a man into his Grave If men in drink could see their faces their looks their reeling and staggering postures hear their stammerings and non-sensical discourses they would be ashamed so to abuse themselves and the creatures which God hath given them to be used with sobriety and thanksgiving Why should they be prostituted to the passion and inordinate lust of those who as St. Paul saith make the whole work of Creation sigh and groan and expose it to that bondage out of which it shall at last be delivered Drunkenness is the cause of most or all mischiefs hence come quarrels blows wounds bruises and often death Who hath woe who hath sorrow who hath contentions babling wounds without cause redness of eyes they that tarry long at the wine c. This Vice is commonly the fomenter of Luxury for Sine Cerere Baccho friget Venus it is as the bait to it and what wood is to the fire that same drunkenness and gluttony are to Luxury therefore one said well Tollas ligna foco si vis extinguere flammas Si veneris motus otia vina dapes Horace having said of Hercules Multa tulit fecitque puer sudavit alsit addeth the Verse immediattly following Abstinuit venere vino He abstained from women and wine as of two great enemies to virtuous men It is said of one who one day being asked which of these three sins he thought to be the least Drunkenness Murther of a Father or Incest answered Drunkenness which he being given to one night he went home drunk went in and lay with his Mother whilst she was asleep and then killed his Father for censuring of him Whether or not this was true it matters not much but this is a certain truth how a drunken man is capable of doing or suffering any possible mischief It is a wonder if a man given to this Vice be good in any relation he is apt to kill to steal to commit Adultery to play his Estate away he is unfit for any employment He who cannot rule himself is not able to govern others nor to manage any affair whether publick or private for he cannot keep a secret whether his own or another manâ— in vino veritas when he is known to be given to drink others will play upon him in that way and pump out what he hath in his heart History both ancient and modern affords us examples of great and important designs which miscarried through this which although it be every where a vile vice yet 't is more dangerous abroad than at home for where a man is known others will bear with him when he is in such fits and not much heed what he saith or doth but in Foreign parts strangers will not suffer the extravagancies which men commit when they are in this condition but will chastise them for 't St. Paul saith they who are drunken are drunken in the night because darkness hides the vice and frees them from the shame but these seem to brave all the world committing it in the sight of the Sun and go abroad only as it were to let other Nations see how vicious they are which is a great dishonour to themselves and disparagement to the Nation they are of for others will be apt to think there is many such others in their Country wherefore as they tender the credit of their Nation the honor of their Family and their own reputation if they pretend to any let them avoid drunkenness whereby their life is every day in danger and jeopardy and if they will be drunk let them be so at home and not do that wrong to sober persons of their own Nation whom thus they cause to be thought to be such as they are being all Country-men if they have not the fear of God before their eyes who excludeth drunkards from the Kingdom of Heaven let them tremble at the dangers which every day hang over their heads they are loth to break good fellowship but matter not to venture their soul life health reputation and estate they will drink say they but a glass of Wine with a friend then the glass is followed with another and this with a bottle and many more so that the Verse will be true Pinta traht pintam sequitur mox altera pinta Et sic post pintas nascitur ebrietas Amongst the several laws made by Lycurgus there was none against drunkenness which he being asked the reason of answered that Vice is attended with its punishments shame head-aches distempers c. The company of dishonest Women is also to be avoided which is the more dangerous because the desire of it is so natural yet one must strive against Lust which when it hath conceived it bringeth forth sin Adam could say the Wife which thou hast given me made me eat the Fruit of the forbidden Tree This hath been a stumbling block to many a good and great man David had a sore fall in the case of Bersheba and Women turned away Solomon's heart from following his God He who in his Book of Proverbs had given so excellent lessons against this sin saying Wisdom will deliver one from a strange woman whose end is bitter as wormwood she is called an evil woman by whose means a man is brought to a piece of bread she leads one to death and destruction and many such places This caused the destruction of the Trojan Empire which once was so flourishing For this the Tarquins were expelled out of Rome and by the accident of Virginia the Decemvirs were turned out And if King Rodrigo of Castille had not ravished the honour of Count Iuliano's Daughter this Count had not brought into Spain the Saracens to be avenged of that injury Solomon saith jealousie is the rage of a man who will not spare in the day of vengeance Sampson and Hercules perished by these means which made a Poet to say Quis Samsone fuit quis fortior Hercule constat Foemineis ambos succubuisse thoris Spaniards say well Guerra Caca y amores Por un placer mil dolores War Hunting Love give bad morrows For one pleasure a thousand sorrows Without going so far back to find in ancient Histories examples of damages befallen great States through an inordinate love for Women there is a modern one very remarkable which hath caused an unspeakable prejudice to the Spanish Monarchy Philip II. fell passionately in love with Anna Mendozza a beautiful Widow of Ruygomez de Sylva formerly a Minister and great Favorite of that King and made confident of this passion his Secretary of State Antonio Perez who instead of serving his Master spoke for himself and had his desire which could not be done so secretly but that Escovedo Secretary to Don Iuan of Austria and newly arrived out of Flanders heard of it and acquainted the King therewith with a design thereby to undo Perez who in the Council opposed Don Iuan's concerns Whereupon the King
the contrary in vertue or vice for vertue and vice do not consist in any single act but in the habit formed of many wherefore Cyrillus Alexandrinus against Iulian the Apostate saith If nature had filled our souls with vertue vice could not have been introduced into them so that we see she only made us susceptible thereof as we are also of vice because that which is disposed to receive one thing is also capable to receive the contrary of it Vertue is a hidden treasure which we must take pains to find out by the help of Precepts which by degrees are contracted into an habit and that 's properly what we call Art and Science This was the opinion of the first Law-givers who to that end instituted several Disciplines for Youth and gave them rules sutable to the government which they would use them to for although nature hath not given us vertue she hath not denied us means to attain to 't she hath even given us some seeds and dispositions to it having put in us affections whereby upon occasion it doth receive some increase for saith the Pythagorician Hyppodamus Through desire and fear one grow a notable proficient in virtues Another great help to Education of Children would be the suppression of all vicious and corrupt places or any that engage Youth to debanchedness as may be publick Gaming places many Taverns of which the number is exceeding which are all enticements to young men to fall into depravation and an idle course of life I would not except Plays when prophane lascivious blasphemous or other vicious parts are acted upon the Stage for else representing of Vertue in her lively colours may be a motive to love and follow it So when Vice appears in his own shape it will make it odious to us therefore much is depending upon the subject they act to shew how ridiculous in all his waâ—s is a covetous man will instruct us of the vileness and sordidness of that vice and this was the first use of Comedies introduced amongst the Romans in the days of grave and wise men who had the government of the Republick continued in Augustus's days which multiplied to an excess and degenerated under the Reign of Vicious Emperors for instead that first they were only instructive they turned only to delight spectators and to flatter great men in their Vices whereby the true end thereof was perverted Intrigues of State were also represented therein I can see NeroÌ„ either dissembling his natural inclination or over-awed by his Mother or else persuaded by the wise and good advices of Seneca and Burrhus live and reign vertuously for the space of five years then flie out and break loose against those Counsellors because they dissuaded him from violence and evil actions To see the advice of those faithful and vertuous men slighted and the suggestions of a base and infamous Narcissus or other flatterers be received and on the other side Agrippina accusing Seneca and Burrhus to be the authors of what evil counsels her Son took against her Authority Reason and Justice doth not this shew the condition of few honest men amongst the wicked they give the good counsels which are not followed and yet suffer the blame of evil ones which they ever spoke against This if any is the good which can be learned from Plays but on the other side the life of Actors and Actrices their gestures actions carriage and whatsoever else is in them joyned to the bad inclinations of the generality of spectators will quite hinder any good effect and destroy what good dispositions might happen to be in them besides that History will instruct us of all these passages which yet being acted will make a deeper impression upon the faculties and passions of the soul both to instruct and to delight it In one word a good use may be made of Plays though generally none but a bad one be made of them But setting Plays aside I shall assert the necessity of suppressing vicious things and places which allure Youth to evil and debauchedness Magistrates being much concerned in it vertuous Subjects will submit to Law and obey Authority when vicious men will cause troubles and disturbances This I press the more by reason of the depravation which is in Youth in every man and in the whole man and that not only original and inherent to their nature but also contracted by a loose breeding worse examples debauched company and other accidents Young men generally are not sound within but there is a hidden and inward enemy apt to betray the whole man upon occasion and to let in any outward foe in them matter is very combustible and ready to take fire with the least sparkle from without Now I return to the Tutors part which is ever to keep Children doing one thing or other There are three sorts of life one speculative and the other active one for learning the other for practise let them be kept to which they please or rather both but avoid the otiosam or idle life standing water doth gather mud and corruption Children specially they who are quick and lively when they have no good to do they will rather do evil than be idle It is a considerable saying of an ancient Doctor that the whole life of man passeth Vel nihil agendo aut male agendo vel aliud agendo either in doing nothing or doing evil or else doing that which concerns us not playing the part of busie-bodies therefore there must be variety of things to put them upon indeed some there are which Youth must learn to do by the by others they ought to apply themselves seriously to for they must not so much mind their Book as to neglect conversation when they begin to be capable of it neither must they be so taken with speculation as to omit action altogether and wholly to deprive themselves of every innocent and lawful pleasure and recreation which God Nature Reason Health Decency and such like do permit or require Seek ye first saith Scripture the Kingdom of God and the righteousness thereof This first implies a priority of which there is one of order for an order is required in every thing Such a priority of order there is in the persons of the most Holy and Blessed Trinity another priority there is of nature but not of time such is the Sun before his light for the cause must be in nature before the effect yet at the same time the Sun was he gave light but another priority there is in time and not in nature so in time a Father is before his Son for he was born many years before him yet he is not so in nature because he cannot be a Father till he hath a Child these two being relative which as Schoolmen say Se mutuo ponunt tollunt put one and you put both take away one and you take away both In short the Tutor is to keep his Gentleman in exercise to
about the most potent Families whether noble or not of their Charges Estates and Interest in the place then ask by what Trade or other means the Town or City doth chiefly subsist and what are the customs and temper of the Inhabitants afterwards of the policy and of the way and form of Government not forgetting to know how far doth reach the power and authority of the Clergy what are the Priviledges of the City and Citizens what difference is amongst them and what are the Prerogatives of the Nobility and Gentry and in case the Landlord or he whom he hath given you be not able to satisfie you in these points desire him to direct you to some body capable to do it But this is when the Governor is a stranger to the place for else he must himself acquaint his Gentleman with all these things And here is seen the advantage of one who knows them already Having thus viewed the Town and Castle if there be any and in the general being informed of the policy and constitution thereof as you come back to your Lodging you may meditate and discourse upon these things yet very discreetly with those you think capable of it to get if possible a more exact and particular information of every thing After all this when you are gone into your Chamber you must take pains orderly to set down in writing in your Diary Book what you heard and learned and if you are many or only two it will be well for every one to have his own Book afterwards to compare notes and know who hath been more exact and what is most curious therein which upon occasion you may discourse about and find out the motives causes and authors of things Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas Further it will be well to have before you the Maps of every Province and if possible of the Towns you are in to know the right situation thereof which also may be done by getting upon some Steeple or high place and learn their Frontiers and Neighbours It must not be neglected or forgotten to write down the Histories merry Tales notable Sentences witty Replies the good words and every fine expression which every day you happen to hear in company thereby to profit and make use of upon occasion after all this you may receive the visits of those whom you were commended to or return to take your leave of them at which time you may be better able and upon surer grounds to discourse with them upon every thing you have seen and if possible get a clearer information of and in case in the same City or Town lived any person of eminent quality in a great state keeping a kind of a Court or other great Officers and men eminent for learning or other parts or according to the nature of the place if there be any Princes though Strangers or Embassadors Residents c. you may enquire whether they like to receive such visits as yours may be you may desire those you are commended to to procure you the honor of kissing their hands usually persons of high quality love to be courted and take this as a civility And because it would not be well to go to them and be mute or to speak non-sense you may make to them a short civil and respectful complement declaring your Nation how you are English Gentlemen who have undertaken to Travel with a desire to fit your selves to serve your King and Countrey and all their Frirnds and Allies this if they be publick Ministers of Princes friends to the Crown of England and that you were loth to go by without kissing their hands and tendering your humble services to them when by the means of these visits you are grown better acquainted one may get a further information of the constitution of the place or Province where you are of the nature of the Inhabitants and of the state and inclination of the Neighbours yet all this must be done with much respect discreetness prudence and modesty for fear of being accounted pedants silly and ignorant or giddy and rash which would cause slightings and contempt And in case there be occasion given to discourse upon the manners nature or customs of both or either Nation viz. the Travellers and his whom he is with or of the Kings Princes great men even of particular persons the Traveller must carefully take heed not to let fall any word whereat any one might justly be offended and perhaps resent it bewaring to avoid nothing more than to slander or speak ill or rashly or presumptuously judge of others which are the two dangerous rocks in conversation contrariwise they must keep within general tearms give the best interpretation to things and no ways shew themselves partial bold or passionate but if others speak or judge too freely of things or persons they ought to hear them with indifferency and seem to admire at rather than approve of what they say and not answer to 't as if they were ignorant of the matter but of this more hereafter Only I will add two things one is that the Governor who upon all occasions is to give advice to his charge must well know his quality and judiciously understand what belongeth to it for if he be of the highest or lower quality he ought to carry himself with him accordingly with more or less formality at least before Strangers for else freedom is wholly necessary and he ought to advise him to carry himself towards others according to his and their qualities The other thing I add is this we see how Travellers must not make post haste when they go through places but ought to take time to rest and be informed of things whereby the Journey will be more pleasant and profitable nay one must take horse sometimes and go out of his way to see what deserves it Being then come to a place of settlement the mind and endeavours of the Gentleman and of his Governor must wholly tend to be improved yet more or less according to every ones occasions for they who are Scholars and Travellers to get either a livelihood or a preferment are most concerned to improve themselves but their settlement must begin with the set rules of Piety which from the first day of their setting forth they ought daily to have practised Every morning and evening one ought to fall upon his knees and devoutly to call upon God acknowledging his glory and mercies his own unworthiness original and actual sinfulness whether out of ignorance or against the testimony of his conscience the lights of Nature and of Grace beseeching God for Jesus Christ's sake to look on him with an eye of pity and compassion to be reconciled unto him and to apply to him all the merits and sufferings whereby his Son hath appeased his wrath satisfied his justice and made a full expiation for sins whereof the filth may be washed clean in his precious Blood and the guilt so
to them the virtue of their Ancestoâ—s whose footsteps they ought to tread upon because thereby they attained unto honors and dignities Certainly if they have any good inclinations it will work in them a desire of imitation Thus Alexander the Great attained to the perfection of Achilles whom he took for his pattern therefore he was seldom without Homer's Iliads which he used to lay under his Pillow and it is beneficial to take one to be his pattern as he did Homer amongst the Greeks and Virgil amongst the Latins in matter of Heroical Virtues ought to be consulted for in their Books ex professo under several names they have given us an exact Character of great wise valiant and virtuous men in which kind of writing for certain they ought to be esteemed true Masters and best Authors but this subject being not so proper for this place because Breeding and Travelling do not make youth do great things but fits and disposes them for it This is only a leader and a guide to action when they are raised to preferments come to riper years and in a capacity of doing their Country service then directions to heroical virtues would prove fit and seasonable but that should be the work of another Treatise for here I intended only to carry him to travel and then bring him home and not shew him what to do to get to a settlement when he is come thither Therefore to carry on my design I would advise the Governor after the nine or ten months appointed to settle in a place are over to remove but if they have time I think it would not be amiss to shew him the Sea-coasts of Britany before he leaves the River Loire for by reason of the neighborhood one cannot tell what occasion he may meet with hereafter thereabouts to serve his King and Countrey therefore when he travels by those parts he must observe the situation and the strength or weakness of places the same he should do of Normandy of all Sea-Towns there when he is come to Rouën so of all the Sea-Coasts of France and of other Nations he comes amongst because our Nation being so potent at Sea one cannot tell what occasion hereafter he may have to lead Fleets or Ships into those parts either as friend or foe for any thing relating to Navigation may prove very necessary for every Englishman the situation of the Countrey being such that we can have communication with no other Nation but by the means of the Sea I had almost forgotten to say that as commonly at home in Schools young Gentlemen are kept seven or eight years in learning that which they should be taught within half of that time at most whereby much of their time is lost so abroad they will meet with those Masters of Exercises who for some interest of little money will be a whole month in teaching that which they could learn in a week this the Governor is concerned to prevent But before he leaveth the place he hath been at all this while he ought to take leave of his friends and acquaintances in 't giving them thanks for their civility either in receiving his visits or making theirs to him then in case they can conveniently give him any Letters of commendation to their Friends in the places he is to go by he may ask of them that farther favor but let him chiefly be careful to leave behind him no bad name but give every one his due and discharge all debts he hath contracted there An honest man never loves to go out like a snuff and leave a stinking smell behind him but rather he will so depart from a Town as that he may dare to come thither again and be welcome As he goeth through the Country let him besides what I said before exactly enquire of the chief Families of every Province as afterwards he must do about the greatest of the whole Kingdom in time and place This gives a great light and help to understand the constitution and interests of a State specially that of France where great men have much power and influences and as that is a large Country he may observe the different temper of the Inhabitants of the several Provinces in some places they are more hasty than in others as in Gascony and formerly the Forlorn Hope of their Armies consisted of Gascons fit for a quick and speedy execution In other Provinâ—es men are fitter for Horse than for foot Those who are nearer the Sea-side are better than others for the Sea those who are amidst Mountains are good to keep or force difficult passages so towards the Pyrenean Mountains or other as in the Sevenes and the Alps they climb up high Hills and Rocks and are fitter to endure hardship not being so impatient as others are Now out of the knowledge of this the use will be in case one had to do against Armies composed of these several sorts of men he could better know how to deal with them with tiring or taking other advantages over those who are impatient drawing into level ground those who are used to Mountains keeping in Plains when stronger in Horse or in harder places when strong in Foot and though every one hath no occasion to be a Soldier or is not fit for it yet 't is well for every one to know how to defend his King and Country how to repulse a Foreign Enemy or how to disturb others at home when our Princes think fit so to do for though Kingdoms be not ever gotten or preserved by the Sword yet without it they cannot be maintained for all Councels in the world except they be back'd with Sword and Authority and be in a martial posture will be slighted and not cared for Silent leges inter arma France is a potent Monarchy of a large extent very full of daring and industrious people from Dunkirk to Bayone washed with the Ocean and the Southerly parts with the Mediterranean defended by the Pyrenean Mountains from Spain by the Alps from Italy and by strong places upon her other Frontiers it hath a door into Spain by the ways of Perpignan and Bayone into Italy by Pignerol into Germany by Brisac and many strong places in the Low-Countries this Kingdom as Boccalini saith is a land where at any time one can sow seed and a Sea where one can sail with every wind and this so conveniently seated to disturb so many other parts of Europe and all commanded by an absolute Monarch makes it the more considerable in it self and formidable to her enemies and indeed that Nation except in case of civil Wars or with England hath ever more offended others than defended her self These general things and others more particular ought exactly to be observed by Strangers when they come into those parts the more because of their present flourishing condition which makes that Crown have so considerable influences upon most Counsels and affairs of Europe which through her
commit him to la Bastille the Tower of Paris This Conference having been reported to him by Monmorency whom afterwards he caused to be beheaded he remembered it and upon occasion retorted the Sentence upon every one of them for Marshal Marillac's head was cut off Toiras was made to run out of France and Bassompierre was sent to the Bastille and kept there all the Cardinals life time Indeed 't is very unfit for private men to speak ill of those who are in publick places who seldom fail to hear of it and at one time or other will find occasions of being avenged also 't is certain that very often a private injury done to a publick person will sooner be resented than if it had been done to him as a publick one or against the State ever personal injuries being more sensible than those which are against the publick as 't is natural to reward particular more than publick services so to punish particular faults against Superiors more than publick ones men being not so sensible of general as of particular things a private man can be troubled at a publick loss but not so much as of his own the punishment inflicted upon one for contempt of Authority is but politick when vengeance for contempt of the person is natural and consequently more sensible but this is the truth there is such a connexion of the person with the office that one is never offended but it doth reflect upon the other The passage I related just now about that great Statesman who in that Kingdom was so potent as to destroy his enemies very considerable men puts me in mind to observe how sometimes it is dangerous to make a Minister or a Favorite too great for two accounts one is that his Fortune being raised above that of all the rest is envied and hated by the rest or most great men in the Kingdom who ever take this as a pretence for all disturbances they go about to raise in the State the other is in reference to the Prince himself for when the Minister doth distribute all graces and favors he makes friends and creatures to himself and by these and other means he may so settle his Authority that it would prove hard for his Master to throw him down in case he had a mind to 't and having tasted so much of the sweetness there is in commanding wherein he hath so great a share his ambition might raise his thoughts to take it wholly to himself for having already the power it would not be difficult to get the name of it and to blow off that shadow of Authority which his Master doth retain the example of the Maires du Palais hath clearly shewed this in France The fortune also of such extraordinary Favorites is not sure not only from the side of all those who strike at it but also from the Princes part who sometimes conceiveth jealousies ever fomented by the other's enemies Ioab was a wise man in this case to prevent the jealousie which David might have had in case he had taken the City of Rabbah for he sent word to him to come up and take the City which could hold out no longer Least said he I take the City and it be called after my name He knew how after Saul had heard once the people say Saul hath killed his thousand and David his ten thousands he could never abide him Lysander Alcibiades c. Scipio Africanus after considerable services done to their Countrey were exiled by their Republicks Iustinian after very important services received from Bellisarius turned him off took away his whole Estate and upon a meer though groundless jealousie of State caused his eyes to be put out Hernando Gonsalvez justly called the great Captain who finished the Wars of Grenada beat the French out of Naples and who remained true to and stood by his Master Ferdinand of Arragon when the rest of the great men fell to his Son in law Philip of Austria yet after all these services were forgotten and he turned out of all employment unrewarded without the least reason or pretence The consideration of this made Machiavel advise those who through their virtues were raised to great fortune either to leave it betime and of their own accord or else to maintain it by force His ground and reason is because usually men miscarry for following a middle way not willing to be either very good or very bad Now the reason of such usage is when men are raised to such a height of greatness as doth in the least over-shadow the sovereign authority though these great men do not abuse it yet this Princes are jealous of and either are forced with this jealousie of State not to be just to them in not rewarding them for fear of putting them in a posture or capacity of doing harm or else if they see them unrewarded their presence seems to upbraid them of unthankfulness and injustice in denying Virtue that reward which is due to it for every time a Prince looks upon such a one his services do claim what they have deserved for as liberality and generosity rewards and pains are â—ffects of the justice of Princes those who have grounds to hope for the one as those who have done amiss to be afraid of the others yet we must always stand to this truth that when a Subject hath ventured his life and done all he is able for his Princes service he hath done nothing but what was his duty to do only this is a bad precedent and discourages others to do the like in case they were able as it fell out to Iustinian who having undone Bellisarius as I said just now as soon as Narses another General of his did find he had a mind to begin with him he left him off and joyned with the Goths whereby his affairs in Italy were undone very ill done of him for though his Master had not well done by him he ought not to have rebelled but'tis usual to hear men say 't is good to become wife at the costs of other men Here I must observe how 't was not only the fear in Narses of being served as Bellisarius had been that did work in him the resolution of acting against his Master It was also an effect of the contempt of the Empress because she heard what he had begun to act she sent to him that a course would be taken to bring him to spin amongst women for he was an Eunuch used to be a keeper of Women to which he returned this answer that he would spin such a thread as her husband and she could never untwist This shews how those who are in power to do hurt may not without danger be used with contempt for slight and contempt are ever more sensible than injuries For this cause Caligula was killed by Cassius Chereas and Quintilianus made a Conspiracy against Nero. Here I do not intend to speak of those who
as to the Republick chiefly Democratical as Holand but also as to those which are wholly Aristocratical as Venice The cause of troubles in Nations hath usually been either the eager desire of the Nobles to command or else the violent love of people to their liberty which principles the minds of both sides being once possessed with every one driving on his way rentings and disturbances are unavoidable and truly in such a case the parties are often so blind that to avoid a present inconvenience and distemper they fall into a greater and more dangerous disease as it fell out in Rome when the Nobles and the People being grieved the one at the Tribunes and the other at the Consuls which were ballanced one by another they abolished them all and set up the Decemvirs whose little finger was heavier than either Consuls or Tribunes and certainly when divisions in States cause such courses to be taken there are all dispositions in the World to Tiranny for when one of the parties sets over himself a daring ambitious man of interest he makes use of that party to destroy the other which being done he hath so fortified himself that it will not be difficult to usurp over the rest Thus if the Nobles be destroyed the People having none to fly to must submit and be kept under Appius the Decemvir had such a fair occasion if he had had the wit to make use of it for the people being confident he would bear his interest against the Senate chose him but he instead of making use of this popular favour to undo the Nobles begun to oppose the People who had raised him to that Dignity and complyed with the Senate who were all his enemies some because they had the same ambitious designs as he and all because they lookt upon him as a creature and the head of the people they who came after and had the same designs took a wiser way to bring them about Marius being chosen by the People and Sylla by the Senate stook to their principles and to those by whom they were to raised and when these divisions were come to the greatest height and the great revolution which not long after befel the Republick was hanging over her head Pompeius for the Senate and Caesar for the People did the like for though Pompeius had the worst of it the Nobles stood to him as long as they were able and when they had no other way they murthered Caesar in the Senate whose steps being followed by his Nephew Octavius Auguâ—tus gave the mortal wound to that party by the overthrow of Brutus and Cassius and he set himself over all the People and so reduced the Government to a single person which may be Pompeius or his Sons had done if they had had the better on the other side Something of this is also to be observed in Monarchies where also are the different interests of the Nobles and of the People which to balance is the Princes interest and not to suffer one to be destroyed by the other the Nobillty indeed are the Props and Pillars of a Throne but the Barons War and some Outlandish examples shew that they are sometimes the scourge of it and within these very few years we have seen a King of the North make use of the People to bring down the power and authority of his Nobility That Government is certainly the most happy and the likeliest to last where the Nobility encroacheth not upon the Liberties of the People nor they on the Prerogatives of the Nobles Therefore if a Traveller be from amongst the Nobility so as to have right to hope one day to sit amongst the Noblemen let him not learn ambitious and tyrannical Principles when he hath been in Poland and other places where the common people are no better than Slaves or if he be born amongst the common people let him not be so desirous of a full liberty such as he hath seen in Holand and other places where the supream authority lies in the people so as to scorn when he cometh home to yield respect and that obedience which according to the Law and customs of his Countrey is due to the Nobility and Gentry for a Noble who makes a stay in Poland and a Commoner in Holand finding those Governments suitable to their quality and inclination by the influence of the climate customs and conversations with people will be affected to 't and sometimes desire it should be so at home which desire upon occasion will proceed to action and strivings to setle it there What I said of the manner and customs of Holland almost the like I may say of those of the rest of the Vnited Provinces all having the same general way of Government so I may almost say of those Spanish Countreys which are near them as to manners and customs having all formerly been under the same Soveraign though those under Spain have a mixture of fashions by reason of their constant communication with that Nation as have with the French those of Artois Hainault and others which either belong to the French or are their very next Neighbors which customs by degrees and succession are introduced Now what I say is not as to their Laws and Government which I know are different and particular to some Provinces but I speak in matter of society conversation and manner of life which as the Language are near alike in all the Low Countreys which being so nigh to us their temper is the better known to every one here and 't is less necessary to insist upon 't as much as on Countreys more remote When a Traveller hath seen most of all the Curiosities of those parts which for the most part consist in fair and strong Cities I will have him to come to Paris there to re-collect what he hath seen and learned in all his travels and to perfect himself in his Exercises and take his last stamp before he comes home I had said that from Hambourg or Lubeck some go into Sueden and Denmark onely to see the former being for the most part a barren vast wild Country in comparison of the southerly parts of Europe there is no pleasure nor hardly profit to travel in 't Stockholme where the Court resides is to be seen Vpsal an Archbishoprick and the Seat of the Primate of Sueden where is also an University Gottemburg also a great way from thence where sometimes the States or Diet use to meet but chiefly one must see the Copper Mines of which there is much So that Tilly used to call Gustavus Adolphus the Copper-Smith there are half Crowns and Five shilling Pieces very big insomuch that I have seen some Countrymen carrying few of them upon the shoulders with a stick passed thorough a hole made a purpose and with this sort of Coin are made their ordinary Payments so that if sometimes one is to receive but 25 or 30 l. worth of English Money a horse doth either draw
or carry it the best Lands of that Crown are now what the last King but one conquered in Germany and what the last got from the Danes in Schonen Holand and Bleking in the former whereof is a good and convenient Harbor called Landscroon In fine it is a brave and Warlike Nation which stands too much upon the nicety of Honour as they take it to be so that if one hath in the least received an injury from another he must fight him or else he would be branded for a Coward unfit to come into any Gentlemans company and lay upon his reputation a perpetual blemish and note of infamy I have taken notice that most Gentleman of that Nation when they are abroad follow their Exercises well and succeed therein Of Denmark I have little to say that Kingdom except what they have in Holstein and Iutland consisting all in Islands which indeed are more plentiful and better Country than Sueden there are several little ones as Longland Loyland Femeren and Funen bigger than all these whereof the chief place is Odensea but the greatest and best of all is Sealand whereof Copenhagen is the Metropolis Elsenore is on this side the Sound and Cronenberg Castle is the strongest place of all those parts upon the same Island are also Roskildt and Fredericksburg all worth seeing more or less The temper of this Nation in some things is like the Suedish but more high and lofty though upon account of State there be an antipathy between the two Nations for the Kingdom which was Elective is now become Hereditary and the Nobility hath lost the Priviledge of choosing them a King for the late King after the Suedish War took an opportunity of his standing Army to bring this to pass with the concurrence of the Commonalty but as these places are not much visited by Strangers except in case of Ambassadors or upon the account of Trade for the Sound is the inlet into the Baltick Sea I will forbear any longer speaking of it From Sueden and Denmark Strangâ—rs come back usually to Hambourg and Lubeck Something too should be said of Spain and Portugal the former I have spoken of elsewhere the other is a Kingdom lying South-west of Spain along the Sea Coasts their Language is the same except some few words and some difference in the pronunciation there is an antipathy between the two Nations grounded upon the interest of State After the death of King Don Sebastian in Africa Philip II. of Spain took possession of that Kingdom aâ—d was kept by Philip III. his Successor and by Philip IV. till the year 1640. for that Kingdom took the first opportunity and withdrew from the Spanish Yoak to yield obedience to the right Owner Don Iuan Duke of Braganza the design being managed by the wisdom and courage of his Wife of the Spanish Illustrious Family of Medina Sidonia assisted by some prudent and loyal persons of quality who contributed much to bring that design to pass and to make use of the general disposition of the Nation to a Revolution Portugal and the Algarves are not of any great extent but that King is Potent in Aâ—rica and the East-Indies where they made considerable Conquests and drive a great Trade Goa being one of the most Merchant Cities of all those Indies they understand well the Art of Navigation whereby that Kingdom is much enriched there are not many strong or otherwise considerable Towns Braga Braganza Porto Coimbra Eluas c. are the chief but Lisboa or Lisbon is a good and rich City the Metropolis of the Kingdom it hath some things of the Spanish temper but not altogether so slow there are not many Strangers there except those who are in the service of the Crown Merchants and some attending on foreign Ministers for Gentlemen who travel to see the World and improve themselves make no long stay there but onely do go there for in a short time one can see the chief things there in it and in Spain I was about ten Months But now I must speak of other things After our Travellers are come to Paris have refreshed themselves and made fashionableCloaths the next thing must be to take Masters of Exercises to be perfect therein let them at leisure see every thing they did see before and more too and thereupon make exacter observation such are the Court and all publick Pleasures and Solemnities performed therein whether it be Hunting General Musters Balls Plays c. they must renew good former acquaintance make what new ones they are able specially with men of virtue and quality with Virtuosi and other Wits of Paris they ought to get an exact information of the whole Court and of great Persons of the Kingdom whose authority and power therein is very great this gives a great light to understand the constitution and interests of States which is a thing I could desire them to mind and be well versed in to this effect they must find ways handsomely how to be acquainted with the Ministers of those Princes and Republicks in whose Dominions they have been and of others too which will come in by degrees from them they can hear news of what passeth all Europe and World over learn Wisdom and the grounds of Policy for though they will not acquaint one with their secrets yet the continual course of affairs being apprehended well will teach one very much also sometimes they reason upon things and give their opinion about them Besides this Paris affords a great variety of good Company wherein much is to be learned so that six months at least can well be bestowed there and whole years too if one can and hath a mind to stay and yet loose no time The Languages he hath learned in his travels I would have him not to forget but rather to practice upon all occasions both by reading and speaking for they are accomplishment for any Gentleman and qualification necessary to a Statesman or to any employed in publick Affairs He will also do well if possible to understand the peculiar way of speaking of other Nations As for instance here in England we speak much between the teeth for when the letter H is pronounced after a T the tongue lies between the teeth which else are close for the most part The French speak with a whistling of the tongue The Italian with the lips The German with the throat And the Hollander with the nose These differences are easily perceived by those who have any skill in those Languages and to give an instance of the two last the German and the Hollanders between which two there should be the less difference because this last is but a Dialect of the former yet when one is come from Germany as far as Colen he will find this difference very palpable They also who are critical upon Languages do find that they are adapted to Subjects for upon certain matters some are more energetical and significative than others for
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