14. 1658. Collonel Pichler had also his Instructions apart which were That he should conduct his 38 Companies in the best order to the Sound That being come thither he should immediately confer with the Governour of Cronenburg and put so many men with their Officers into the said Garrison as should be judged necessary for its defence by the said Governour The said Officers and Companies should receive Orders from the Kings Governours reserving notwithstanding to themselves the correction and paying their souldiers He should also furnish them with Ammunition if they wanted it This done he should in person go with the remaining Companies to Coppenhagen and addressing himself forthwith to the King or him who commanded there in Chief receive such Orders as they pleased to give him and precisely follow the same reserving as above the payment and military discipline over the same to himself and his Councel of War Cornelius de Witte Vice-Admiral of Holland and West-Friezland lead the Van consisting of eleven men of War two Fluyts and one Fire ship the main Battle containing 13 men of War 2 Fluyts and one Fire ship was conducted by Opdam himself and the Rear equal
reason of the King of Swedens successes in his affairs Our Fleet can be of little help or advantage to him at present you are in such case to try what termes may be procured from the King of Sweden for securing our Commerce in those Seas and to transmit them to Us without doing any thing positively therein till you shall receive special direction from Us. 9 As to what shall concern the wearing of the Flag after conjunction of Ours with the Swedish Fleet and the management of both in point of Command in reference to service or action As also concerning the dividing of any Prizes that shall be taken by the Fleets in conjunction or apart you shall make such agreements as upon advice with Vice-Admiral Goodson shall be thought reasonable and consistent with the honour of this Common-wealth 10 You are to give Us an account of affairs by all possible opportunities and by all Expresses both by Sea and Land that We may from time to time have certain and particular knowledge thereof 11 Whereas some diâ—ficulty may possibly arise concerning the second Article in the Concept whereby the people of this Commonwealth are to pass the Sound and Belt without paying of any duty to the King of Sweden on supposal that the people of other Nations may pass free by colour thereof you are impowred to insert such an additional Article to secure His said Majesty from all frauds in that kind as you shall find meet and reasonable 12 Whereas We are uncertain at this distance in what condition the affairs of the King of Sweden are and how far the Fleet now sent will be of consideration to him In case therefore upon advise with the Commander in chief you shall find that Our Fleet in conjunction with the King of Swedens shall not be sufficient to oppose any Forces that may assault the said King you are to take such care in the Treaty that Our Fleet may not be put upon disadvantagious Engagements 13 Whereas the performance of this Treaty is of great consequence to this Commonwealth you are to use your endeavours in this Treaty with the King of Sweden for to procure some reasonable security to be given to this Commonwealth That the particulars contracted and agreed in this present Treaty be performed and observed which We are not able to ascertain here in regard His Majesties Commissioners had no power to agree any thing therein And therefore must leave it to you to do therein with the advice of the Commander in Chief of Our Fleet as you shall find most advantagious and feisible Dated at Whitehall this 12. of Novemb. 1658. Those to Vice-Admiral Goodson were also as followeth 1 Whereas for composing the present Wars which are lately faln out betwixt the Kings of Sweden and Denmark We have found it necessary to offer Our friendly Mediation betwixt the said Crowns as well for the setling of Peace between them and for the good of the Protestant Cause in general as also for preservation of Our Interest so far as it is concern'd therein As also to send a Fleet which may attend the issue of that Mediation and the affairs depending thereupon You shall therefore sail with the first opportunity of Wind and Weather towards the Sound taking along with you the Fleet under your Command And after your arrival in those parts shall take your first opportunity to deliver or send unto Sir Philip Meadow Our Envoy Extraordinary with his Majesty of Sweden the Letter herewith delivered you whereby he is authorized to offer the aforesaid Mediation As also to cause these Our Instructions to be communicated to him either by some fit person to be sent to him for that purpose or by procuring him to come aboard you as you shall find most convenient And from time to time to take all opportunities of communicating each with other for the better effecting of what 's given you in charge respectively 2 Whereas Sir Philip Meadow is authorized by Our Instructions to desire of both the said Kings a Treaty and during such Treaty a Cessation of all Acts of Hostility betwixt them you are to joyn with our said Envoy in that desire as Commander in Chief of thee English Fleet communicating as well to the King of Denmark as to the King of Sweden that you are come thither with Our Fleet not to offend either of them but to take all opportunities that shall be put into your hands for obtaining an Accommodation between them for the good of both And to see that nothing be done to the prejudice of the free Navigation and Commerce into the Baltick Sea nor to the particular detriment of this State We conceiving Our Interests to be in the issue thereof much concerned 3 In case you shall find a Treaty betwixt the said Kings to be begun before your Arrival there or that upon this Mediation offered a Treaty shall be entered upon you are by advise with Our said Publick Minister to use your best endeavours that nothing be agreed upon betwixt the said Kings or any other that may be to the prejudice of this Commonwealth or to the Trade and Navigation thereof 4 If upon your coming upon the place and advising with Sir Philip Meadow you shall find there is no room left for a Mediation or Treaty but that the War is likely to proceed betwixt the said two Kings Or in case a Treaty shall begin and be after broken off without effect It appearing not to Us That there is any other way to secure the Interest of this State in those Seas you are then with Our Fleet under your Command to give assistance to the King of Sweden for his defence against such as shall assault him upon the Terms herewith delivered you and in the manner hereafter expressed That is to say 5 You are in the Cases expressed in the next aforegoing Article to apply your self to the King of Sweden and to let him know That you have received direction from Us To acquaint His Majesty That We have authorized the said Sir Philip Meadow to treat with His Majesty about the Terms of an Assistance to be given Him in this present War And that the said Treaty being agreed you shall be ready with Our Fleet to assist him according to the Conditions that shall be agreed upon in the said Treaty 6 But until you shall find upon advise with Our said Publick Minister that no Treaty will be accepted or being accepted not take effect you are not to communicate Our last mentioned Instruction to the King of Sweden or any other person whatsoever 7 After such Treaty with the King of Sweden shall be agreed and so certified by the said Sir Philip Meadow and a Copy thereof transmitted unto you you are to employ Our Fleet according to such Articles and Agreements as shall be therein contained 8 In the prosecution of this whole service you are in respect of the season of the year to take the best
War The English as is already mentioned had about the latter end of the last year sent a Fleet towards Denmark but that being by reason of Tempests and the unpassableness of the Seas full of sholes of Ice unable to advance was obliged to return The Winter being past General Montague was sent thither with a second no less useful for service being very well fitted for War and well manned with betwixt nine or ten thousand men but no Land forces then glorious for ostentation The English Fleet was got ready with that expedition that it put to Sea a Fortnight or three Weeks before the Dutch which bred no little jealousie in them seeing their Rivals ready before them and that with such powerful Forces however Mr. Downing then Resident at the Hague had assured them Apr. 6. that the English Fleet which was gone towards the Sound had no Orders to use any kind of hostility against their Shipping but only to endeavour the procuring of a Pacification betwixt the two Crowns And it proved so though the States were hardly induced to believe it And yet they will not now making a vertue of necessity seem to wish it otherwise so that their preparations moved flower at least in appearance whilest they gave out that they did not need to make hast being Denmark was secured in the Neutrality of that present power General Montague having Rendevouzed in Sould Bay March 27. 1659. weighed the twenty seventh of March and arrived in the Sound at an Anchor between the Island of Ween and Cronenburg Castle April 6. Apr. 6. And And by agreement between the King of Sweden and the English Admiral neither flag was stirred but born aloft and the three Flag-ships as they passed by the Castle saluted it where the King and Queen were in person with 21 19 and 17 Guns Every other Ship gave only a Volley of small shot which were answered Flags and all only with two Guns each according to the Custom of Sweden The Instructions given to General Montague I have thought proper to insert here being they will give great light to the following passages of that Summers action WHereas upon consideration had of the state of Affairs in the Eastern parts and particularly of the War faln out betwixt the two Kings of Sweden and Denmark which hath greatly disturbed the Navigation and Commerce of this and other Neighbouring States and distracted the Affairs of the greatest part of Europe We thought it necessary to use Our best endevours for composing the said War and thereby to remove the manifold Evils and Inconveniences which depend thereupon And to that purpose gave directions to Sir Philip Meadow Our Envoy Extraordinary with the King of Sweden to offer Our friendly Mediation to both those Kings and to contribute his utmost diligence for setling a Peace between them Giving him such further Instructions as We found necessary for that occasion a Copy whereof they bearing Date the ninth of December last is herewith delivered unto you And whereas since that time there hath been a Treaty made and concluded on betwixt Us and the King of France a Copy whereof is also herewith delivered you touching the said Affairs which both States finding to be of so great importance to their respective Countries and Dominions and the Interest thereof They judge that it concerned Them in a joynt way and by joynt Counsels to apply the most effectual remedies that could be thought of for composing the said War And therefore did agree by the said Treaty to offer their joynt Mediation to those two Kings for procuring of a Peace betwixt Them as also their Garranty for securing thereof in case it should be accomplished With a mind also to accommodate the differences betwixt the King of Sweden on the one side and the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg on the other And for the better effecting of the mutual intentions of these two States It was further concluded by the said Treaty that all endeavours should be used for disposing the States General of the United Provinces to co-operate with England and France in this good Work And accordingly as well We as the King of France have given Instructions to Our respective Publick Ministers both at the Hague and with the said Kings of Sweden and Denmark to prosecute and promote the aforesaid good Intention which We hope will have the issue that is desired and that such a Peace will be setled in those parts where so great and powerful Armies both by Land and Sea are engaged as will be for the security of the common Interest and in particular of this Commonwealth And having on these grounds sent a Fleet towards those parts the last Winter which in respect of the season of the year was not able to perfect the intended Voyage We have now judged it necessary upon the same Grounds and to the same ends as are before expressed to send a Fleet under your Conduct and Command into the Sound and Baltick Sea You are therefore on the receipt of these Our Instructions and of the other papers herewith delivered to repair to Our Fleet prepared for this Expedition a List whereof is hereunto annexed and upon your coming aboard you shall by Gods blessing and assistance with your first Opportunity of Wind and Weather set sail for the parts aforesaid and having come thither shall follow and pursue the Instructions following viz. 1 You shall immediatly upon your arrival in the Sound send to Sir Philip Meadow as also to our Envoy with the King of Denmark if he be there residing and receive from them a true and perfect account of the state of the affairs of the several Princes engaged as aforesaid and what effect our Mediation hath had and whether it be probable that a Treaty and Peace will ensue on the Terms wherein you shall find affairs to stand at your arrival 2 You shall either by your self or by the hand of Sir Philip Meadow as you shall find it most convenient let both the Kings of Sweden and Denmark know that you have brought the Fleet into these parts by Our command as a common friend to both and with desires to procure a Peace betwixt them And that for the same purpose you are ready to contribute all that lies in you to remove those difficulties that lye in the way of Peace and secure Agreement betwixt them We judging it to be their own Interest as well as that of their Neighbours and Allies that the present War between them should be put to a speedy end And that We cannot understand how the same can be continued without extream danger as well to themselves as to the present Interests of their Allyes 3 If a Treaty be begun between them before your arrival you shall do what you can to bring the said Treaty to a Peace without delay But if it be found that either no Treaty is begun or that the difference is such upon the
Treaty that no Agreement is like to be made thereupon Then Sir Philip Meadow as We have directed him by your Instructions to him shall in Our name propound the Treaty of Rotschild to be the Terms of a Peace to be now setled between them with such Alterations as shall be found necessary upon occasion of the War since faln out between the said two Kings perswading both of them to center therein as that which is the likeliest means as affairs now stand to put an end to this unhappy and unchristian War And this you as Admiral of the Fleet shall also let both the Kings know And also that you shall be obliged by your Instructions to oppose that Party which shall refuse a reasonable Peace upon these grounds We holding our self engaged to propound this Treaty in respect We were one of the Mediators thereof 4 In case the said two Kings can be brought to a Treaty then a Cessation of all acts of Hostility is to be endeavoured between them in which Cessation it is to be expressed that no part of the Forces under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg and that Confederate Army be transported into Zeland Funen or any other of the Isles where now the King of Sweden hath footing and that no relief of Men or Shipping be put into Coppenhagen nor any attempt made upon either of the said Kings by the Forces of any Prince or State whatsoever And you are authorized to use your endeavours that the Terms of the said Cessation be observed and to oppose whomsoever shall go about to break the same 5 And whereas We find that One great difficulty which the King of Denmark makes about treating separately with Sweden is because of his engagement to his Allies We have directed the said Sir Philip Meadow to let him know That this Peace being once concluded yea whilest it is Treating We shall use Our best endeavours to reconcile the King of Sweden unto the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and do not doubt but something very effectually may be done therein But we conceive it of absolute necessity in the first place to agree the said two Kings without which it is impossible to imagine that any peace at all can any way be concluded on And we hope that the States General of the United Provinces will likewise agree herein 6 You shall also take the first opportunity to deal very seriously with the King of Sweden touching his present War in Denmark letting him know that We apprehend it very dangerous both for him and all his Allies in respect of the great Combinations that are made against him both by Land and Sea which in all probability he will not be able to defend himself against And that whosoever comes in to his assistance must expect to engage himself in a War with Holland and those other States which are the Allies of Denmark being a War which at this time this Nation is in no condition to engage in nor is the Parliament now sitting satisfied so to do And that therefore the Counsell which We as his true Friend and Ally do find necessary to give him at this time is That he will apply himself to make a reasonable Peace with the King of Denmark upon the Treaty of Rotschild which We at his own desire did in some sort become the Garranty of Letting him further know that in case his Majesty shall not think fit to follow this Counsel We cannot satisfie Our self to give him any assistance the consequence whereof will be so great upon this Nation And in case the Dutch will be perswaded to say as much to the King of Denmark We doubt not but matters will be brought to a happy issue in those parts 7 In case the King of Denmark shall refuse to treat upon the Terms before expressed you shall let him know That although We have not interested Our self in this present War but have carried Our self as Neuter betwixt him and the King of Sweden Yet now We find the Interest of this Commonwealth so much concerned in this War That We held Our self obliged to make use of all the means God hath put into Our hands to put an end thereto And that having done what lies in Our power by Our Ministers in a friendly way without success We have found Our self necessitated to give assistance to the King of Sweden as Our Friend and Ally who having declared himself willing to make Peace upon the Terms of the Rotschild Treaty We thought it not for the Common good nor for the interest of England to suffer him to be opprest and totally ruined by the conjunction of so great and powerful Forces against him 8 And upon this state of the case and having by your self or Sir Philip Meadow Our said Envoy used your best endeavour as aforesaid for making a Peace And if the King of Sweden shall give satisfaction upon the Terms of Assistance you shall then with the Fleet under your Command assist the King of Sweden in a defensive way in the manner expressed in the following Article 9 You shall with the Fleet under your Command either alone or in conjunction with the Swedish Fleet hinder what in you lies the transporting of any part of the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg or by whom else the same is commanded into the Isles of Zeland and Funen or into any other of the places now possessed by the Swedes And if any attempt shall be made to do it you shall use the force that is in your hand to withstand and prevent it by whomsoever it shall be attempted 10 In case the Fleet of the King of Sweden shall be attempted by the Dane or by the Fleet of any other State separately or in conjunction with the Dane you shall use the Force which God hath given you to defend him 11 You shall also labour by the Fleet under your Command to hinder the carrying of any Succour or relief into Coppenhagen until the King of Denmark shall be willing to Treat upon the Terms expressed in the former Article and are hereby impowred to fight with any such as shall endeavour to carry in any such relief as aforesaid And are also impowred to authorize such number of the Fleet as you shall judge necessary under the Flag of Sweden to joyn with the Fleet of Sweden to pursue and assault his enemies for the better accommodating of the Termes of Peace as aforesaid 12 And because Our intention is to manage this business by Counsel and Correspondence with the States General of the United Provinces as also to prevent any further Engagement between the King of Sweden and the Lords the States in a Hostile way We have directed our Resident at the Hague to propound to the said States General that they will joyn with England and France in the making of this Peace upon the grounds of the Treaty of Rotschild and that in order
thereto they will not send to the King of Denmark any assistance further till the issue of Our joynt endeavours for a Peace be seen nor go into those parts with a Fleet to take part with any side which We have also expressed Our self resolved to do And have accordingly given you direction by the fore-going third Instruction And have also desired of them to agree that their Fleet shall not sail into the Sound or Baltick Sea ut remain in some convenient place without in expectation of the Conclusion of the Peace whereunto We hope they will agree and give Instructions to their Admiral to conform thereto and to hold a good and friendly correspondence with you in the management of this business you shall therefore in case you shall either meet with the Fleet of the said Lords the States at Sea by the way thither or shall arrive in the Sound or those parts before them you shall hold a good and friendly Correspondence with them sending to the Admiral upon your first descrying of their Fleet at Sea and letting him know that you are come into those parts to endeavour a Peace between the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark without taking either side or giving assistance to either if it be possible to make the Peace without it and further that We have ordered the Treaty of Rotschild to be propounded as the Termes of the Peace to be made between them with such alterations as are necessary the management whereof between the two Kings is left by Us to Our Publick Minister upon the place And that you hope he is come with the same mind and intentions and that the Lords his Superiours have given him Instructions to conform thereunto And that he will accordingly declare himself and joyn with you for the making of this Peace upon the terms aforesaid in such a way as may be most likely to effect it and prevent all jealousie between England and the United Provinces whilest these endeavours are on foot And in order thereunto you are to desire the said Admiral That by agreement with you he will not give any assistance to either side either by Men Ships or otherwise nor endeavour to go with his Fleet into Coppenhagen or into the Sound or Baltick Sea lest further Hostility fall out betwixt the Swede and him but that they will remain without the Sound and Belt until it can be seen whether by your joint endeavours a Peace may be concluded betwixt them or until some other certain way of management of this affair may be agreed upon between you and him conducible to the ends aforesaid Engaging likewise to him that you will give no assistance on either side nor remove the station of the Fleet from the place which shall be agreed upon between you until the issue of the Treaty be seen as aforesaid But in case the Admiral or Commander in Chief of the said Dutch Fleet shall not hearken to these terms But shall with their Fleet endeavour to go through the Sound or Belt for the relieving of Coppenhagen assaulting the Swedes Fleet or giving other assistance to the Dane or that the Danes Fleet with the Dutch Ships already there shall endeavour to joyn with the said Fleet of the States General for the purpose aforesaid you shall in any of those cases by way of assistance to the Swede use your force for the hindring thereof 13 Incase you shall find the Dutch Fleet and their new Succours for Denmark to be arrived in those parts before you and that they have relieved Coppenhagen and joyned themselves to the Dane contrary to those intentions and Propositions made in pursuance thereof expressed to Our Resident at the Hague you shall let the Dutch Admiral also know your intentions of coming into those Seas and desire him to joyn with you in the promoting thereof according to the twelfth Instruction But if that be refused or delayed beyond what the nature and condition of affairs will admit you shall give assistance to Sweden upon the Terms before expressed Or if whilest you are debating these things with the Dutch or during the Treaty with Sweden about an assistance any endeavours be used to transport the Forces under the Elector of Brandenburg and to fight the King of Sweden you shall oppose it by force either by your self or in conjunction with Sweden by whomsoever it be attempted 14 And in respect there may many cases fall out wherein We at this distance and upon affairs subject to so great Changes and uncertainties cannot give particular Instructions you are in cases which are omitted or not well explained to have your eye in the determination thereof upon Our General scope which lies in two things to wit the making of a good Peace between the said two Kings wherein we desire a good Correspondence with the Lords the States General and their Forces which shall be in those parts And secondly if it shall please God to bring things to that pass that you shall find your self obliged by the tenour of your Instructions to give assistance unto Sweden that you so manage it that before you engage the Fleet in Action the King of Sweden do agree and Authentickly ratifie the Treaty herewith delivered to you lest that after any part of his work be done he should refuse to do what in justice may be expected from him However for preventing of the transportation of the forces under the Elect. of Brandenburg as aforesaid or for executing your 12th Instruction you are authorized to engage the Fleet although the said Treaty should not be agreed 15 In case that the refractoriness to the Peace shall be on the part of the King of Sweden endeavour shall be used to settle things so with the King of Denmark and the States General that the Treaty betwixt Denmark and this State may he observed and that whatsoever advantages are granted to the States General in point of Trade and Commerce may be likewise granted to this State and the same security given to Us for the performance thereof letting them know that otherwise We shall be obliged to provide for Our own Interest and this We have directed Sir Philip Meadow to transact who shall also follow such advice as you shall think fit to give him therein 16 As to matter of salutes betwixt Our Fleet and the King of Swedens as also for what will be necessary to be agreed touching the manner of your Conjunction with the Swedes in case it shall fall out you joyn with them you are to do therein what shall be found necessary and agreeable to the Honour of this Commonwealth as you in your judgment and direction shall think fit 17 You shall in case of meeting with any Ships of War belonging to any Forreign State in the British Seas take care that the Honour of this Nation be preserved by causing them to strike their Flag and lower their Top-sail as is accustomed and in case of refusal you shall
it was found that the Current ran so violently and uncertainly and differently in every small space of distance and the breadth of the water was so little that if the Dutch Fleet had come and he been obliged to fight the place was such as no Pilot knew how to work a Ship in And the other Station a breast of the Koll was good Sea-room and a steady Current for in that place is discernable no tide at all but if the Wind blow from the Ocean the Current runs into the Sound and if it blow out of the Baltick then the Current runs out The English Fleet thus posted and having obtained the consent of the King of Sweden to the Rotschild Treaty the Admiral again enforces the English Mediation upon the King of Denmark who being bound up and over-ruled by his Allies refuses the Terms of the Mediation whereupon the English Admiral according to his Instructions offers a Treaty of Assistance from England to the Swede which I thought fit to insert here WHereas there is a new and unhappy War broken out betwixt his Majesty the King of Sweden and the King of Denmark and that since the said Rupture the King of Sweden hath by his Arms got possession of the Town of Elzineur and Castle of Cronenburg in the Isle of Zeland and obtained thereby the Command of the Sound and hath also beleaguered the City of Coppenhagen yet with this mind and desire to make and conclude with the King of Denmark a good and secure Peace And whereas upon pretence of giving assistance to his Majesty the King of Denmark there is a great and powerful Army consisting chiefly of the Forces of the King of Hungary now Emperour of Germany and of the King of Poland already marched into Holstein and Jutland whereof they have already possession designing also to possess themselves of Funen and Zeland and the strength therein which should they be able to effect it would in all humane probability prove the ruine and loss of the Protestant Interest in those parts and endanger the subversion thereof in all Europe and also be to the destruction of Navigation and Commerce in the Baltick Sea and the King of Denmark himself whose assistance they pretend captivated into the hands of those whose interest obliges them to make a prey of him and his said Majesty the King of Sweden having upon these grounds and to the ends before expressed and in this exigency of affairs in pursuance of a Treaty made at London betwixt the two States on the seventh of July Old stile in the year of our Lord 1656 whereby it is in the first Article thereof among other things agreed that it shall be lawful for either of the said Confederates within the Kingdoms and Countries of the other to hire Ships as well Men of War as Merchant men upon the Terms and Conditions therein expressed desired the Assistance and ayd of his Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland and the dominions and Territories thereunto belonging and for the further setling the Trade and Commerce betwixt the two States 1 It is agreed on either part that for the affording of Ayd and Succour to His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden His most Serene Highness the Lord Protector shall be obliged to send forthwith towards the Sound a Fleet of Ships of War 2 That the said Fleet or Navy shall at the Charge of his said Highness and Commonwealth of England c. be equipped and fitted forth sufficiently with all things necessary for such an expedition and shall be also from time to time supplied for the keeping and maintenance of them in those Seas until the twenty ninth of September next 3 The said Fleet being come into those Seas they shall ayd and assist His Majesty the King of Sweden in a Defensive way that is to say First they shall do their endeavours to hinder any Forraign Ships of War to joyn themselves with the Fleet of Denmark under what Plag soever it be attempted or on what pretence soever Secondly for the hindering the transportation of any Souldiers or Forces belonging to the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg into Coppenhagen or any Islands of Denmark Thirdly for preventing of the carrying any Relief or Succour of Money Victuals Souldiers or other provision of War into Coppenhagen Fourthly for the defence of the Swedish Fleet in case they shall be assaulted at Sea or blockt up in Harbour by the Dane or any other in Conjunction with him or separately from him 4 Forasmuch as His Highness and the Commonwealth of England will be at excessive charge in setting forth and managing the foresaid Navy for the attaining the ends aforesaid Therefore by way of Recompence and satisfaction of the charges expended and to be expended And in respect of the other hazards and dangers which may ensue to this Commonwealth by reason of this Assistance It is agreed that the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth from time to time Sailing and Trading coming and going through the Sound or Belt shall not at any time be obliged to pay any Tribute Tolle or Custom Duty or other Charge whatsoever for either Ships or Merchandizes to the King or Kingdom of Sweden or any of his Officers or Ministers whatsoever but shall in their said Passage and Navigation through the said places be treated in manner following 5 That upon the coming of any of the Ships of His Highness and this Commonwealth and the People and Subjects thereof into those parts and at their passage through the Sound or Belt producing their Legal and Authentick Certificates to the Officers of the King of Sweden and to such Officer or Officers as shall be appointed by His Highness to reside at Cronenburg or such other place thereabouts as His Highness shall desire the Commanders Masters and other Officers of such Ships of this Commonwealth as shall so pass shall on such Certificates pay to the Officer or Officers so to be appointed by His Highness such Tolle and Duty as His said Highness shall think fit to appoint which Tolle and Duty shall be for the sole benefit of His Highness and this Commonwealth in recompence of the said Charge and Hazards aforesaid And upon payment of such Tolle or Duty such English Ships shall be suffered to pass without any stop or molestation â— â—hat the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth shall in the â—â—â—ntreys and Dominions of the King of Sweden which either 〈◊〉 are in His possession or hereafter shall come into His possession pay no higher or greater Custom or Duty than the Subjects of Sweden at this time do and be used in all other things as the Subjects of Sweden at this time are â— That His Majesty of Sweden shall shut up the Sound as also the Great and Little Belt and all other Passages into the Baltick Sea and prohibit all Commerce and Navigation through the same to all such who
shall be in Amity with those Confederates or either of them 8 That all the Ports Rivers Roads Harbours and Countryes of Sweden shall be free and open for the English Ships and men to come into reside in and go forth of from time to time as there shall be occasion without any molestation and shall be assisted and furnished with provisions and other necessaries at the same rates that the People â—nd Subjects of the King of Sweden are â— That all reasonable endeavours shall be used by these Confederates â—o withdraw the Elector of Brandenburg and all other Princes â—â—d States from any conjunction with the House of Austria and to Unite them against the said House â— That the said Fleet set out by His Highness as aforesaid shall be continued forth for the purposes aforesaid for so long time as the present season of the year shall permit with respect to the safety of the Fleet and no longer â—he English Admiral was bound up not to admit of any alteraâ—â—â— in the Treaty and the King of Sweden how great soever his â—eed of Englands help was yet immoveably persisted in refusing to sign the Treaty upon these Points First that he could not admit the English the Priviledges in Sweden that all Swedes have because he alledged some sort of Ships were built there in a form particular to be useful in his Wars and for lading Salt also in consideration whereof they had special immunities But he offered to make them equall with the rest of the Nation 2 That he could not exclude their Enemies out of the Baltick Sea For it was not possible for the English alone to suffice for the Commerce of it and if they could yet it was giving them to much advantage in Trade upon his own people and all the bordering Nations upon the Baltick Sea to make them Monopolizers thereof Whilest these things are in discoursing in the Sound the change of Government happened in England and the English Fleet thereby taken off from the prosecution of its first design was made to wait the new directions of the Power then in possession whose Interest differing from the former seemed to espouse that of Holland by undervaluing the Swedes to their very great prejudice But however affairs went in Denmark the struglings at the Hague were no less remarkable which ended at length in a League betwixt the three States to wit England France and the United Provinces Whereby they resolved to perswade or enforce the warring Kings and that against their wills or without consulting with them to a Reconciliation and Peace The Articles of this Convention wherein its Authours shewed they no less minded their own than their Neighbours interest were in all nine The first was May 22 11. 1659. that a Peace should be made betwixt the two Kings upon the foundation of the Rotschild Treaty 2 That the second Article of the said Treaty by which all Forreign hostile Fleets were prohibited to pass the Sound should be wholly exploded and left out or so couched that no Vessels or shipping whatsoever belonging to any of the three States should be comprehended in that restriction but that on the contrary they should be permitted to pass the said Streight at pleasure without any let or interruption 3 That the English Fleet should not joyn it self to either of the two Kings Fleets nor affist nor offend either of them for the space of three whole Weeks counting from the day that notice hereof was given to the Commander in chief of the said Fleet And likewise that the Dutch Fleet which was to be sent for Denmark should observe the same and not joyn with Opdams Fleet who was also to act nothing in prejudice of the Swedes for the said three Months time and that the Fleet to be sent thither should not go to Coppenhagen nor enter the Baltick Sea either by the Sound or by either of the two Belts 4 That the said three States should withdraw all manner of ayd and succours from that King who should refuse equitable terms of Peace and continue so to do until he had declared the contrary 5 That the three States should stand bound for ever for the executing and keeping of the made peace 6 That all Ships whatsoever belonging to the Subjects of the three States as also their Merchandise and lading should be free and exempted in the Sound and both the Belts from any new Impositions or Tolls 7 That England and France should undertake to remove all diffidences and mis-understandings arisen betwixt the King of Sweden and the States General and cause the Treaty of Elbing with its elucidations to be ratified 8 That the three States should use their utmost endeavours to compose the War with Poland as also the difference betwixt the Elector of Brandenburg and the Swedes 9 Lastly that the Articles of this Treaty should be ratified and duly observed by the three States And thus this Treaty notwithstanding the main opposition of the Emperor the Danes and the Brandenburgers Ministers was agreed upon by the three States But being those of England and France did refuse to sign it at present under pretence of waiting further and more plenary Orders from their Principals the States General dispatched an Express to the King of Denmark assuring him that their Fleet. notwithstanding the arrival of Forreign Fleets in the Sound April 29. should follow with the forty Companies designed for his assistance with all possible speed and that they would omit nothing whereby they might remove that oppression that his Kingdom did at present groan under There was no industry omitted for the hastening out of the Dutch Fleet all forreign Commerce and traffick by Sea being forbidden and wholly prohibited until the same were furnished with Marriners This unusual Embargo did extreamly trouble the Merchants especially the Green-land Farers for the season to fish for Whales drew nigh and the loss would be as well great as irrecoverable if it were neglected Seeing therefore that Seamen came but slowly in as unwilling to engage in a War where nothing was to be expected but blows and that they would not be prest as inconsistent with the freedom they pretend they were forced to hire them at excessive rates the price heightening even to forty Guilders a man every moneth At last though with much ado they levied twelve hundred Seamen which were dispersed amongst the Navy which by this time was ready consisting of forty brave Ships of War And now their Land-forces being likewise embarked May 10 3â— they set sail towards Denmark The Danish Agents which resided in Holland had hired several Fluyts and Galliots to carry provisions to Coppenhagen and to transport the Confederate Armies out of Jutland into the Islands but wanting both monies and credit they were stayed behind to the prejudice and dis-reputation of them who were concerned Michael de Ruyter Vice-Admiral of Amsterdam had the present Command of this Fleet for Opdam was absent and
Embassadours so that the whole Negotiation seemed to be carried on by common consent the Swedes were troubled at this intimacy and familiarity affirming that it was wholly unpracticable that Embassadours sent to a Forreign King and not having seen that King to whom they were so deputed should in the mean time confer and treat with the Ministers of other States not friends of the said King and that in his own Court or Camp But the Kings arrival put an end to these murmurings the English Commissioners went to Fredericksburg where he was and being received in the way by a party of Horse and some Gentlemen which the King had sent to wait upon them were conveyed to their Lodgings in the Kings Coaches accompanied with the Coaches of those Publick Ministers who were then at Court. Having reposed a while they were led to publick Audience which passed in congratulations and mutual expressions of friendship After Dinner being admitted again to the Kings presence they unfolded the secret of their Commission the sum whereof was the story of the Hagues Treaty which the three States had agreed upon and resolved to stand to neither did they omit to tell him with what industry and affection they had promoted his Majesties Interest in the said Convention The King who had expected better things from his friends he had so much relyed upon was troubled at this discourse He found also that the state of his affairs had been represented to them in a lower condition than they truly were in and that by such who either envied his felicity or were ignorant of his condition He therefore magnified though modestly the past and present and making a Majesteous reflexion upon his own Person and Conduct told them He did not despair of a happy and a hoped issue to his undertakings After this the Mediators did all they could by joynt Counsels by communication of affairs by several Conferences with the two Kings their Commissioners and by their utmost endeavours to compose the vast breaches betwixt these dissenting Princes but to little purpose for the Danes would listen to no Accommodation that did not restore them all that had been taken from them and include their Allies and the Swedes refused to stir out of Zeland unless the Fortresses and strong places of Denmark were left them as Pledges for the observing of the future Peace The time seemed to be spent not in treating but in fruitless and quarrelsome contestations King Charles caused a large Declaration to be delivered to the Dutch wherein beginning at the Wars of Poland he put them in mind of the injuries and offences he had received from the United Provinces not forgetting their Collusion as he called it about the Treaty of Elbing The Dutch Embassadours on the other side afterting their candor and desire of Peace professed they were far from any thoughts of harm towards Sweden proposing nothing to themselves but the security of their Confederates and the freedom of their Commerce About the same time there were published two invective Manifesto's by the two Kings Orders against each other They were both severe and harsh in their expressions but being both are in print I thought fit in order to the brevity I propose to my self in this Relation and out of the reverence I bear to such great Princes July 24 14. to omit any further mention of them Whilest they thus cavil in Denmark there was another Treaty concluded on in the Hague betwixt the three States more advantageous for the Danes than the former for Drontheim was restored to them by vertue thereof in compensation of the losses they had sustained by this last invasion In this as in the other Treaty of the 21 of May the Ministers residing with both the Kings were injoyned that they should by joint Councels and Forces endeavour and this in the space of fourteen days time to conclude a Peace upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty except in what is excepted in this present agreement or should afterwards be changed by consent of the two Kings And lastly that they should support and assist with all their might that Prince which should declare for Peace and compel the unwilling by force of Arms to accept of it This Treaty was followed by another more forcible and nervous wherein it was agreed July 25. Aug. 4. that if the fourteen days mentioned in the second Treaty were not begun when this Convention should be delivered to the Ministers in Denmark that then the said term should begin within four and twenty hours after the receipt thereof And further that the dissenting King should by the conjoyned Forces of England and the Low-Countries be without any intermission of time compelled to receive and accept of Peace this was the sum of this third Convention But the States solicitous for Coppenhagen sent secret Instructions and Orders to their Officers in Chief that however affairs went they should have a care to conserve the same and hazard all rather than suffer it to be lost or change Master Neither were the English ignorant of this mystery though they dissembled it being no less unwilling than the Dutch to see this considerable City the ballance of the North fall into the hands of the aspiring Swede King Charles full of scorn and indignation to see the Law prescribed him by others resolved not to treat but by the ordinary way of Commissioners He did not absolutely reject the amicable interposition of the English and French but would by no means admit of the Dutch his Enemies and actually in Arms against him until the old and usual friendship betwixt the two Nations were renewed King Frederick on the other side professed he would do much less conclude nothing without the Mediators especially the interposition of the United Provinces although he did not deny but that the Treaty begun and ripened by them might be polished and brought to perfection by the Commissioners of both Kings Charles would not hear of quitting of Drontheym without an equivalent nor be perseaded to determine any thing about the time of evacuation or withdrawing his Army out of Denmark and being urged to declare himself grew angry protesting though in private that he being a King and a Conquerour and not inglorious could not nor would not suffer himself to be braved and controulled by two Commonwealths whereof one had abdicated and the other murthered their Prince He was more in choller against the English than the other because he expected more kindness from them than any These he reproaches with parricide and wonders they durst approach him with their hands reeking with the bloud of their own Soveraign They should therefore get them gone with their Fleet out of the reach of his Cannon unless they meant to try their violence But this transport of rage and scorn was but vented amongst his Confidents What he said to the Embassadours themselves in publick some time after was of no less consequence or noise The Plenipotentiaries
absence arrived safe in Holland where having given the States a summary Report of his actions and negotiations in the North he received though not without some opposition the publick thanks of the Assembly for his prudent and valorous Conduct King Charles was gone to Nykopping in Falster where he continued some time to be nearer Pomeranta where the Confederates domineered at pleasure and the better to observe the motion of the Dutch Fleet. Collonel Sidney and Sir Robert Honniwood as also the French Embassadour not yet despairing of Peace went thither to him which the Dutch being looked upon as Enemies refused to do but yet that it might appear how desirous they were of an Accommodation they dispatched me with Letters and Messages intimating so much to His Majesty The Plenipotentiaries being arrived at Nykopping began to treat again but being nothing could be concluded without the Dutch it was thought good to invite them also thither which was done by Letters from the Court from the Embassadours and from me by the Kings order and the other Embassadours entreaty They had also Passports sent them from the King and a Convoy with some of His Majesties servants to wait upon them and serve them by the way so that there appeared now more hopes than ever of composing these ruinous differences Being come to Nycopping they were lodged and defrayed by the Kings Order and the Treaty was re-assumed with no less expectation than seeming propension to a Peace on all sides But these flourishes quickly vanished for the King Persisting in his former opinion and the Embassadors not departing from theirs there was nothing concluded Octob. 25. The Swedes Commissioners having exhibited some previous demands to the Mediatours declared that they must be first granted before they could come to the main business of Peace These were that the three States should first joyntly and generally and then severally and apart stand good and be bound for the performance of the Treaty with Denmark That they should undertake that the War which the Emperour and Electour of Brandenburg had raised in Germany and did actually wage against the Swedish Provinces there in favour of Denmark should be laid aside with all speed and a plenary restitution made of all they had taken therein and that they should become Sureties that the King of Sweden should not be disturbed for the future by any contrary to the German Instrument of Peace Further in case the aforesaid Enemies should refuse to restore what they had violently usurped that then the three States should compel them to it by force and interpose and engage for the Swedes future defence and fecurity in those Provinces which appertained to them Lastly these things being thus granted the King of Sweden would then condescend in favour of the three States to a Peace with Denmark and that upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty taken in its right and genuine sence which could not otherwise be done The Mediatours answered to these Demands that the three States would become sureties for and engage themselves to assert what ever should be agreed upon betwixt the Kings That as soon as the Peace was made in Denmark they would use their utmost endeavours to compose the Wars in Germany and oblige the Emperour and Elector of Brandenburg to restore those places they had taken from the Swedes That the King of Sweden should for his part in the interim consent to a pacification according to the Rotschild Treaty save that the second Article of it should be so interpreted that either and both of the Kings should be at liberty to Treat and make Leagues with any Prince or Commonwealth whatsoever for the mutual defence of themselves and States That all dubious expressions in the said Treaty should be explained or expunged to impede new disputes That the Castle City and Territory of Drontkeym should be restored to the King of Denmark in consideration of all those vast losses which he had suffered by this last invasion And lastly that there should be a time prefixed for the removal of the Swedish Garrisons and Armies out of all the Isles and Provinces of Denmark and that in all other things and particulars the Treaty of Rotschild should stand in full force and vigour They made also other propositions concerning a free passage through the Sound about removing of misunderstandings betwixt the Swedes and United Provinces the Ratification of the Treaty of Elbing the Peace with Poland and of restoring the old friendship betwixt the King of Sweden and the Elector of Brandenburg And these were the Proposals made on the King and Mediators sides but his Majesty seemed the most refractory not that he was averse from Peace for he had too many Enemies to struggle with but lest he might be thought to desire it for fear of War and even then when he was most threatned In the mean time the dayes were passed in Feasting and Hunting the King having then invited the Mediators to those diversions His Majesty was at Table with the said Embassadours when he received the news of the Enemies Fleet and Land-Armies being at Sea neither did he therefore quit his Guests but concealing the matter continued his feasting till late in the night The next morning betimes he surrounded the Island viewed its Forts and left good Guards at all its Entries Avenues in case the Enemy should attempt to land there but being advertised by quick Posts and manifold Beacons which he had ordered upon all the heights in the Country that the Fleet was entred the Creat Belt he flew with all the Forces he could get together to Corseur a Sea Town in Zeland Being come thither he perceived that the Enemies design was upon Funen He therefore sent Field-Marshal Steynboch thithea with Orders to the Prince of Sutlsbach to quit the Island and transport himself and all his Forces leaving only a Garrison in Newburg into Zeland But these Orders came too late for they did not only want shipping in Funen but the whole Streight was covered with the Enemies numerous Fleet. The King seeing this dispatcht an Express to His Admiral to hasten thither with the Fleet which lay in the Haven of Lanskrown with all possible speed He being upon the Point to hoist sail received contrary commands to stay which were again followed by other Orders to come away and yet others in the neck of them not to stir and all in one and the same day so uncertain he was what to determine One while he resolved to fight them at Sea but finding the odds too great would pass over into Funen in person He fretted to see the Enemy brave it in his presence and could not suffer that his Army should engage in his absence But he had no shipping ready and the Enemy were absolutely Masters at Sea so that it was impossible for him either to fight them or joyn with his own Troops And thus this brave Prince being hurried betwixt the passions of hope
where they in person the only remains of so great a Defeat were the Messengers of the Kings loss and their own misfortunes The Danes heightened with this success would by all meanes transfer the War into Zeland terrified as they supposed with the late loss But De Ruyter pretending the hasty approach of Winter the danger of the Ice if it should freeze and the want of Provisions in his Fleet refused to help them over and however they demonstrated to him that it was but a business of a few hours yet he would not be perswaded to assist them any further the States peradventure thinking they had done enough if they could oblige the Swedes to a Peace not ruine them for they could not chuse but remember the Danes former exacting upon them in the Sound and the dangerous growth of the House of Austria in Germany The Confederate Army was therefore dispersed into Winter quarters Ebersteyn returned with his Troops into Holstein Schack and the Dutch Auxiliaries continued in Funen and De Ruyter sailed to Lubeck to re-victual his Fleet. The Holland the Norway and the Island Fleets loaden with an immense quantity of all sorts of provisions arrived at the same time in the Belt and joyning with De Ruyter sailed with him to Coppenhagen where he was received with joy by the Citizens and with much favour by the King who honoured him with a great Chain of Gold Dec. 15. and a Meddal beset with Diamonds as a mark of the esteem his Majesty had for the service he had rendered him The Mediatours having had notice of what had passed in Funen went to Elzineur fancying that the Swedes would after so great a blow be more inclinable to Peace but they were deceived for the King lest he might be thought to yield with his misfortune seemed no less constant now than he had been before and yet they gained so much that an Act of Redintegration of September twenty nine was passed whereby all hostilities unkindnesses and controversies should be removed and the old sincere faithful and perpetual friendship be renewed and restored betwixt the King and States The Treaty of Elbing and its elucidations were also agreed upon but with this restriction that the said Treaty should not be binding and of force before the Peace betwixt the Northern Crowns were concluded But before we go further it will not be from the purpose to give the curious Reader a short account of this Treaty of Elbing being we shall have occasion to mention it so often hereafter and that it will be so much insisted upon in the following Narrative The States General interessing themselves in the Wars of Poland and apprehending the Swedes conquests in that Kingdom had sent their Embassadours into Prussia to secure their own traffick and mediate if possible a peace betwixt them and the Pole Their reception there was not ill though their entertainment by the way had been but course for they had been detained some dayes at Lowenburg against their wils though under pretexts of honour their complaints being only paid with excuses and a pretended mistake of the Commander though he had shown the Chancellor Oxenstern's order for what he did These Embassadours were followed by a great Fleet under the Command of Admiral Opdam who in order to the League quaranty with Denmark for defence of the Commerce of the Baltick Sea and particularly for the City of Dantsick came and Anchored before the said Town This way of Negotiation produced the Treaty of Elbing which renewed them of the years 1640 and 1645. confirmed the liberty of traffick without augmenting the impositions and included the City of Dantsick with a reserve of their fidelity to their own Prince But Dantsick waved this inclusion under pretence of Loyalty to the King and Commonwealth of Poland but more truly because they not only feared an incorporation with Sweden but also desired no Superiour stronger at Sea than themselves which would infallibly follow if Prussia continued in the Swedes power For these and other reasons discovered in the context of this Relation the whole Treaty continued hitherto unratified But to return from whence we digressed the said Treaty being now agreed upon many prisoners on both sides were as a testimony of their renewed Amity set at liberty and the Dutch Embassadours are now received as Mediators without any scruple or exception For all this they could not bring the business to an absolute Accommodation Winter was near and there was no appearance that the Swedes would change quarters in so rude a season and therefore the King having left the Command of his Forces and the Isles to the Prince of Sulsbach and bid adieu to the Mediators after he had feasted them he passed over into Schonen and went thence in hast to Gottenburg to be present at the Assembly of the States of Sweden which he had commanded to meet him there The Mediators seeing the King gone and perceiving that nothing would be done in his absence returned all to Coppenhagen where the time for the most part was spent in jollity and feasting Neither had the Citizens any great cause to complain being abundantly furnished from Holland Island Norway Jutland Holsteyn Lubeck and other places of the Baltick Sea with all manner of provisions The Souldiers especially the Dutch both Sea and Land Militia were furnished with stockings shoes shirts and coats against the present cold so that the City had rather the appearance of a place that triumphed over their Enemies than of a besieged Fortress The Dutch as also the Danish Ships were all within the Haven in surety being frozen up in so much that the Marriners who still lodged on Board were forced every day to break the Ice round about them which secured them as well against the surprises as other designes of the Enemy All the Marshes and Waters about the City were frozen so that the whole Campania was become passable and open which induced many of the Besiegers to refuge themselves in the Town pretending the unsufferableness of the cold and the hard duty they were put to King Frederick had also caused Billets to be thrown about the Camp inviting all such as would come to his service with promise of present reward and good quarters He likewise ordered ten Ryxdollers to be given to every fugitive Trooper in hand provided he came with his Horse and Arms and five to every Footman that came accoutred and certainly if his moneys had held out the number of these Run-aways which were near an hundred would have amounted to a far greater Most of these fellowes were Germans which obliged the Swedish Generals to remove all the German Regiments and Troops further from the Town and put Swedes and Fins in their places as men of better principles and fidelity The Summer and Fall were past without any remarkable action betwixt the City and Camp both parties seeing no appearance of doing good upon each other being content to keep within
The Convention at Gottenburg being ended the King who had lain some time sick of a malignant Fever seemed to have overcome the violence of his Disease but falling into a relapse and perceiving that he must submit to that necessity which imposes upon Kings as well as meaner persons he caused his Queen his Friends and the Chief Officers of his Crown to be called to him He comforted such as he perceived to mourn his misfortune with most tenderness and having spoken to many of them in particular spent the approaching night in strugling against the rage and impatience of his malady He passed the following day as if he had made a truce with death in ordering his affairs and now all things being finished he received the blessed Sacrament with much devotion and seemingly satisfied with the unevitableness of his fate commanded his chief Phisician to give him timely notice some hours before he must expire A while after being warned as he had desired he rose up and being placed in a Chair at the Table he caused his Will to be produced and read in the presence of the Senatours of his Kingdom Amongst other Legacies he had left the Crown to his Son and appointed his Queen Regent and Tutress during his minority His Testament being read he demanded if there were any amongst them who had any thing to say against it but no body answering he signed it as also very many other Instruments Orders Letters and the like When there remained nothing more to be done as if tyred with labour he demanded rest but being shown his Bed by his Attendants he replied that he should dye as soon as he entred into it but added this also must be hazarded manifesting no less courage in his last moment than he had done in the whole course of his life Being therefore laid he recommended his soul to him that gave it and with a gentle sigh expired betwixt the arms of Count Brake and Bidal then next him And thus ended Charles Gustave King of Sweden a Prince for Councel for Industry and for Eloquence not absurdly compared to Philip King of Macedon and for greatness of mind to his son Alexander He had done many brave actions being yet but a private man but being come to the Crown he invaded Poland and having expelled the King forced all the Orders of that Kingdom to swear fealty to him Being returned he repressed the Danes who had made War upon him in his absence and had if he had not been hindred as we have already related oppressed them altogether I am not ignorant how that not only this brave Princes Enemies but many of his friends did attribute the cause of his distemper and end to a melancholly which he had contracted for the loss of his Army in Funen I will not say but this blow was very sensible as being the only material disgrace which he had yet suffered from fortune but that he should sink under it was below so vast a mind Neither did he ever say or do any thing since that might betray him to so great a weakness His reception of the Palsgrave and Steynbock immediately after their defeat had nothing of harsh in it and his treating of them afterwards shewed him rather a just recompenser than a despiser of unfortunate vertue for he for he continued the one in his Government of Schonen and intrusted the other with the Command of his Armies and the Isles in Denmark in his absence I can say somewhat upon my own knowledge Upon the Kings return to Cronenburg after the Battle I had the honour to be in the presence and being called his Majesty asked me what newes there was at Coppenhagen and if their joy there for their late Victory was not very great I answered that they were indeed much heightened with it His Majesty thereupon was pleased to tell me the whole manner of the Battle and what Regiments and what particular persons did well concluding that no body was a Master of Fortune and that nothing was more casual than War but the blow was not great and not meanly repaired in the satisfaction he had that his men had fought well King Charls being thus dead in the flower of his age for he was but thirty seven years and three months old was much lamented by all sorts of men The Souldiers bewailed him not as their General but as their common Parent Only the Swedes hating his severity and the continual dangers he engaged them in seemed to grieve least Besides the great ones of the Kingdom did not obscurely foresee that the administration of the publick affairs during the Kings minority and the Regents Government would of course fall into their hands which did likewise happen For the Senators and Chief Officers having no body to oppose or awe them acted now with more liberty and secureness And truly their Councels were more moderate for they did now dare to profess that they desired that Peace which their magnanimous Prince had so often rejected Letters were therefore writ by the Queen in her Sons name and subscribed by all the Senators then present to the Mediators which witnessed the same For the young King having in them bemoaned the untimely death of his Father did not obscurely intimate his desires for Peace Upon receipt of these Letters The French Embassadour Sir Robert Honywood Febr. 29. and Monsieur Slingland went to Elzineur where they found the Swedes not only inclinable to Peace but brought the so often required Declaration for it with them back to Coppenhagen The sum of the said Declaration was that the King of Sweden would embrace Peace and that upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty so that besides the restoring of Droutheym as his deceased Father had designed 1659 Dec. 28 1660. Jan. 7. in favour of the Mediatours out of a desire to hasten the Peace and besides the Conventions formerly agreed upon with the said Mediators it should be of full force in all its Articles excepting where the exigency of the present posture of affairs did necessarily require some alteration and such changes as should be agreed upon by both Kings Commissioners by mediation and interposing of the three States The above mentioned Conventions with both Kings were that the King of Sweden should not exact for the future any Toll or Imposition from any armed or Merchant Ships either in the Sound or Baltick Sea Nor the King of Denmark who was to content himself with the old and usual Taxes imposed any new upon any Vessel whatsoever belonging to the Subjects of the 3 aforesaid States The Declaration did further intimate that the King satisfied with the justice and integrity of the Mediators did refer all to their industry and endeavours and that he would restore to the King of Denmark such places as should appertain to him by force of the Treaty after the Peace was concluded and ratified at that very time which should be prefixed by the Mediators for
Sweden formerly to accept of Peace and that they would abstain from all manner of injurious actions and hostility against the Swedes now openly professing their desires for rest and quietness They added in case they would not that they should be obliged to declare in the Name of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England that the Dutch had violated the Covenants made betwixt the two Nations and that it should be lawful for the said Parliament to demand reparation for all such breaches and unsufferable provocations But the Fleet having quitted Lanskrown as is mentioned the Mediators laying aside these altercations for the present repair to the King again and joyntly entreat him that he also would at length as the Swedes had already done be pleased to give in his Declaration for Peace which he yet deferted in expectation of the return of an Express which he had sent into Holland hoping that the industry and endeavours of his Embassadour at the Hague would incline the States General to procure him better conditions In the mean time he demanded of the Dutch Ministers what return they did expect for their expences in the War for it concerned him to know it in time because those charges how vast soever were to be required from the Swedes as the Authors of it before the Peace should be concluded But these cross questions were but to gain time whilest the Danish Embassadours pressed the States with their sollicitations at the Hague Amongst other things they highly complained that their Plenipotentiaries in Denmark had upon the bare receipt of the Swedish Declaration rashly and inconsiderately recalled their Fleet from before Lanskrown and that without so much as consulting their King which was of so mischievous a consequence to him that the Swedes by this means let loose had already intercepted many Vessels belonging to his Subjects and did daily rove at the Gates of Coppenhagen and that in sight of the States Fleet without controul They further desired them to call to mind the Leagues betwixt both Nations and those engagements they had made to prosecute the War until Denmark were restored to its pristine tranquility and condition They therefore besought them that they would desist from that fatal Cessation which had lost them their Islands last year and now the occasion of ruining the Swedish Fleet in the Haven of Lanskrown with those fire-ships they had prepared for that design and command De Ruyter to act vigorously against their Enemies until they did declare that they would embrace an equitable peace wherein the Danes might find security for the future and compensation for their past and present sufferings Neither did these complaints of the Embassadours prove wholly fruitless being the Swedish Declaration which made no specifick mention of the Hagues Conventions was not judged ample enough but more especially because of the diffidence there was that the effects of it should not so suddenly follow as was desired The States therefore profess by their Letters to their Ministers in Denmark the dislike of the removal of their Fleet from Lanskrown and the licentious ravaging of the Swedes at Sea adding that if the Peace were not yet made and that it should appear that the Swedes were the cause of this delay that they should then not only hinder their Naval excursions but employ all their Sea and Land Forces to compel them to it with all imaginable speed and vigour And this indeed was the Embassadours design before they granted the Swedes the above mentioned Cessation to the which they were not only inclined by the Swedes aforesaid Declaration but chiefly because the King of Denmark did then against all expectation manifestly refuse Peace But to return to Coppenhagen Mar. 18. the above-mentioned Messenger being arrived the Mediators were sent for to Court where instead of the Declaration they did expect they were demanded by the Kings Order what change the Swedes desired in the Treaty of Rotschild To which the Dutch answered that the Mediators were not very sollicitous of that only desired to know whether his Majesty would be pleased also to give his Declaration for Peace Adding that otherwise they should be necessitated to observe and put in execution the Commands of their Superiours After many Contests to and fro the King lest he might seem altogether averse from Peace did at last promise that he would the following day deliver the so much desired Declaration and that in the same form that the Swedes had given theirs which he also did During these disputes the Swedish Commissioners had by the instigation of the French Embassadours pressed the Dutch to a conjunction of Arms with them by vertue of the Treaty of Elbing the which ought as they pretended to begin and be of force from that time they had exhibited their Declaration for Peace but they were answered that that could not be under that pretext but rather by vertue of the Treaty made betwixt the three States which also was now needless to urge being affairs were in so hopeful a way of being accommodated without coming to those extremities The Dutch Embassadours did moreover complain that Coyet the Swedish Legat at the Hague had endeavoured to bring the said Treaty of Elbing to the test again and subject its illustrations the product of so much sweat and time to new and impertinent disquisitions But the Kings Declaration silenced these unseasonable disputes and now both their Commissioners by the intervention of all the Mediators met in the Tents again and seemed to re-assume their Treaty with better hopes of success than before The Dutch Fleet being retired from Lanskrown they were followed by eight Swedish Men of War who having saluted the Admiral cast Anchor near him and began to shut up the Haven of Coppenhagen once more Hence many Merchants Ships of burthen being ignorant of what had happened were intercepted and that Naval Commerce which the besieged had hitherto freely enjoyed was interrupted But this mischief was timely remedied for the Dutch Embassadours upon notice hereof commanded De Ruyter not to suffer any hostility whatsoever within sight of his Fleet which he was so careful to perform that when the Swedes had sent three Men of War to lye at Draker he also did send as many to wait upon them there The Swedes seeing themselves thus observed pretending want of provision and indeed the Treaty advanced but untowardly hosed sail again and returning to Lanskrown came to Anchor at the entry of their Haven ready there upon all occasions The three Ships which were at Draker making towards the East Sea fell upon a Galliot coming from Holsteyn which they took and in it Field-Marshal Schack and John Alefeld Lieutenant General of the Horse both going to Coppenhagen being sent for by the Kings orders They were carried Prisoners to Malmuyen and being delivered to Marshal Steinbock Governour of Schonen were kept in safe custody by his command Sir Walter Vane came with them from Funen but was immediately
as they had formerly done for the Swedes having notice of their designs and ready received and charged them so rudely that they forced them to save themselves by flight within their Works five of their men being taken prisoners and several of them slain The following Month they made another attempt Apr. 28. but with no better fortune for they were repelled in the Kings presence and lost threescore foot which they had taken with them to strengthen their Horse The Swedes also had designed the surprising of the City Cattle which fed under the Walls May 17. to which purpose they hastened thither with all their Horse but their intent being likewise known the Cattle were secured and the Enemy forced by the Cannon from the Ramparts to keep at a distance They yet returned some dayes after with a thousand Horse May 21 and threw down a Breast-work not far from the ruined Suburbs on the West side of the Town which annoyed them the which was again raised by the Coppenhageners two dayes after The Sweaes were also busie in other parts of the Kingdom for having gathered some small Vessels upon the Coasts of Holsteyn they landed by Nysted but being repelled thence they resolved to try their fortune on the Isle of Fameren though not with better success for the Danes having retired their Troops into a strong double Ditched Fort which they had there contained themselves in it until they were re-inforced by fresh supplies out of Holsteyn which obliged the Enemy to retire to their Ships again But Denmark was not alone the stage of War neither was it here only that the treaties for Peace were in agitation Poland the seat of so many miseries was at length delivered from the oppression of their infesting Enemies by the Treaty of Oliva This Treaty was chiefly managed by the French their Embassadour being the only Mediator admitted in it The Dutch had indeed sent an Extraordinary Deputy to the Polish Court but he was received there without Ceremony scarce civility upon pretext they were not acquainted with his Character it being a new thing with them His Mediation was likewise waved the French influence the Queen being Ascendant being too strong and the jealousies which they began to entertain of the Imperialists not a little formed Neither was he more acceptable to the Swedes his visit to their Plenipotentiaries being but repayed by a complement by their Secretary upon pretence he was lodged in Dantsick an Enemies Town and his interposition wholly refused being looked upon as a party so that he was but an idle Spectator as to the main in the said Treaty But for all the States exclusion the Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg were not only included in the said Pacification but the old Friendship and Concord renewed by a new Act of Oblivion betwixt them and Sweden Only King Frederick for whose sake they had armed their own business being now done seemed forgot in that Treaty the Commissioners giving this reason for it that the Danish affairs could not commodiously be decided at that distance being also at that time treated in Denmark it self not without great hopes of success But the Danes troubled to be thus abandoned by their Allies were so much the more desirous of Peace They were indeed supported at present by the Forces of the United Provinces and with hopes out of England of more powerful Succours the Scene being there changed by the happy restitution of King Charles the Second to his hereditary Dominions This great Princes restauration did indeed contribute much to the present reconciliation for the English Commissioners fore-seeing their authority would quickly expire and loth to quit their Province without effecting what they came for urged it the Swedes considering the ties of blood and friendship betwixt the two Kings Charles and Frederick did desire it And truly the same reason prevailed with the Dutch but upon another accompt to wit lest they should be pressed by this great King to continue the War until Frederick his Friend and oppressed were restored to his entire Dominions which the victorious Swedes had so miserably mutilated Only the Danes the only sufferers were thought not so forward especially being obliged by this second Treaty once more to quit all their pretensions which they had so lavishly divested themselves of in the former War But they fore-seeing that the ayds from England the King being not yet fully established in his Kingdoms could not be sudden and that the vast expences which they were daily at in feeding so many Armies within their Country would necessarily ruine it seemed to prefer a certain Peace before the uncertainties of a War All parties being then agreed and that happy day which by a hopeful Peace was to put a period to this unhappy War being come the two Kings Commissioners and all the Mediators if they may be properly called so who seemed interessed asperties met in the Tents again where the Treaty elaborated with so much industry and pains was signed first by the Mediators and afterwards by the Commissioners of the two Kings and then exchanged and delivered in the mid way betwixt the Danish lodges and the Swedish Tents by the Mediators themselves a little before Sun set to the Commissioners of both Kings This being done the Assembly broke up the Swedes returning to their Camp and the Danes into the City where both from their Walls as also from their Fleets which lay before the Town witnessed their joy for this happy Accommodation with the more pleasing noises of their great and small shot The Peace was proclaimed the same night in all the publick places of the City by a Herald with his Scepter and Coat of Arms with the tintamar of Drums and Trumpets whilest every individual published his satisfaction with more than usual signes of joy The following dayes the Swedes came into the Town and the Danes went into the Camp without exception neither satisfying their greedy eyes and their curiosities with the contemplation of those unaccustomed sights whilest both admired and secretly condemned those things which they had found by experience to have been hurtful to them But this entercourse did not last long for the fourth day after the signing of the Peace the Prince of Sulsbach did according to the Articles of the Treaty draw all his Forces which were 3000 Horse and Foot out of the Camp and putting them into Battle array betwixt that and the City made a stand there exposing his Army and himself to the view of the Danes who flocked thither in multitudes to see so goodly a sight A while after having commanded his Cannon and all the Muskets and Pistols of his Army to fire twice round he left the City to its pristine Liberty and the Camp to the Danes disposal and marched with his whole Army towards Rotschild THE END The Articles of the Treaty of Peace betwixt the Two Northern Crowns concluded and subscribed by the Mediators and the Commissioners of
the Rotschild Treaty or forthwith dispatched some other person or persons to pursue the same it had certainly issued to a Peace For England France Sweden yea and Holland too being at accord concerning the Medium of the Peace it was not possible that the Dane should stand it out long But no persons appearing from England and I having no authorities from the Parliament the Dutch Deputies began to seek evasions When I urged upon them that they ought not to assist the refusing King their only Reply was this that by the first Article of the Treaty at the Hague the Ministers upon the place were to use their utmost diligence and endeavour with both the Kings which said they I had done with the King of Sweden but not with the King of Denmark which was a meer shift because they knew I could not at that time go to Coppenhagen being destitute of Creditives And now they held themselves no longer obliged by the Treaty at the Hague but de Ruyter with a new Fleet of forty men of War enters the Belt joyns with Admiral Opdam passes on to Coppenhagen all which was expresly against the letter of the said Treaty True it is that about the middle of June 1659 I received a Letter from the Councel of State directed to my self authorizing me to continue my Negotiation with the two Kings as formerly till further order from the Parliament or Councel of State but I neither had Creditives nor Commission nor any thing to exhibit to either of the Kings whereby to constitute and legitimate me as the publick Minister of this Commonwealth And now the Negotiation for the Peace was at a long pause and our Fleet in the mean time at an Anchor in the Sound Only because His Majesty of Denmark had always insisted upon an Universal Treaty in reference to a general Peace His Majesty of Sweden gave me a Declaration in writing which I sent to the Councel of State June the 28 in which he also declared himself willing to treat a general Peace This he did of his own accord not at my instance for all my Instructions directad me only to a particular Treaty betwixt the 2 Crowns His Majesty told me moreover that in case England and France would obtain for him a general Peace in which said Peace he propounded to himself no more than that things betwixt Him the Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg should return to their former estate without any further demands on either side and for the Pole he should only give him some equitable recompence for the places he should surrender to him in Pruss He would not only admit the Dane to the Rotschild Treaty but release something considerable in the said Treaty in consideration of a general Peace But in case of a separate Treaty with Denmark he would remit nothing of the Rotschild Treaty The 20. of July 1659. The Commissioners Plenipotentiary arrived in the Sound which was three months after the Change of the Government here in England I was put out of the Commission for the Mediation and had Creditives sent me only as Resident A little before this viz. the fourth of the said Moneth a new Treaty was made at the Hague by which the King of Sweden was to restore not only what he had gaine upon the Dane by this last War but also the Island of Bruntholm with the Government of Drontheym in Norway with all its appurtenances a Country of near 200 English miles extent which was formerly granted him by the Rotschild Treaty and by authentick Acts of State incorporated in the Crown of Sweden Besides the remission of the 400000 Ryxdollers which the Dane had formerly promised to pay for satisfaction of damages done to the Swede in Guinea The King of Sweden was also to admit the States General to the Treaty made at Elbing and the Elucidations thereof made at Thoren and both States viz. England and Holland reciprocally oblige themselves not only not to assist the refuser but to compel by joynt force of Arms to an acceptance of the foresaid conditions And thus the State of Affairs was quite altered and new obstacles interposed in the way of the Peace For I. Both Kings were highly dis-satisfied with this manner of proceeding For whereas the first Treaty at the Hague of the eleventh of May was never propounded to either of the Kings as that which should bind or oblige them but only made use of by Me as a private Instruction this was not only publikely propounded but was to be obtruded by a compulsory force England and Holland making themselves not Mediators but Umpires and Arbitrators of the quarrel betwixt the two Kings which they interpreted to a diminution of their Soveraignty by erecting a superiority over them But the King of Sweden was most of all disgusted because England without any concert or communication had with him enters into a Treaty with his open Enemies for so at that time he reputed the States General to impose upon him by a conjoint force Laws and Conditions which he judges altogether unreasonable II. Whereas the King of Sweden had already accepted of the Rotschild Treaty conform to the Agreement made at the Hague of the eleventh of May though not under the notion and formality of the Treaty at the Hague as obligatory upon him but as the counsel and advice of England his faithful Allies and upon the King of Denmark's refusal had in prosecution of the War gained notable advantages upon him the King of Sweden expected both to have profited by his acceptance of the Peace at the instance of England and by the advantages of the War he having after the refusal of the King of Denmark reduced Moenen Falster and Laland Whereas a new Treaty is made at the Hague of the fourth of July in prejudice of the accepting King to clog the Peace on his part with new and burdensome conditions and these to be forcibly imposed upon him in favour of the Refuser Besides that England recoils from their own Agreement and sayes the King as they have made a second so they may still make a third and a fourth Treaty at the Hague III. The tedious and unnecessary delayes which have been used have been a great obstruction in the way of the Peace For if the Peace betwixt the two Crowns had been concluded in the Spring of the year the King of Sweden had had time enough to have transported his Army into Pomeren to have taken the Campagn there to have prevented the infal of the Imperial Army and to have provided Winter quarters for his Troops But the Summer being almost pass'd before the arrival of the Plenipotentiaries and the Peace to be begun anew upon another foot which would necessarily require some longer time The King of Sweden was to seek what to have done with his Army to disband them was not reasonable because though he had made Peace with Denmark yet he had still War with the Emperour Pole
the differences betwixt Denmark and Sweden were but a sudden paroxisme if taken in time easily cured but those betwixt Sweden and Poland were chronique and inveterate not so soon eradicated However the second Declaration of the King of Denmark of the third of November was sent to the King of Sweden Dec. 7. and begat another from him wherein he declares himself unsatisfied with the King of Denmarks nominating Lubeck for the place of Treaty and receding thereby from the so antiently practised Custome betwixt the two Crowns He further takes notice of the conquisite delays and difficulties made by the Dane by intermixing the controversies of others which have no reference to the Danish War Yet that he is willing to grant his safe conducts to such Confederates of the Danes as shall be desirous to be present at a treaty in any place of the Confines And for the States general after they shall have ratified the Treaty made at Elbing and thereby renewed their former friendship with Sweden in case they offer to him their Mediation he would so declare himself that they should have no occasion of complaint To this the King of Denmark rejoyned another answer 27. Dec. insisting upon the immediate admission of the States General to the Mediation without the previous qualification of first ratifying the Elbing Treaty a point which had already been depending a whole twelve-month and was like to depend longer adheres to the place formerly nominated for both sides to meet at and presses that the Pole and Brandenburger his Confederates should not only have the bare liberty of being present at the Treaty but that the respective Treaties to be had with them should proceed by the same steps and means as that with Denmark As to the place of the Treaty the intrigue was this the Dane would have the meeting at Lubec or any other neutral place in Germany where the Polish and Brandenburg Ministers might be present as parties with the Dane in the same War On the other side the King of Sweden would have it upon the Frontiers betwixt the two Kingdoms on the other side the Baltick whither he knew the Pole and Brandenburger could not easily come thereby to disunite the Pole and Dane by the jealousie of a separate Treaty And perhaps at the same time treating openly with the Dane and under-hand with the Pole and they two striving to prevent each other in the peace where he saw the most advantagious conditions proffered him there clap up a peace and prosecute the War against the other To prevent this the Mediatours endeavoured to draw from the King of Sweden an intimation of what terms and conditions he would rest satisfied within the ensuing Treaty that so when the Commissioners came to meet they might have little more to do than to sign and seal and the business be effected as soon as reported with insinuations of conditions of this Nature A general Amnisty for what was past Restitution of places taken each upon other A solemn Reversal under good Garanties of the peace in 44. And a way opened for redressing the Gravamina particularly those relating to the trade of the Baltick and for preventing defraudations of the Duties in the Sound which were the pretended cause of the War And to dispose the King of Denmark to dis-joyn his interests from Poland it was represented to him what a broken Reed Poland had proved to him sometimes making proffer to pass their Forces over the Oder and then presently retreating again upon pretence of joyning the Austrian Foot not so much as entring Pomerania all this while to give the Swedes the least diversion That the Conditions of the Alliance were mutual and reciprocal which not being performed on the Polish part his Majesty of Denmark was no longer obliged That Confederacies were for mutual safety and not intended to oblige Princes to perish either singly or in company That he had the fresh Example of his Heroick Father who though he had entred into an Alliance with the Protestant Princes of Germany yet the necessity of his affairs to recover what was lost contrained him to make a peace with the Emperour in the year 1629. exclusive to his Allies But neither did these reasons prevail with the King of Denmark to depart from his alliance with the Pole till a more pressing necessity afterwards extorted from him a separate treaty Nor was the King of Sweden willing to anticipate the treaty by Declaring himself before hand as to the Conditions nor to content himself in the Conditions with less than an honourable compensation for the pretended injury the Dane had done him But that since the Dane had made him dance so long a march from Poland to Jutland he was resolved at least to make him pay the Fidlers Thus the War of the Cabinet was managed by paper missives and memorials but that of the field was carried on at another rate for whilst the active Swedes omitted nothing for the prosecuting of their Conquests they gave out they would besiege the remaining Fortresses of Holsteyn and seemed to hearken to such overtures of peace as were made to them the better to amuse the Danes whilst they secretly prepared their Bridges Waggons Sleads Hurdles and the like necessaries to pass over the Ice into the Isles They were secure on the Holsteyn side no enemy appearing to disturb them for the Elector of Brandenburg though reconciled to the King of Poland had not yet openly broke with Sweden and the Imperialists were busied at the sieges of Cracow and Thorn Only the Poles not unmindful of the favour the Danes had done them by drawing the burthen of the War which had well-nigh overwhelmed their Country upon themselves out of interest or gratitude or both sent Charneski with 12000. Horse to their assistance These troops past the Oder in order to their march towards Holstein but hearing of the taking of Fredericks-Ode advanced no farther but having pillaged and ravaged the Country returned back into their own having effected nothing but the ruine of a great number of Villages and poor people As the Swedes were frighted with this cavalcade of the Poles so the Danes had also been with the arming of the circle of the nether Saxons for the recovery of Bremerford as a part of the Empire pretending to keep the peace of the same as is already mentioned and the removal of all hostility out of its bounds But the troops these raised amounting to 4000. dispersed without a blow occasioned as well by their own Divisions as the open dissenting of the Duke of Lunenburg a Prince of that circle and Brother in Law to the King of Denmark so that they as well as the Polish Auxiliaries only appeared and Meteor-like threatned and vanished But the Swedes having got all things in a readiness to attempt Funen the heavens also seemed to contribute to their Designs for the cold was so intense and violent beyond the memory of man that not
compel them thereunto by force 18 You shall take care to give Us frequent Intelligence of your proceedings and of every thing that shall occur in those parts That thereupon you may receive further direction as shall be necessary either touching your acting there or returning with the Fleet which yet you are to do when the season of the year the necessity of the Fleet or other condition of affairs shall require although you should not receive Our further directions therein 19 In case it shall please God to take you away or otherwise disinable you that you cannot intend this service The Vice-Admiral of the Fleet is hereby impowred to execute these Instructions until We shall give other order therein March 18. 1658. 20 In case the whole Fleet contained in this List be not ready you shall proceed upon your Voyage with such part of them as are ready to said with you giving order to the rest to follow after you Out of these Instructions it is observable that the true Interest of England was then judged to be First to preserve Denmark from ruine and the power of the Sound in his hand as being a weaker Prince whose Interest it would be not to impose upon his Neighbours or if he did it were easier reducing him to terms of reason and therefore sincerely they endeavoured to re-establish the Peace of Rotschild and save that King from the violence of the Swede and Menes of the Dutch and to leave him a free Prince Secondly but if that could not be done then as hath been touched before they chose rather to help the King of Sweden and take his word for their share in the benefit of the Conquest than that the Dutch should grapple all into their hands and power The English being come thus first into Denmark resolved to hinder De Ruyters conjunction with Opdam who had Wintered in Coppenhagen and governed greatly in all their Councels and affairs for fear their force might be superiour in the Sound And therefore when the English Admiral was past the Schaw or Point of Schagen De Ruyter being not yet come out of Holland he left three Scout-ships one at the Schaw Point another about Lezow and Anout and a third at the Koll all in sight one of the other and the last in sight of the Fleet. He at Schaw had Order to meet De Ruyter there and deliver him a Letter wherein he desired him that he would signifie to him that he would not give any assistance to either side Apr. 4. 1659. by Men Ships or otherwise nor endeavour to go with his Fleet into Coppenhagen the Sound or Baltick Sea lest further hostility should fall out betwixt the Swede and him but remain with his Fleet without the Sound and Belt until it might be seen whether by their joynt endeavours a Peace might be concluded or until some other certain way of management of this affair might be agreed upon between them conducible to the ends aforesaid And he engaged on the other side De Ruyter agreeing to the desires expressed in his Letters that he would give no assistance to either side The arrival of this great Fleet was no less terrible to the Danes than acceptable to the Swedes for these hugged themselves with the hopes of powerful assistance from their tried friends whilest the other apprehended the carriage of a reconciled enemy King Frederick being therefore doubtful of what might happen gave notice to the States General by an Express of the arrival of the English Fleet consisting of thirty six men of War besides Fire-ships in the Sound adding his entreaties That they would be likewise pleased to dispatch their promised Succours whereby he might be at length delivered from the oppressions of his growing enemies But neither the Swedes confidence nor the Danes fear did last long for Montague having sent his Cousin Mr. Montague and his Vice-Admiral to salute King Charles did likewise assure him by word of mouth as he did King Frederick the next day after his arrival by Letters that He was come with his Fleet to help to reconcile the two Kings which he would endeavour with all his might and in the interim neither assist nor offend either of them April 11. The Danes raised with the Admirals friendly Message were assured by Sir Phil. Meadow the English Envoy's confirming of it He wrote in the same sence Montague had done before offering withall his Masters so often proffered Mediation and having laid open the irreparable evils of a continued War magnified the Peace of Rotschild as most consentaneous to the present State of affairs and the surest foundation of the future Treaty But both Kings delayed their Answers though he of Denmark did at length reply 20. that he did very willingly accept of the offered Mediation the very name of Peace being most welcome to him but he could not Treat much less Conclude any thing without his Allies and Confederates The truth is he abhor'd the thoughts of the Peace of Rotschild and had obliged himself but lately by a Treaty with the Emperour the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg to make no Peace with the Swedes without mutual consent of the Confederate Princes King Charles seemed no less averse from the Treaty of Rotschild than the Dane and however Montague did daily tamper with him to encline him to it yet his returns were all delatory because he saw the English posted so as he thought their reputation would never permit them to suffer the Dutch Fleet to sail by the sides of their Ships into Coppenhagen and that then his work would be done gratis if they were together by the ears and he free from having signed any Terms for the benefit of England The English Admiral on the other hand apprehending his danger in being engaged to such a disadvantage pressed his Majesty for a clear answer without delay which not receiving and withall finding that King preparing to be gone in person into Funen where entercourse would be long and difficult and continue this inconvenience The Admiral sent him word that he was sorry he could not all that time know his Majesties resolution and that now he was obliged to pursue some other instructions he had and presently weighing Anchor sailed out of the Sound and posted himself in the Cattegat between the Koll and the Town of Guildeley in Zeland As his Fleet passed by Cronenburg the King of Sweden sent Count Brake and Monsieur Post two Senators of his Kingdom to complement the Admiral and wish him good speed in his undiscovered design And within two hours after sent another Boat to him with an Instrument under his hand and seal accepting the mediation of England upoâ— the Terms of the Rotschild Treaty which was in effect welcom to the English Admiral although he had an important reason to remove the Fleet as he did though he had hoped no other advantage thereby For in the Sound where the Fleet was posted
yet the Land Collonels pretended they ought not obey him which rather than do they proposed to pass in the quality of Passengers but the States undertaking the decision hereof ordered that the Vice-Admiral should preside in Counsels of War on board but should sit below the Collonels at meat in the Cabbin Being under sail De Ruyter had Orders sent him for the above-mentioned convention betwixt the 3 States was signed to use no hostility 22. unless provoked against any whosoever for the space of 3 Weeks not to enter the Sound nor to joyn his Forces to Opdam's during the said time The same Orders were also sent to the two Admirals in Denmark both of them being strictly enjoyned to attempt nothing until the expiration of the said Truce But being the time was wel-nigh expired before the Admirals could have notice of these transactions at so great a distance it was agreed upon that the Truce should take its beginning from the receipt of the Advice and Letters which were sent them De Ruyter therefore being advanced as far as the Islands of Lesow and Anhout came to Anchor where he staid whilest the Embassadours sent by the States General to both the Kings continued their journeys to Cronenburg and Coppenhagen The Dutch for all their vast preparations considering the hazards and consequences of a War wisely thought the way of Mediation the best at least the safest to appease the troubles of the North. They therefore dispatcht their Embassadours to the differing Princes to each two but with a strong Fleet an excellent way of interposing There were who alledged that in case the business came to blows that fighting and the function of Embassadours whose errand was Peace could not square and so would have had them go by Land but that nicety being waved they embarked though not all at once and therefore did not arrive at the same time in the Sound The first being likewise the first in Commission that came to Cronenburg was the Heer Slingland Counsellour and chief Pensioner of Dort He had given the Court notice of his approach before his landing by a Gentleman of his train and Letters to the King Whilest he himself having complemented the English Admiral by another went himself on board him where after a reception equal to his Character he fell into discourse with Montague about the present constitution of affairs though in general termes for the Admiral being not then impowred for the English Embassie was not as yet arrived they did not descend to particulars Slingland being returned to his Ship received late that night an Answer from Court which was that he should be welcom and received according to his dignity There came with this Gentleman another with a complement and civil Letter from the Senator Rosenhaen who brought him also a Pasport which he had not desired and a large Declaration in answer to his Letter which contained a recapitulation of Complaints against the States Generals proceedings and continual thwarting of the Swedes interest But he waved any particular debate thereupon by advice of the other Embassadours designed for Coppenhagen then with him reserving it to the States considerations and orders and being however admitted he was conducted in the Kings Coach with that solemnity which is due to Embassadours to the Lodgings designed for his Reception and three days entertainment The Heer Huybert Counsellour and Secretary to the States of Zealand who had been joynt Colleague with Slingland in Prussia was also joyned with him in Commission here but being he did not Embark as soon as the other and that he spent some time in giving the last Orders to the Chiefs of the Dutch Fleet and in Conference with General Montague upon his he did not arrive in the Sound where his Reception and Audience was the same in substance with the other till three days after But the Heeren Vogelsang Counsellour and Syndick of Amsterdam and Haren a Gentleman of Friesland both but more particularly deputed to the King of Denmark arrived there the same day that Slingland did they as De Huybert also did came in a man of War and saluting the Castle with their great Guns were repayed with the same civility Being landed they were conducted to Court with Ceremony and admitted into the Kings presence told him that the States General were much troubled at the unhappy differences that were risen betwixt the two Nations and that they were and always had been far from any thoughts of hostility against the Crown of Sweden only had not been wanting to their Allies in their extremity according to the Covenants made with them They had therefore sent them their Embassadours to renew their old friendship with their old friends and to endeavour to remove those misunderstandings and animosities which were at present betwixt both Kings The King having answered in order to these particulars though in general terms expressed himself no less desirous of Peace than the States The Embassadours being dismissed returned to their Ship being waited upon thither with the same Ceremony they came the next morning they sailed to Coppenhagen where they were received and treated with as much splendidness as was possible in a Town so long besieged Jun. 11. Amongst other discourse they acquaint the King with the Treaty concluded in the Hague betwixt the three States and seriously invite his Majesty to embrace the same as most agreeing with the present estate of his affairs But the King having thanked them civilly for their former favours protested solemnly that he had rather hazard all than treat upon the foundation of the Rotschild Treaty and that with the exclusion of his Friends and Allies He therefore besought the continuance of their helping hand as the true and safest means to a wished Accommodation Neither was the King of Sweden less averse from that hated Treaty however pressed to accept of it by the other Embassadours at his Court. And yet lest he might seem to do nothing he ordered Commissioners to argue the case with them but their Conferences proved for the most part fruitless and there was no great appearance to put an end to the War in the three Weeks time prefixed by the three States In the interim there was no industry omitted in the Fortifying of Cronenburg the best part of the Town of Elzineur next the Castle was thrown down to make way for the new Works and near a thousand Country people did labour day and night without any intermission in the raising of them Koege Corseur and other places of Denmark were likewise fortified and the Camp before Coppenhagen strengthened by hightening the Walls and enlarging of the Moat By all which it appeared that the Swedes had no mind to be discoursed out of their Conquests and warm Quarters De Ruyter who had hitherto lain betwixt Lesow and Anout in order to the Truce weighed Anchor and being commanded by Opdam came with his Fleet to Sampso that they might joyn with more ease and
at pleasure when the three Weeks were expired Opdam himself lay with his Fleet and some Danish Vessels betwixt Spro and Komps expecting the expiration of the Truce which was yet prolonged for three Weeks more For Monsieur Newport the States Embassadour in England had made a new Cessation with the Usurpers there and that without the knowledge of his Superiours the Counsel of State there having absolutely insisted upon it by reason their Commissioners designed for Denmark were not yet gone and lest any thing might happen before they could get thither prejudicial to the Peace they all so much desired June 13. The States seemed unsatisfied with this unexpected agreement but yet least they might seem likewise averse from thoughts of an Accommodation they approved of it and commanded their Admirals to observe it but with that restriction that they should joyn Forces upon the expiration of the first three Weeks and land their Land Militia in Coppenhagen In the mean time whilest the English Fleet expected new Orders an occasion happened wherein the English did the King of Sweden a singular good turn For 28 sail of Swedish ships very good ones were gone under the Command of young Wrangel into the lesser Belt for the relief of Funen Opdam and De Ruyter being newly joyned in the great Belt were going to surprise this Swedish Fleet the news thereof coming to the English Admiral he presently sailed into the Belt and there found the whole Dutch and Danish Fleet about ninety Sail pursuing the Swedish Fleet and in sight of them But upon discovery of the English Fleet the Dutch tackt and put themselves into the great Belt before the English Fleet and came to an Anchor near Komps Island and the English off the Town of Callenburg in the mean time the Swedes delivered in sight of both Fleets sailed away towards the Isle of Haselin and so for the Sound where the King of Sweden questioned and imprisoned young Wrangel for his ill Conduct The Dutch apprehending the English advance made ready for Fight and the allarm lasted until Montague's Ketch and Letters assured them that they were friends and had no other thoughts but of Amity and Peace Hereupon followed all the demonstrations of kindness on both sides the Generals complementing each other by their Vice-Admirals and the several Officers of the Fleet visiting receiving and feasting each other with all imaginable kindness and civility and now the Cessation being already expired the Chiefs themselves mentioned and concluded a further continuation of it for three Weeks more After both Fleets in the Belt had disputed some ten days the explaining some terms in the Hagues Treaty which the English Admiral made his pretence to go to the relief of the Swedes he weighed Anchor and sailed by Haselin into the Sound and came to an Anchor between Ween Island and Coppenhagen shutting the Dutch our of the Channel and expecting the coming of new Embassadours from England and lying in a Post advantageous to correspond either with Coppenhagen or Elzineur as occasion offered whilest Opdam sailed with his Fleet to Coppenhagen The Danes who languished within their Walls clamoured against these noxious Truces the loss of Naskow heightened their murmurings and complaints justly searing lest the whole burthen of the War might fall upon them whilest the great power of their Confederates seemed but idle Spectators in their Tragedy This moved the King to press the States by re-iterated Messages and intreaties June 24. July 31. that they would not suffer Denmark to be wholly lost and such vast and chargeable preparations to be rendred fruitless by their re-iterated Cessations The Enemy had in them taken all the Islands and Naskow it self in sight of their Fleet so that he had nothing now left but Coppenhagen only and that straitly besieged by Sea and Land He added that the Swedes did fortifie the landing places of Zeland and Funen with all diligence neither had they desisted from assaulting and taking the States own Ships in the lesser Belt by all which it appeared how little hopes there were to bring these to reason by Cessations and Treaties He did therefore earnestly desire them and that by vertue of the League betwixt them that they would send their Generals orders to obey his commands and that until Denmark was delivered from the danger it was in and the Enemy obliged to embrace a desired and equitable Peace July 1.22.22 Carisius the Danish Resident in the Hague urged the same by three several Memorials but all could not perswade the States to recede from their late Conventions with the English and French Monsieur De Thou had told them in their full Assembly that if they did depart from the Treaty which they had concluded with so much difficulty his King would also withdraw from the terms of Mediation and help the King of Sweden according to his agreement with the English with all his power But their greatest apprehensions were from the English as nearest and upon the place not that they feared their Forces for they were themselves double their numbers but lest they should engage in a War which might be easier begun than ended But the apprehensions of the English and the French threats did quickly vanish for both Nations did ratifie the Treaty of the 21 of May and the English Commissioners were daily expected at Elzineur That Bloody Faction the disgrace and Fag end of a Parliament who had murthered their Soveraign had also now cashiered their pretended Protector and having re-usurped a Tyranny over their fellow-subjects and the most noble English Nation swayed and domineered at pleasure and thinking themselves now secure at home extended their ambition the only commendable thing they did to forreign parts Amongst others the affairs of the North seemed most considerable They therefore dispatched three Commissioners thither Collonel Algernoon Sidney Sir Robert Honywood and Mr. Thomas Boon to whom they were pleased to add General Montague as not daring to distrust him because he commanded the Fleet. Though they sent him no new Commission to be Admiral when they did send new ones to all the rest of the Fleet. But they excluded Sir Philip Medow who had hitherto managed the whole Mediation as jealous of his affection to their Government These Embassadours came with Instructions and Orders to mediate a Peace betwixt the warring Kings upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty they were also commanded to joyn Counsels and means with the Dutch for the effecting of it according to the tenour of the Hagues Conventions which obliged a mutual communication betwixt the three States These Embassadours arrived at Elzineur with a splendid train where they were received and treated by the Swedes with all manner of civilities and honour the King himself was not there being gone to Naskow June 23. then taken by his forces they therefore stayed there in expectation of his return but to loose no time had daily Conferences with the French and Dutch
of the two Commonwealths had with communication of the French Embassadour framed a Concept or Form which they called a Project and which we will call so hereafter also upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty according to the Conventions agreed on at the Hague This Project or Instrument of Peace they first presented to the King of Denmark who received it and requiring time to deliberate upon it promised an answer The Embassadours hereupon went the same day to the Camp and having obtained Steno Bielke the Swedish Embassadours liberty Aug. 28. for he had been thus long detained prisoner at Coppenhagen took him with them fancying that so great a present would render their coming more acceptable Being entred the Kings Lodging and in the Anti-Chamber his Majesty after a little stay came out to them where Collonel Sidney accompanied with all his Colleagues and the Dutch Embassadours for the French had withdrawn himself after a profound Reverence presented him a Rowl of Paper being the aforesaid Project The King asked what Papers they were Sidney answered that they contained the desires of the three States But the King replied with a stern countenance if it be the Project for Peace I will not receive it And adding told the English as for you I will not refuse your Mediation as long as you continue in the terms of friendship but will suffer no Arbitrators And then turning to the Dutch subjoyned as for you being you are my Enemies I absolutely refuse to receive you as Mediators and to them all You make your Projects in your Fleets and I clapping his hand upon his Sword wear mine at my side Having said this he left the Embassadours and turning suddenly from them went to the other side of the room The Dutch Embassadours following him said we are not your Majesties Enemies and shall â—prove your best friends The King looking fiercely upon them answered my Embassadours are unworthily used and you are suffered to go and come at pleasure Slingland replied to this We need fear nothing from a generous Prince and the King abruptly I have no great resentments of generosity for such Enemies The Embassadours would not provoke the offended King any further but retiring with a profound and respectful Reverence left the presence where His Majesty having given Bielke his hand to kiss rallied with his great Officers most of them having been present at this audience upon this unusual rencounter This indignity of offered the Embassadours was seconded with another though not so considerable They were scarce got into their Coaches when it was told them that the Trumpeter who waited upon them was thrown into prison Being surprised with this Novelty they sent me to the King to complain of this violence and breach of the Law of Nations But the Trumpeter was immediately released and his detension excused having happened without the Kings knowledge and done by the Generals command not with an intent to affront the Embassie but because he belonged to the Garrison of Coppenhagen which was very true The Danes were over-joyed with this ill treatment of the Embassadours fancying that the Dutch would now employ their Forces against the common Enemy without any further intermission as well in revenge of their own injuries as to assist their Confederates In the mean time Posts were dispatched into all parts with the news of this encounter the circumstances of it being aggravated according to the several passions of the interessed The States General were most netled at it as being most concerned and did not fail to exaggerate the affront done to the Embassadours of the three States by their Ministers in England and France as an indignity common to them all But the Mediators how ever ill received at their former Audience did not yet despair of a desired issue to their negotiation They knew the King of Sweden was not wholly averse from Peace for he had several times professed he had not espoused his Conquests provided he did not quit them without a compensation but from the manner of compassing it and he was not against the officious intervention of Mediators though he could not endure the Umpirage of their Arbitration The Dutch therefore seeing that he would never admit of their Mediation unless the ancient Correspondence and Amity betwixt him and them were first restored drew a form of reconciliation which should put an end to all their former misunderstandings and Controversies and sending it to Rosenhaen by the French Embassadour wrote also to him that they purposed to come to the Camp to perfect the Treaty of Elbing and its Elucidations and also to endeavour to accommodate the differences betwixt the two Kings But being they perceived that the King of Sweden looked upon the States as parties and their Ministers for that reason as improper for the Negotiation in hand and that it seemed not good to His Majesty to assent to the aforesaid elucidations before the difference betwixt himself and the States General were removed and the ancient friendship betwixt the two Nations restored and being they doubted whether their coming to the Camp at that time might be acceptable or not they thought good to send an Instrument of reconciliation with a promise that they would sign it as soon as the Peace betwixt the two Kings was concluded The day following the Dutch Embassadours being informed that the King had not only laid by his choller but that also he desired their return to his Court sent me to him to know whether their coming to the Camp would be agreeable to his Majesty or not Aug. 31. And whether they should be received according to their dignities in case they came I being returned and having brought word that all was as they desired the Heeren Slingland and Huybert went to the Camp where being civilly received by the Courtiers they were immediatly introduced into the Kings presence where having first condoled with him for the death of the Duke of Holsteyn his father in Law they urged what concerned the illustrations of the Treaty of Elbing the Peace betwixt the two Crowns and the reconciliation betwixt His Majesty and the States General They most insisted upon the present Treaty and pressed the King that he would be pleased to declare himself as to the main heads of it and grant his Letters of safe conduct for the Danish Commissioners in such manner and form as was required The King answered that he desired nothing more than to cultivate the ancient friendship betwixt Sweden and the United Provinces and had therefore sent Coyet his Embassadour Extraordinary into Holland to represent to the States General themselves the candor of his intentions in that particular As for the Peace he was not averse from it provided it were safe and honourable only he believed that the business would advance best if it were carried on by Commissioners of both sides according to the usual method betwixt the Northern Crowns The Conference being done the Embassadours returned to
yet General Montague declared in the name of his Colleagues that being the Dutch Commissioners would not define according to the Conventions betwixt the two Commonwealths how many of their Ships should joyn with an equal number of English men of War and how many of both Fleets should after the said conjunction be returned home they were resolved wanting also provisions for so great a multitude to send their whole Fleet back into England This he said they did not with an intent to depart from the Conventions betwixt the two Commonwealths or that they had any new design on foot but really forced to it through want of necessaries for the subsistence of so great a Fleet. The Dutch seemingly endeavoured to divert the English from this resolution and shewing them where and in what manner they might procure what provisions they pleased they besought them being the common Interest was to be carried on with common and conjoyned power they would not withdraw theirs seeing that could not be without a diminution of the dignity and credit of the two Commonwealths a weakening of their Mediation with the two Kings and a manifest retarding of the present Negotiation After this several Propositions were made concerning the number of Ships to be left behind and the English were invited to leave only fifteen of theirs whilest the whole Dutch Fleet continued there until further Orders from the States General but yet with this restriction that they should attempt nothing without communication of Councels with the English Plenipotentiaries and being the English were averse from such odds and so them a solemn Instrument of Assurance under their hands and seals and that one of their Commissioners should as a further testimony of their candor and sincerity not only trust his person in the English Fleet but continue in the same to communicate Councels with Montague and deliberate of what should concern the generality of their affairs according to emergencies Sidney did hereupon confess Sept. 5. that they had no Orders to send away their Fleet at all but on the contrary commands to observe the Hagues Convention But Montague of whose mind Honniwood and Boon also was being urged to declare himself answering very ambiguously broke the conference and next day leaving Coppenhagen went to the Sound and having saluted King Charles at Cronenburg where he was royally treated and all his chief Officers and Captains honoured with Presents he sailed with his whole Fleet towards England then full of Commotion and tumult The sudden departure of the Admiral surprised and troubled the minds of all parties The Swedes were grieved that the Sound their Havens and the Sea lay now open to the prevailing Dutch whilest the Danes interpreting all things in the worst sense fancied that Montague was therefore gone because he would not now war against the Swedes now openly refusing Peace and that all those Truces extorted hitherto from the States General had been prolonged in favour of their Enemies The Dutch also seemed to condemn this with-drawing of the English as happening contrary to their Treaties and even then when they were to act by vertue of them But this was but in outward shew for they did inwardly rejoyce that this Imperious Fleet was gone and they at length at liberty to act without controul But Sidney and his Colleagues were more really trouble at the absence of their Forces not being ignorant how weak their disputes were like to prove against an armed Mediation They were also more nearly grieved at the Admirals return as sensible of the great forces he commanded and his averseness to the present Government And truly they were not deceived for whilest all England weary of the tyranny of the Regicides prepared to vindicate their Liberties by Arms requiring tacitely their Prince but openly a Free Parliament Montague being invited and commanded by the King of Great Britain into whose grace and favour he had lately been restored hastened thither with his Naval forces to assist those just however unfortunate endeavours The day after Montague's departure the Commissioners met again in the Tents where the Danes demanded an Answer to their former Proposals declaring withall that their King induced by the desires and perswasions of the Mediators had consented to and would willingly accept of their Project for Peace so far forth as it agreed with the Hagues Conventions They therefore desired to know whether the King of Sweden had likewise done it protesting they would otherwise proceed no further The English and Dutch Embassadours pressed the same urging the Swedes to declare what Orders their King had given in answer to their just Propositions Rosenhaen being thus put to it replied that they had indeed delivered their King the Mediators Project professing further that His Majesty would omit nothing on His part for the compassing of an equitable and honourable Peace to which end he declared that the Mediatours endeavours should be most acceptable to him provided they interposed only when they were required and that as friends not Arbitrators leaving the disposing of affairs to the Commissioners of both Kings This he said was His Majesties resolution who could not chuse but wonder to see that a Treaty made at the Hague by the three States and that without his knowledge should be also obtruded upon him and that without his consent He further added that it was a thing wholly unpractical that Common-wealths should prescribe Laws to Kings at pleasure and never heard of in History that Mediatours should undertake to press or compel dissenting Princes even against their wills to accept of their fancies and conceptions as Laws This therefore being so his Majesty could not answer to those kind of proposals But if they would treat after the old fashion and according to the method hitherto observed betwixt the Northern Crowns he did not doubt but the way to the so much desired Peace would be plain and easie Monsieur Terlon the French Embassadour arrived there at the same time and declared to the Mediators that the Commissioners had truly and fully told them the Kings sense in order to the present transaction as he himself had understood it from His Majesties own mouth at Cronenburg from whence he came adding that he was very angry with Rosenhaen and Bielke for receiving their Project without his orders and had not pardoned them if he had not mainly interceded for them The Dutch Embassadours being returned to Coppenhagen sent Orders to De Ruyter and Everson to act with all their Forces both by Sea and Land against the Swedes and make war upon them where-ever they met with them The next day they gave the English and French Ministers notice of what they had done which could not at all as they affirmed retard the Peace which was being it could not be procured otherwise to be thus sought for according to the intention of the three States In the mean time they perswaded them to continue their endeavours and that with joynt advice
to which also they would contribute their utmost As for the meetings in the Tents they declared they could not and that for weighty reasons come thither any more until it appeared that the Swedes did accept of the States Generals Mediation and would receive their Embassadours according to their dignity The rest of the Mediators acknowledged that the Dutch had done nothing contrary to the Covenants betwixt them and promised that they would not act as Mediators any more but conjoyntly with them But the Treaty did not break off for all this The English and French after Communication with the Dutch meet the Swedes again who propounded Rotschild or Elzineur as fitter and more convenient places to treat in which the Danes did not only oppose but the Dutch also absolutely reject being unwilling to remove so far from the City or Sea Two days after Sidney and Terlon returned to the Camp to see whether the King of Sweden had yet given any Answer either to the Danes Demands or to the Propositions of the three States but in vain for the Swedes Commissioners did plainly tell them that it would be but lost labour to insist any more upon this way for the Danish Demands were couched in such general terms that it would be to no purpose to Answer them so and as for the Project proposed by the Mediators they positively declared that the King would hazard all and venture his own life rather than to submit to the dictates of others being he could not do it without infringing his honour and his reputation Lastly they protested he desired nothing more then Peace provided it were not imposed upon him and proposed being the Tents were no fit place to treat and meet in by reason of the cold and approaching Winter that they should all go to Rotschild Elzineur or Fredericksburg as more proper for so celebrious an Assembly The Mediators seeing the Swedes immoveable and resolved Sept. 11 12 13. desired the King of Denmark that he would be pleased not only to continue the Treaty which they did not yet despair of perfecting but also to change the place for one of those already proposed as more convenient But the King replied that this could not be before the King of Sweden had declared as himself had done that he would accept of that form which the Mediators had presented and given his answer to the five aforementioned Articles The Embassadours were not well pleased with this Declaration of the Kings especially the English and French who seemed now to doubt whether of the two Kings was most refractory or ought to be esteemed least desirous of Peace Hereupon the Embassadours went again to Court and pressed the King so far that he was content though with much urging to joyn the Lord Gesdorf his chief Minister of State to his other Commissioners but upon condition that the States Generals Fleet and Land-Forces should continue to prosecute the War against the Swedes until the Treaty were brought to a desired conclusion And thus the Treaty was re-assumed but the place of treating was not changed only the Tents were taken away and Houses made of Plancks of better proof against the extremity of the Weather raised in their places The Commissioners did indeed sometimes meet though their Conventions proved wholly fruitless these contests for Peace being necessitated to give way to the more clamorous and more severe disputes of War During these traverses and treaties Coppenhagen continued blocked up by Sea and Land The Swedes had lain before the Haven the whole Summer with four sometimes five Ships so that the City laboured with the want of all things especially fresh Meats and Firing The Dutch Fleets lay useless in the Great Belt kept up by Cessations or contrary Winds and could not help them whilest the English lying betwixt the Town and the Island of Ween as Neutrals did not assist them until the General being advertised by me who was newly come from Court and had seen the miseries thereof a few Herrings and a piece of salt Beef being the best regalie at the Kings Table did send a Vessel fraught with all manner of Fowl and fresh Meats for the Kings children July 7 17. The Court moved with the English Generals munificence sent two Senators in an English man of War which I procured them from him to complement and thank him They were received by the Admiral with all sort of honour befitting their qualities to whom after the usual expressions of gratitude and kindness they represented and recommended the afflicted condition of their affairs and lest they might be thought to yield in civility to the generous General they returned his favour with an Honorary of Rhenish Wine After this the Citizens received several considerable refreshments from other parts The Embassadours both English French and Dutch did ordinarily reside in the City but had their provisions from abroad by permission from the Swedes under which pretence their servants carried great quantities into the Town the surplus whereof they sold at good rates to the eager buyers The Swedes were not ignorant of this kind of Commerce but connived at it as sharing in the profits Sept. 7 8. for their Officers by this means got monies for the Cattle which the said Servants bought from them in great numbers upon condition they would suffer them to pass with them into the City in safety But this traffick ended with the coming of the Dutch fleet which arrived at Coppenhagen the second day after Montagues departure who from the beginning of June to this time had lain betwixt Ween and Zeland as if he would cover the Sound on this side as he had formerly done it on the other when he hovered betwixt Lap and Koll De Ruyter the day after his arrival sailed towards the Sound and having blocked up the Haven of Lanskrown continned there There lay two men of War under Cronenburg which he defigned to ruine but his Fireships failing him he attempted them no further the loss which he might suffer in the enterprise not countervailing the victory It seemed likewise too hazardous to enter the Haven of Lanskrown though the ruine of the Swedish Fleet which lay in it seemed infallible the difficulty was to get out again through so many Volleys which the Castle and Batteries on shore might thunder upon them especially if the Wind proved contrary Besides it may reasonably be thought that the Dutch design was not to destroy but to humble the Swedes However it was they contented themselves with lying before the Haven at present and shutting up the Enemy within his receptacles But lest the Fleet might seem to do nothing at all Collonel Killegrew who commanded the Land forces at present on board Sept. 21. was sent with 1200 commanded men 11 ships of War and 7 Fluyts under the direction of Cornelius Everson Rear-Admiral of Zeland to intercept Keucks King Frederick had been advertised by his Spies that there were not above 200
Denmark had scarce order to mention to endeavour to remove what ever there was of any moment that might cherish those heats and jealousies which were betwixt them and to renew those Leagues of Amity which they had formerly so much esteemed and which the King would if they pleased alwayes keep inviolably He further propounded that Commissioners might be ordered to treat with him which was granted although they moved not so quick as he desired the main business being referred by the States to their Plenipotentiaries then in Denmark The King of Denmark hearing of Coyet's being in Holland resolved least his affairs there might suffer to oppose him in kind He therefore sent the Lords Otto Krage and Gotske Bockwalt Jan. 9. two Senators his Embassadours extraordinary to the Hague who were received with more appearance and realities of kindness than the Swede Amongst other things they told the States that the time designed to make the Peace in was expired and consequently that that the Hagues Agreement and Conventions did cease of course They therefore besought them to continue their assistance according to the reiterate Leagues betwixt them and that until Denmark were delivered from the oppression of their Enemies They further demanded that they might not at all be tied to the Treaty of Rotschild which the Swedes had broken but that the said Swedes might be obliged not only to render what they had usurped but also to restore Schonen a dangerous neighbour to Coppenhagen in compensation of the manifold losses which they had suffered by their violence Lastly they desired a Peace but would have it general as securest both for their Commerce and their Allies Some time after they required that the Dutch Militia in Denmark might be made up six thousand effective men that the States would furnish them with 24 thousand Crowns every moneth and lend them thirty Ships of War as soon as the Ice was broken to be at the Kings command In lieu of all this they offered the States Drontheym in Norway Malmuyen or Lanskrown in Schonen when they were taken or Gluckstat in Holsteyn as pledges and security for their moneys But the English opposed these Propositions of the Danes not willing to suffer that either the Elbe the Sound or the Northern Navigation should run the hazard of more interruptions so that this was no further insisted upon especially being the English Resident had desired in Writing from the States that they would not accept of any Cities Havens Forts or other places whatsoever before his Superiours had been first acquainted with it The States answer to the Danes except in this particular was very favourable for having sent a great quantity of all manner of Provisions to Coppenhagen they further declared that they would not be wanting in assisting their Confederates It will not be impertinent to add a Catalogue of the Provisions which were to compose a Magazin for the Citizens at Coppenhagen and to be sold to them at reasonable Rates the particulars and prises were 500000 Weight of Cheese cost 29160 Livers or Guilders 300 Tun of Herrings at 40500 Guild 400000 Weight of Stockfish at 28000 Guild 120 Tun of Grout 24840 Guild 120 Tun of Pease at 29160 Guild 135 Tun of Salt at 14610 Guild 800 Firkins of Butter 59200 Guild 400 Hogsheads of Brandy 34080 Guild 500 Hogsheads of Vinegar 10075 Guild 400000 Pound of Bacon at 72000 Guild 100 Ship pound of Hops 4300 Guild 200 Tua of Malt at 23240 Guild 200 Quarts of Train-Oyl 6300 Guild 4000 Pound of Horse-Radish 340 Guild 200 Ames of Rape Oyl 7800 Guild 300 Tun of Beef salied 16600 Guild 10000 Pounds of Candles 3000 Guild 20000 Pound of Tobacco 4000 Guild 200 Tun of Oats at 14000 Guild The whole Sum is 474045 Guild In English moneys 47404 l. 10 s. 00 d. The States also answered Coyets expostulatory speech accusing the Swedes as the causers of the breach of those Leagues and that friendship they so much complained of First they put him in mind how Queen Christina had not only refused them those Succours during the English War which the Crown of Sweden was obliged to send them but had also hindred the transport of the Cannon which they had then bought in Sweden for their use and imprisoned some of their Merchants upon unjust and frivolous pretences They further declared that their usage had not been better since the comming of Charles Gustave the present King to the Crown for that when a Catalogue of those Princes and States which were esteemed Friends and Confederates to the Kingdom of Sweden had been openly read in the Assembly of States they were omitted and wholly left out nay that this King had as Christina had done before when he was pressed to renew the ancient Alliances betwixt the two States declared under pretext of their League with Denmark that he was not at all obliged to observe them They also complained how the Kings Fleet had exacted extraordinary Imposts from their Subjects in the Baltick Sea and how their Embassadours had been detained at Lowenburg against their wills As for the Treaty of Elbing they acknowledged they had demanded a necessary Elucidation not Elusion of some of its Articles the which not being concluded and the Swedes having declared the former Treaties betwixt them not to be obligatory it seemed but reasonable in them to look to their own affairs and to send a Fleet and Souldiers to Dansick as well to secure their Trade as to insure a City which was their Friend and Confederate They added that they were not ignorant with how much industry both Queen Christina and King Charles had not only endeavoured to ruine the good intelligence which was betwixt King Frederick and their State but had also laboured by the accession and assistance of Denmark to exclude them out of the Baltick Sea But being they could not compass it it was no wonder if the States General did assist a Prince who was their Confederate and Friend And yet they professed that when the Peace betwixt the two Northern Crowns was once made they would omit nothing which might conduce to renew and re-establish the ancient Alliances and friendships betwixt the Crown of Sweden and their United Provinces During these transactions the Imperialists and Brandenburgers made havock of all in Pomerania uncontrouled under pretext of diverting the Swedes in their proceedings in Denmark The War in Norway was also carried on with much eagerness but with more variety of success but being these Contests happened out of Denmark however relating to the subject in hand though at a distance I thought good to omit them as well to avoid prolixity as to ease my self especially being the knowledge I had of them was but at second hand I must not however omit to say somewhat of the death of King Charles he having been the only Author of the Siege we mention although prevented by his untimely end from finishing that which he had so vigorously undertaken
the Military being composed by One who had been publick Minister upon the place during the time of the first War terminated by the Rotschild Treaty in which He was Mediator and during most part of the Second renewed by the Swede upon a pretended inexecution on the Danish part of the said Treaty I have thought good to subjoyn as an useful Appendix to it A Report of the State of Affairs betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark made by Sir Philip Meadow upon his return into England in December 1669. AFter the Peace concluded at Rotschild in Febr. 1657. Betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark under the Mediation of England and France to the seeming good contentment of both the Kings The one gaining eminent advantages by the acquisition of a new Territory The other avoiding the imminent peril of the loss of his whole Country I was remanded out of Denmark by express order from England and placed with His Majesty of Sweden with intention to begin a new Mediation betwixt Him the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and had powers and creditives requisite for that purpose In the mean time new and unexpected jealousies arose betwixt Sweden and Denmark which at last broke forth to an open rupture of the Peace so lately established The beginning of August 1658. His Majesty of Sweden rendezvouz'd a Body of his Army at Kiel in Holsteyn and there embarqu'd them but kept his Design very secret He propounded to me to go along with him which I refused considering that his Design must either be upon Denmark or Prussia in neither of which cases it could be proper for me to accompany Him Not into Denmark for there I had been already Mediator and therefore incongruous for me to have been the Spectator of a breach of the Peace I had so lately concluded without having orders from England suitable to such an emergency Not into Prussia because thither I was designed Mediator and therefore ought not to make my self a party by putting my self in company of an Enemy Whereupon I stopp'd in Germany writing immediately into England to communicate what had passed and attending further Orders During these traverses the old Protector fell sick and incapable of making reflection upon affairs in those quarters and soon after died But as soon as I had received new Orders and Creditives from England I embarqued at Travemond and returned for Denmark in quest of His Majesty of Sweden The latter end of October 1658. Admiral Opdam with the Dutch Fleet consisting of about 38 men of War and 70 small Merchant-men and Fluyts upon which were embarqued 3000 Land souldiers passed the Sound and after a sharp encounter with the Swedish Fleet arrived at Coppenhagen Thus was Sweden engaged at the same time in a War with the Emperour Pole Brandenburger Moscovite Dane and Hollander But this powerful arming of our Neighbour-State awakened us in England to consider that we also had an interest to preserve in the Baltick Sea which we had no more reason to believe that the Hollander would do for us at his own charges than that he would imbarque himself in so expensive a War without expecting some satisfactory considerations of return from Denmark Besides though we were willing to see Coppenhagen relieved yet we were not sure the Hollanders assistance would be bounded there and could not be willing to see the King of Sweden ruined by the combined force of so many Enemies The States General made it their work and business absolutely to assist the Dane and never made any overture of accommodation betwixt the two Kings nor had as yet any publick Minister upon the place by whom to do it But England steers in this affair another course propounds not a direct Assistance but a Peace Has no design to make the King of Sweden Master of Denmark for on the contrary the conservation of Denmark is the common Interest both of England and Holland But the proper Interest of England was so to make a Peace as not to suffer the Dane to be ruined by the Swede nor to suffer the Swede to be ruined by the Hollander or in the conditions of the Peace to be subjected to such Laws as he should impose upon him at pleasure but to preserve Sweden not only as a ballance upon the House of Austria which is the common interest of England and France but as the counterpoise upon the Confederate Naval strength of Holland and Denmark which is the peculiar interest of England And besides this England had another interest in this Affair viz. To enable the King of Sweden so to retire himself out of so unhappy a War and upon such equitable terms and conditions as might have both capacitated him and obliged him to give us some reasonable satisfaction and recompence in consideration of the great expences we were necessitated to be at for the securing of his interest together with our own And indeed the most visible medium at that time for stopping the progress of a War betwixt Sweden and Holland and taking up the differences betwixt Sweden and Denmark was a Fleet from England In November 1658. A Fleet of twenty Frigats was sea out under Vice-Admiral Goodson who coming to the height of the Scaw found he could not enter the Cataget for the abundance of Ice and so was constrained to return without effecting any thing only that this warlike appearance from England stopped the 4000 men and twelve ships of War which were ready in the Texel designed for the Baltick under the command of de Ruyter During this I had proposed to both Kings the Mediation of England for composing a second-time the differences betwixt the two Crowns which both of them freely accepted But I could never induce the King of Denmark to treat seperately with the King of Sweden alone he always insisting upon the comprehension and admission of all his Allies to the same Treaty which was directly against the letter of my Instructions In January 1658. A Treaty was made betwixt France and England for re-establishing a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon equitable terms Wherein it was particularly provided that if upon occasion of the succours sent or hereafter to be sent from England to the King of Sweden in order to such a Peace a War should arise with any other Forraign Prince or State France together with England should declare such Prince or State their common Enemy The beginning of April 1659. The Fleet under General Mountague arrived in the Sound My Instructions were to propound a particular Treaty betwixt the two Crowns because a general one in order to an Universal Peace would have been at that time tedious and impracticable and the Peace to be established in pursuance of this particular Treaty was to be under the conditions and qualifications of the Rotschild Treaty as the most proper Medium for accommoding all differences Besides both France and England esteemed it most honourable to assert and
maintain that Peace wherein they had been joint Mediators The issue of my Negotiations was this The K. of Denmark absolutely refused to treat sperately with Sweden the K. of Sweden declares himself willing to treat but not willing to accept of the Rotschild Treaty as the terms and conditions of the Peace Pretending that this would be tacitly to accuse His last enterprise upon Denmark of injustice for if the Dane gave the occasion of the War by entring into new practises and combinations with his Enemies after the former Peace made which he avers they did though both Kings as is usual in such cases highly protest the right of their Cause and the justice of their Armes then sayes he I ought to have better security for the future that the Dane by an innate animosity and desire of revenge fomented by other States start not out upon every occasion to traverse my designs and work me mischief when they shall find me intangled in a remote War as formerly in Poland especially being contiguous with Sweden and so most capable of doing me hurt Besides that He pretended satisfaction for the loss of Thoren and a considerable part of Prussia occasioned by this diversion of his Arms in Denmark As also for the loss of these opportunities in Germany during the vacancy of the Empire which He might have improved by the presence of His Army in those parts and the assistance of France and his other Allies either to have turned aside the Succession from the House of Austria his Hereditary Enemy or to have capitulated advantages for himself with the Emperour that was to be Elected or at least wise to have prevented the conjunction and confederacy betwixt the now Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg Many other difficulties lay in the way of the Rotschild Treaty amongst which it was not the least that the King had already disposed of to the Officers of his Court and Army the Lands in Schonen and Bleking which by the Treaty of Rotschild are reserved to their respective Proprietors viz. the Danish Nobility However after many instances and solicitations together with the advantage of the Report which was about this time confirmed from all hands that the Peace betwixt France and Spain was intended in good earnest which might probably oblige England to retire home their forces for their own security and slacken any assistance from France and so Sweden left alone to contest with so many Enemies His Majesty began at last to hearken to the Proposition of the Rotschild Treaty and by a Paper in writing signed by His Commissioners bearing date the 21 of April in answer to a former Memorial of mine expresly accepted the said Treaty but then subjoyned to the words of acceptance a provisional clause of better security than what was formerly granted him by the bare disposition of the Rotschild Treaty Which clause I not being satisfied with as that which might be interpreted as elusory of the fore-going words His Majesty soon after declared to me that as to point of future security He would acquiess in the special Garranty of England and France which I had power also to offer Him on the part of England In pursuance of the Instructions sent upon the Fleet under General Mountague and the better to facilitate the work of the Peace by engaging the States General to act in Consort with England and France A Treaty was concluded at the Hague the 11 of May 1659. Betwixt the three States in order to re-establish a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon the root and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty There Weeks time was limited to the Negotiation of the publick Ministers upon the place after the expiration of which Term neither England nor the States were to assist either of the Kings who should refuse the Peace during his refusal The King of Sweden though unbeknown to the States General had already assented to treat upon the foot and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty his safe Conducts prepared his Commissioners nominated I as Mediator propounded Fredericksburg for the place of the Treaty which the King also accepted The Dutch Deputies Extraordinary from the States General to the two Kings who arrived about this time made their instances and applications to his Majesty of Denmark as I had formerly also done to draw from him a suitable concurrence to the Rotschild Treaty But that King still persisted in the same resolution not to treat separately but propounded an Universal Treaty at which the Ministers of his respective Allies and Confederates might be present and to this end nominated Lubec for the place of a general Assembly I urged upon the Dutch Deputies the fourth Article of the Treaty of the Hague wherein 't is covenanted that no assistance was to be given to the Prince that should refuse a Peace upon just and reasonable conditions which reasonable conditions are by the first Article to be expounded the Treaty at Rotschild Now he who refuses to treat which in this case according to the sense of the three Estates was to treat separately refuses a Peace upon what conditions soever The Deputies were at accord with me that His Majesty of Denmark continuing in that resolution their Fleets could no longer assist him and wrote to General Opdam their Commander in chief to the same effect who at that time was with his Fleet in the Belt He notwithstanding continued still to favour under-hand the Dane but durst not so vigorously and openly assist him as otherwise he would partly by reason of the contrary Advise and Orders which he had received from the Deputies of the States but more especially because over-awed by the presence of the English Fleet. This suspension of Assistance on the part of the Hollander though the English Fleet remained Neutral and acted nothing onely obliged the other to the performance of Covenants gave the Swede some considerable advantages who upon this opportunity reduced the Isles of Moenen Falster and Laland together with the capital Town of Naskow under his obedience The truth is the Dutch Deputies found themselves engaged in some difficulties for whereas they supposed that the King of Sweden would have been the refuser of the Treaty and consequently the English Fleet bound up from giving him any Assistance which was the main thing they aimed at and the King of Denmark the accepter and consequently the Dutch Fleet at liberty to assist him they found the quite contrary and so had tied up their own hands by their Treaty made at the Hague This was the state of Affairs in the Northern parts at the time of the Change of the Government here in England and the Parliaments being restored to their former authority And this was the true season of ripening things to a conclusion and if the Negotiation had continued still in the same train and method that is if the Parliament had either immediately sent new powers to me to act according to my former Instructions viz.
and Brandenburger In Sweden there was no subsistence for them to transport them into Pomeren and there take the Field he could not for the Imperial Army was much superiour to his in strength and had already seized the principal Passes of the Country and was absolutely Master of the Campagne And to have put them into Garisons which above two parts in three consisted of Horse the want of forage had ruined them in few days So that now the King of Sweden holds close to Denmark First as a quarter to his Troops Secondly as a place of refuge and security putting himself upon the Defensive as it were intrenched within those Islands not having strength sufficient to appear before his Enemy upon the Terra firma Thirdly as a Gage or Pledge for the restitution of what he had lost in Pomeren And I have reason to believe that as things now stand the War betwixt Denmark and Sweden will hardly be accommodated but by a general Peace In the mean time I humbly conceive that England in the management of this business hath departed from their proper Interest and that upon these following grounds I. We have wholly dis-obliged the Swede who is Englands counterpoise against the Dane and Hollander The Hollander is sure that the Dane will alwayes side with him against England witness the Arrest of our Merchant-men in the Sound in 1653. We ought to be as sure of the Swede and though not to assist him in the conquest of Denmark yet so to have managed the business of a Peace as to have firmly engaged him in our Interests II. We have lost our reputation It had been honourable for England to have maintained the Rotschild Treaty in which we were Mediators But to equip a mighty Fleet of forty of our best men of War and to keep them out at Sea six Months together to the amazement of all our Neighbouring States without effecting any thing failing of our End and Design is wholly inglorious III. We have lost our Expences The King of Sweden never supposed that England would be at all those vast charges without expecting any return from him but freely propounded several advantages in point of Trade and Commerce by way of recompence and amongst others propounded that the Pitch and Tar and the whole growth and production of Sweden which is for the apparel and equipage of Shipping should be sold at a regulated price to English Merchants only by which means London might have become the Staple of those Commodities But we on the contrary have barr'd our selves from accepting any thing of priviledge or advantage though it be only ratione oneris upon the accompt of our expences and so to be considered as a re-imbursement For by the Agreement of the Hague of the fourth of July England is to compel the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Treaty at Elbing And by the express letter of the Treaty of Elbing the King of Sweden is obliged to admit the people of the United Netherlands to the same priviledges and advantages which he either hath or shall hereafter grant to any other Forraign Nation whatsoever IV. We oblige cour selves to force the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Elbing Treaty notwithstanding that by that Treaty the former Treaties made betwixt Queen Christina and the States General one at Stockholm 1640 and the other at Suderacre 1645 are expresly renewed and re-confirmed Both which are Treaties of mutual Defence and by vertue of which in case England become hereafter engaged in a War against Holland the King of Sweden will be obliged to assist Holland against us with four thousand men at his own charges V. We have lost our Opportunity of making the Peace England was once in a manner Arbitrator of this whole affair England propounds the Rotschild Treaty as the Medium of the Peace Holland though very unwilling yet is necessitated to assent thereto For to think that Holland who was in actual War with Portugal and Sweden would at the same time break with England when back'd with France especially his most confident Ally the Dane being reduced to that extremity as to become instead of a help a charge and burthen is to suppose that which is Morally and Politically impossible But as the case now stands England is the least in this business all that we pretend to is to be included in the States Generals Treaty of Elbing wherein they are Principals and we but Accessories VI. We play advantages into the hands of the Hollander our Rival State and that only which stands in the eye and aym of England's greatness For besides the Treaty of Elbing which we engage to obtain for him The Hollander obliges us also to see Drontheym restored to the Dane In which the Hollander consults his own utility for Schonen is the Country which the King of Denmark would have restored but the Hollander profits more by Drontheym when in the King of Denmark's hands than the King of Denmark himself both in point of Trade and in Levies of Men For during the late War betwixt England and Holland the Dutch had seldome less than two or three thousand of those Norwegians in the service of their Fleets Besides that the greatest part or the whole of the Revenue of Drontheym is oppignorated to the Merchants of Amsterdam for debt And indeed the whole Kingdom of Denmark is become so obnoxious upon the accompt of vast Debts that it is in a manner at the disposition of Holland The States General have steered an even and direct course to their Interest They have maintained their Ally they have not only secured Denmark from the power of Sweden but secured it to themselves And being secure of Denmark are now assuring Sweden to themselves also having already weakened the near Amity and correspondence which was betwixt England and Sweden Whereas we after all our Expences are so far from being sure of the friendship of either of the Kings that we are sure of the ill-will of both Of the Dane for appearing with an armed Fleet in the Interests of Sweden of the Swede for no sooner appearing but deserting him They have also obtained their Treaty at Elbing which in rigour of justice they could not pretend to for they themselves formerly refused to ratifie it in due time And to crown all they have heightened their reputation by rendring themselves Masters of their Design We on the contrary have lost our Friend lost our Expences lost our Business lost our Reputation From whence I conclude that in the management of this Affair we in England have departed from Our proper Interest FINIS A Catalogue of Books Printed for and are to be Sold by Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inn Folio ' s. 1. COsmography in four Books containing the Chorography and History of the whole World and all the principal Kingdoms and Provinces Seas and Isles thereof By P. Heylin Printed 1669
THE HISTORY OF THE Late Warres IN DENMARK COMPRISING All the TRANSACTIONS both MILITARY and CIVIL during the Differences betwixt THE Two Northern Crowns In the Years 1657 1658 1659 1660. Illustrated with several Maps By R. M. LONDON Printed for Thomas Basset and are to be sold at his Shop at the Sign of the George near Clifford's Inn in Fleetstreet 1670. TO THE KINGS Sacred MAJESTY SIR THis Narrative should have had like its Author too much Humility to presume into Your Sacred Majesties Presence but that it is warranted by Your Royal Commands and that all the Actions of my Life are Dedicated to Your Service The Subject is indeed one of the most considerable that hath happened upon the Stage of the World of late Ages where Kings were both Agressors and Defendants And this may in some sort warrant its Dedication to that Monarch who is proper Vmpire of the Controversies of Christendome Besides there was no Prince nor scarce any State in Europe of note that was not a Party in the quarrel Nay Your Majesties own Fleets and Your Treasures were employed there though not by Your Orders And Your Majesties happy Restauration had so much natural Influence upon the transactions in the North that it also restored those Crowns to that Peace they now enjoy If the English did not alwayes follow their true Interest in those parts 't is not to be wondered at being they prostituted it so unnaturally at home which did continue until the sense of their Faults and Errors obliged them to re-assume it by returning to their Duty and Obedience to Your Majesty All I will say for my Self is that as I cannot tell whether my humble Reverence for Your Majesties Person or my Loyalty and Allegiance for my Soveraign be the greater so they shall ever remain by an equal intermixture of Passion and Duty in SIR Your Sacred MAjESTIES most Obedient and alwayes Loyal Subject and Servant ROGER MANLEY The Preface TRuth being the life and chief ingredient of History hath been also my chief research in this Relation which I was so exact in that I cannot yet discover that I have been materially imposed upon I have endeavoured also to exempt my Narrative from both flattery and detraction which was no hard matter for me to do being I had been neither tempted by favours nor dis-obliged by injuries by either of the warring Princes though I had the honour to know them both What I wrote by way of memorials whilst it was acting upon the place in another language though not published seeâ— light but now in ours and it may be too soon to discover the imperfections of its Authour And yet I will not court the Readers favour being my errours are voluntary For who is obliged to write And how few write well A Catalogue of Books in the Press this 16th of September 1669. Printing for Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inne ECclesia Restaurata or the History of the reformation of the Church of England containing the Beginning Progress and Successes of it the Counsels by which it was conducted the Rules of Piety and Prudence upon which it was founded The several steps by which it was promoted or retarded in the change of times from the first preparations to it by King Henry the 8th until the Legal settling and establishment of it under Queen Elizabeth together with the Intermixture of such Civil Actions and affairs of State as either were co-incident with it or related to it The second Edition by P. Heylyn Rastalls Entries with a Table not Printed heretofore This Book will be published in Easter Term next Aerius Redevivus or the History of the Presbyterians By P. Heylyn in fol. This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next A Help to English History By P. Heylin This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next Littletons Tenures in French and English in a small Pocket Volume exactly corrected and better Printed than any of the former Editions This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next Wingates Abridgement of all the Statutes in force and use from Magna Charta until this present year 1669. A Geographical Description of the four parts of the world taken from the Notes and Works of the famous Monsieur Sanson Geographer to the French King and other eminent Travellers and Authours To which are added the Commodities Coyns Weights and Measures of the chief places of Traffique in the world compared with those of England or London as to the Trade thereof Also a Treatise of Travel and another of Traffique wherein the matter of Trade is briefly handled The whole illustrated with variety of useful and delightful Mapps and Figures By Rich. Blâ—me the price bound 40 s. This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next THE HISTORY OF The late Warres in DENMARK BETWIXT The Two Northern Crowns The First Part. THough my design at first was but to describe the Siege of Coppenhagen and its accessorys as wil appear by some passages in this narrative Yet upon second thoughts and to gratifie the curious if this jejune Relation find any such I have judged it proper to add a summary of those transactions which were previous to it deducing the whole War from its original to that last Treaty which put a period to so many and so eminent calamities The ancient emulation and jealousie betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark the result of their neighbourhood and frequent broyles have been much heightned by the Swedish acquisitions in Germany For having joyned Pomerania and Bremen to their former Dominions they have in a manner enclosed and beleagured Denmark which rendered them so uneasie to the Danes that these seemed to desire nothing more than an opportunity not only to recover the Dutchy of Bremen and what they had lost by the Treaties of Bromsbro and Christianople to wit Halland Jempterland Gothland and the Oesel but also to enlarge their own limits and secure themselves for the future from the further incroachments of their growing neighbours And now a so wished for occasion did fairly present it self for Charles Gustave King of Sweden being deeply ingaged in Poland had carried with him the flower of the Swedish Souldiery to serve in that expedition so that whilst he was busie in the conquest of other Countries he did in some sort expose his own Nor did the Danes omit so favourable a juncture but mustering their grievances into a Manifest too long to insert which they published least they should be thought to be rather invited by the favour of the occasion than necessitated by any provocations or injuries They had beat up their Drums about the beginning of the year 1657. and their preparations for war were carried on with unusual pomp and hopes of success Their proceeding was likewise formal for they denounced war by a Herauld at Arms some months before they entred into the Lists which proved ruinous to them for they thereby gave the enemy
time not only to fortifie against the ensuing tempest but King Charles leisure enough to come with his Army out of Poland to shew them the fault they had committed in letting slip that which is most precious and most irrecoverable The English and French set all their Engines on work their intercession and their threats to stave off the Danes but to no purpose For the occasion was too fair and their preparations too forward to desist so that their Ministers were roundly answered that the King of Denmark had long expected satisfaction from the Crown of Sweden but being the Resident of the said Crown was retired without giving any his Majesty was obliged to endeavour his own satisfaction and security by the way of Arms. The truth is the party was not ill concerted for the Brandenburger was already drawn off from the Swedish alliance and upon assurance given him from the Polish Court that the Soveraignty of the Ducal Prussia should be conferred upon him which he also now enjoys he confederated himself with the Pole and Dane against Sweden The Dutch were also highly engaged for that wary Republick reflecting upon King Charles his progress in Prussia and Poland and fore-seeing what obstructions his continued conquests in these parts might bring to their Eastern Traffick resolved to oppose him which they not only did by sending a fleet and 1300 Foot to secure Dansick but also by this powerful diversion of the Danes to which they contributed vast summs of monys especially those of Amsterdam upon the securities of the Customs in the Sound and Norway The King of the Romans at present Emperour had also an Army hovering about the Swedish frontiers in Prussia and Poland which put King Charles to a stand not knowing which to turn himself yet resolved to fall with his whole power upon the first that broke out fancying that he was strong enough to deal with either of them apart and it was impossible they should joyn at the distance they were at whereas he should be too weak both for the one and the other if he divided his Forces He was at Thorn in Prussia in expectation of the motion of these new Adversaries where he at length heard the news of the Danes invading of him in the Dutchy of Bremen and the Frontiers of Sweden And this seems a second error for either they ought to have begun sooner whilst the King was engaged with so many enemies in Poland or they ought to have stayed longer and expected until the Imperialists had made the first attempt so that they then should have had nothing to combat with but Cities and Fortresses The King of Sweden was so transported with the first notice of this breach that amongst other expressions of rage and scorn he was heard to say Frederick Frederick I will stick so close to thee that I will sink with thee It may be reasonably imagined that for all this appearing violence he was secretly glad of this rupture with the Danes for it did not only in some sort justifie his invading of Poland the Truce being not yet expired by their example but also gave him an opportunity to quit that Country with honor which he would otherwise have been forced to leave of himself He had indeed wholly mastered that great Kingdom by his valour and the divisions of the Nobility there many of which he had gained by his own and the Vice-Chancelors Radizeuski's practises and intelligence having forced all to swear fealty to him though they all left him afterwards with the same levity but with more justice being they returned to the obedience and service of their own Prince again so that he was weary of that War as being engaged in too vast a Territory and so far from his Confines He had obliged Ragotski Prince of Transilvania to be of his party who had also entred Poland with a very great Army but he suffered him to be lost by exposing him for though they had joyned forces together yet he drew his off being he could not draw the enemy to battle and marched towards Prussia whilst the other was designed to return home which for want of conduct he could not compass having lost his whole Army his hopes in Poland being no less than a Crown and afterwards his whole Country by that unfortunate expedition The King of Sweden being therefore resolved to quit the Polish War left his Brother Prince Adolph in Prussia for the defence of that Province which he mainly desired to conserve In so much that he had made offer of the Crown of Poland being Ragotski failed of it to the King of Hungary himself provided he might keep Prussia Count Steinbock to observe the Imperialists and Poles his Brother in law Count Magnus de la Guarde in Leifland against Muscovy and Lithuania and marched himself laying all in ashes behind him to secure his Rear from the pursuit of the Polish Cavalry with about 6000 Horse towards Pomerania He had in vain sollicited the Duke of Brandenburgh to lend him some Troops though he had offered him Thorn Elbing and Marienburg as cautions provided he might leave Swedish Officers in them Being therefore obliged to stand upon his own bottom he came to Stetin whence he wrote to all the Electors especially him of Mentz as most addicted to France complaining of the Danish invading of him in the Empire which was against the tenor of the instrument of Peace and besought his counsel and assistance Whilst the King of Sweden hastens thus by Land towards Denmark the King of Denmark being advertised though falsly that he took his journey by water put to Sea in person with his whole Fleet and coasting the Countrey of Pomerania came to Dansick where he understood the truth of King Charls his motion which obliged him after a fruitless survey of the Baltick Sea to return in great hast to Coppenhagen Whilst the Swedes were on their way towards Holstein part of the Danish forces had taken Bremerford a good place in the Dutchy of Bremen and two other Forts the Bellemer Sconce lying upon the Elbe and the Leher Sconce commanding the Weser They sollicited also the City of Bremen by an Ambassador to quit the Swedes party but not with that success they had hoped for it seemed yet too early for them to declare Although they were assured in answer to their address to the States Aug. 13. of being assisted in case they were attempted conformable to the Treaty betwixt them which regarded the Swedes not the Danes And here some take the freedom to blame the Danish Conduct for had they carried the War into Sweden it self disfurnished of her principal Defendants Her King absent in a remote Countrey the very terror of an invading Army would have wrought that confusion and consternation in the Country as might probably have given the Dane opportunity to have driven on the War as far as Stockholm But they on the contrary attack the Swedish Dominions in Germany Allarming
none amongst them that did not seem full of courage and indignation against the unjust proceedings of the enemy The Court being thus appeased and confirmed the King commanded the trumpet to sound to horse and quick messengers to be dispatched into the Country to allarm those horse that were quartered in the neighboring Villages and order their sudden coming to Town which they did with so much diligence that they prevented the enemies speed and precaution In the mean time the Magistrates and chief amongst the Citizens were sent for and enquiry made what was to be expected from them in so imminent a danger The King having aggravated the ambition and perfidie of the Enemy added that they were not now to sight for the recovery of what they had lost but lest they should lose which he abhor'd to think on what they had yet remaining and become the prey and scorn of their insulting foes The Lord Gerstorf great Master of the kingdom proceeded to tell them That there was nothing more glorious for generous spirits than bravely to maintain that duty and that fidelity which they owed by nature and oath to their King and Country They were now reduced to that extremity that they must defend themselves or perish there being no mean betwixt the Enemies ambition and their slavery He did therefore exhort them in his Majesties name to unity and concord amongst themselves to sight like men to arm all that could bear arms and to refusâ— no labour nor nothing that might be required from them for their common defence The Enemy was not so formidable as some men believed nor their condition so despicable but that they might yet hope for an issue suitable to the equity and innocency of their cause if they did not betray it by their own dissentions and infidelity There were some who had apprehended that the Citizens fears might surmount their loyalty which they having understood protested by the mouth of their chief Burgomaster John Nansen that they would expose their lives and what ever was dear to them for the defence of their King and Country and by an example worthy to be transferred to posterity cried out They would dye his Majesties subjects Monsieur Van Beuning Pensionair of Amsterdam then Embassadour from the States General of the United Low-Countries at Court did by his presence and authority which the King of Sweden complained of afterwards as discrepant from the function of an Embassadour extreamly raise the minds of all and exhorting them to a brave defence assured them of speedy succors and relief out of the Low-Countries in case they held out but till it was possible for a fleet to come to their assistance He visited the guards in person and throwing moneys by handful amongst the soldiers did much quicken them by his liberality and promises But that he might hasten those ayds he had so seriously assured them off and lest his passage might be cut off by the Swedish fleet already in sight he immediately went on board and set sail for Holland in a man of war which lay ready in the haven for his transport Owen Joel a Danish Gentleman was sent by the King along with him but deputed to the Elector of Brandenburg to complain of this unjust invasion of the Swedes and to invite him also to his ayd and succour These Embassadors toucht upon the Coasts of Norway in their passage and landing at Flecker acquainted the Governour by word of mouth and the Kings Officers farther off by Letters of the renewing of the wars in Denmark admonishing them to stand upon their guards as well against the surprises as the open violence of the Swedes now their declared enemies Whilest Van Beuning hastens towards Holland strugling against the winds the rumour of the Swedish invasion slew thither before him and having gained belief with them that were most concerned the States voted a fleet and 2000 foot for the present relief of Coppenhagen Van Beuning's arrival quickned these preparations for having demonstrated the danger Denmark was in and the Kings earnest desires for the hastening of the succours added that it was impossible for the City to hold out much above six weeks Hereupon all imaginable speed and care was taken to forward the designed supplies neither could the Swedish Ministers then in Holland with all their skill however they magnified their Masters affection and amity towards the States General divert them from their taken resolution Nay the King himself having dismissed above seventy of their Merchants ships which he had surprised in the Sound wrote to them the 21 of August out of his Camp Aug. 21. in which Letters after an enumeration of the reasons which he said obliged him to continue the war and mention of the ancient confederations betwixt the Crown of Sweden and the United Low-Countries he did solemnly profess that he desired nothing more than the liberty of Commerce and an unviolable friendship with the free Belgick Provinces which he was for his part resolved to persist in and testifie by all arguments of candor and reality if they on their parts would but do the same as it became true confederates and friends But all this was to no purpose for the States sensible what danger might accrew to their Eastern traffick nay many of them judged it quite ruined if Denmark were lost and the very ship-fraught alone was estimated at three hundred and fixty thousand pound sterling a year if the two Northern Crowns were united under one Prince resolved to hinder it by ballancing their forces and aiding still the weaker so that they did not only not change their resolutions but commanded the voted supplies to be made ready with all imaginable speed and in the mean time sent several expresses to the King of Denmark to assure him of the sudden comming of their fleet and forces to his assistance All this while the Danes were busie in fortifying their Town they repair their old works raise new ones where they were defective cleanse and deepen their moats and strengthen their bulworks and curtains with cannons and mortar-pieces and great granadoes lying here and there upon the parapets to be rowled down into the moat upon occasion a very useful and destructive invention and several other offensive and defensive arms No age no sex no quality or order of men were exempt from labour but all were imployed in working or watching the publike danger they were all in requiring their whole endeavours for their common safety The Kings example and presence encouraged all men for he seldom quitted the walls spending the dâ—â— amoâ—gst his soldiers and workmen and that part of the night which his repose required in his pavillion upon the ramparts so that there was no body of so abject a spirit that did not willingly wo travails and dangers where his Prince was his spectator and companion Neither did the King confine his care to Coppenhagen only Cronenburg being looked upon as the most considerable fortress
their Churches for it forgetting the just sorrowes they had conceived for those real losses they had sustained being they saw themselves so eminently revenged upon the Authors of them The same morning the Besieged had sallied out with three hundred men upon the Enemies Works by the Behind Lake but found them in such a posture of defence that they were forced not only to desist but retire This done the Swedes raised a new Battery of eight Guns upon the said Dike and whilest it was a building threw great stones and Granadoes out of two Mortar-pieces without intermission into the Town Upon the eleventh day they shipped their Troops in Amak and set sail towards the Sound the news of the approach of the Belgick Fleet encreasing daily The Danes made yet another sally after the departure of the Enemy out of Amak with four hundred men upon the square Fort or Redoubt next the West Gate and beat the Defendants out of it with Hand granadoes and other fire-works which they showred into it They threw down and pull'd out the Turn-pikes and Pallisadoes which were planted for its security and having filled the Trenches with much terrour retired without the loss of one man in safety into the Town However the Swedes had endeavoured to approach the City with their whole might yet the valour of the besieged was such that they could do it but slowly and not without much difficulty by reason of the frequent fallies and uncessant firings out of the Town And yet they were got within fifty paces of the Moat and would undoubtedly have advanced farther if they had had time They approached upon that side of the City not as being the weakest for it was well flancked on both sides but with design as I suppose to get into the covered way and by it to the Sowe or Dike next the Gate which being broken down for the earth was lower there all the water of the Moat which it supported would be let out the Moats dreigned and the Ascent to the Walls on all sides by that means dry and easie But the time as we noted failing them by reason of the Netherlanders approach King Charles betook himselt to other Counsels and making a shew as if he were not averse from Peace signified the same by a Trumpet to the City But being refused as also the Propositions from the English and French Ministers for a Cessation from Arms rejected as unseasonable being they daily expected their relief he omitted the present attacking of Coppenhagen and transferred the War into the Sound with a resolution to oppose the Dutch in their passage that way with all his power Whilest these two parties do thus amuse the world with their struglings in Denmark the Dutch Fleet aslembled at the Vly in North Helland It is not imaginable with what fervor the depart of these succours was pressed by all men De Witte Vice-Admiral of Rotterdam was first ready with his Squadron and sailed to Doggersand with Orders to expect the rest of the Fleet there But a sudden and dreadful Tempest rising out of the North and North East forced him back into the Maze to repair the disorders he had suffered in it But the Merchant-men did not escape so for being unable to resist the rage and violence of the Sea several of them were sunk and many being thrown upon the Coasts of Holland and Friezland were split and swallowed in that vast abyss Amongst the rest there was a Citizen of Dockum whose misfortune seemed the most deplorable of any the Ship he was in lay at Anchor but he fearing it would not be able to ride out the storm pressed the Master to cut the Cable and trust themselves to the mercy of the Water which the Skipper refusing added they had no hopes but in the firmness of their Anchor The other not believing this and terâ—â—sied by the prodigious reciprocation of the Waves ran to the Cable with an Ax in his hand and cut it The Ship being thus at liberty slew in a trice to the Neighbouring shore and being flung against the Pales thereof by the force of the Wind and Sea after some reiterated shocks broke in pieces Before the Ship was wrackt the man had lift up his Wife upon one of the pales but turning about to help his son which stood by him a sudden Gust had prevented him by throwing the Boy over-boord which the Father seeing catched with one hand at one of the Pales whilest he stoopt with the other to help his Child which he had done if the said Pale being rotten and unable to support his weight had not broken whereby he also fell His Wife astonished with so dismal a spectacle and seised with a sudden grief fell into a sound and as if unwilling to survive such dear pledges tumbled head-long into the Sea and perished with her Husband and Child in that unpitying Element There was no industry omitted to repair De Witte 's shattered Vessels as also to make ready the rest of the Fleet to which end the States sent express Commissioners to the Flye who with their presence and authority should hasten these preparations And now all things being in a readiness the Souldiers were embarked only the Wind was contrary and by good fortune continued so until the number of the Fleet was well-nigh doubled for when they were first ordered to set sail they were scarce strong twenty men of War James Wassenar Hier of Opdam Octob. â— and Lieutenant Admiral of Holland commanded the Fleet and now the Weather being favourable and the Wind at South East he weighed Anchor and failed accompanied with the prayers and wishes of his Countrymen to relieve that City which thus long had been the prize for which two potent Kings had in person contended The Swedes had used all their industry to hinder these preparations of the Dutch they had offered the States their own conditions in the Sound and had amply enough not only laid before them their old and inviolable Confederations but also the ill usage which they had received from the Danes by their manifold exactions But seeing the States resolved they resolved also to carry it on with a high hand in as much as in them lay and venture a Battle though at Sea rather than be frighted or treated out of their hopes and Conquests in Denmark They therefore had their Katches and Spy-boats swarming about the Coasts of Holland to observe the Fleets order and motion not wanting as well friends as intelligence within the very United Provinces themselves And that it might appear that these were real ones two Shipps loaden with Ammunition packed up in Herring Tuns were intercepted in the Texel designing to direct their course for Corsoer in Zeland Opdam being advanced as far as the Point of Schagen was forced to Anchor there as well to stay for De Witte as the Wind to double the Cape so that he could not reach Lapsand before the two and twentieth where
Coppenhagen being followed by Monsieur Terlon the French Embassadour who brought with him the desired Pasports for the Danish Commissioners There was no little difficulty on both sides about the titles of the two Kings to be inserted in the said Pasports The Danes refused to acknowledge the new Duke of Schonen and the Swedes would not relinquish their acquired honours but a middle way being proposed by the Dutch was embraced by both to wit that King Charles should only write himself King of Sweden and King Frederick only King of Denmark without any further additional titles on either side The Letters of safe Conduct being granted by the Swedes others of the same tenour were required from the Danes which they differring to give under pretence of new difficulties were pressed to it by a Memorial delivered to their King by the Commissioners of the two Commonwealths In it they desired His Majesty Sept. 1. being the Treaty could not begin much less be concluded without the required Pasports for the Swedes Commissioners that he would forthwith grant them lest the procrastination of the so much wished for Peace should lye at his door The King having received this Writing and the Swedes safe Conduct with it sent also his writ in Danish by the Lord Peter Redes one of his Senators to the Mediators with a Declaration wherein he professed that he would send Commissioners to perfect the Peace with the King of Sweden provided the said King would declare his mind concerning the further Contents of the present Declaration But being there were several Clauses in the said Declaration not only offensive to the King of Sweden but also displeasing to the English and Dutch besides the stop it was like to put to the Treaty it self the King was again earnestly desired both by Word and Writing by the Mediators that omitting his late Declaration its conditions and restrictions he would be pleased to send his Commissioners to the place appointed instructed with such powers and authority as should be necessary for the happy Conclusion of the present Negotiation lest which they did abhor to think on they should be necessitated to judge that he had no thoughts of Peace being he refused the means by which it was to be effected The King seeing himself so sharply pressed by the Mediators did at length deliver them a more satisfactory Declaration Sept. 5. whereby he did consent to all that was desired as far as agreeing with the Decrees of the three Sates of the 11 21 of May 14 24 of July and the 25 4 Jul. Aug. The French Embassadour went the same day to the Camp with this Declaration and Letters of safe Conduct and though the Swedes desired some things in them to be changed that was also assented to The day following the Lords Rosenhaen and Bielke came from the Camp and the Lords Pasberg and Magnus Hoeg from the City and met in the Tents pitched about the mid-way betwixt the City and Camp the Deputies of the three States were likewise assisting at this Conference in whose presence the two Kings Commissioners having saluted each other in their proper idioms professed their mutual desires and endeavours for peace the Danes did mainly urge that the most material things should be first treated on and that without delay and having delivered a Paper to the Swedes demanded that being the King of Denmark had been unexpectedly invaded even then when he hoped to enjoy the real effects of the Rotschild treaty that the King of Sweden should forthwith restore unto him all the Provinces Lands Forts Places and moveables which he was obliged to surrender by vertue of the said Treaty 2. That a just and equitable satisfaction be made in lieu of all the vast losses which they had suffered by this last Invasion 3. That the evacuation of all those places to be restored should immediatly follow 4. That all the Danish Captives and such who had been transported out of the Provinces subject to Denmark for the Swedes had pressed and sent some thousands of the Danish youth into Prussia Lieftand and their other remote Conquests should be set at liberty And lastly that the King of Denmarks Confederates should be duly included in this Treaty The Swedes on the other side did urge that a more fit place should be chosen to treat in and that the parties should agree upon the manner and form of treating before they entered upon the business it self As for the Mediators they would not refuse their Amicable intermedling in greater difficulties but if they intended to direct or decide matters by vertue of their Hagues Conventions or any other pretext whatsoever they professed it could not be as being a thing without example and not to be admitted by the Kings themselves without a manifest intrusion upon their dignities and honour Two days after they met again and the Treaty of Rotschild was reassumed and read by the Commissioners of both sides but being there arose several contests about its third Article the explication of it was referred by the Danes to the Mediators these taking hold of the occasion went to the Swedes into their Tents and delivering them the projected Treaty which they had formerly presented their King desired them to recommend it to His Majesty and entreat his speedy answer to it the Swedes Commissioners received the Treaty though not without some difficulty with promise they would present it to His Majesty and enquire into his pleasure concerning it The Dutch Commissioners seeing that the Dayes of Cessation from Arms was past for they were as well Generals as Embassadours wrote to their Admiral Opdam that whereas the King of Sweden had positively refused his Declaration for Peace and that the King of Denmark had satisfied the desires of the three States he should therefore make War upon the Swedes where he could meet with them relieve the City in as much as in him lay with provisions and hasten De Ruyter whom they daily expected with all possible speed In the last Hagues Convention it was agreed that the Plenipotentiaries of both Commonwealths should deliberate and determine amongst themselves what force and what number of Ships they thought sufficient to carry on the design in Denmark and that the rest as superfluous and extream expensive should be sent to their respective homes again the truth was the Dutch Embassadours had Orders not to dismiss above twenty of their Ships nor those but with this precaution that the remaining should be sufficient to execute the Convention of the twenty fourth of July neither should the said Ships be Licensed but with the English not before them and by no means after them and that the number of the dismissed Vessels should by no means exceed that of the English but if possible be less The English ignorant of this pressed that the precise number of Ships which were to Winter in Denmark should be determined but being the Dutch seemed unwilling to divide their Fleet as
men in the Town and the Works on the side next the Sea were open which was true But the Swedes having notice of this Design before hand had filled the place with armed men King Charles was come thither also in person and all things were in a readiness to receive these new guests Killegrew knowing nothing of these preparations was advanced within a League and a half of the Town with intention to fail up close to it but a sudden calm preventing him he was forced to expect the day which discovered the Enemies countenance and numbers and posture so that finding that instead of surprizing them he should be inevitably lost himself he commanded his men four hundred whereof had been put into Boats with design to land back to the Fleet which was no sooner done but the Enemies bodies of Horse which had lurked in the Wood appeared as also the danger they had infallibly run into if the Wind had continned blowing an hour longer The Danes had at the same time surprised Udstead a Town in Schonen which Killegrew having notice of had Orders likewise to hasten thither to their Succour which he did but they had dislodged before he could get to them for the place was not very tenable and the Enemy made head on all sides against them Having therefore met them by the way they returned all together to Coppenhagen with a purpose to land the Auxiliaries which had thus long languished on Shipboard but they were much surprised to see the Citizens refuse them entry who fearing peradventure such numerous ayds told them plainly they were strong enough to defend themselves This refusal did much cool the Dutch kindness towards them who not examining whether their diffidence were just or not took it ill to be denied any thing from them who owed them for all they enjoyed Besides the Land souldiers were hereby subjected to sicknesses as being out of their Element and obliged by this stay to consume those Provisions which were only designed for the Seamen Neither were the Danes content to defend themselves only they designed also the recovery of Cronenburg which had probably been effected if not discovered by a miracle The men of Elzineur were the contrivers of this Plot who having gained some of the Garison thought the Victory secure Seven or eight hundred men worked daily at the New Fortifications and the Countrey was summoned to carry Wood and Fuel for the Provision of the Castle The design was to arm those Car-men who were nigh fourscore strong with short Swords and Pistols who were ordered to overturn a Waggon or two in the very entry of the Castle and thereupon to call their Companions to their aid as if it had been done by accident Being come together they were to fall immediatly upon the Guard at the Gate whilest the Townsmen who were ready in their Houses should hasten to their assistance and the aforesaid Workmen be invited with their Spades and Mattocks instead of other arms to their liberty and to the spoil The plot being thus laid the Contrivers and chief Actors in it who had given the Court intelligence of it were mainly encouraged by promises thence and the glory of Delivering their Country to dare any thing which they had infallibly put in execution if they had not been strangely discovered The man that carried their Letters to Coppenhagen and brought them their Orders and directions thence had passed several times with a little Boat as if he had gone a fishing along the shore betwixt the Town and City He had often slipped by the men of War undiscerned which was no hard matter considering the distance they lay from the shore the largeness of the Sea and the favour of the night It happened that in going by he saw the Admirals Long-boat put off which frightened him into a fancy that it was after him and fearing to be taken he threw his Packet of Letters with a Stone tied at them into the Sea and made away with all the hast he could But when he saw that the Swede had taken another Course as not minding him he then began to condemn his vain fear and precipitation however glad that his Letters which the Sea had swallowed were not faln into the Enemies hands But he was deceived for the string that tied the Packet to the stone being slipt or broke the Letters floated and were carried by the Tide which in the Streights of Denmark N. 6. as also the whole Baltick Sea waits upon the Wind to Lanskrown where being taken up by a Souldier that accidentally walked upon the shore they were brought to the Governour and so the whole design discovered and prevented by the punishment of such of its Contrivers that did not save themselves by a timely retreat The Plot to surprise Malmuyen one of the Chief Towns of Schonen was no less odly discovered than this of Cronenburg the Messengers that were employed by the Conspirators used to hide their Letters in a Wood in a hole covered with Earth and Sods where they also found their Answers so that the business was come to some ripeness when an unhappy Fox ranging that way and smelling at that new Earth scarp'd it up in search of somewhat to prey upon This being observed by an accidental Passenger who curious to see what the industrious beast was doing found the Letters which contained and detected the whole progress of the conjuration I cannot tell how truly I have related the particulars of these Conspiracies though they were thus told me by several persons of credit but being I dare not affirm them in all their particulars though they are most true in the general as the rest of this Relation for undoubted certainties the Reader may take the same liberty in believing what he pleases as I did in writing of them The King of Denmark having at length obtained permission to employ the Dutch Auxiliaries thought fit to undertake somewhat of consequence before Winter Having therefore got together all the small Vessels and Ships of burthen which the City could afford de Ruyter was by consent of the States Embassadours sent with all his Fleet towards Holsteyn with Order to embark the Land-Army that was there and carry it according to such directions as he had or should receive Whilest he was on his way thiether accompanied with the prayers and wishes of the Citizens for his good success Admiral Opdam who had kept the Sea the whole Summer came to Coppenhagen Octob. 26. bringing with him a great number of Vessels loaden with Fuel and other Provisions His stay there was not long so that having taken his leave of the King who regaled him with a Present of three thousand pounds and three hundred pounds yearly for his son in consideration of his eminent services and of the City which he had saved he passed the Sound the second time discharging his Cannon at the Castles as he sailed by Nov. 4. and after twelve Moneths
their holds But the Winter being advanced and the Ice having rendered the ways and fields passable they skirmished attacked and made sallies upon each other with various success and fortune In November the Danish Horse fell upon a Guard of the Swedes betwixt the Town and their Camp which they surprised killing and taking above sixty of them The Month following thirty stout fellowes of the Garrison slipt out in a Boat and by favour of the night landed near the Paper mills a Dutch mile from the City they hid themselves in a Wood all the following day but the darkness being come they went to Fredericksburg a pleasant and sumptuous House of the Kings and breaking open the Stables took away eight and twenty good horses belonging to the King of Sweden and mounting them got safe with them for all the Enemies pursuit to Coppenhagen the lucky temerity of a Lieutenant being one of the afore-mentioned Fugitives was no less remarkable who stealing out of the Town by night passed all the Enemies stations undiscovered and coming to Rotschild surprised the Guards there and brought some twenty Horse with him back into the Town these small successes did much heighten the besieged who as it is usual in such encounters began to contemn the Enemy and hope for greater advantages which they attempted though not with the like facility as we shall see hereafter During these doings in Denmark it will not be from the purpose to observe what happened elsewhere in order to them King Charles was not ignorant how many difficulties and what great obstacles the Netherlanders had opposed to his proceedings how violently they had acted against him and what further resistance he might expect from them unless they were diverted He had therefore dispatched Monsieur Coyet his Embassadour extraordinary to the States General some moneths since to endeavour to remove those jealousies which obliged this wary Nation to interest themselves in the transactions of their Neighbours Whilest Coyet was hastening for Holland in a Zeland States man of War he had like to have been shipwrackt upon the dangerous shores of Anhout for his Vessel being thrown upon a ridge of Sand by the violence of the tempest stuck there immoveable save its fearful rocking by the reciprocation of those Waves which threatned its ruine every moment Coyet saved himself in a Merchant ship which accidentally passed that way and many of the Seamen having tied a number of empty Casks together with ropes changed one danger for another But the Captain being resolved to perish with his ship did yet what he could to save both He threw all his heaviest Cannon and luggage over-boord and so lightened his Vessel that the Wind turning Northwards it was lift up with the Waters and so got off its unhappy station and returned contrary to the expectation of all men back to Elzineur And certainly so brave a man as this Captain whose name is Adrian Bankert a Zealander deserves to be mentioned in our Relation especially having signalized himself once before by saving his Ship It happened that having the out-watch before the Haven of Coppenhagen his Cables being cut in peeces by the Ice he was carried away with the stream and sholes as far as the little Island of Ween and so near the shore that he stuck fast in the Sands The Swedes eager of the prey which they thought assured sent two men of War and several armed Boats to seize upon him but finding more resistance than they had imagined they raised a Battery on Land and so attacked him on all sides at once but Bankert defended himself so well that he sunk the Enemies fire-ship battered their Battery on shore and treated the rest so rudely that they were forced to retire and suffer him to get off which he did in safety Coyet notwithstanding his former danger went aboard the same Ship again which being repaired he set sail and arrived in Holland in November following The Danish and Brandenburgish Ministers did all they could to hinder his Reception and Audience not forgetting to put the States in mind of the injuries and affronts which the King of Sweden had so lately done to their Embassadours in Denmark But all they could do Nov. 25. could not unmask the States so far as to oblige them to declare open War against Sweden though they otherwise incommodated it by all the means they could imagine a publick rupture had not been advisable being the English Fleet there and the English and French nearer home were reasonably to be apprehended besides they thought it below their accustomary prudence only to crack the Shell whilest their Allies went away with the Kernel all the Conquests they could hope for in those parts being but a liberty of Commerce which they were surer of in the dismembring of the Sound than in a plenary restauration of Denmark to its pristine greatness which had formerly so much perplexed and troubled their Navigation Besides all this there was anotheer weighty reason why Coyet should be admitted which was to render their Neutrality faster and their interposing less suspect being therefore received with the usual Ceremonies and admitted to Audience he laid before them the ancient Leagues and Confederations betwixt the two Nations and how religiously they had been observed on the Swedes part which the present King Charles Custave had not only sacredly kept hitherto but had also obliged himself by the late Treaty at Ething which contained most advantagious conditions for the Dutch to do so for the future He could not therefore but wonder to see that the same was not ratified by them which the credit of some men who preferred their own passion and lucre before the good of their Countrey and hitherto hindered and how ever he had consented to an enlarging and explaining of the said Treaty to their own desire yet it took no effect for the States had for all these amicable Concessions sent their Fleet to Dansick to thwart his Designes in Poland and instead of assisting of him against the invading Danes with those supplies which they were obliged to by their Leagues with him and his Predecessours they did not scruple to favour the King of Denmark in his unjust endeavours against him Nay they had so far contemned and rejected his friendship who had suffered near a hundred of their Merchant-men which he had in his power in the Sound to pass untouched or molested that they had after the manner of professed Enemies sent a Fleet of War to assault and oppress him He did therefore seriously complain of this ill-treating and violation of friendship especially being he had omitted nothing on his part for the conservation of a good understanding betwixt them and that they on the contrary had flown into open acts of violence and hostility without so much as trying the wayes of Peace For all this the King had sent him to declare his most secret intentions to them to explain those things which their Deputies in
set at liberty without ransom the Swedes supposing the Peace betwixt themselves and the States already concluded and permitted to continue his journey to Coppenhagen the Messenger of this unhappy accident In the mean time there was no industry omitted to bring the Treaty to a happy issue but being the meetings of the two Kings Commissioners by reason of that distance and those animosities which their fresh differences had bred seemed fruitless they were content upon the Mediators pressing desires to give in their several Propositions and Demands by writing permitting also in some sort the management of their several Interests to their united Arbitration at least wise to their industry and endeavours The Mediators knowing now what they both required laboured to compose an instrument which might be acceptable to the one and the other moderating the desires of the one to the content and satisfaction of the other After much toil and time and conferences and after many heats and disputes not only betwixt the Mediators and the Ministers of both parties but also betwixt the Mediators amongst themselves especially about the compensation of losses and the remitting of the 400000 Crowns which the Swedes demanded for their Guiney dammages the business seemed fairly advanced and the Articles were well nigh all agreed to when an unexpected stop was put to these proceedings by the English and French Ministers demanding a further explanation upon the Elueidations of the Treaty of Elbing May 3. The difficulty was about the extent of the defensive Article comprised in the same for being that Treaty was to be of force as soon as the Peace betwixt the two Kings should be concluded the English judged it as it was indeed reasonable to clear that point first Before this remora could be removed behold another and no less surprising accident which did not only disturb the whole Negotiation but hurried the Mediators themselves but too much dissenting before into a manifest and open rupture The States General being as we have mentioned not fully satisfied with the Swedes Declaration and fancying that the uncontrouled liberty which they had to rove at Sea since De Ruyters withdrawing from Lanskrown had rendered them less inclinable to quietness had by redoubled Orders commanded their Ministers in Denmark that in case the Swedes had not already accepted of Peace according to their Declaration they should all delayes laid aside following the Conventions between the three States compel them to it by main force The wary Swedes had notice of these resolutions neither did the Dutch Plenipotentiaries deny their reality when they were interrogated concerning them by the Swedish Commissioners who for all that looked upon them being they seemed too violent but as fictitious and published on purpose the better to conceal the true design But the Dutch seeing their secrets by a mischief unavoydable in Commonwealths by reason of the multitudes of Masters discovered acknowledged openly and ingenicusly that they were indeed the true and real intentions and resolves of the States which they would positively follow and execute against such who were averse from Peace The Swedes as also the other Mediators seeing the Dutch thus determined were at a stand for being these only were armed it was supposed they might dare any thing This therefore being foreseen the English and French club'd Councels apart not a little sollicitous least the Dutch forgetting the limits of Mediation should render themselves Umpires and Arbitrators of the whole Negotiation This jealousie was much lightened the next day when as the Dutch having framed a new Design or Project for Peace however conformable to the Rotschild and Hagues Treaties did not stick to deliver the same in writing to them Terloon did indeed accept of the Instrument but the English being it was made without the assent of all the Mediators absolutely refused it although they suffered it to lie upon their Table being laid and left there by the Dutch Plenipotentiaries themselves The English and French being much perplexed at these proceedings bethought how best to prevent their progress two dayes after Terloon having largely professed his desires for an Accommodation presented an Instrument in writing which the English had framed to be assented to and signed by all the Mediators The sum of it was That nothing should be done or concluded or be valid or invalid in the present Negotiation that was not done by the unanimous Act and Consent of all the Mediators ana being the greatest difficulties was about the 400000 Rixdollars it was subjoyned that that should be referred to the Arbitration of their respective superiours themselves The Dutch perceiving the drift of this Design replied That all new Obligations would be superfluous they being sufficiently bound by the Hagues Treaty neither could they consent to their reference concerning the moneys being the weight of that burthen would probably fall upon the Danish accompt The following dayes were for the most part spent in heats and eager disputes and the differences and diffidences grew daily yea hourly more and more betwixt them especially being the English did not cease to move new difficulties about the Elbing Treaty But all these contests did not surpass the modesty of words nor was there any hostility encreased betwixt these great Dissenters The Dutch Fleet lay before the Haven of Coppenhagen and the Swedes had theirs secure in that of Lanskrown De Ruyter had indeed Orders to observe the Swedes and to oppose them with all his might in case they attempted any thing And it was not long ere this vigilant Commander found an opportunity of acting for the Swedes notwithstanding the reiterated warnings given them fancying nothing less than an interruption and thinking themselves secure by vertue of their exchanged instruments of Cessation and Liberty with the Dutch sailed out of Lanskrown with nine Men of War one Merchant ship and a small Ketch and came to Anchor under the Island of Ween where they lay two dayes The Dutch Embassadours observing this sent Cornelius Everson Rear-Admiral of Zealand with seven men of War to the Sound to hinder their passage through that Streight in case they attempted it De Ruyter continued with ten Ships where he had hitherto lain the rest of his Vessels being sent into the Baltick Sea with a resolution to oppose them if they made that way The Swedes being as they pretended bound for Stockholm having got a good Wind hoised sail but being advanced as far as the Shallowes near Southholm their Admiral received a Letter from De Ruyter which the Embassadours had for fear of mistakes dictated for him as they also had done for Everson in case the Swedes had designed to pass the Sound desiring him to Anchor where he was for if he should endeavour to pass further he was resolved to oppose him least he might attempt any thing contrary to the tenor of the Swedes Declaration or prejudicial to the present Treaty The Swede amazed with these unaccustomed commands and doubtful what to
both Kings 27 6 May June in the Year MDCLX I. FIrst Let there be a firm perpetual and irrevocable Peace between the two Kings and their Successours the Kingdomes Countreys Councellors Ministers Subjects and Inhabitants of Denmark Norway and Sweden so that all suspicions ill-will diffidence discord enmity and Wars be forgot and taken away on both sides as also whatever happened in or before the War be buried by a general Amnisty in oblivion But on the contrary let there be restored and conserved a perpetual Friendship mutual Benevolence Concord and â—â—al good Neighbourhood so that the one shall both by word and actions promote and defend the good and welfare of the other as his own and also avert and impede for as much as in him lies what ever may be prejudicial and hurtful to the Person Government Kingdoms Countreys and Subjects of the other II. And that these things may the better be done and a mutual confidence be cherished and conserved betwixt the two Kings and their Kingdoms of Sweden and Denmark let all considerations made with any Powers Kings Princes States and Commonwealths whatsoever in prejudice of each other be taken away and rejected on both sides so that also neither shall make any League against the other for the future nor succour or assist the Enemies of each other under any pretext whatsoever III. It is also agreed and concluded that all Ships whether armed or unarmed whether great or small with what Merchandise or Lading soever belonging to the King of Sweden or his Subjects to the inhabitants of Sweden or Provinces Countreys or Cities subject to it shall not only be free in the Sound and Belt from all Taxes Tolls Inquisitions and Visitings whatsoever but also shall not need to have or shew any Certificates of their Ladings provided they only exhibit and shew their lawful Sea-passes at his Majesty of Denmark's Toll-houses at Elzineur or Newburg As for those goods without Merchandise which belong or appertain to the King of Sweden or his successors his subjects the Inhabitants of Sweden as also those that dwell in other Provinces Regions or Cities subject to it but carried in forraign Bottoms the Order appointed in the Treaty of Bremsbro as to their Certificates shall be observed in that sense that if they but show their lawful Certificates they shall then be suffered to pass through the Sound or Belt without impediment detension interdiction or any exaction of Toll whatsoever But Swedish goods carried in Forreign Bottoms that can produce no lawful Certificates shall be obnoxious to examination and pay Toll in the Sound or Belt IV. As the Castle and Government of Bahuys as also the Provinces of Schonen Bleking and Halland together with all their appurtenances Cities and Castles Islands Rocks with the Island of Ween surrendred afterwards with all other Superiorities Preheminences Regalities Jurisdictions as well Ecclesiastical as Secular goods rents tolls rights as well by Sea as Land by what name soever they come as the Kings of Denmark and Norway have formerly possessed them have by the Peace of Rotschild concluded in the year 1658 on the 26 of February betwixt the King and Kingdom of Denmark and the King of Sweden been yielded and given over to be joyned and incorporated to the Kingdom of Sweden for an everlasting and undisturbed possession as it appears by peculiar Acts and Letters of Cession dated â—t Coppenhagen the 24 of February 1658 and signed and subscribed by the King and Senators of Denmark So the Concession of the said Provinces Countreys and Governments are by these presents confirmed and strengthened in such sort that the said Provinces Countreys and Governments with all the Cities Forts Castles Islands Rocks Superiorities Preheminences Jurisdictions and Rights as is above mentioned shall remain now and for ever in the perpetual and uninterrupted possession of the King of Sweden his successors and Kingdom V. And being it was judged fit to insert the Agreement about the Isle of Bornholm in a separate Instrument It is therefore concluded that the said Act shall be of the same vigour and force as if it were comprehended verbatim amongst these Articles And that it be ratified and observed by both Kings equal with the other Agreements and Conventions VI. Whereas the Nocturnal Fires which are instituted and kept betwixt Schagen and Falsterbo to the great commodity of such as sail those wayes are some of them situated within the Dominions of the King of Denmark and maintained upon His Majesties charges and others of them situated within the Dominions of Sweden and ought to be nourished and maintained by His Majesty of Sweden The King of Denmark only exacting Toll of such Ships as sail through the Sound under pretext of such fires It is agreed that the King of Denmark shall pay yearly to the King of Sweden in consideration of the charges and expences in nourishing the said fires the sum of 3500 Ryxdollers payable half thereof every six moneths to His Majesty of Swedens publick Minister at Elzeneur or Elzenburg it being further to be understood that neither the King nor Kingdom of Sweden shall either upon that or any other pretext whatsoever pretend to demand or exact any Toll or Tribute within the Sound VII It is also agreed that as oft as one or more Swedish Ships of War whether great or little do pass the Sound that they shall salute the Castle by shooting off their Guns according to the Swedish manner and also receive the same honour from the said Castle according to the manner of Denmark And also the Danish Ship or Ships of War passing through the said Streight shall likewise salute the Castle of Elzenburg by shooting their Guns according to the Danish signal and shall also be re-saluted from the Castle with the Swedish signal again But if it happen that the Dane and Swedish Ships do meet at Sea or in any Havens what number soever the one or the other may be of neither party shall be obliged to strike but only to salute each other with their usual civility mutually and amicably VIII When ever it happens that either of the two Kings sends any Military Forces or Ships of War whose numbers may breed suspicion out of the Ocean into the Baltick Sea or out of the Baltick into the Ocean It is agreed and concluded that if the Military Forces exceed twelve hundred or the Ships five in number it shall then be notified three Weeks at least before hand by His Majesty of Denmark at Elzenburg only and by His Majesty of Sweden at Elzeneur or Newburg when they pass the Belt without any other ceremony IX The King of Denmark doth also for Himself and his Successours resign unto the King of Sweden His Successouts and the Kingdom of Sweden all jurisdiction as well Ecclesiastick as Secular that he hath or doth pretend upon some goods seated in the Island of Rugen X. In like manner it is agreed that the remainder of the sum
with their Marriners and men and what ever else shall be provided by Denmark for the said evacuation shall as soon as the transport is done be released without any let or hinderance XXV It shall also be free for all the subjects and inhabitants of the surrendred Regions and Provinces to transport themselves into any other Cities or place to dwell there provided it be done according to the Statutes of the Provinces and priviledges of the Cities out of which they will transmigrate what concerns the goods which in the time of War were carried into Cities for their security the Masters and Owners thereof may redemand them without contradiction and impediment XXVI The former transactions and Covenants to wit those of Stetin Siôder Bromsbro and Rotschild excepting the third Article which is plainly excluded here made betwixt these Noble Kingdoms shall retain their force and vigour in all their Articles and shall be confirmed as they were before the beginning of this War and as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty unless in as much as they are expresly changed in this XXVII Whereas it is provided by the 22 Article of the Treaty of Rotschild that His Majesty of Denmark shall be obliged according to equity to satisfie his Highness the Prince of Sleswick the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp after that the Commissioners of both parts as well of the King of Denmark's as of his said Highness have treated transacted and concluded of the matter in difference at Coppenhagen the 22 of May 16â—8 it is agreed by these that all those Covenants and transactions shall be exactly observed and faithfully performed in every particular XXVIII Moreover if any thing should have happened in this or the former War that might breed any enmities or diffidence betwixt the King and kingdom of Denmark and the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp as well betwixt themselves as their Ministers servants and subjects all that as well out of consideration of their mutual consanguinity and especially of Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden as betwixt the two Royal and Ducal House of Holsteyn Gottorp shall from this day by vertue of this Treaty be composed and wholly forgot and on the contrary a perfect solid and perpetual friendship be established betwixt them His Majesty of Denmark will also when the evacuation is made in Denmark withdraw his Army and forces out of his Highness Countries Fortresses and Cities and also use his utmost endeavour to perswade the Confederates to evacuate such of his Highness Forts and Towns which they possess without any delay XXIX What Kings Commonwealths Powers and Princes soever shall desire to be comprehended in this Peace must require it of both Kings But the Emperour the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg together with their Kingdoms Electorships Dutchies and Provinces are expresly included herein So that His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden will seek no pretence under no pretext whatsoever against the aforementioned Emperour King of Poland and Electour of Brandenburg because of the ayd given by them this War against the Kingdom of Sweden and its Confederats XXX The Lord Anthony Gunther Earl of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst c. his Successors Feudals and Free-holders together with their Countries Dynasties Lands Goods Jurisdictions and Appurtenances shall be included in this Pacification wherein also John Prince of Anhalt of the Line of Zervest because of the Dynasty of Jeveren and the Lord the Earl Anthony of Oldenburg Lord in Varel and Kniphawsen with his Dynasties Lordships Goods and Rights shall be also comprehended XXXI It is further agreed that all the Cities comprehended in the Hanse League none excepted are likewise included in this so that they may enjoy a free and undisturbed Commerce in both Kingdoms both by Sea and Land and if any thing have happened in this War that might offend either party that also is forgot and buried in eternal Oblivion XXXII And whereas certain secret Articles were concluded about the time of the Rotschild Pacification which are not reiterated in this all such shall be of force as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty Moreover what Writings soever have been published during this War on either side tending to the prejudice or scandal of the other are hereby wholly taken away and shall be cashiered and prohibited and be no more divulged or reprinted within these Kingdoms XXXIII But that all these things as they are set down as well in word as in deed may be observed and fulfilled now and for the future with all firmness fidelity and sincerity it is mutually promised that these our Covenants shall be amicably confirmed by both Kings Frederick the third King of Denmark and Charles King of Sweden with the subscriptions of their Hands and impression of their Seals and for greater security they shall be signed and sealed by the Senatours of both Kingdoms XXXIV It is also concluded and promised that a Senator and Secretary of both sides shall about the 24 of June next following meet at Elzeneur and bring with them and exchange the Ratification of this Treaty confirmed with the Subscriptions and Signatures of both parties Where also the Swedes shall have with them the Letters of Cession for the Government of Drontheym and deliver them at the same time to the Danish Commissioners as a testimony of the force firmness and observance of the concluded Peace This Treaty being thus Concluded Subscribed and Sealed by the Commissioners of both sides the Embassadours Commissioners and Plenipotentiary Deputies of the most Christian King of France of the Commonwealth of England and of the High and Mighty Lords of the United Provinces did promise in the Names of their Principals and oblige themselves by a reciprocal Caution and Garranty as well general of the three States together as special of each State apart as they do hereby tie themselves in the best Form by a most ample secure and mutual Obligation as Sureties Cautions and Avengers of what is transacted and cause effectually that these covenants be fully carefully religiously performed and observed for ever And that they will also procure the Ratifications of their respective Principals hereupon So that they have been further entreated by the Commissioners of both Kings not only as Mediators but as Sureties Pledges and Avengers of these transactions for greater confirmation and certain assurance of all to Subscribe and Sign these Articles and Treaty together with them dated betwixt Coppenhagen and the Camp the 27 of May Anno 1660. Hugues de Terlon LS. Al. Sidney LS. Rob. Honniwood LS. G. Van Slingland LS. Pet. Vogelsang LS. P. de Huybert LS. W. Haren LS. Olaus Gasberg LS. Axelius Urup LS. Pet. Rees LS. Sch. Rosenhaen LS. Steno Bielke LS. WHilest this Work was in the Press the following Papers came accidentally to hand Which containing a Summary Accompt of things conducing to the illustration of much of the Political part of the foregoing History whose Author chiefly intended