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state_n	great_a	province_n	unite_a	1,718	5	9.9410	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05331	A geographical historie of Africa, written in Arabicke and Italian by Iohn Leo a More, borne in Granada, and brought vp in Barbarie. Wherein he hath at large described, not onely the qualities, situations, and true distances of the regions, cities, townes, mountaines, riuers, and other places throughout all the north and principall partes of Africa; but also the descents and families of their kings ... gathered partly out of his owne diligent obseruations, and partly out of the ancient records and chronicles of the Arabians and Mores. Before which, out of the best ancient and moderne writers, is prefixed a generall description of Africa, and also a particular treatise of all the maine lands and isles vndescribed by Iohn Leo. ... Translated and collected by Iohn Pory, lately of Goneuill and Caius College in Cambridge; Della descrittione dell'Africa. English	Leo, Africanus, ca. 1492-ca. 1550.; Pory, John, 1572-1636.	1600 (1600)	STC 15481; ESTC S108481	490,359	493

December Ianuarie and Februarie such as are borne in Europe can very hardly walke or mooue themselues for faintnes and all the rest of the yeere once in eight or ten daies they seeme to be taken with an hot and a cold fit of an ague which continueth vpon them for tow howers togither They are thrice or oftner let bloud euerie yeere and few of them liue aboue fiftie yeeres but their Negros remaine more then an hundred yeers aliue They which newly arriue there are commonly surprized with a most dangerous feauer which holdeth them for twentie daies togither And these are let bloud without any reckoning of ounces Heereblow no windes at all but onely from the southeast south and southwest which windes stirre not in the moneths of December Ianuarie and Februarie and therefore these moneths are most extremely hot But in Iune Iuly and August they blow a fresh gale In this isle the French euill and the scuruies are verie rife The soile is of a meane colour betweene red and yellow being clammie like claie and by reason of the continuall nightly dewes as soft and pliable as waxe and of incredible fertility Besides diuers other good ports it hath one principall among the rest belonging to the chiefe towne or citie called Pauoasan consisting of aboue seuen hundred families and inhabited by Portugals and into the saide port runneth a little riuer of excellent water To euery of the Ingenios or sugar-houses which in all may amount to the number of seuentie do belong Negro-slaues for the planting of their canes and the dressing of their sugars to some two hundred and to others three hundred a piece who liue vpon Maiz or Ghiny-wheat the number of which slaues is so great that oftentimes they rebell to the great domage of the Portugals They haue good sustenance also by meanes of a root called there Igname but in the west Indies Batata Wheat that is heere sowen groweth not to any ripenes or graine but is resolued altogether into grasse They make wine of the Palme-tree Vines prosper nothing kindely in this place except it be heere and there one planted by an house-side and attended with great diligence They bring forth clusters at the same time some ripe some greene and some blossomes onely and they beare fruit twice in the yeere as doe the fig-trees likewise They haue sugar-canes ripe all the yeere long but melons onely in Iune Iuly and August No tree that beareth fruit with a stone or kernell will fructifie or prosper in this place 〈◊〉 are found all ouer the Isle certaine crabs or creuises like vnto them of the sea heere be likewise gray parots and infinite other birds of diuers sortes and in the sea are mightie store of whales especially toward the firme land The principall riches of this isle consist in sugars whereof there groweth great abundance The sugar-canes are planted and cut euery moneth and in fiue months they grow to ripenes but by reason of the moistnes of the ayer they neither prooue hard nor white but are of a reddish colour The tenths which belong to the king amount to the number of 12. or 14. thousand Arrouas euery Arroua being one and thirtie Italian pound-weight In times past there were fortie ships yeerely laden therewith but now of late certaine wormes which eat the roots of the canes or as others think white antes or mise haue so mightily impaired the growth of this commodity that now there are not aboue sixe ships laden therewith The sugar-canes after they be once ground they giue vnto their hogges wherewith they prooue fat and their flesh is very sauory For returne of sugars the merchants of Europe carry thither meale wine swordes oile cheese hides drinking-glasses and certaine shels which there and in the countries adioining they vse insteed of mony Of the coniunction betweene the men of Europe and the Negro women are bred a generation of browne or tawnie people This Isle of Saint Thomas together with the principal towne and castle was in October 1599 taken by part of the same fleet of Hollanders which not fullie foure moneths before had sacked the isles castles and townes of Gran Canaria and Gomera Of the Isle del principe and that of Fernando Po. THe Isle del principe or of the prince situate in three degrees of Northerly latitude and one hundred twentie miles on this side the isle of Sant Thomas is little in quantitie but excellent in qualitie for which cause it is throughly tilled and manured The reuenues thereof which consist the greatest part in sugars were in times past allowed vnto the prince of Portugale whereupon it was named The isle of the prince This Isle was in the yeere 1598 taken by certaine ships of war sent forth vnder the conduct of Iulianus Clerehagen at the charges of Balthasar Musheron of Camphere in Zeland merchant who had the conquest thereof giuen him by patent from Prince Maurice and the States generall of the vnited prouinces That of Fernando Po hath no other matter of speciall note saue onely a certaine lake which is the originall of sundry freshets of sweete and holesome water which make the island to be most pleasant It seemed so beautifull to the first discouerer thereof that he termed it Ilha fermosa or The faire isle To the west of these two isles are situate the isle of Sant Matthew and that of Santa Cruz and afterward hauing passed the Equinoctial you come to the isle of Sant Paule and the isle of conception both which were discouered by Pedro Aluarez Cabral in the yeere 1501. Of the isles of Cabo verde NExt vnto Cape verde it selfe stand The Barbacene which are seuen small isles replenished with greene trees and full of strange birds vnknowne to vs and yet are they vtterly voide of inhabitants But those that are called the isles of Cape verde which by ancient authors are thought to haue bin named Gorgones or Gorgades or Hesperides are nine in number and are fituate betweene Cabo verde and Cabo blanco They were first discouered by Antonio di Nolli a Genoway and began in like sort to be peopled in the yeere of our Lord 1440. Albeit there are none of them now inhabited but onely the isle of Sant Iago and Isla del fo go or The burning isle The principall of them all is Sant Iago being seuentie miles long whereon the Portugals haue a faire and strong towne called Ribera grande with a riuer running through it and a commodious and secure hauen it is very strongly seated betweene two mountaines and consisteth of fiue hundred families at the least The riuer which springeth two leagues from the city is beautified vpon the bankes thereof with Cedars Orenge-trees and diuers other plants amongst which the Palme tree of India that beareth nuts prospereth exceeding well The hearbes of Europe grow here as naturally as in their original soile howbeit the seeds thereof must euery yeere be brought out of Spaine The isle is

be seene to his subiects but onely vpon solemne dayes At other times it was held as a great fauour if he did shew but the halfe part of his feete to ambassadours and to his fauorites And no maruel for amongst the Ethiopians it hath beene an ancient custome as Strabo writeth To adore their kinges like gods who for the most part liue enclosed at home This so strange and stately kinde of gouernment did exceedingly abase his subiects whom the Prete vsed like slaues so that vpon the smallest occasions that might be he would depriue them of all honour and dignity were they neuer so great Abassia containeth many large plaines and very high mountaines all fruitfull In some places you shall haue most extreame coulde and frostie weather but not any snowe throughout the whole empire no not in the mountaines The Prete hath many moores in his dominions and vpon his borders but the most populous of all others are the Moores called Dobas who are bound by a law neuer to marry till they can bring most euident testimony that each of them hath slaine twelue Christians Wherefore the Abassin merchantspasse not by their country but with most strong guardes A particular and briefe relation of all the kingdomes and prouinces subiect to the Christian Emperour of Abassia commonly called Prete Ianni 〈◊〉 OF all the prouinces subiect vnto the Prete that of Barnagasso is best knowne vnto vs bicause it is so neere vnto the Red sea ouer against the shore whereof it stretcheth in length from Suachen almost as farre as the very mouth or entrance of the streight being as is before saide bounded on the south part with the mightie riuer of Abagni which runneth westward out of the lake of Barcena into Nilus Howbeit it hath no other port vpon the Red sea but onely Ercoco situate neere the Isle of Mazua neither hath the Prete any porte but this in all his dominions so that he is as it were on all sides land-locked which is one of the greatest defects in any empire kingdome or state that can be imagined This prouince is full of townes villages as likewise of riuers and pooles which make it exceeding fruitfull The Viceroy or gouernour hereof called also by the name of Barnagasso resideth in the citie of Beroa otherwise called Barua and by Ptolemey as Sanutus thinketh Coloue situate vpon a pleasant riuer abounding with fish Vnto him likewise are subiect the gouernments of Danfila and of Canfila neere vnto the borders of Egypt Certaine yeeres past the great Turkes forces haue mightily afflicted this prouince destroying the townes and leading the people captiue so that in the end Isaac the lorde Barnagasso was inforced to compound with the Turkes lieutenant bearing title The Bassa of Abassia and residing in Suachen for the yeerely tribute of a thousand ounces of golde Ouer and besides he paieth euery yeere vnto his soueraigne the Prete an hundred and fiftie excellent horses with cloth of silke and of cotton and other matters On the most westerly part of Barnagasso beginneth a mightie ridge of mountaines which for a good space waxing narrower and narrower at length in the kingdome of Angote dilateth 〈◊〉 selfe into a rounde forme enuironing with the steepe sides and impassable tops thereof many fruitefull and pleasant vallies for the space of fifteene daies iourney in compasse within which vallies as it were in walled castles all persons whatsoeuer both male and female of the Abassin bloud royall are vnder paine of most extreme punishment togither with their whole families limited to remaine Within this great roundell or enclosure of mountaines there is among many others contained one lesser which is begirt arounde with a mountainous wall so craggie steepe and vnscaleable that no man can come in or out but onely by a certaine basket drawne vp and downe vpon a rope neither is it possible to famish the parties within by a siege be it neuer so long for they haue fruitefull ground with houses a church a monasterie cesternes of water and all other necessaries for the continuall maintenance of fiue hundred persons Within this strong citadell of mountaines for the auoiding of all tumults and seditions are locked vp those great personages which come neerest in bloud to the Prete and are in possibilitie of the crowne and here must they all liue and die except a very few of them who attaine at length vnto the gouernment of the empire The Abassins haue a tradition that one Abraham an emperour of theirs being admonished in a dreame that he shoulde keepe his dominions in tranquillitie by the meanes aforesaid was the first that founde this mountaine and vsed it for the same purpose Tigremahon TIgremahon a very large kingdome lieth betweene the riuer Marabo Nilus the Red sea and the kingdome of Angote The gouernour heere of paieth for yeerely tribute vnto the Prete two hundred Arabian horsés a great quantitie of silke and cotton-cloth and very much golde Vnto this kingdome is subiect the prouince of Tigray wherein standes the citie of Caxumo sometimes the royall seate of the Queene of Saba which they say was called Maqueda of whom Salomon begat a sonne named Melich before mentioned which citie was the seate likewise of Queene Candace Also to the said kingdome of Tigremahon belong the prouinces of Sabaim Torrates Balgada and others Angote THis kingdome standing betweene the kingdomes of Tigremahon and Amara is full of mountaines and valleies and aboundeth mightilie with all kinde of corne and cattell The inhabitants eate but one meale in fower and twentie howers and that alwaies in the night their foode is most commonly rawe flesh with a kinde of sauce made of an oxegall In stead of money they vse salte and little balles of iron as is before saide Vnto this kingdome do belong the prouinces of Abuguna and Guanamora with other regions and places Amara THe kingdome of Amara bordering north vpon Angote east vpon Xoa south vpon Damut and extending west almost as farre as Nilus is for the most part a plaine region without mountaines very fertile and abounding with cattell Vpon the frontiers of this kingdome standeth the foresaide large high and 〈◊〉 mountaine wherein the sonnes brethren and kinsfolkes of the Prete are most warily kept and from whence after his decease the heire apparant is brought to be inuested in the empire The kingdome of Xoa situate betweene the kingdomes of Amara Damut and Fatigar containeth many deepe vallies and aboundeth with all kinde of corne and cattell In the kingdome of Goiame are two mightie lakes from which Nilus is saide to fetch his originall Heere is exceeding plentie of golde vnrefined the north part of this region is full of deserts and mountainous places Bagamidri one of the largest kingdomes in all the vpper Ethiopia extendeth in length by the riuer Nilus the space almost of six hundred miles and in 〈◊〉 kingdome are many mostrich siluer-mines The kingdome of Fatigar lying betweene

the Africans vpon the Mediterran sea and being thirtie miles distant from Alger is enuironed with most ancient and strong walles The greatest part of the inhabitants are dyers of cloth and that by reason of the many riuers and streames running through the midst of the same They are of a liberall and ingenuous disposition and can play most of them vpon the citterne and lute Their fields are fertill and abounding with corne Their apparell is very decent the greatest part of them are delighted in fishing and they take such abundance of fishes that they freely giue them to euery bodie which is the cause that there is no fish-market in this towne Of the mountaines contained in the kingdome of Telensin Of the mountaine of Beni Iezneten THis mountaine standeth westward of Telensin almost fiftie miles one side thereof bordering vpon the desert of Garet and the other side vpon the desert of Angad In length it extendeth fiue and twentie and in bredth almost fifteene miles and it is exceeding high and difficult to ascend It hath diuers woods growing vpon it wherein grow great store of Carobs which the inhabitants vse for an ordinarie kinde of foode for they haue great want of barly Here are diuers cottages inhabited with valiant and stout men Vpon the top of this mountaine standeth a strong castle wherein all the principall men of the mountaine dwell amongst whom there are often dissentions for there is none of them all but woulde be sole gouernour of the mountaine I my selfe had conuersation with some of them whom I knew in the king of Fez his court for which cause I was honorably intertained by them The soldiers of this mountaine are almost ten thousand Of mount Matgara THis exceeding high and colde mountaine hath great store of inhabitants and is almost sixe miles distant from Ned Roma The inhabitants are valiant but not very rich for this mountaine yeeldeth nought but barly and Carobs They speake all one language with the people of Ned Roma and are ioined in such league with them that they will often aide one another against the king of Telensin Of mount Gualhasa THis high mountaine standeth nigh vnto the towne of Hunain The inhabitants are sauage rude and vnciuill people and are at continuall warre with the people of Hunain so that oftentimes they haue almost vtterly destroied the towne This mountaine yeeldeth great store of Carobs and but little corne Of mount Agbal THis mountaine is inhabited with people of base condition and subiect to the towne of Oran They all exercise husbandrie and carrie woode vnto Oran While the Moores enioied Oran their state was somewhat better but since the Christians got possession thereof they haue beene driuen to extreame miserie Of mount Beni Guerened THis mountaine being three miles distant from Tremisen is well peopled and aboundeth with all kinde of fruits especially with figges and cherries The inhabitants are some of them colliers some wood-mongers and the residue husbandmen And out of this onely mountaine as I was informed by the king of Telensin his Secretarie there is yeerely collected for tribute the summe of twelue thousand ducats Of mount Magraua THis mountaine extending it selfe fortie miles in length towardes the Mediterran sea is neer vnto the towne of Mustuganin before described The soile is fertile and the inhabitants are valiant and warrelike people and of a liberall and humaine disposition Of mount Beni Abusaid THis mountaine standing not farre from Tenez is inhabited with great multitudes of people which lead a sauage life and are notwithstanding most valiant warriors They haue abundance of honey barly and goats Their waxe and hides they carrie vnto Tenez and there sell the same to the merchants of Europe When as the king of Tremizen his kinsemen were lords of this mountaine the people paied for tribute certaine thousands of ducats Of mount Guanseris THis exceding high mountaine is inhabited with valiant people who being aided by the king of Fez maintained warre against the kingdome of Telensin for aboue three-score yeeres Fruitefull fields they haue and great store of fountains Their soldiers are almost twentie thousand in number whereof 2500. are horsemen By their aide Iahia attained to the gouernment of Tenez but after Tenez began to decay they gaue themselues wholy to robberie and theft Of the mountaines belonging to the state of Alger NEre vnto Alger on the east side and on the west are diuers mountains well stored with inhabitants Free they are from all tribute and rich and exceeding valiant Their corne fields are very fruitefull and they haue great abundance of cattell They are oftentimes at deadly warre togither so that it is dangerous trauailing that way vnlesse it be in a religious mans company Markets they haue and faires vpon these mountaines where nought is to be solde but cattle corne and wooll vnlesse some of the neighbour cities supplie them with merchandise now and then Here endeth the fourth booke IOHN LEO HIS FIFTH BOOKE OF the Historie of Africa and of the memorable things contained therein A description of the kingdomes of Bugia and Tunis WHen as in the former part of this my historie I diuided Barbaria into certaine parts I determined to write of Bugia as of a kingdome by it selfe and I found indeed that not many yeeres ago it was a kingdome For Bugia was subiect to the king of Tunis and albeit for certaine yeeres the king of Telensin was Lord thereof yet was it at length recouered againe by the king of Tunis who committed the gouernment of the city vnto one of his sons both for the tranquillitie of Bugia and also that no discord might happen among his sonnes after his decease He left behinde him three sonnes the eldest whereof was called Habdulhaziz and vnto him he bequeathed the kingdome of Bugia as is aforesaide vnto the second whose name was Hutmen he left the kingdome of Tunis and the third called Hammare he made gouernour of the region of dates This Hammare began foorthwith to wage warre against his brother Hutmen by whom being at length taken in the towne of Asfacos depriued of both his eies he was carried captiue vnto Tunis where he liued many yeeres blinde but his brother Hutmen gouerned the kingdome of Tunis full fortie yeeres The prince of Bugia being most louing and dutifull to his brother raigned for many yeeres with great tianquilitie till at length he was by king Ferdinand of Spaine and by the meanes of one Pedro de Nauarra cast out of his kingdome A description of the great citie of Bugia THis auncient citie of Bugia built as some thinke by the Romans vpon the side of an high mountaine neere vnto the Mediterran sea is enuironed with walles of great height and most stately in regard of their antiquitie The part thereof now peopled containeth aboue eight thousand families but if it were all replenished with buildings it were capeable of more then fower and twentie thousand housholds for it is of a

euen to the women of Africa Of the root called Surnag THis roote growing also vpon the westerne part of mount Atlas is said to be verie comfortable and preseruatiue vnto the priuie parts of man being drunk in an electuarie to stir vp venereal lust c. Neither must I here omit that which the inhabitants of mount Atlas do commonly report that many of those damosels which keepe cattel vpon the said mountaines haue lost their virginity by none other occasion but by making water vpon the said roote vnto whom I would in merriment answere that I belceued all which experience had taught concerning the secret vertue of the same roote Yea they affirmed moreouer that some of their maidens were so infected with this roote that they were not only deflowred of their virginitie but had also their whole bodies puffed vp and swolne THese are the things memorable and woorthie of knowledge seene and obserued by me Iohn Leo throughout al Africa which countrey I haue in all places traueiled quite ouer wherein whatsoeuer I sawe woorthy the obseruation I presently committed to writing and those things which I sawe not I procured to be at large declared vnto me by most credible and substantiall persons which were themselues eie-witnesses of the same and so hauing gotten a fitte oportunitie I thought good to reduce these my trauels and studies into this one volume Written at Rome in the yeere of Christ 1526. and vpon the tenth of March. Heere endeth the description of Africa written by Iohn Leo borne in Granada and brought vp in Barbarie A briefe relation concerning the dominions reuenues forces and maner of gouernment of sundry the greatest princes either inhabiting within the bounds of Africa or at least possessing some parts thereof translated for the most part out of Italian AFricke hath euer beene the least knowen and haunted parte in the world chiefly by reason of the situation thereof vnder the torride Zone which the ancients thought to be vnhabitable Whose opinion although in very deede it is not true bicause we knowe that betweene the two Tropickes there are most fruitefull countries as namely Abassia and the kingdomes of Angola Congo with all India new Spaine and Brasile yet neither is it altogither false For no part of the world hath greater deserts nor vaster wildernes then this of Africa These deserts which extend themselues from the Atlanticke Ocean euen vnto the borders of Egypt for more then a thousand miles and runne out sometimes two hundred and otherwhiles 300. miles in bredth diuide Africke into two parts whereof the southerly part was neuer throughly knowne to the people of Europe as also Atlas which diuideth Numidia from Africa the lesse is some impediment to the same And towards the east it seemeth that nature also ment to conceale the same by those deserts that lye bewixt the Red sea and the lande of Egypt In the first times after the floud we finde mention very often made of the kingdomes of Egypt and Ethopia and as for Ethiopia the notice we had thereof was but obscure and confused But Egypt by reason of the commodious situation thereof betweene the Mediterran and the Red seas hath alwaies beene renowmed and famous yea king Sesostris that Egyptian monarch enlarged his empire from the Atlantick Ocean euen to the Euxine sea Afterwards the kings of Numidia Mauritania the Carthaginians flourished in those prouinces which are bounded by the Meditterran sea In our times wherein all Africke hath beene and is daily enuironed there is sufficient knowledge had of the Marine parts thereof but for the inland prouinces there is not so much knowne as might be rather through want of writers then for default of discouerie trade Now therfore leauing those parts of Africa which are possessed by the Turke and the king of Spaine to a briefe narration in the last place we haue reduced al the residue of our relations to three princes that is to Prete Ianni the Monomotapa and the Xeriffo who is king of Maroco and Fez for the rest referring you to Iohn Leo and the discourse prefixed before him the Xeriffo raigneth betweene Atlas and the Atlanticke Ocean Prete Ianni about the center of Africke and the Monomotapa hath his Empire towards the Sinus Barbaricus or the Barbarian gulphe The Empire of Prete Ianni THe Empire of Prete Ianni answereth not certainly in effect although it be very large vnto the fame and opinion which the common sort and most writers haue of it For lateliest of any other Hor atio Malugucci in a certaine discourse of his touching the greatnes of states at this day would needes haue his dominion to be greater then any other princes but the king of Spaine I confesse indeede that in times past his state had most ample and large confines as may be iudged by the multitude of kingdomes with which he adorneth and setteth foorth his stile for he entitleth himselfe king of Goiame a kingdome seated beyond Nilus and of Vangue and Damut situate beyond Zaire and yet it is at this day euidently knowne that his Empire scarcely reacheth vnto Nilus yea and Iohn Barros writeth that the Abassins haue little notice of that riuer by reason of the mountaines lying betweene them and it The hart or center of his state is the lake Barcena for on the east it extendeth from Suaquen as farre as the entrance of the Red sea for the space of an hundred and two and twentie leagues howbeit betwixt the Red sea and it there thwarteth a long ranke of mountaines inhabited by the Moores who also commaund the sea-coast On the west it hath another ridge of mountaines along the channell of Nilus enhabited by the Gentiles who pay tribute vnto the Prete On the north it consineth with an imaginarie line drawne from Suaquen to the furthest part of the isle of Meroe which is an hundred and fiue and twentie leagues long From hence it maketh as it were a bow but not very crooked towards the south euen to the kingdome of Adel from the mountaines whereof springeth that riuer which Ptolemey calleth Raptus and placeth to the south of Melinde for the space of two hundred and thirtie leagues all which distance is bordered vpon by the Gentiles from whence it turneth and endeth eastward at the kingdome of Adel whose head citie is Arar in the northerly latitude of nine degrees So that this whole empire little more or lesse amounteth to sixe hundred threescore and twelue leagues in circuite The countrie which is distinguished with ample plaines pleasant hils and high mountaines most of them manurable and well inhabited bringeth foorth barley and myll for it aboundeth not greatly with other sortes of graine and likewise Taffo da guza another good and durable seede But there is mill and Zaburro which we call the graine of India or Ginnie wheate great plenty with al sorts of our pulse and some also vnknowen to vs. Some of them weare clothes of cotton

as it were out of his crowne-landes another part he leuieth of the people that pay him so much for an house and the tenth of all those mines that are digged by others then by himselfe and a third reuenue he draweth from his tributarie princes and gouernours and these giue him the entire reuenues of one of their cities so as he choose not that citie wherein they make their residence But though his wealth and reuenues be great yet are his people of little worth as well because he holdeth them in the estimation of slaues by meanes whereof they want that generositie of minde which maketh men ready to take vp armes to be couragious in dāgers as also it seemeth they haue euer their handes bound with that awefull reuerence which they beare towards their Prince and the feare they haue of him and further in that they haue no armes of defence but bad headpeeces halfe sculles and coats of maile carried thither by the Portugals Hereunto may be added his want of fortresses for neither hauing strong places whither to retire nor armes to defend themselues they and their townes remaine as a pray to the enemie their offensiue armes being vnfeathered arrowes and some darts They haue a lent of fiftie daies continuance which through the great abstinence wherein they passe all that time doth so weaken and afflict them that neither for those daies nor many other following they haue the strength to stirre abroad whereupon the Moores attend this opportunitie and assaile them with great aduantage Francis Aluares writeth that Prete Ianni can bring into the field an hundred thousand men neuerthelesse in time of neede it hath beene seene that he could make nothing so many He hath a militarie religion or order of knighthood vnder the protection of Saint 〈◊〉 whereunto euerie noble man must ordaine one of euerie three male children but not the eldest And out of these are constituted twelue thousand knights or gentlemen for the kings guarde The ende of this order is to defend the confines of the empire and to make head against the enimies of the faith Princes confining vpon the Prete Ianni THis Prince as farre as we can certainly vnderstand confineth especially with three other mightie princes one is the king of Borno another the great Turke and the third the king of Adel. The king of Buruo ruleth ouer that countrey which extendeth from Guangara towards the east about fiue hundred miles betweene the deserts of Seu and Barca being of an vneeuen situation bicause it is partly mountainous and partly plaine In the plaines there dwelleth a very ciuill people in populous and much frequented villages by reason of the abundance of graine as also there is some concourse of merchants thither On the mountaines shepheardes of great and smal beasts do inhabite and their chiefe sustenance is mill They lead a brutish life without religion with their wiues and children in common They vse no other proper names but those which are taken from the qualitie or forme of mens persons the lame the squint eied the long the stuttering This king of Borno is most mightie in men vpon whom he laieth no other imposition but the tenth of their fruits their profession is to robbe and steale from their neighbours and to make them slaues in exchange of whom they haue of the merchants of Barbarie horses He hath vnder him many kingdomes and people partly white and partly blacke He molesteth the Abassines exceedingly with theftes leadeth away their cattell robbeth their mines maketh their men slaues They fight on 〈◊〉 backe after the Gynnet fashion they vse lances with two heads darts arrowes they assaile a countrey sometimes in one part and otherwhiles in another suddenly but these may rather be termed theeues and robbers then right enimies The Turke confineth with Abassia on the east as likewise the king of Adel who hemmeth it in betweene the east and the south They disturbe the Prete exceedingly restraining the limites of his Empire and bringing his countrey into great miserie For the Turkes besides the putting of a great part of Barnagasso to sacke and spoile vpon which they entred the yeere of our Lord 1558. although they were driuen out againe haue further taken all that from the Prete which he possessed on the sea coast especiallie the portes and townes of Suaquen and Ercoco In which two places the mountaines lying betwixt Abassia and the red sea doe open and make a passage for conueiance of victual and trafficke betweene the Abassins and the Arabians And it is not long since the Lord Barnagasso was constrained to accord with the Turke and to buie the peace of his countrie with the tribute of a thousand ounces of gold by the yeere Also the King of Adel procureth hym no lesse molestation This man confineth with the kingdome of Fatigar and extendeth his dominion euen to the Red sea where he hath Assum Salir Meth Barbora Pidar and Zeila At Barbora manie shippes of Aden and Cambaia arriue with their marchandize for exchange from whence they receiue much flesh honie wax and victuals for Aden and gold Iuorie and other thinges for Cambaia A greater quantitie of victuall is carried from Zeila because there is aboundance of waxe and honie with corne and diuers fruites which are laden for Aden and for Arabia and beastes also as namely sheepe with tayles wayghing more then fiue and twentie poundes with their heads and necks all blacke but the rest of them is white as also certaine other all white with tayles a fathome long and writhen like a vine branche hauing thropples vnder their throtes like bulles There be also certaine kine with branched hornes like to wild hartes being blacke in colour and sorne others red with one onely horne vpon their foreheads of an handfull and an halfe long turning backward The chiefe city of this kingdome is Arar eight and thirtie leagues from Zeila towards the South east This king being a Mahumetan by a perpetuall profession of making war against the christians of Abassia who are the subiects of the Prete hath obteined of those Barbarians the surname of Holy He stayeth his óportunitie while the Abassins be weakened and brought downe with that long and hard fast of fiftie daies when they can scarcely go about their domesticall affaires and then he entreth into the countrey sacketh the townes leadeth the people away into seruitude and doth a thousand iniuries vnto them The Abassin slaues are of great valew out of their owne countrey whereupon the bordering and other Princes both farre and neere esteeme them much and many of them by meanes of their industrie in seruice of slaues haue become captaines and great Commanders in Arabia Cambaia Bengala and Sumatra Bicause the Mahumetan princes of the east being all tirants ouer kingdomes vsurped from the Gentiles for securitie of their state put no trust in their owne subiects but arme themselues with a multitude of strange slaues to whom they commit their

acknowledge the kings of Fez for soueraigne Princes ouer that citie But on the other side the Xeriffi whose reputation and power daily encreased when the time of paying tribute came sent to certifie this yoong king that being lawfull successors to Mahumet they were not bound to paie tribute to any and that they had more right to Affrica then he so that if he would haue them his friends so it were otherwise if he ment to diuert them from this their warre against the Christians they should not want courage nor power to defend themselues Wherewith the Fessan king being offended proclaimed warre against them and went himselfe in person to the siege of Maroco but at the very first he was driuen to dislodge and afterwards returning with eighteene thousand horse amongst whom were two thousand harquebuziers or bowmen he was vanquished by the Xeriffi who had no more but seuen thousand horse and twelue hundred harquebuziers which were placed on the way at the passage of a riuer By meanes of this victorie the Xeriffi shooke off the tribute of that countrie and passing ouer Atlas they tooke Tafilete an important citie and partly by faire meanes partly by force they brought diuérs people of Numidia to their obedience as also those of the mountaines In the yeere of our Lord 1536. the yoonger Xeriffo who was now called king of Sus hauing gathered togither a mightie armie and much artillerie taken in part from the king of Fez and partly cast by the French Renegados he went to the enterprise of Cabo de Guer a very important fortification held then by the Portugals which was built and fortified sirst at the charge of Lopes Sequeira and afterward knowing their opportunitie from the king Don Emanuel there was fought on both sides a most terrible battell In the end fire taking hold on the munition and vpon this the souldiers being daunted that defended the fortresse the Xeriffo entred thereinto tooke the towne and made the greatest part of the garrison his prisoners By this victorie the Xeriffi brought in a manner all Atlas and the kingdome of Maroco to their obedience those Arabians who serued the crowne of Portugall Whereupon king Iohn the third seeing that his expences farre exceeded the reuenues which came in of his owne accord gaue ouer Safia Azamor Arzilla and Alcazar holds which he had on the coast of Mauritania This 〈◊〉 was an occasion of grieuous discord betwixt the Brothers the issue whereof was that the younger hauing in two battels subdued the elder whereof the second was in the yeere of our Lord 1554 and taken him prisoner he banished him to Tafilet and afterwards turning his armes against the king of Fez after hauing taken him once prisoner and then releasing him he yet the second time because he brake promise got him into his handes againe depriued him of his estate and in the end caused both him and his sonnes to be slaine and by meanes of his owne sonnes he also tooke Tremizen In the meane while Sal Araes viceroy of Algier fearing the Xeriffos prosperous successe gathered together a great army with which he first recouered Tremizen afterwards defeating the Xeriffo conquered Fez and gaue the gouernment thereof to Buasson Prince of Veles but this man ioyning battaile with the Xeriffo lost at one instant both his citie and kingdome In the ende Mahumet going to Tarodant was vpon the way slaine in his pauilion by the treason of some Turkes suborned thereunto by the viceroy of Algier of whom one Assen was the chiefe who together with his companions went into Tarodant and there made hauock of the kinges treasures But in their returne home they were all but fiue slaine by the people in the yeere 1559 and Mullei Abdala the Xeriffos sonne was proclaimed and saluted king Let thus much suffice to haue bin spoken of the Xeriffo whose proceedinges appeare much like to those of Ismael the sophie of Persia. Both of them procured followers by bloud and the cloake of religion both of them subdued in short time many countries both of them grew great by the ruine of their neighbours both of them receiued greeuous checkes by the Turkes and lost a part of their states for Selym tooke from Ismael Cacamit and diuers other cities of Diarbena And the viceroy of Algier did driue the Xeriffo out of Tremizen and his other quarters And euen as Selim won Tauris the head citie of Persia and afterwardes gaue it ouer so Sal Araes tooke Fez the head citie of Mauritania and then after abandoned the same The Xeriffo his reuenues or commings in THe Xeriffo is absolute Lord of all his subiects goods yea and of their persons also For though he charge them with neuer so burdensome tributes and impositions yet dare they not so much as open their mouthes He receiueth from his tributarie vassals the tenthes and first fruits of their corne and cattell True it is that for the first fruits he taketh no more but one for twentie and the whole being aboue twentie he demandeth no more then two though it amount to an hundred For euery dayes tilth of grounde he hath a ducate and a quarter and so much likewise for euerie house as also he hath after the same rate of euerie person aboue fifteene yeers old male or female and when need requireth a greater summe and to the end that the people may the more cheerefullie pay that which is imposed vpon them he alwaies demaundeth halfe as much more as he is to receiue Most true it is that on the mountaines there inhabite certaine fierce and vatamed people who by reason of the steep craggie and inexpugnable situation of their countrie cannot be forced to tributes that which is gotten of them is the tenth of their corne and fruits onely that they may be permitted to haue recourse into the plaines Besides these reuenues the king hath the towles and customes of Fez and of other cities For at the entring of their goods the naturall citizen payeth two in the hundred and the stranger ten He hath further the reuenues of milles and many other thinges the summe whereof is very great for the milles yeelde him little lesse then halfe a royall of plate for euerie Hanega of corne that is ground in Fez where as they say there are aboue foure hūdred mils The moschea of Caruuen had fourescore thousand ducates of rent the colledges and hospitals of Fez had also many thousands Al which the king hath at this present And further he is heire to all the Alcaydes and them that haue pension of him and at their deaths he possesseth their horses armour garments and al their goodes Howbeit if the deceased leaue any sonnes apt for the seruice of the warres he granteth them their fathers prouision but if they be but young he bringeth vp the male children to yeeres of seruice and the daughters till they be married And therefore that he may haue some interest in the goods of

rich men he bestoweth vpon them some gouernment or charge with prouision Wherefore for feare of confiscation after death euery one coueteth to 〈◊〉 his wealth or to remoue far from the court and the kings sight For which cause the citie of Fez commeth far short of hir ancient glorie Besides his reuenues haue beene augmented of late yeeres by mightie sums of gold which he fetcheth from Tombuto and Gago in the lande of Negros which gold according to the report of some may yeerely amount to three millions of ducates His Forces THe Xeriffo hath not any Fortresses of great importance but only vpon the sea-coast as Cabo de Guer Larache and Tetuan for as the Turks and Persians do so he placeth the strength of his state in armed men but especially in horse And for this cause he standeth not much vpon his artillerie although hee hath very great store which his predecessors tooke from the Portugals and others in Fez Maroco Tarodant and in the foresaide 〈◊〉 causing also more to bee cast when neede requireth for he wanteth not masters of Europe in this Science He hath an house of munition in Maroco where they make ordinarily six and fortie quintals of powder euery moneth as likewise also caliuers and steele-bowes In the yeere of our Lord 1569. a fire tooke hold on these houses with such furie that a great part of the citie was destroied therewith But for the Xeriffoes forces they are of two sorts the first is of two thousand seuen hundred horse and two thousand harquibuziers which he hath partly in Fez but most in Maroco where he is resident being as it were of his daily guard The second is of a roiall squadron of sixe thousand gentlemen being all of noble parentage and of great account These men are mounted vpon excellent horses with furniture and armes for varietie of colour most beautifull and for riches of ornament beyonde measure estimable for euery thing about them shineth with gold siluer pearle iewels and whatsoeuer else may please the eie or satisfie the curiositie of beholders These men besides prouision of corne oile butter and flesh for themselues their wiues children and seruants receiue further in wages from seuentie to an hundred ounces of siluer a man The third sort of forces which he hath consisteth of his * Timariotti for the Xeriffo granteth to all his sons and brothers and other persons of account or authoritie among the people of Africke or to the princes of the Arabians the benefite of great Lordships tenures for sustentation of his Cauallarie and the Alchaides themselues till the fields and afterwardes reape rice oile barly butter sheepe hens and monie and distribute the same monethly to the souldiers according to the seuerall qualitie of their persons They also giue them cloth linnen and silke to apparell themselues armes of offence and defence and horses with which they serue in the warres and if they die or be killed they allow them other A thing which was also vsed in Rome towards them that serued on publike horses Euerie one of these leaders contendeth to bring his people into the fielde well ordred for armes apparell and horses besides this they haue betweene fower and twentie and thirtie ounces of siluer wages euery yeere His fourth militarie forces are the Arabians who liue continually in their Auari for so they call their habitations each one of them consisting of an hundred or two hundred 〈◊〉 gouerned by diuers Alchaides to the end they may be readie in time of need These serue on horse-backe but they are rather to be accounted theeues then true soldiers His fift kinde of forces militarie are somewhat like vnto the trained soldiers of Christian princes and among these the inhabitants of cities and villages of the kingdome and of the mountaines are enrolled It is true that the king makes but little account of them very seldome puts armes into their hands for feare of insurrections and rebellions except in the warres against the Christians for then he cannot conueniently forbid them For it being written in their law that if à Moore kil a Christian or is slaine by him he goeth directly into Paradise a diabolicall inuention men women and those of euery age and degree run to the warres hand ouer head that at least they may there be slaine and by this meanes according to their foolish opinion gaine heauen No lesse zeale to our confusion may we perceiue in the Turks especially for defence of their sect for one would thinke they went to a marriage and not to the warre scarcely being able with patience to attend their prefixed time of going thither They repute them holy and happie that die with armes in hand against their enimies as on the contrarie those men vnhappie and of little woorth that die at home amidst the lamentation of children and outcries of women By the things aboue set downe we may easily comprehend what numbers of men the Xeriffo can bring into the field but yet we may learne better by experience For Mullei Abdala in the yeere 1562. besieged Mazagan with two hundred thousand men choaking the ditch with a mountaine of earth and beating downe the walles thereof with his Artillerie but for all this he was enforced by the valour of the Portugals and the damage which he receiued by their mines to giue ouer his siege Besides this Prince can not continue a great war aboue two or three moneths and the reason hereof is because his forces liuing on that prouision which he hath daylie comming in as well for sustenance as for aparrell and not being able to haue all this conducted thither where the war requireth it followeth of necessitie that in short time they must needs returne home for their maintenance of life and further it is an euident thing that no man can protract a war at length except he be rich in treasure Molucco who ouerthrew Sebastian king of Portugal had in pay vnder his ensignes fortie thousand horse and eight thousand foote besides Arabians and aduenturers But it is thought he could haue brought into the field seuentie thousand horse and more foot then he did Of the dominions and fortresses which the king of Spaine hath vpon the Isles and maine landes of Africa and of the great quantity of treasure and other commodities which are brought from thence BEsides Oran Mersalquibir Melilla and Pennon which the king of Spaine possesseth within the streights as likewise çeuta Tanger and Arzil which by the title of Portugal he holdeth very neere the streights of Gibraltar and Mazagan in like sort without the streights mouth twentie miles to the southward of Arzil he hath along the coast of Affrick from Cape de Guer to that of Guardafu two sorts of states for some are immedidiately vnder him and others are as it were his adherents The Ilands of Madera Puerto Santo the Canaries the Isles of Arguin of Cabo Verde the isle Del Principe with that of Sant

Thomas and others neere adioining are immediately vnder his dominion These islands are maintained with their owne victuall and prouision and yet they haue also some out of Europe as in like manner they send some thither especially sugars and fruits wherewith the isle of Madera woonderfully aboundeth as also with wine And the iland of Sant Thomas likewise hath great abundance of sugars These States haue no incumbrance but by the English and French men of warre which for all that go not beyond Cape Verde At the ilands of Arguin and at Sant George de la Mina the Portugals haue planted factories in forme of fortresses by meanes of which they trade with the bordering people of Guinie and Libya and get into their hands the gold of Mandinga and other places neere about Among the adherent Princes the richest and most honorable is the king of Congo in that his kingdome is one of the most flourishing and plentifull countries in all Ethiopia The Portugals haue there two Colonies one in the citie of S. Saluador and an other in the island Loanda They haue diuers rich commodities from this kingdome but the most important is euery yeere about 5000. slaues which they transport from thence and sell them at good round prizes in all the isles and maine lands of the west Indies and for the head of euerie slaue so taken vp there is a good taxe paid to the crowne of Portugall From this kingdome one might easily go to the countrie of Prete Ianni for it is not thought to be very farre off and it doth so abound with Elephants victuall and all other necessarie things as would bring singular ease and commodity to such an enterprise Vpon the kingdome of Congo confineth Angola with whose prince of late yeeres Paulo Dias a Portugall captaine made war And the principall occasion of this warre are certaine mines of siluer in the mountaines of Cabambe no whit inferior to those of Potossi but by so much are they better as fine siluer goeth beyond that which is base and course And out of doubt if the Portugals had esteemed so well of things neere at hand as they did of those farther off and remote and had thither bent their forces wherewith they passed Capo de buena esperança and went to India Malaca and the Malucoes they had more easily and with lesse charge found greater wealth for there are no countries in the world richer in gold and siluer then the kingdomes of Mandinga Ethiopia Congo Angola Butua Toroa Maticuo Boro Quiticui Monomotapa Cafati and Mohenemugi But humane auarice esteemeth more of an other mans then his owne and things remote appeere greater then those neere at hand Betweene Cabo de buena esperança and Cape Guardafu the Portugals haue the fortresses of Sena Cephala and Mozambique And by these they continue masters of the trade with the bordering nations all which abound in gold and iuorie By these fortresses they haue speciall commoditie for their nauigation to the Indies bicause their fleetes sometimes winter and otherwhiles victuall and refresh themselues there In these parts the king of Melinde is their greatest friend and those of Quiloa and other neighbour-islands are their tributaries The Portugals want nothing but men For besides other islands which they leaue in a manner abandoned there is that of Saint Laurence one of the greatest in all the world being a thousand two hundred miles long and fower hundred and fower-score broad the which though it be not well tilled yet for the goodnes of the soile it is apt and fit to be manured nature hauing distinguished it with riuers harbours most commodious baies These States belonging to the crowne of Portugall feare no other but such sea-forces as may be brought thither by the Turkes But the daily going to and fro of the Portugall fleetes which coast along vp and downe those seas altogither secureth them In the yeere 1589. they tooke neere vnto Mombaza fower gallies and a galliot belonging to the Turkes who were so bold as to come euen thither The dominions of the great Turke in Africa THe great Turk possesseth in Africa all the sea-coast from Velez de Gumera or as some hold opinion from the riuer Muluia which is the easterne limite of the kingdome of Fez euen to the Arabian gulfe or Red sea except some few places as namely Mersalcabir Melilla Oran and Pennon which the king of Spaine holdeth In which space before mentioned are situate sundrie of the most famous cities and kingdomes in all Barbarie that is to say Tremizen Alger Tenez Bugia Constantina Tunis Tripolis and all the countrey of Egypt from Alexandria to the citie of Asna called of old Siene togither with some part of Arabia Troglodytica from the towne of Suez to that of Suachen Also in Africa the grand Signor hath fiue viceroies called by the names of Beglerbegs or Bassas namely at Alger Tunis Tripolis at Missir for all Egypt and at Suachen for those places which are chalenged by the great Turke in the dominions of Prete Ianni Finally in this part at Suez in the bottome of the Arabian gulfe is one of his fower principall Arsenals or places for the building repairing docking and harbouring of his warlike gallies which may lie heere vnder couert to the number of fiue and twentie bottomes A summarie discourse of the manifold Religions professed in Africa and first of the Gentiles AFrica containeth fower sorts of people different in religion that is to say Gentiles Iewes Mahumetans and Christians The Gentiles extend themselues along the shoare of the Ocean in a manner from Cabo Blanco or the white Cape euen to the northren borders of Congo as likewise from the southerly bounds of the same kingdome euen to Capo de buena Esperança from thence to that De los Corrientes and within the land they spred out from the Ethiopick Ocean euen vnto Nilus and beyond Nilus also from the Ethiopick to the Arabian sea These Gentiles are of diuers sorts for some of them haue no light of God or religion neither they are gouerned by any rule or law Wherupon the Arabians call them Cafri that is to say lawlesse or without law They haue but fewe habitations and they liue for the most part in caues of mountaines or in woods wherein they finde some harbour from winde and raine The ciuilest among them who haue some vnderstanding and light of diuinitie and religion obey the Monomotapa whose dominion extendeth with a great circuite from the confines of Matama to the riuer Cuama but the noblest part thereof is comprehended betweene the mightie riuer of Magnice or Spirito Sancto and that of 〈◊〉 for the space of sixe hundred leagues They haue no idols and beleeue in one only God called by them Mozimo Little differing from these we may esteeme the subiects of Mohenemugi But among all the Cafri the people called Agag or Giacchi are reputed most brutish inhabiting in woods and dens and being deuourers of

our confusion that euen the Arabian mariners that go in the Portugall ships will tarrie behind in the Gentile-townes thereto publish their sect and in the yeere 1555. one of these men had passed euen as far as Iapon for this purpose so that if the Portugals had not remedied it in due time he would peraduenture haue wrought there some alteration The Persian nation as touching their sect a little before our time haue beene made renowmed among those barbarous people by the valor and armes of Ismael called the Sophi This man accounting himselfe to be of the race and blood of Alle brought his owne sect into credit and reputation and waged warre against those borderers who would not accept of it He wore a redde Turbant with twelue points or corners in memoriall of the twelue sonnes of Ocen the sonne of Alle willing that all his followers should weare the like and many people came in vnto him and in a maner all those nations which inhabite betweene the riuers Euphrates and Abianus and between the Caspian sea the Persian gulphe Tammas his sonne sent the said twelue-cornered Turbant to the Mahumetan Princes of Malabar and Decan perswading them to receiue it with his sect and bestowing the title of a king on whomesoeuer would accept of it but no others receiued it saue Nizzamaluco It is a common voice and opinion that the greatest part of the Mahumetans of Syria and the lesser Asia follow and affect inwardly the sect of Allé and of the Persians the which the Turkes perceiuing in the vproare of Techelle made a mightie slaughter of them carrying the kinsemen of the slaine and those suspected out of Asia into Europe But now let vs passe to the Tartars These * as otherwhiles we declared descended of the ten tribes of Israel being transported by the order and commission of Salmanazar king of the Assirians beyond India into the of 〈◊〉 Here degenerating into rude and barbarous customes and forgetting in a greate part or altogether the Moysaicall ceremonies they hardly reteined circumcision They came out of this their banishment in the yeere of our Lord 1200. and in a small time with the ruine of infinite nations made themselues terrible to all the east and no lesse to the north Pope Innocent the fourth being amazed at the horrible storme that hung ouer the head of Christendome for they had spread themselues like locusts euen to the bankes of Danubius sent from the councell of Lyons Fryer Ascellino of the order of Dominicus with other Fryers to the great CAN in the yeere 1246. to exhort him to embrace the name and faith of Christ or at least to let the Christians alone in peace Of baptisme he accepted not but promised a league with the Christians for fiue yeeres Others notwithstanding will needes haue it that he was conuerted and that taking vp armes in fauour of the Christians he caused Mustaceno the Califa of Baldach to dy with famine amidst the treasures heaped vp by him But afterwards either hee or his successor together with his people denying their Christianity became Mahumetans in religion And sithence that time the Tartarian name and fame growing obscure that of the Turkes began to flourish The Tartars Petegorski notwithstanding vpon the mountaines of Cumania remained firme in the Christian faith but yet corrupted with the errors of the Greekes and Moscouites The Colmugineere the Caspian sea continued in Paganisme who are termed Capigliati because they shaue not off their hayres as the other Tartarsdo The Kirgessi also be Idolaters as otherwhiles we declared The other Tartars that are come on this side of Imaus haue all from one to an other embraced Mahumetisme And amongst others the Zagatai who through the emulation they haue with the Persians vpon whome they border and contend for Empire as concerning sect follow the opinion of the Turkes as also the Mogores their descendents who in these our dayes haue enlarged their Empire betweene mount Caucasus and the Ocean and between Ganges and Indus But the Tartars of Cataya resident beyond Imaus and vpon the desert called Lop remaine generallie in Idolatry although there continue many Christians amongst them of the sect of Nestorius neither want there some Mahumetans Now let vs come to the Turkes who in largenes of Empire are superior to the other sects Of these part inhabite in Asia part in Europe Those of Asia incline much to the opinion of the Persians and especially they that inhabite in Natolia and the borders But those of Europe are generally lesse superstitious then the Asians and by reason of their daily conuersation with Christians they haue a deeper opinion and conceit of Christ then the others yea and many of them hold him for God and Redeemer And it is not long sithence there were diuers put to death in Constantinople with speciall constancie on their part and it was thought that many of the grand 〈◊〉 court held the same opinion The Turkes especially those of Europe are of two sorts for some are naturall Turkes others accessorie or accidentall Naturall I terme them that are borne of Turkish parents and them I call accidentall who leauing our sacred faith or the Moysaicall law become Mahumetans the which the Christians performe by circumcising themselues and the Iewes by lifting vp a finger Now the Christians become Turkes partly vpon some extreme violent passion Cherseogli who afterwards was great with Bazaieth turned Turke to bee reuenged of his father who tooke from him his wife amidst the solemnitie of the marriage Vlucciali denied the faith to be reuēged of a slaue his companion in the gallie who called him scald pate Some abiure the faith to release themselues of torments and cruelties others for hope of honors and temporall greatnes and of these two sorts there are a great number in Constantinople being thought to be Christians in hart and yet through slothfulnes or first to gather togither more wealth or expecting opportunitie to carrie with them their wiues and children or for feare of being discouered in their departure and voiage or else through sensualitie and for that they would not be depriued of the licentiousnes and 〈◊〉 of the life they lead resolue not to performe that they are bound vnto deferring thus from moneth to moneth from yeere to yeere to leaue this Babylon sinke of sin But the greatest part of Renegados become Mahumetans without perceiuing it In that the grand Signor sendeth euery fower yeers more or lesse according as need requireth to take through his states of Europe of euery three christian male children one at the discretion of his Commissaries by way of tribute and they take them from the age of ten to the yeeres of seuenteene These being brought to Constantinople are without other ceremonies circumcised and part of them are sent into Natolia and Caramania to learne the toong religion and fashions of the Turkes and part are emploied about the seruice of the