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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A50498	A narrative of the principal actions occurring in the wars betwixt Sueden and Denmark before and after the Roschild Treaty with the counsels and measures by which those actions were directed : together with a view of the Suedish and other affairs, as they stood in Germany in the year 1675, with relation to England : occasionally communicated by the author to the Right Honourable George, late Earl of Bristol, and since his decease found among his papers.	Meadows, Philip, Sir, 1626-1718.; Bristol, George Digby, Earl of, 1612-1677.	1677 (1677)	Wing M1566; ESTC R36497	38,462	181

his Countenance having besides his natural Courage the Art of concealing all inward emotions and disturbances under a free and masculine appearance and by seeming to fear nothing deserved to be feared Not but that in conversation he would often testifie a tender resentment for the loss of so many brave men who he thought deserved a better destiny The Prince was so far from being disgraced that the King during his absence made him Commander in Chief of all his Forces in Zeland For the Winter coming on and the Dutch Fleet sailing towards Lubec to Victual and soon after putting into Port and the Enemy at Land breaking up their Campagne gave the King leisure to pass over into Sconen and so to Gottenburg where he held a Convention of the States of his Kingdome for the better facilitating of such new Levies of men and other Contributions which were thought necessary for carrying on his many Wars to some desirable conclusion And as his leisure permitted he intended to make an Excursion to Stockholm that City much desiring to see their King after four years absence But his incessant Labours Care and Watchings brought him to a sharp defluxion that a Feaver and that his end He was cut off in the strength of his days not forty years of Age a Prince of undoubted Courage and unwearied Industry low of stature but of aspiring thoughts of a gross and heavy body of a quick and active mind No man of wit or courage could want Employment in his Court and he had the singular advantage of a happy judgment in discerning men and suiting them to such Affairs to which they were best adapted either by the secret dispositions of Nature or by acquired knowledge His War with Poland covered him with Laurels which bore him nothing but gaudy and unprofitable appearances but the Olive of the Roschild Treaty yielded him nourishing and strengthning fruit His first War with Denmark presented him the fair side of Fortunes medal in the second she turned to him the Reverse He had early been bred a Soldier under General Torstenson in Germany whom he usually called his Master and never named but with great marks of Veneration He passed through the gradations of the Art Military from a Captain of a Troop of Horse to Captain General of as good an Army perhaps as this Age has seen For at the time of the conclusion of the Peace in Germany by the Treaties of Munster and Osnabrug he had under his Command of everal Nations fifty three thoufand Foot and twenty four thoufand Horse in Field and Garrison Besides the Confederate Armies of Marshal Turene and the Landgrave of Hess who acted by concert with him and were at least thirty thousand more He kept to his dying day the Muster-Rols of every Regiment with the names of the Officers some of whom when disbanded upon the Peace he retained by Pensions at his own charge being then but Prince obliging them thereby to his service and foreseeing the use he might one day have of them And has been heard to say that he thought himself a greater man when Captain General in Germany than he was now when King of Sueden He would bewail the loss of so many good places which Sueden demolisht or surrendred and for doing whereof he as Captain General was also constitued Plenipotentiary at the Treaty at Osnabrug amounting to above two hundred Towns Castles and Forts By which it was easie to perceive that he sided in opinion with Chancellour Oxenstiern who when the Spanish Cabal carried all before them at Stockholm having received peremptory Commands from that Court to conclude the Peace in Germany he did it in obedience to the commands of his Superiors but with such regret that he could not forbear to utter those words Anima mea non intravit in secretum eorum He was the son of the Sister of the great Gustaphus Adolphus so famous in the German Story and upon the resignation of his Cosin Christiana was admitted to the Crown of Sueden by the general consent of all the Estates This King thus removed by the stroke of death all things resolv'd into a disposition to a general Peace His Son and Successor was a Minor of five or six years of Age. His Queen was left Regent during the minority of her Son a mild and gentle Lady deriving from the bloud of her Ancestors of the House of Holstein = Gottorp and Saxe a natural candor and benignity She was assisted by the great Officers of the Crown who were willing with peace and quietness to enjoy their share in the Government which the Laws and Constitutions of Sueden allowed them in the minority of their King The Suedes themselves had been harassd and tired out by long Wars and that Martial Nation almost rode off their metal by a more Martial King So that all things conspired on that side to Peace and Settlement On the other side the Queen of Poland a French Lady who had the ascendant in all the affairs of that Kingdom was wrought over by the means of France to a ready Concurrence in a Peace with Sueden Besides that the Pole was of himself readily disposed thereto partly in consideration of the many convulsions and distractions of that Kingdom occasioned by the contrary motions of disagreeing factions and partly in regard of the unprofitableness of a War with Sueden by which much might be lost nothing could be got A Peace is therefore concluded betwixt both Crowns of Poland and Sueden under the mediation of France at a place called Oliva and the Emperour and Brandenburger who were but accessories in the Polish War were easily comprehended in the Peace The onely difficulty was for Denmark the late Suedish King had made great scruple of admitting the States General of the United Provinces as Mediators for composing the War betwixt him and the Dane alledging and declaring that they were parties with the Dane and Enemies to him and that they ought to make their own Peace first before they could be in capacity to interpose for others But the now Suedish Court soon surmounts this difficulty and the four Dutch Deputies Extraordinary who arrived in the summer and went two of them to the Suede and two to the Dane attended with a splendid Retinue I mean with De Ruyter and forty men of War were now accepted by the Suede notwithstanding all former hostilities and provocations as Mediators in the ensuing Treaty This rub being removed the next was the adjusting the terms and conditions of the Peace For the Dane expected his Confederates should have assisted him to the obtaining of such a Peace as might in the conditions thereof have born some proportion to the benefits which they had received by the War and to the loss and hazard which he had sustained For this War of Denmark had drawn the Suede out of the bowels of Poland had delivered the Brandenburger from the imminent danger of having his Countrey made the seat

of Treating number of Commissioners safe Conducts c. should be adjusted according to the transaction betwixt the two Crowns in the year 1644. Provided that safe conducts in due form be without delay delivered to the Mediators and a reasonable time prefixed by the King of Denmark for meeting of the Commissioners This Reply of the Suede being communicated to the King of Denmark produced from him another Declaration of the third of November 1657. That he also consents to the Transactions in forty four only as to the place of the future Treaty he conceives Lubec or some other Town in that Neighbourhood to be most commodious That the Treaty commence under the mediation of England and of the States General of the United Provinces And so soon as France should Offer him their mediation he would accept thereof And that the designed Peace be not restrained to the two Crowns of Denmark and Sueden but the King of Poland and Elector of Brandenburg be comprehended in the same These things being first accorded by His Majesty of Sueden that he was ready to deliver his safe conducts into the hands of the Mediators It was easie to foresee how this comprehension of the Pole insisted on by the Dane would trouble the whole scene of Affairs which consideration put the English Mediator upon excepting against it as a new proposal forrain to the present question How that the mediation of England was offered only betwixt the two Crowns and so accepted by his Majesty of Denmark without any mention of Poland How that this would render the so much desired Peace tedious and difficult if not impossible for that the differences betwixt Sueden and Denmark were a sudden distemper easily cured if taken in time but those betwixt Sueden and Poland were in the nature of an inveterate malady harder by much to be eradicated That the Great Seal of Poland by which the Ministers of that Crown must be Commissionated as Plenipotentiaries for a Treaty was engraven with the Arms of Sueden which that King would never admit of However this second Declaration of the King of Denmark of the third of November was sent to the King of Sueden and begat another from him of the seventh of December dated at Wismar wherein he declares himself not satisfied with the nomination of Lubec for the place of Treaty as being a recession from the Customs anciently practised betwixt the two Kingdoms and the regulation agreed on in the year 1644. that when occasional differences arose betwixt the two Crowns the Commissioners of both sides should meet upon the Frontiers for adjusting thereof with the more speed Moreover He takes notice of the conquisite delays and difficulties made by the Dane in intermixing other controversies with his own and which have no reference to the Danish War Yet notwithstanding he was willing to grant safe conducts to such Confederates of the Dane as should testifie a desire of being present at a Treaty in any place of the confines And as for the States General after their ratification of the Treaty made by their own Ambassadors at Elbing whereby the friendship betwixt Sueden and them is renewed He would so declare himself on their behalf in case they offer him their mediation for composing this War as should sufficiently prevent any just occasion of complaint To this the King of Denmark rejoyn'd another Answer of the twenty seventh of Decemb. 1657. insisting upon the immediate admission of the States General to the mediation without suspending it upon the previous Act of first ratifying the Elbing Treaty a point which had been depending twelve months and was like to be longer Adheres to the place formerly nominated by him for assembling the Commissioners And that the Pole and Brandenburger should not only have a bare license of being present at the Treaty but that the respective Treaties to be had with them as Confederates and Principals with the Dane in the same War should proceed by the same gradations and measures as that with Denmark The truth is in the reasoning and debate concerning the place of meeting there was a secret drift on both sides unexpressed by either The Dane would have it at Lubec or any other neutral place in Germany convenient for the Pole and Brandenburger to be there present as parties with him whereby to have the opportunity of strengthning each the others hand by a communication of Councils and concerting of Affairs to the promoting of a common Interest On the other hand the Suede would have it on the frontiers over the Baltic whither the Pole and Brandenburger could not with any reasonable convenience come designing thereby to disunite the Confederates by the jealousie of a separate Treaty And perhaps might at the same time have treated openly with the Dane and underhand with the Pole and they two striving to prevent each other in the Peace for fear of being deserted each by other in the War where he found most advantagious conditions granted him there conclude Peace and prosecute the War against the other To prevent this the English Mediator endeavoured to draw from the King of Sueden a previous intimation on what terms and conditions he would rest satisfied in case the King of Denmark would condescend to a separate Treaty That so when the Commissioners came to meet they might have nothing more to doe then to digest the several Articles into form to be signed and sealed and so the business effected before the rumor of a Treaty divulged And likewise partly to facilitate the way of an Agreement and partly to foretaste the temper of Affairs some Conditions were insinuated of the following nature A general Amnesty of what was past Restitution of places taken each upon other A solemn Renewal under good Garranties of the Treaty in 1644. A redress of Grievances relating to Trade And a way ascertained for better prevention of all defraudations in the Sound the pretended cause of the War on the Danish part And to incline the King of Denmark to disjoin his Interests from Poland it was represented by the Mediator what a broken reed Poland had hitherto proved to him Sometimes making proffer to pass their forces over the Oder then presently retreating upon pretence of joining the Austrian foot not so much as entring Pomeren all this while to give the Suedish Army a diversion who lay securely quartered in Holstein and Jutland That the Conditions of the Alliance were mutual and reciprocal which not being performed on the Polish part His Majesty of Denmark was no longer obliged That Confederacies were for mutual safety and not intended to oblige Princes to their Ruine either singly or in company with others That he had the fresh Example of his Heroic Father of happy memory who though he had entred into an Alliance with the Protestant Princes of Germany yet the necessity of his Affairs to recover what was lost and secure what was left constrained him to make a Peace with the Emperor in the

that omission challenged it as an appendix and accessary of Sconen but the Dane reclaim'd it as an appurtenance of Zeland The truth is the Isle of it self without any relative consideration was of little or no value but had it remained in Danish hands they might have built a Fort upon it to command the entry of Landscroon by which the onely or most considerable Port which the Suede had in Sconen would have been rendred useless And therefore they were resolved at any rate to have it and if by no other right at least by that new devised one which we in old English have no word for but the French call it Le Droit de bienseance Other Controversies arose of the like nature which the Suede though seemingly offended at yet profited upon making them the pretence for continuing their forces in Funen Jutland and other the Danish Dominions which by the sixteenth Article of the Treaty they were to have quitted by the first of May. 1658. Summer was now approaching and yet the King of Sueden was still at Gottenburg ordering the affairs of his Kingdome setling himself in his new acquired Estates and attending the Issue of his Ambassadors Negotiation at Copenhagen In June he parted thence and arrived at Fredericsode stopped some time at Flensburg and from thence went to his Father-in-law at Gottorp Four Ambassadors met him from the Electoral College for there was at that time a vacancy in the Empire and the Electors were assembled at Francfort upon choice of a new Emperour The business of the Ambassadors was to proffer all friendly offices for composing the War betwixt him and Poland and accommoding all differences betwixt him and the King of Hungary soon after chosen King of the Romans and Emperour As also to desire and forewarn him to abstain from marching with his Army upon the Territories of the Empire The Ambassadors had an unwelcome reception the King reproaching them with their Masters non-performance of the Garrantie of the Munster Treaty upon the Danish Invasion of the Bishoprick of Bremen Two Ministers came to him in particular from the Elector of Brandenburg but were not admitted to Audience the King requiring a previous satisfaction from that Elector for deserting his Alliance and confederating himself with his declared Enemy the Pole The Brandenburg Ministers were treated the more roughly the better to disguise a following design and to induce a general belief that the Dominions of their Master were forthwith to be invaded The English Mediator had been recalled from the Court of Denmark as supposing all quiet there and placed in that of Sueden and was now in Germany setting on foot a new mediation betwixt that King the Pole and Brandenburger The Armies of which two last subsisted all this while at the charge of their own Countries but that of Sueden made good chear at the cost of Denmark whiles the Suedish Ambassadors and Danish Commissioners were debating at Copenhagen The truth is the Suede was glad of a pretext for continuing in his old quarters contrary to the Treaty being at at a loss what to do with his Army To disband was not reasonable because he had the Pole with the Brandenburger his new Allie Enemies before him and not well assured of the Dane behind To have removed his Quarters into Pomeren in the Neighbourhood of Brandenburg had been to eat up his own Country and which was more would certainly have drawn together a confederacy in the Empire against him as a disturber of the Peace thereof The Suede thinking it now time to begin his Campagne which the Dane had long expected hoping to be rid of his troublesome Guests Ordered the Rendesvouz of his Army at Kiel a Maritim Town in Holstein with a Fleet of about sixty sail to be ready in the Harbour most of them vessels of burden the rest good men of War From Kiel he marched at the head of some selected Troops to Wismar making semblance as if the gross of his Army should follow But the Cabinet at Gottenburg had otherwise determined it for there I persuade my self the design was first hatched and cherished with all imaginable secrecy It was thought not advisable for the Suede to stir in Germany not being assisted by any powerful Allie France at that time faced towards a marriage and consequently a Peace with Spain England was a Chaos of confusion and disorder A War with Poland was remote and unprofitable and had already consumed him to no purpose one nearer home would be of more safety and advantage The Dane would never want a will so long as he wanted not a power to hurt Sueden It was judged easier to conquer him than reconcile him The King staid but a little time at Wismar with his Queen and then privately imbarqued himself upon a Dutch Boyer in the River and arrived at Kiel All hands were now busie in putting the Army Horse and Foot aboard which done the King went also aboard a man of War The French Ambassador went with him the English Minister though invited refused to go not being satisfied whether the design was upon Prussia or Denmark however would in neither case put himself as party in Company of an Enemy whose office had been and was still to be a Mediator The Fleet set sail with a fair wind and not many hours after arrived at Corsure upon the Isle of Zeland this was in August and the Peace had been concluded but in February before No longer time was spent at Corsure then what was necessary for landing the Army which consisting of near four thousand Horse besides several Regiments of Foot to be transported from Funen and joyned with those already brought from Kiel would unavoidably require some time to disembark which together with a march of about sixty miles English from Corsure to Copenhagen was all the warning the Dauc had to prepare an Entertainment for their unexpected Guest The King had prepared no Manifest to declare the grounds and reasons of this enterprise because he doubted not to carry all before him by the suddenness of the surprize and the success had been the best argument for justification of his Arms. The Danish King sent to know of him the Reasons of this sudden Invasion after a Peace so lately concluded and so dearly bought and by what just ways and means he might allay and pacifie any conceived displeasure But all was now too late the great Belt was behind him and Copenhagen before him he was over Rubicon and would to Rome The two defensible places upon Zeland being Copenhagen and Cronenburg the Suedish Army divided part under General Wrangel besieged Cronenburg whilst the King with the greater part invested Copenhagen It would neither be profitable nor delightful minutely to recount the particulars of a long siege but it was soon made evident that the same prosperous direction which had guided the Suedish Arms in the former War did not accompany them in this as indeed the state of the

A NARRATIVE OF THE PRINCIPAL ACTIONS Occurring in the WARS BETWIXT Sueden and Denmark Before and after the ROSCHILD TREATY WITH The Counsels and Measures by which those Actions were directed Together With A View of the Suedish and other Affairs as they stood in Germany in the year 1675. with Relation to England Occasionally communicated by the Author to the Right Honourable George late Earl of Bristol and since his decease found among his Papers LONDON Printed by A.C. for H. Brome at the Gun in St. Pauls Church-yard M. D.C. LXXVII FOR The Right Honourable THE EARL of BRISTOL MY LORD I Esteem it as a singular favour and honour that your Lordship thinks me capable of giving you any information concerning the Northern Affairs the Scene of your Lordships many eminent Employments and Actions having been laid nearer the warm Sun The Draught I have here sent was made several years since and only communicated in private with some friends In the composing whereof I was not a little advantaged by being a spectator of the Actions and privy to some of the Counsels of both Kings But how far I have answered those advantages in the ensuing Narrative I submit to your Lordship's Censure and remain MY LORD Your LORDSHIP' 's Most humble and Obedient Servant Philip Meadowe Parham in Suff. Sep. 24. 1675. A NARRATIVE OF THE PRINCIPAL ACTIONS Occurring in the WARS BETWIXT SUEDEN and DENMARK Before and after the ROSCHILD TREATY With the Counsels and measures by which those Actions were directed THE ancient Emulation and jealousies betwixt the two Crowns of Sueden and Denmark occasioned by their near Neighbourhood and frequent Wars have been still heightned and promoted by the late Conquests the Crown of Sueden has made in Germany By which the Suede enlarging his Dominion beyond the Baltic to those goodly possessions of Pomeren and Bremen has betwixt his ancient Patrimony on one side and his new acquisitions on the other as it were enclosed and beleaguered Denmark The fatal effects of a Suedish Power established on this side the Baltic the Dane experimented in the year 1643. in the Reign of Christiern the fourth when upon occasion of some differences arising betwixt the two Crowns in relation to the commerce and navigation of each others subjects and the new impositions exacted by the Dane in the Sound Queen Christina without any previous denunciation of War sent secret Orders to General Torstenson who at that time commanded the Suedish Army in Germany to invade therewith the Danish Dominions which that wise General performed with such secrecy and diligence that the first intelligence of his attempt was brought to Copenhagen by the ordinary post advertising how the Suede was entred Holstein with an Hostile Army In that war the Dane lost Halland Jempterland Gothland and the Oesel For though Halland by the Treaty at Broomsborow was not formally alienated from the Crown of Denmark as it was in the succeeding Roschild Treaty but only mortgaged or leased to Sueden for thirty years lest the reputation of Denmark should seem too much prostituted by the utter abscission and dismembring of so considerable a Province from that Crown yet was it such a mortgage as in truth did amount to an absolute cession or alienation For the term of years when expired was made renewable from thirty to thirty till the Suede should receive an equivalent for Halland to his own liking and satisfaction A Peace being thus reestablished in the year 1644. by the Treaty made at Broomsborow upon the Frontier of both Kingdoms things continued quiet betwixt the two Crowns for some years till the late Charles Gustavus King of Sueden in the year 1655. imbarquing himself in a war against Poland transported thither the choicest of the Suedish souldiery to serve in that expedition where that martial King carried all before him but grasped at more than he could well enclose and conquered more than he could reasonably hope to keep till at length old Zarnetsky makes head against him with a powerful body of horse and by his example the newly submitted Provinces revolt as quickly from their new Lord insomuch that the Suede was embarass'd on all sides and his affairs in great decadency This conjuncture gratified the Dane who thought his turn was now come to retaliate upon the Suede and hoped by the favour of this opportunity to regain what he had lost in the former surprises And to give the better colour of justice to his Arms lest it should be thought he was rather invited thereto by the advantage of the occasion then constrained by the cause of any new provocations or injuries open war is solemnly proclaimed against Sueden by the antiquated formalities of a Herald Besides public letters and manifests are sent abroad to satisfy forein Princes and States and to vindicate the Right of his undertaking The truth is the Party was not ill concerted for the Brandenburger was already drawn off from the Suedish Alliance and upon good assurance given him from the Polish Court that the Soverainty of the Ducal Prussia should be conferred upon him which he accordingly now enjoys He confederated himself with the Pole and Dane against Sueden The Hollander also was of the party though as yet but covertly and great sums of money were advanced by Amsterdam and the trading Companies for they would not have it seem the Act of the States but of private persons by way of loan to the King of Denmark upon securities of the Customs in the Sound and Norway The Dane raised a considerable Army of about fifteen or sixteen thousand men well appointed rendesvous'd them in Holstein from thence passed the Elb besieged and took Bremerford a Town belonging to the Suede in the Bishoprick of Bremen But here some military men took the freedom to blame the Danish Conduct For had he carried the war on the other side of the Baltic entred Sueden it self at that time disfurnished of her principal Officers and Souldiers her King being absent in a remore Countrey reported to be dead the very terrour of an invading Army might have wrought such consternation in the minds of the people as probably to have given the Dane an opportunity of advancing the war as high as Stockholm But he on the contrary attacks the Suedish Dominions in Germany thereby alarming friends as well as enemies For the Princes of the nether Saxon Circle entring into a combination declare this invasion of the Bishoprick to be a breach of the Peace of the Empire and a violation of the Instrumentum Pacis concluded at Munster for the observation whereof they stood reciprocally Engaged Thus not waging war in good earnest the Dane by middle Counsels lost his opportunity for whilst his Army stood at a gaze not well knowing which way to take the King of Sueden marches with all imaginable speed from Poland and laying all in ashes behind him to secure his rear from the infal of the Polish horse and leaving strong Garrisons in Thorren