409 Adam 46 228 Adrian 67 Aeneas settles in Italy 53 369 Aeneas Sylvius's Hist. 170 Aeschines 60 329 Aeschylus 60 Africanus Iulius his Chronicle 151 Agamemnon K. of Mycene 347 Agathias's Hist. 196 Agrim Battel there 95 Ahazias K. of Iudah 241 Aix la Chapelle Peace there 92 Alaric K. of the Goths 71 Albert of Austria Emp. Ger. 80 Albigenses persecuted 81 Alcibiades 60 326 327 Alexander the Great 60 His History 267 to 280 355 Alexandria in Egypt built 309 Alexius Comnenus 78 79 Alfred K. of England 75 Almarez K. of Ierusalem 79 Alphonsus the Chast K. of Spain 74 Alphonsus K. of Portugal 90 America discovered 86 Amos. 67 241 Amos's Prophecy p. 137 Amurath Sultan of the Turks 81 Anacreon 325 Andronicus Paleolog II. Emp. C.P. 81 Annibal the Carthaginian Admiral 390 Anthony Marc. 64 312 313 406 408 409. Anthony of Florence's Hist. 169 Antiochus Epiphanes 62 Antiochus Soter 61 Antoninus Marc. Aurel. 67 Antoninus Pius 67 Appius's History 190 Aratus 330 Archimedes ibid. Archontes Governor of Athens 321 c. Argonaut's Voyage 52 Argos the Kings of it 316 Aristobulus 63 Aristobulus K. of the Iews 252 Aristophanes 60 328 Aristotle 328 Arnold of Lubeck's Hist. 166 Arphaxad 228 230 Arrian's Hist. 189 Arthur K. of Britain 72 Asa K. of Iudah 40 Ascanius Son of Aeneas 369 Asia Minor the Kings of it after Alexander 288 c. Assur Son of Sem. 230 Assyrian Kings their Names and time of Reign from Nimrod to Sardanapalus 256 Athaliah 56 241 Athens its History p. 317 c. Burnt by Mardonius 324 Plague there 325 Atolf K. of the Goths in Spain 71 Attila K. of Hunns ib. St. Augustine his History Works 155 Augustulus Emp. 71 Augustus Caesar. 64 406 Emperor of Rome 410 Aurelianus V. 68 Austin the Monk Archbishop of Canterbury 72 Austrian Family its Founder 80 Axan Sultan of the Turks 78 B. Babylonian Kings 261 c. Babylonish Captivity of the Iews 243 Bajaret Sultan of the Turks 82 Baldwin K of Ierusalem 78 Baronius's Annals 173 Baruch 243 His Prophecy 131 Bede's History 159 Belgrade taken by Turks 86 Belshazzar K. of Babylon 261 Belus K. of Assyria 255 Berah K. of Sodom 49 Bergamos Iames of his Hist. 171 Berosus his History 329 Boadicea Q. of Britain 66 Boethius Hector his Hist. 173 Boetia its Situation 348 Bonfinius's History 171 Boyne Battel there 95 Breda Peace there 92 Britain Ioseph of Arimathea preached there 66 Lucius first Christian King there 67 Christianity established there 72 The Saxons called in 71 Saxon Heptarchy erected 71 72 The Danes infest the Land 76 77 Brutus and Cassius 63 405 Their Death 407 Brutus L. Iunius Founder of the Consular State of Rome p. 378 379 C. Cadmus p. 301 Brought Letters to Greece 52 His Story 349 c. Caesar C. Iulius 63 399 His Victories 400 c. In Britain 400 401 Perpetual Dictator and Emperor of Rome 404 His Writings 197 His Death 405 Cainam 46 228 231 His Sons Founders of Nations 233 Calendar corrected by Caesar. 403 Corrected by P. Gregory 88 Callymachus 329 Cambyses 59 262 Conquered Egypt 304 Candia taken by Turks 92 Cannae the Battel there between Hannibal and the Romans 392 Canticles the Book of 135 Canute the Dane King of England 77 Carloman K. of France 76 Carolus Gustavus K. of Sweden 90 Carthage built 56 Conquered by Romans and destroyed 63 394 Carthaginian War First 61 389 Second 61 391 Third 61 394 Cassiodorus's History 162 Catiline's Conspiracy 399 Catullus 64 Centuriae Magdeburgens 173 Chalecondylas's History 170 Charlemain K. of France 73 Declared Emperor 74 Charles Martel governs France 73 Charles the Bald Emp. 75 Charles V. King of Spain and Emperor 86 Resigns his Crown 88 Charles I. K. of England 89 Charles II. K. of England restored 91 His Death 93 China the History of its Monarchs p. 291 to 297 The Wall between it and Tartary built 297 Choniates Nicelas his Hist. 166 Chronicles the Book of 133 Cicero M. Tull. 399 400 His Death 407 Cimon General of the Greeks against the Persians 324 Cinossema Battel there 326 Claudius Emp. 68 Clelia a Roman Virgin her remarkable Courage 380 Cleopatra Q. of Egypt 312 407 Her Death 409 Clovis K. of France 71 Cecrops Founder of the Athenians 300 319 Codrus K. of Athens 320 Coecles Horat. his Courage 380 Collatinus Lucretia's Husband Consul of Rome 378 Colossians Epistle to 142 Columbus discovers America 86 Confucius the Chinese Philosopher 296 Constantine the Great Emp. 69 Constantine XIII Palaeologus last Emp. C. P. 83 Constantinople General Council there 70 Taken by Turks 83 Consular State of Rome its Beginning 378 Corimodus Emp. 67 Corinth its History and Kings 343 344 c. Corinthians Epistle to 141 Coriolanus C. Mar. his Story 382 Crassus 399 401 Crates the Philosopher 61 Cresus K. of Lydia 58 362 Cromwell Oliver usurps the Government of England 90 Curopolates his History 162 Cyrus the first Persian Monarch 262 D. Donatus K. of Argos p. 301 316 Daniel 58 His Prophecy 136 Cast into the Lionls Den. 250 Dardanus K. of Troy 52 Darius Codomannus K. of Persia overcome by Alexander 267 Darius Hystaspes K. of Persia. 59 262 Darius Nothus 265 K. David 54 239 Decemviri a sort of Government at Rome created 384 Their ill Government and expulsion ibid. The Demetrii their Successors 284 c. Demetrius Soter K. of Syria 283 Demecritus the Philosopher 60 Demosthenes 60 328 Deucalion 319 Deuteronomy its Contents 131 Dictator at Rome first created 381 Dioclesian Emperor of Rome 68 Diodorus Siculus's History 185 Diogenes Laertius's Writings 190 Diogenes 328 Dion Cassius's History 191 Dionysius Halicarnasseus's History 187 Domitian Emp. of Rome 67 Draco's Laws 323 Drake sailed round the Earth 88 E. East-Indies first Voyage thither p. 85 Eber. 228 Ecclesiastes the Book of 134 Ecclesiasticus 135 Edgar 76 Edmond ib. Edmond Ironside 77 Edred 76 Edward the Confessor 77 Edward the Elder King of England 76 Edward the Martyr 77 Edward I. 80 Edward II. 81 Edward III. ib. Edward IV. 85 Edward VI. 87 Edwin 76 Egbert K. of England 75 Eginard's Hist. 16â— Egypt Children of Israel in Bondage there 22â— Egypt plagued by Moses p. 330 The Kings of it 297 to 313 Conquered by Nebuchadnezzar 303 Subject to the Persian Monarchy 305 to 308 Subject to Greeks 308 c. Eli Judge over Israel 238 Elias the Prophet 241 Elijah 55 Raises the Shunamite's Son 246 Elizabeth Q. of England 87 Elon judges Israel 238 England infested by Danes 75 Enoch 46 228 Enos ib. ib. Epaminondas 328 Ephesians Epistle to 141 Ephori of Lacedemon instituted 335 Esdras the Book of 134 Esther the Book of ibid. Ethelbert K. of England 75 Ethelred ib. Ethelstan 76 Ethelwald 75 Ethelwolph ib. Evagrius's Hist. 159 Euclid 329 Eudo K. of France 76 Evilmerodach K. of Babylon 261 Euripides 60 328 Eusebius's History and Chronicle 153 Exodus the Book of 231 Ezekiel 58 His Prophecy 136 Ezra 60 His Prophecy 250 F. Fabius
CHRONOLOGY Chap. I. Definitions Page 1. Chap. II. The Grounds of Chronology 9. The Testimony of Authors 9. Reasons of the uncertainty of Chronology 13. Certain means of Computing Times as 9. 1. By the Testimony of Authors 18. 2. By Eclipses and Aspects of the Planets 18. 3. Vndisputed Epochas 21. Chap. III. Of the Uncertainty Chronologers are at concerning the Year wherein our Saviour was Born 23. A Catalogue of Authors disagreeing in this point 25. Chap. IV. The Usefulness of Chronological Tables to Beginners Different Divisions of Times in order to help the Memory 34. § 1. First Division of the Times into two Parts 37. § 2. Second Division into three Parts according to Varro 38. § 3. Third Division into four Parts according to the Poets 40. § 4. Fourth Division according to the several Ages of the World 42. § 5. Fifth Division of Times into thirteen Parts 43. Chap. V. A New Division of Times or the 14 Royal Epocha's of Universal Chronology 44. Epocha 1. Adam or the Creation of the World 45. Epocha 2. Noah or the Vniversal Deluge 47. Epocha 3. The Vocation of Abraham 49. Epocha 4. Moses or the Written Law 51. Epocha 5. The Taking of Troy 53. Epocha 6. Solomon or the Temple finished 54. Epocha 7. Romulus or Rome Founded 56. Epocha 8. Cyrus or the Iews restor'd 58. Epocha 9. Scipio or the Carthaginians Conquer'd 62. Epocha 10. The Birth of IESUS CHRIST 65. Epocha 11. Constantine or the Peace of the Church 69. Epocha 12. Charlemaign or the Establishment of the new Empire 74. Epocha 13. Constantinople taken by the Turks and the Christian Empire of the East terminated 83. Epocha 14. King Charles II. Restor'd the ancient Government and Laws of England re-establish'd and Europe in a profound Peace 91. PART II. Introduction to History and a Character of Historians Chap. I. Of the several Benefits of History 97. Chap. II. Rules to be observ'd in Writing History 107. Chap. III. The manner of Studying History Of the Four ancient Monarchies and of the different kinds of Political Government 112. Chap. IV. Divisions of History 121. Art 1. The Authority of the History of the People of God contain'd in the Books of the Old and New Testament 126. The Order of the Books of the Old and New Testament 131. Art 2. Of Civil History 〈…〉 145. Chap. V. The most Celebrated Authors that have written of Church History 150 An Account of the Qualities Lives and Writings of each particular Author 151 c. Chap. VI. Of the most considerable Greek and Latin Authors of Civil Histoâ—y 175. § 1. Greek writers of History Their Qualities Lives and Writings and the Iudgments of Criticks upon them 177 c. § 2. Latin Writers of ancient History an Account of each Author and his Works with the Opinions of Criticks upon them 197 c. PART III. An Account of the Ancient Monarchies which preceeded the Birth of JESUS CHRIST Chap. I. An Account of the Church of God under the Old Testament 225 Sect. 1. The State of the People of God under the 22 Patriarchs 228. A Remark concerning the Origine of Nations 230. A Remark concerning the Heads of Families of the People of God 235. Sect. 2. The State of the People of God under the 22 Iudges or Leaders 236. Sect. 3. The State of the People of God under 22 Kings 239. The Succession of the Kings of Israel 244. Sect. 4. The State of the People of God in the Time of the 22 Ancestors of Iesus Christ 249. Chap. II. An Account of the Assyrian Monarchy 254. The State of the Assyrian Monarchy from Nimrod it's first Founder down to Sardanapalus which is about 1360 years 2â—â— The State of that part of the Assyrian Monarchy which was under the Babylonians from Belochus the first King to the Death of Belshazzar the last King which lasted 271 Years 260 The State of that part of the Assyrian Monarchy which was Govern'd by the Medes from Arbaces their first King to Cyaxares or Darius the Mede 261 Chap. III. Of the Persian Monarchy 262. The Succession from Cyrus to Alexander's Conquest 262 c. Chap. IV. Of the Grecian Monarchy 267. The History of Alexander's Conquests 267. to 279 The Kingdom of the Syrians under the Successors of one of Alexander's Captains 280 The Kingdom of Pergamos or Asia Minor erected by Antigonus one of Alexander's Captains 288 Chap. V. Of the Empire of China 291 Chap. VI. Of the Kings of Egypt 297 Sect. 1. The State of Egypt under 47 Kings surnam'd Pharaohs which lasted 1220. Years till it was conquer'd by Cambyses 299 Sect. 2. The State of Egypt under 11 Kings of Persia which lasted 193 Years viz. to the time it was subjected to Alexander 305 Sect. 3. The State of Egypt under the Greeks viz. Alexander the Great and the 12 Ptolomy's which lasted 301 Years that is till Augustus made Egypt a Roman Province 308 Chap. VII Of Sicyonia The Succession of its Kings c. 314 Chap. VII Argos The Succession of its Kings from Inachus to Perseus 316 Chap. IX Athens 317 Sect. 1. The State of Athens under 17 Kings for 488. Years 319 Sect. 2. The State of Athens under 13 perpetual Archontes which lasted 316 Years 321 Sect. 3. The State of Athens under 8 Decennial Archontes 322 Sect. 4. The State of Athens under annual Archontes which lasted 751 Years 322 Chap. X. Of the Kings of Troy 330 Chap. XI Of the Spartans or Lacedemonians 332 Sect. 1. The State of Lacedemonia under 14 Kings for 397 Years that is from Lelix to the Heraclides 333 Sect. 2. The State of Lacedemon under the Kings called Heraclides 334 Sect. 3. The State of Sparta under the Kings whose Power were restrain'd by the Gerontes 335 Sect. 4. The State of Sparta under the Kings with the five Ephori 336 Chap. XII Of Corinth The Succession of its Kings c. 343 Chap. XIII Of the Kings of Mycene 346 Chap. XIV The Kings of Thebes 348 Chap. XV. Of the Macedonians 352 Sect. 1. The State of Macedon under 20 Kings from Caranus to Philip the Father of Alexander 352 Sect. 2. The State of Macedon under Alexander 355 Sect. 3. The State of Macedon under 17 Kings after Alexander 355 Chap. XVI Of the Kings of Lydia to Croesus 361 Chap. XVII The Kings of Tyre till it was conquer'd by Alexander 363 Chap. XVIII Of the Italians Latins Romans and of the Fourth or Roman Monarchy 367. Sect. 1. The State of Italy under the Janigenae or Siculi which lasted 557 years 368 Sect. 2. The State of Italy under 15 Kings called Aborigines which lasted 577. from Janus to Romulus 369 Sect. 3. The Regal State of Rome which lasted 245 years 371 Sect. 4. The Consular State of Rome from Brutus the first Consul to the perpetual Dictatorship of Julius Caesar which took up the time of 464 Years divided into fifteen Periods 378 Period 1. From the Banishment of Tarquin to the first Dictator 379
Relation there are many surprizing Stories of wonderful Austerities and Examples which would be dangerous to imitate Several learned Men are of Opinion that this Palladius was likewise Author of the Life of St. Chrysostome X. Paul Orosius a Spanish Priest of the City of Tarragon and Disciple of St. Austin flourish'd under the Emperors Arcadius and Honorius The City of Rome having been taken in the Year 410. by Alaric King of the Goths the Pagans had a mind to render the Christians Odious by accusing them of being the cause thereof as likewise of all the other Calamities which befel the Roman Empire It was upon occasion of this Reproach that Paul Orosius at the Request of St. Austin undertook their Defence by shewing that all Ages have produc'd the like Misfortunes and that the Empire of Rome has never been more free from 'em than since the Birth of Christ. This Work says Du Pin is a kind of Vniversal History divided into VII Books which is not ill writ and yet not over-exact for there are many gross Faults to be met with both in the History and Chronology XI Theodoret Bishop of Cyrus a City of Syria was born in Antioch The Greek Church never had a Prelate more Learn'd and of a better Judgment He was elected into this See about the Year 423. And in 431. he assisted at the Council of Ephesus He wonderfully refuted the Heresies of his time both with Tongue and Pen. Those Works we have of his sufficiently convince us of his deep Learning and great Parts He wrote V Books of Ecclesiastical History which begun with the Heresy of Arius and proceeded on to the time of Theodosius the Younger which likewise Gennadius says he continu'd to the reign of Leo in V other Books but which however are now lost Vtinam quis tantum Thesaurum eruat e Tenebris sicubi adhue delitescunt says Father Labbe the Jesuit Among the other Works of Theodoret there is his Monastical History containing the Lives of the most famous Anchorets of his Time This Book is entituled Philotheus that is as Nicephorus explains it The History of the Beloved of God Herein are related great and wonderful Examples of Virtue XII Socrates say the Schools learnt Grammar at Constantinople under the care of Ammonius and Helladius both Natives of Alexandria He has written an Ecclesiastical History in VII Books which either begins or ends that of Eusebius that is from Constantin and continues to the 17th Consulship of Theodosius the Younger which begins with Festus in the Year 439. so that this History of Socrates comprehends the space of 140. Years Photius says it is very Uncorrect as to its Stile and less Authentick in expounding the Doctrin of the Church He gives us a great deal of reason to believe that he was byass'd to the Errors of the Novatians in that he extreamly commends the Bishops of that Persuasion and blames the Catholicks with a great deal of Vehemence XIII Sozomen Native of Salamis in the Island of Cyprus frequented the Bar for some time at Constantinople He has written IX Books of Ecclesiastical History from the third Consulship of Crispus and Constantin Junior both Sons of Constantin the Great and both Emperors to the seventeenth Consulship of Theodosius Junior that is to say from the Year 324. to the Year 429. We have lost a Continuation of this History for near 20 Years It is somewhat strange that Theodoret Socrates and Sozomenes should all Three undertake the same Work at the same time The reason I suppose must be that they did not like each others Works For it is certain says Nicephorus Writing upon this Subject that the Readers and Writers are often of different Opinions Also these Historians might well be presum'd to favour the Party they Adher'd to XIV Victor of Vtica a Bishop of Africa in the fifth Century of the Church has written an Account of the African Persecution by the Vandals in III Books the beginning whereof shews that it was compos'd in the Year 487. under the Reign of the Emperor Zeno about 60 Years after the Vandals had pass'd from Spain to Africk over the Streights of Gibraltar You shall there meet with a List of the African Bishops which were then involv'd in that Persecution among which Victor himself was not spar'd by the Tyrant Huneric XV. Cassiodorus was Chancellor and chief Minister to Theodoric the Goth and several other Kings of Italy From the Age of 20 Years he was rais'd to all the great Employments in the State all which he acquitted with that Address that he might well serve for a Model to the most refin'd Politicians that succeeded him Under the Reign of Vitigius perceiving the Power of the Goths begin to decrease in Italy he retir'd from the World to his Monastery of Viviers which he had caus'd to be Built on the Extremities of Calabria Amidst his most Burthensom Employments he did not omit Writing several excellent Books of which we shall only mention those that relate to History His Chronicle dedicated to King Theodoric was compos'd while he was a Minister of State says Father St. Marthe in his Life of Cassiodorus It is very much Abridg'd containing only the Names of the Consuls and their principal Actions Vossius after Ioseph Scaliger calls this Chronicle Farrago Cassiodori Chronicon tantum farrago est Which Injury against so great a Man the learned Benedictin that was Author of his Life could not endure They find Fault with him says He for not being exact in Chronology in a work which was purely Chronological It is therefore that they fall upon this great Person with so much Gall and Fury They particularly accuse him of being deceiv'd in counting the Consuls from the Emperor Tiberius to Dioclesian but they might be answer'd that he was not deceiv'd only by depending on the Authority of Eusebius he reckon'd the Consulship of Junius Brutus an Olympiad sooner than he ought That the multitude of Consuls amounting to 25. made in one Day caus'd a great Confusion among Historians and that in a Word the Faults of Cassiodorus are for the most part to be imputed to his Copyers c. He has also written a History consisting of three Parts and drawn out of three Authors viz. Socrates Sozomenes and Theodoret all which he has reduc'd into XII Books All these three Historians he got his Friend Epiphanius the School-Divine to Translate and out of them he afterwards compos'd a Body of History selecting out of each what he found most Excellent and Proper for his Purpose He likewise writ a History of the Goths in XII Books of which we have reason to regret the Loss and whereof we have now remaining only what Iournandez Bishop of Ravenna has preserv'd and which is to be found among the Works of Cassiodorus King Athalaric own'd that this Work was of a profound Reach that its Author had therein rescu'd from Oblivion several ancient Gothish Monarchs which were quite forgot
till the year of Christ 70 or according to the vulgar Account 67 at which time Vespasian laid Iudea waste but upon Intelligence of the Death of Nero he left Iudea and went to Rome Within a while after he sent his Son Titus who besieged and took Ierusalem The Famine was so great in that City towards the end of the Siege that a Woman was forced to kill her own Child to eat The Temple was burnt and Titus gave his Soldiers leave to riffe and burn the City At this time was fulfilled the Saying of our Saviour who foretold of Ierusalem that killed her Prophets That she should be destroyed and not one stone left upon another Phanias was High-Priest when Ierusalem was taken A. D. 70 and forty years after the Death of Iesus Christ. CHAP. II. An Account of the Assyrian Monarchy HAving in the preceding Chapter given you a short but exact Account of the State and Condition of the People of God from the Creation down to our Saviours time We shall now proceed to Prophane History where we must not expect to meet with that Accuracy and Exactness of Chronology which Moses and others of the Inspired Writers have observed in their Accounts In this and the three next Chapters we will Treat briefly of the Four Great Monarchies viz. The Assyrian Persian Grecian and Roman And afterwards we shall give you a short Account of the other Monarchies and Republicks which were Contemporary to them The Monarchy of the Assyrians is the first of the four but before we treat of it we think it not amiss to give you a short Description of that Country Assyria properly so called was a Country of a large Extent situated in Asia Major Bounded on the North by Armenia the Greater on the East by Media on the South by Susiana and Babylonia and on the West by the River Tigris which parts it from Mesopotamia which at present is called Diarbech But the Empire of the Assyrians or which is called Assyria Major was of a greater Extent for it took in Syria Mesopotamia Babylonia Persia in a word all Asia except the Indies This was the State of the Assyrians under Semiramis It has been observed that nothing is more intricate and difficult than to trace the first Beginnings of Monarchies which are commonly dark and obscure and full of Fables This is apparently true with respect to that of the Assyrian the first Rise of which is very hard to find out Authors are divided in their Opinions about it and as they differ very much in the Account they give us of its first Founder and of its Duration so they dissent as much in the Number and in the Names of the Kings who reigned over it Those who follow Herodotus as Vsher c. make Ninus to be the first Founder of it affirming the Chaldeans and the Arabs to have reigned in Assyria before his time They place the beginning of this Monarchy about the year of the World 2737 before Christ 1213. So that its Duration from that time to Belshazzar the last of the Assyrian Monarchs takes up 656 years Others who follow Diodorus Siculus such as Sethus Calvisius Petavius Helvicus c. make Nimrod to be the first Founder of the Assyrian Monarchy and place the beginning thereof in the year of the World 1788 before Christ 2162 so that the Duration of this Monarchy according to those Authors is about 1647 years Now thô the former Account seems most Authentick and carries the greatest Face of Truth yet we shall choose to follow the latter likewise in compliance to the generality of Historians and herein we shall first lay down the Succession of the Kings from Nimrod to Sardanapalus as they are copied from Theodorus Zuingerus by Gutberleth in whose time the Monarchy was divided into that of the Medes and Babylonians After which we will briefly relate the State and Condition of the Divided Monarchy under its separate Kings whose Names we will likewise give you from the same Author 1. The State of the Assyrian Monarchy from Nimrod its first Founder down to Sardanapalus which lasted about 1360 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 1788. 1. NImrod the Son of Cush built the Tower of Babel laid the Foundation of the Assyrian Monarchy and reigned 56 years 2162 1844. 2. Belus reckoned by some the same with Nimrod reigned 65 years 2106 1909. 3. Ninus he built Nineveh which was founded by Ashur conquered Zoroaster King of the Bactrians and reigned 52 years 2041 1961. 4. Semiramis the famous Assyrian Heroine built Walls round about Babylon enlarged her Territories reigned 42 years and was killed by her Son Ninias 1989 2003. 5. Ninias or Ninus succeeded his Mother and reigned 37 years 1947 2040. 6. Arius reigned 30 years 1910 2070. 7. Aratius reigned 40 years 1880 2110. 8. Baleus or Balaneus reigned 30 years 1840 2140. 9. Armatrites reigned 37 years 1810 2177. 10. Belocus Priscus reigned 36 years 1773 2213. 11. Baleus Iunior he reigned 52 years 1737 2265. 12. Altades reigned 32 years 1685 2297. 13. Mamitus reigned 30 years 1653 2327. 14. Mancaleus reigned 30 years 1623 2357. 15. Sphaerus reigned 20 years 1593 2377. 16. Mamelus reigned 30 years 1573 2407. 17. Spartus reigned 40 years 1543 2447 18. Ascatades reigned 40 years 1503 2487. 19. Amyntas reigned 45 years 1463 2532. 20. Belochus junior reigned 25 years 1418 2557. 21. Belopares reigned 30 years 1393 2587. 22. Lamprides reigned 32 years 1363 2619. 23. Sosares reigned 20 years 1331 2639. 24. Lampares reigned 30 years 1311 2669. 25. Pannias reigned 45 years 1281 2714. 26. Sosarmus reigned 19 years 1236 2733. 27. Mitreus reigned 27 years 1217 2760. 28. Tautanes reigned 32 years 1190 2792. 29. Teuteus reigned 40 years 1158 2832. 30. Thyneus reigned 30 years 1118 2862. 31. Dercylus reigned 40 years 1088 2902. 32. Eupales reigned 38 years 1048 2940. 33. Laosthenes reigned 45 years 1010 2985. 34. Pyriciades reigned 30 years 965 3015. 35. Ophrateus reigned 20 years 935 3035. 36. Ophraganeus reigned 50 years 915 3085. 37. Ascarzapes reigned 42 years 865 3127. 38. Sardanapalus reigned 20 years He led a soft and effeminate Life and at last in the year of the World 3148 before Christ 802 Arbaces conspir'd against him besieg'd Nineveh and took it Sardanapalus to avoid the Shame of being taken by his Enemies burnt himself with all his Concubines and Riches in his own Royal Palace Upon his Death the Monarchy was divided 823 ☞ Our Countryman Mr. Tallents in his Chronological Tables takes notice that Iustin in his History saith This Empire lasted from the time of Ninyas or Ninus to Sardanapalus about 1300 Years which comes pretty near the Truth but makes no mention of the Kings who succeeded Ninus who grew Effeminate and Inglorious But the Names Tallents sets down out of Berosus Africanus transcribed by Eusebius which we think proper here to insert thereby to shew the Variety of Authors Opinions about the Names of these Kings
is certain that he sent a great Army against Greece which was defeated by Miltiades at the Battel of Marathon where 110000 Persians were cut off Darius likewise engaged in a War against the Scythians but was routed by them But he subdued the Rebelling Babylonians by the barbarous Policy of Zopyrus who was a great Favourite of Darius and to serve his Master was content to cut off his own Nose and Lips and so mangled fled to Babylon pretending his cruel Master had thus Rewarded all his Services which gaining him Credit with the Babylonians he found an opportunity of betraying them and their City to Darius 3465. 4. Xerxes I. succeeded his Father Darius and reigned 21 years Upon his first Accession to the Throne he was stirred up by Mardonius to engage in a War against Greece The Preparations for this War took up 10 years time after which he led so vast an Army against the Grecians that all Greece could scarce contain them He attack'd it both by Sea and Land His Land-Forces according to Herodotus were above Two millions three hundred thousand Men and his Naval Strength as Cornelius Nepos informs us consisted of a Fleet of Twelve hundred Long-Ships and Two thousand Ships of Burden All or most of this great Army was lost in this Expedition The first Defeat Xerxes met with was at Thermopylae where Leonidas and Three hundred Spartans killed Twenty thousand Persians After this he was routed at Sea near Salamis by Themistocles and forced to make his Escape in a Fisher-boat Mardonius his General burnt Athens and was shortly after routed and killed at Platea by Pausanias The same day Forty thousand Persians were killed at Mycale in Asia by Leotychidas and Xerxes himself at last was killed in his Bed by Artabanus Captain of his Guards Iosephus makes him to be the same with Ahasuerus who married Esther the Iew but others pretend Darius Histaspes was the Man 485 3486. 5. Artaxerxes I. succeeded his Father Xerxes and reigned 40 years He was famous for the Sweetness of his Temper and for the Greatness of his Courage He was Sirnamed Longomanus because his Right Hand was longer than the other He killed his Brother Darius supposing him by the false Accusation of Artabanus to have killed Xerxes and that Captain attempting to kill Artaxerxes was killed by him 464 3525. 6. Xerxes II. succeeded his Father Artaxerxes and reigned only two months For being made drunk at a Feast his Brother Sogdianus killed him as he slept in his Palace 425 7. Sogdianus succeeded and reigned only 7 months He was deserted by his Friends deceived by Oaths and Promises came to Darius Nothus and was killed by him 3526. 8. Ochus or Darius Nothus succeeded Sogdianus and reigned about 20 years 424 3545. 9. Artaxerxes II. Sirnamed Mnemon succeeded his Father Darius and reigned 43 years Cyrus Governor of Lydia rebell'd against his Brother Artaxerxes and being aided by the Spartans and other Greeks offered him Battel at Cunaxa where he was defeated and killed After the Fight was over the King ordered the Body of Cyrus to be looked out caused his Head and his Right Hand with which he had been wounded in the Engagement to be cut off 405 This Artaxerxes in imitation of Cambises caused such Judges as received Bribes to be flea'd alive and cover'd the Tribunals where they sate with their Skins that so the Judges might have constantly in view the Punishment prepared for all such Delinquents He had a Son named Arsames by one of his Concubines but Ochus his lawful Heir perceiving him to be very much in favour with the King killed him and soon after the King himself died with Grief at the loss of that Darling 3588. 10. Ochus who took upon him the Name of Artaxerxes III. succeeded his Father and reigned 23 years He being assisted by Mentor the Rhodian subdued and wasted Egypt rifled the Temples and carried away from them all the Books of Learning and History which Bagoas afterwards redeemed at a great Price Artaxerxes derided the Egyptian Gods and to revenge an Affront caused an Ox under which Figure their chief God Apis was worshipped to be sacrificed to an Ass. This King aided the Perinthians against Philip King of Macedon and at last falling sick was poisoned by Bagoas who being an Egyptian could not forgive the Affront put upon his adored Apis. This Bagoas bore a great Sway both in the Army and in the State and was the Person that placed Arses the youngest Son of Artaxerxes upon the Throne putting all the rest to Death 362 3611. 11. Arses succeeded and reigned two years and a few months But Bagoas understanding that this King intended to punish him for the Crimes he had committed prevented his Design by poisoning him in the third Year of his Reign 339 3641. 12. Darius Codomannus the Son of Arsamas was set up by Bagoas whom he poisoned upon suspicion that he designed to serve him as he had done his Predecessors He reign'd about 6 years 336 This was the Darius whom 3616. Alexander gave Battel to and defeated at the Granicum a River of Phrygia In this Engagement Alexander was in great danger of his Life his Helmet being cleft asunder by the stroak of a Scymeter but Clytus came in to his Defence and cut off the Hands of him who was going to repeat the Blow 334 The next year Darius offered Battel to Alexander near Issus a City of Cilicia seated upon the Mediterranean wherein he was defeated lost 50000 Men with his Baggage his Mother Sisigambis his Wife Statira his two Daughters and his Son Ochus who was not then above 6 years old Two years after this viz. 3619. Alexander gave Battel to Darius near Arbela a City of Assyria wherein 90000 Persians were cut off and Darius put to flight This was the last stroke Darius gave for the Maintenance of the Persian Monarchy He afterwards threw himself into the Hands of Bessus Governor of Bactria who traiterously imprison'd and murder'd him by which the Persian Monarchy terminated and that Empire became subject to Alexander who erected the Third or Grecian Monarchy whereof we are next to Treat 331 CHAP. IV. Of the Grecian Monarchy BEfore we shew you this mighty Monarch in his Grandeur it may not be amiss to speak a little of the Birth Character and Actions of Alexander before his Persian Expedition together with his surprizing Progress in the Conquest of the Eastern World 'T was in the year of the World 3595 before Christ 355 that Alexander the Son of Philip King of Macedon was born at Pella a City in Macedon His Mother Olympias while she was with Child of him dream'd That her Bowels were extended over all Asia which was verified in the Conquests made by the Son she at that time bore in her Womb. He was born with all the Endowments of an Heroick Spirit had a great and aspiring Soul a Temper full of Fire a lively Genius and thô impatient of Restraint was
by the Syrians reigned over them 23 years But Antiochus Asiaticus and his Brother both of them the Sons of King Antiochus the Pious reigned over part of Syria of which Tigranes could not make himself Master They went to Rome to Petition for the Kingdom of Egypt which belonged to Setene their Mother and themselves too and continued their Suit for two years together Tigranes put Setene Sirnamed Cleopatra to Death in Prison and by this means the Title which Antiochus Asiaticus had to the Kingdom of Egypt and to part of Syria fell to the Ground In several Engagements Tigranes was defeated by Lucullus the Roman Consul who was Governor of the Province of Cilicia After this Pompey marched to Tigranes who was so much terrified at the very sight of him that he quitted his Diadem and with a great deal of Submission and Respect yielded himself to Pompey But he mov'd with Compassion put the Diadem again upon his Head re-established him in his Kingdom of Armenia upon certain Articles and made Syria a Roman Province This happened in the year of the World 3885 before Christ 64. Anno Vrbis Romae Conditae 688. 87 Having thus given you a short Account of the Kings of Syria from Seleucus the immediate Successor of Alexander the Great in that part of his Conquests down to Tigranes we shall in the next place give you a List of the Kings which reigned in Asia Minor who possessed another part of Alexander's Conquests Sect. 3. The Kings of Asia Minor or Pergamos PErgamos a City of Mysia situated on the River Caica in Asia Minor was the Capital City of a great State called The Kingdom of Pergamos which began about the year of the World 3634 before Christ 316 years It had eight Kings and lasted the space of 188 years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3634. 1. Antigonus one of Alexander's Captains who had Asia Minor for his Share marched against Eumenes routed and killed him being betrayed by his Veteranâ— Soldiers At last Antigonus was routed and slain by Seleucus King of Syria and Casander King of Macedonia He reigned 15 years 316 3649. 2. Demetrius his Son succeeded his Father Antigonus and reigned 15 years He was expelled Asia won Macedon but was expelled thence taken by Seleucus and within 3 years after died 301 3666. 3. Next after him succeeded Philaterus Intendant of the Finances of Lâ—simachus King of Thrace against whom he rebelled and became King of Pergamos in the 16th year of his Age over which he reigned 20 years 282 3688. 4. Eumenes succeeded his Brother Philaterus and reigned about 21 years He subdued several small Places round about Pergamos and defeated the Army of Antiochus the Son of Seleuchus near Sardes At last he died by immoderate Drinking 262 3709. 5. Attalus Nephew to Philaterus succeeded Eumenes and reigned 44 years 'T is said that he governed with so much Prudence and managed his Treasures so thriftily that his Subjects freely conferred on him the Title of King which his Predecessors presumed not to take up thô they did hold the Quality and Grandeur of One. He defeated the Gauls contrary to all Expectation At last he fell sick at Thebes and was removed thence to Pergamos where he died in a good old Age being about 72 years old 241 3753. 6. Eumenes II. the eldest Son of Attalus succeeded him and reigned 40 years His three Brothers Attalus Phileterus and Atheneus bore so much Respect as well as Love to the King their Brother that they becames his Life-Guards 197 3793. 7. Attalus II. Sirnamed Philadelphus succeeded his Brother Eumenes and reigned about 21 years He drove Orophernes and Demetrius Soter out of Cappadâ—cia and fully re-established Ariarathes in his Kingdom He was conquered by Prusias King of Bithynia who entred Pergamos robbed the Staâ—ues of the Gods and rifled the Temples Upon this Attaâ—us sent his Brother Atheneus to Rome to complain thereof to the Senate who ordered Prusias to forbear warring against Attalus Pâ—usias slighted the Orders of the Senate burnt the Temples made great Havock in the Neighbouring Countries and defied Attalus who had shut himself up in Pergamos The Senate sent a third time Ambassadors to make up a Peace between him and Attalus which at last was effected This Attalus was a great Friend to the Romans and a constant Favourer of Learned Men at length Peace and Idleness corrupted and spoiled this good Man who left his Kingdom to Attalus Philometor his Nephew 157 3813. 8. Attalus III. Sirnamed Philometor the last King of Pergamos succeeded his Uncle and reigned only 5 years He was a very cruel Prince put his nearest Relations and dearest Friends to Death not so much as sparing his Mother or his Wife In the Second Year of his Reign he retired into the inmost Parts of his Palace where he dressed himself in a very mean Habit let his Beard and Hair grow without cutting never appeared in Publick led a Life exempt from all manner of Pleasures and seemed to inflict a Punishment upon himself for the Crimes he had been guilty of Having thus quitted the Administration of the Government he dug in his Garden sowed Seeds and by an extravagant sort of Humour laid out his greatest Care in cultivating Venemous Plants such as Henbane Hellebore Hemlock Aconite c. He extracted the Juice and Liquor and gathered the Seeds of them of which he made a great many dangerous Presents to his Friends He became so skilful in the Art of Botany especially in whatever related to the Manuring of Plants that he composed a very curious Book upon that Subject wherein as Varro relates he set down the Season of Sowing and of Gathering the Seeds of Plants He applied himself to Founding of Metals became a great Master in that Art cast several Figures and made use of them in raising a Mausoleum to the Memory of his Mother At last being too eagerly set upon these sort of Exercises which exposed him continually to the Heat of the Sun or the Furnace he was seized with a violent Feaver and died on the seventh day of his Illness 137 Eudemius of Pergamus carried the Last Will and Testament of Attalus to Rome and gave the Diadem of the Kingdom and the Royal Robe to Tiberius Gracchus Tribune of the People By this Will Attalus made the People of Rome his Heir Populus Romanus bonorum haeres esto The Romans finding by their Common Law that his Kingdom was a part of his Demeans seiz'd thereon by virtue of these Words Let the People of Rome be the Heirs of my Demeans There was some Fault found with the Romans for putting such a Construction on his Will but having the Power in their own Hands they made it to be a good Title In this City it was that they first dressed Sheep-skins and of them made Parchment whereon they wrote before the Invention of Paper and hence came the Name of Parchment called in Latin Charta Pergamena CHAP. V. Of the
Kings No body knows whether these Dynasties which some look upon as Successive and which they range one after another be not most of them Collateral and of the same time or no. Diodorus Siculus says upon his Honour that for all the Care and Pains he took in consulting the Priests of Egypt about their Antiquities yet he could find nothing in them but what was very dubious and uncertain and that whatever has been published of Egypt before the taking of Troy might very well be reckoned as Fabulous What Credit then can we give to what the Greek Historians have related from the Egyptian Priests with whom it was very common to extol the Grandeur and Antiquity of their Nation by Romantick and surprizing Relations Shall we believe them when they confidently tell us that the Gods and Demi-Gods reigned in Egypt 34201 years before any Kings reigned there With such Stories as these did the Egyptian Priests amuse Diodorus Siculus when he consulted them about the Antiquity of their Kings In one word it seems very likely that the Egyptian Priests invented those Fabulous Reigns that they might not yield the Glory of their Antiquity to the Chaldeans or Babylonians who assigned several Myriads of Years to their Monarchy There was a kind of Emulation upon this Point between these two Nations which inclined their Historians to invent several Successions of Imaginary Kings This Emulation is what is very real the Signs whereof are very visible in the Writings of the Ancients Wherefore all that can be said of the first Government of Egypt with any certainty is that C ham the Son of Noah having planted it govern'd this Land for about 160 years and was succeeded by Mizraim otherwise called Osiris after whom a great number of Kings are named but with such a mixture of Fable that we shall not trouble our selves or the World with a frivolous Account to their Dynasties which Manetho would have us believe were 17 before Thetmosis or Amasis their first known King We shall omit likewise to speak of their State under their unknown Kings or under those who were stiled The Shepherd Kings and will begin our Account of Egypt with Thetmosis or Amasis who began to reign in the year of the World 2207 from whom we shall continue the Succession down to Cleopatra's Death when it became a Roman Province which happened about the year 3920. This takes up the space of 1713 years which being too large to consider all together we shall treat of under three distinct States viz. 1. Under 47 Kings who all were Sirnamed Pharaoh 2. Under 11 Kings of Persia. 3. Under the Greeks namely Alexander the Great and the 12 Ptolemy's his Successors Sect. 1. The State of Egypt under 47 Kings Sirnamed Pharaohs which lasted 1220 Years till the Year of the World 3427 when it was conquered by Cambyses King of the Persians Years of the World Years before Christ. 2207. 1. THetmosis or Amasis he drove the Shepherd Kings out of Lower Egypt who retired into Phenicia He had been before King of Thebais or Vpper Egypt and reigned about 25 years 1743 2232. 2. Chebron reigned about 13 years 1718 2245. 3. Amenophis reigned 20 years and 7 months 1705 2266. 4. Amesses the Sister of Amenophis reigned 21 years and 9 months 1684 2288. 5. Mephres reigned 12 years and 9 months 1662 2300. 6. Maphramuthosis reigned 25 years and 10 months 1650 2326. 7. Themosis reigned about 10 years 1624 2336. 8. Amenophis II. reigned 30 years and 10 months 1614 2367. 9. Orus reigned about 5 years He built the Pyramids of Egypt 1583 2373. 10. Thermutis or Acenchres reigned about 43 years 'T is said that this is that new King who knew not Ioseph and who oppressed the Israelites He gave order to the Midwives to kill the Sons of the Hebrew Women but this not being executed he injoined his Subjects to drown them In his Reign Moses was born laid in the River found and saved by Pharaoh's Daughter who brought him up as her own Child and by a signal Instance of Providence committed him to be nursed by his own Mother In this King's Reign Cecrops the Egyptian transplanted a Colony of the Saites into Attica and there laid the Foundation of the Republick of Athens 1577 2416. 11. Rathotis the Brother of Acenchres succeeded and reigned about 9 years 1534 2424. 12. Acencheres I. succeeded his Father Rathotis and reigned about 12 years 1526 2436. 13. Acencheres II. succeeded and reigned 13 years 1514 2449. 14. Armais succeeded and reigned about 4 years This was that Pharaoh to whom Moses and Aaron were sent by God to prevail upon him to let the Children of Israel go In his time Moses brought the ten Plagues upon the Egyptians and thô Pharaoh was harden'd by the nine first yet he was forced by the last to yield to their Request and the Egyptians pressed the Israelites to be gone However Pharaoh pursued the Israelites with a great Army but he and all his Men perished in the Red Sea whilst the Children of Israel passed over it as upon dry Ground 1501 2453. 15. Armesis or Ramesses succeeded and reigned one year 1497 2454. 16. Amesis or Ramesses Miamun succeeded and reigned about 21 years 1496 2475. 17. Armais succeeded and reigned about 45 years This is Danaus who being expelled the Kingdom by his Brother Egyptus went into Greece and laid the first Foundation of the Kingdom of Argos 1475 2520. 18. Amenophis III. succeeded and reigned in Egypt about 19 years 1430 2539. 19. Egyptus or rather Sethosis succeeded and reigned about 51 years He deposed Danaus but was so molested by him that his Daughters killed 49 of his Sons In his time Phenix and Cadmus came from Thebes to Egypt and thence went to Syria where they reigned over Tyre and Sidon 1411 2590. 20. Rampes or Rhampsaces succeeded and reigned about 61 years 1360 2651. 21. Amenophis IV. succeeded and reigned about 40 years 1299 2691. 22. Ammeneremes or Ammenepthes succeeded and reigned about 26 years 1259 2717. 23. Thuoris reigned about 7 years 1233 2724. Here happened a Dynasty of the Diospolites whose Kings are unknown and which lasted the space of 143 years 1226 2867. 24. Smendes reigned about 26 years 1083 2893. 25. Pseusenses reigned about 50 years 1057 2943. 26. Vaphres succeeded and reigned about 20 years He is by some called Mephercheres This is that Pharaoh who married his Daughter to King Solomon and gave her for her Portion Gezer a City belonging to the Tribe of Ephraim which he had taken from the Canaanites after he had put them all to Death 1007 2963. 27. Amenophis V. reigned 9 years 987 2972. 28. Sesonchis or Shishak succeeded and reigned 6 years It was this King to whom Ieroboam fled and with whom he tarried till the Death of K. Solomon After this Shishak marched from Egypt to Ierusalem rifled the Temple and carried away all the Treasures which were in the Royal Palace of Rehoboam the Son of
Artifices to raise an Insurrection among the Egyptians for which he was condemned by the King of Persia to drink Bull 's Blood of which he died 524 The next year Cambyses likewise subdued Ethiopia but carrying his Conquests too far it happened that his whole Army being then in a sandy hot and barren Country had like to have perished for want of Provision The Soldiers cast Lots among themselves and did eat every tenth Man upon whom the Lot fell The King of Persia being advertised of this horrible Disaster immediately broke up his Camp and quitted his Design At his return to Babylon he died but upon his going from Egypt he left a Governor over it named Ariandes By this means Egypt remained under the Dominion of the Kings of Persia. 3429. 2. Darius King of Persia reigned over Egypt 36 years 521 3464. 3. Xerxes King of Persia succeeded his Father Darius and possessed his Territories 22 years 486 3486. 4. Artaxerxes succeeded his Father Xerxes In his time Inarus King of Lybia and Son to Psammenitus caused the greatest part of Egypt to revolt and freed himself from the Tyranny of Artaxerxes He was made King by the Egyptians and called in the Athenians to his Assistance who were at that time before the Isle of Cyprus with a Fleet of 200 Sail. Artaxerxes upon notice of the Egyptians Revolt sent against them Achemenes or Achemenides with an Army of 400000 Foot and a Fleet of 80 Sail. But Inarus with the Assistance of the Athenians beat the Persians both by Sea and Land making great Havock of them and among the rest Achemenes himself was killed Artaxerxes upon the News of his Army's Defeat in Egypt sent fresh Forces thither under the command of Artabasus and Megabizus They were near 300000 strong defeated the Army of Inarus whom Megabizus wounded in the Thigh Inarus was put to flight and threw himself with the remainder of his Forces into Byblus a very strong City of Prosopis which is an Island in Delta form'd by two Arms of the River Nile very near its disemboguing it self into the Mediterranean By this Defeat Megabizus became Master of all Egypt except Byblus Within a year or two after the Persians turned the Stream of the River which formed that Island another way laid Siege to Byblus which surrender'd to them and all Egypt was again reduced and brought under the Subjection of Artaxerxeâ— There was still at that time another King named Amyrtes said to be the Son of Psammenitus He reigned in the Fens and Morasses where the Persians durst not set upon him His Forces were inur'd to Hardships and resolved to stand by him to the last Artaxerxes at the importunate Requests of his Mother yielded up Inarus to her Will and Pleasure who caused him to be hanged and 50 Grecians beside 464 3525. 5. Xerxes II. 6. Sogdianus both of them Kings of Persia did not reign one whole year 425 3526. 7. Ochus or Darius Nothus succeeded them In his time Amyrtes Saites freed almost all Egypt from the Tyranny of the Persians to whom he was an inveterate Enemy and reigned 6 years He was succeeded by Nepherites a King of a New Dynasty 424 3545. 8. Artaxerxes II. King of Persia. In his Reign Achoris King of the Egyptians raised Forces from all Parts to drive the Persians out of Egypt Achoris was succeeded by Psammuthis who reigned one year and he again was succeeded by Nepheretes the last King of the Dynasty of the Saites who reigned no more than 4 months Nectanebis the first King of the Dynasty of the Sabennites reigned 12 years Artaxerxes at last made a Peace with the Greeks intending to joyn theirs with his Forces for the Reduction of Egypt But the Misunderstanding which happened between Pharnabazus General of the Persians and Iphicrates Commander of the Athenian Forces occasioned the Designs of Artaxerxes to miscarry 405 Much about this time Eudoxus a Native of Cnidos a City of Caria in Asia Minor being then in great Repute obtained Letters of Recommendation from Agesilaus to Nectanabis King of Egypt desiring Leave to converse with the Egyptian Priests The King recommended him to Iconuphis Priest of Heliopolis and among these Priests it was that he wrote his Octaeteride 3581. Teos succeeded Nectanabis and reigned 2 years but sending his Son Nectanebos with an Army against Syria this treacherous Son by fair Promises and Presents won the Army over to his side and caused them to proclaim him King of Egypt Teos fled to the King of Persia who received him kindly and gave him the Command of an Army for the Reduction of Egypt by the help whereof he was re-established upon the Throne but having learned in Persia to live Luxuriously he lost his Life amidst his Debaucheries 369 3583. Nectanebos was scarce Master of Egypt but another as Ambitious as himself was proclaimed King at the Head of an Army of 100000 Men which he had raised But this Nectanebos notwithstanding remained in possession of the Throne being assisted by Chabrias who commanded the Army of the Athenians and by Agesilaus General of the Lacedemonians and reigned 12 years 367 3588. 9. Artaxerxes III. or Ochus King of Persia was the Person that opposed Nectanebos He sent a puissant Army into Egypt against him who in the end conquered and forced him to fly to Memphis where seeing he should be taken if he tarried long he changed his Habit and went for Sanctuary into Ethiopia Others say that he went in Disguise through Pelusium and came to Pella a City of Macedon And thus was all Egypt again reduced by the Persians This was that Artaxerxes mentioned ch 3. p. 266. who rifled Egypt of its Treasures and Libraries and affronted the Egyptian's God Apis as has been already related 362 3611. 10. Arses King of Persia. 3614. 11. Darius Codomannus the last King of Persia who was conquered by Alexander the Great Sect. 3. The State of Egypt under the Greeks viz. Alexander the Great and the XII Ptolemy's which lasted 301 Years that is to the Year of the World 3920 when Augustus after the Death of Cleopatra made Egypt a Province of the Roman Empire Years of the World Years before Christ. 3619. ALexander the Great marched into Egypt where he found the People disposed to put themselves under his Protection For the Persians were grown so intolerable by their Tyranny Avarice and Sacrileges that the Egyptians upon Alexander's Arrival soon shook off the Persian Yoke waited upon him at Pelusium and submitted to his Government Mazagases Lieutenant to Darius Codomannus and Governor of Memphis delivering up that City to Alexander In this Expedition Alexander visited the Temple of Iupiter Ammon where the Priests corrupted by his Gifts prepared the Oracle to declare him the Son of that God as has been already mentioned Whilst he was in Egypt he built Alexandria giving it his own Name and making it the Metropolis of the whole Country This was in the Fifth Year of his Reign and the
taken on both sides should be restored 20. Pausanias the Son of Plistoanax succeeded his Father and reigned 14 years and then was banished 18. Agis the Son of Archidamus succeeded his Father and reigned 25 years It was he who broke the Truce with the Athenians Of this Peloponnesian War there has been already sufficient said both in this Place and in the Chapter which treats of the Athenians It was there mentioned that Mindarus was defeated that the Lacedemonians sued for a Peace which was refused them and that at last Lysander the Lacedemonian worsted the Athenians took Athens and placed his Governors there so that we shall not here add any thing farther about it Years of the World Years before Christ. 3555. 21. Agesipolis the Son of Pausanias succeeded and reigned 13 years Aristodemus was his Governor 395 Years of the World Years before Christ. 3547. 19. Agesilaus the Son of Archidamus was set up by Lysander and reign'd 41 years 403 During the Reign of these Kings the Lacedemonians sent their Ambassadors to Nepheretes King of Egypt for a Supply He granted them 100 Galleys and a great deal of Corn. Agesilaus one of the Lacedemonian Kings surprized Tissaphernes the General of the Persians fell upon and defeated him near Sardes After this he took a great many Towns and struck such a Terror into the Persians that they thought their Empire was then tottering But to divert the Storm by their Gold they corrupted several of the Grecian States to declare War against the Lacedemonians among the rest were Thebes and Attica Upon this Agesilaus was recalled and at his return defeated the Confederated Army of Boeotians Athenians Argives Corinthians c. near Cheronâ—a But the Athenians were at first Masters by Sea Câ—non the Athenian Admiral defeating the Lacedemonian Fleet under the Command of Pysander near Cnidus The Lacedemonians seeing they were not strong enough at Sea dispatched Teleutias with a Squadron of 12 Ships more Teleutias making Rhodes took 10 Ships from the Athenians commanded by Philocrates by which means the Lacedemonians began again to be formidable by Sea Years of the World Years before Christ. 3568. 22. Cleombrotus the Brother of Agesipolis succeeded and reigned 9 years 382  About this time the Lacedemonians thought it Adviseable to strike up a Peace with Athens The Peace was no sooner concluded but they set upon Chastizing their Allies which had in the late War associated with their Enemies They forced the Mantineans to demolish the Walls of their City and to retire into the Villages and the Philiasians to receive those whom they had banish'd home again Artaxerxes King of Persia thinking the Grecians might be serviceable to him in his intended Expedition against the Egyptians offered Peace to them Which thô at first was refused by some yet at length was accepted by all the States except the Thebans who were looked upon as Enemies of the common Welfare of Greece Upon this Cleombrotus the King of Sparta invaded Beotia but was defeated and killed at the Battel of Leuctra by the Thebans under the Command of Epaminondas This Battel happened in the second year of the 102 d Olympiad in the year of the World 3579 before Christ 371. Ariobarzanes the General of Artaxerxes sent Philiscus into Greece to make up a Peace between the Thebans and Lacedemonians Their Deputies met at Delphos but no Accommodation could be made between them because the Thebans would not consent that Messina should be under the Power of the Lacedemonians Upon this Philiscus declared himself in favour of the latter and granted them Supplies Within a while after under the Reign of Cleomenes II. they had another Engagement at Mantinea wherein Epaminondas was mortally wounded but yet defeated the Spartans Years of the World Years before Christ. 3579. 23. Agesipolis II. the Son of Cleombrotus succeeded and reigned only 2 years 371 3581. 24. Cleomenes II. how long he reigned is uncertain 369 25. Acrotatus I. 3611. 26. Aretas the Son of Acrotatus reigned 44 years 339 3655. 27. Acrotatus II. the Son of Aretas succeeded and reigned 15 years 295 3670. 28. Leonidas II. succeeded and reigned 17 years 280 Years of the World Years before Christ. 3588. 20. Archidamus II. the Son of Agesilaus reigned 23 years 362 3611. 21. Agis the Son of Archidamus reigned about 9 years 339 3620. 22. Eudamidas I. Son of Archidamus and Brother to Agis succeeded 330 23. Archidamus III. the Son of Eudamidas succeeded his Father 24. Eudamides II. the Son of Archidamus 25. Agis III. succeeded and reigned ... years Leonidas within a while got the sole Power into his Hands For Agis being desirous to reform the State and restore the Laws of Lyâ—urgus was strangled by the Ephori 3687. 29. Cleombrotus Son-in-Law to Leonidas succeeded and reigned 25 years 263 3712. 30. Cleomenes III. succeeded and reigned about 18 years He poisoned Euridamas and put up in his stead Epiclidas a Descendant of Eurysthenes 238 26. Eurydamus the Son of Agis was poisoned by Cleomenes 27. Epiclidas the Son of Leonidas set up by Cleomenes This Cleomenes destroyed the Ephori put an End to their Power and restored the Discipline instituted by Lycurgus He afterwards warred against the Acheans took from them Argos and the greatest part of Peloponnesus Afterwards he was routed by Antigonus King of Macedon and fled into Egypt where he was very honourably received by Ptolemy Euergetes but barbarously killed by Ptolemy Philopator And thus with him ended the Grandeur of Lacedemonia after it had lasted so many years and was the Envy as well as Glory of all Greece Three Tyrants afterwards ruled but came all to untimely Deaths After them History is silent as to the Affairs of Lacedemonia but certain it is that at last it became with the rest of Greece part of the Roman Monarcby of which we shall hereafter treat at large CHAP. XII Of Corinth COrinth was one of the finest richest and most powerful Cities of all Greece It was situated almost in the middle of the Isthmus where the Egean and Ionian Seas meet lying about 40 Leagues from Patâ—as 25 from Athens 40 from Lacedemonia and 12 or 13 from Argos It was Commanded by the Fort called Acro Corinthos which was raised on the top of a very high Hill where was very even Ground and which was encompassed by very strong Walls Within this Fort were a great many Fountains of fresh and fair Water among the rest the Pyrenian Fountain celebrated by Homer in his Odysseis The Siâ—uation of this Fort was so Advantageous that Cicero stâ—led it Greciae Oculus i. e. The Eye of Greece He withal adds that Corinth composes the Beauty and Lustre thereof aâ—d that it was one of the three Cities which the Romans would acknowledge to be capable of bearing the weight of a great Empire In this City St. Paul sojourned 18 months in which time he preached the Gospel wiâ—h good Success and afterwards wrote to them two excellent Epistles which are
People that they made him King 242 3718. 15. Antigonus Doson the Governor of Philip reigned 12 years After the Death of Demetrius the Cities of Greece shook off the Yoke of Tyranny and joined themselves to the Republick of the Acheans Aratus the Sicyonian was a great Promoter of the Interests of the Acheans and freed Athens from the Dominion of the Macedonians The Etolians envying their Success joined in a War with Cleomenes King of Sparta against them upon which the Acheans finding themselves unable to resist so great a Power implored the Assistance of Antigonus Doson who repelled Cleomenes and gave him so great a Defeat that he was forced to fly from Sparta to Alexandria Antigonus used the Spartans extreme kindly and permitted them to enjoy their ancient Laws and Privileges but in the midst of all his Glory he was forced to march back to the Defence of Macedon which the Illyrians had invaded He defeated and put them to flight but straining his Voice too much in the Battel he burst a Vein and soon after died of a Consumption 232 3730. 16. Philip IV. the Son of Demetrius at the Age of 16 took the Government upon him which devolv'd to him by the Death of his Governor and Father-in-Law Antigonus and reigned 42 years 220 This King was a very Martial Prince warred against the Etolians and defeated them several times He was so far puffed up by the Success he met with that he aimed at nothing less than the becoming Universal Monarch of the whole World and was for pushing his Conquests to the very Walls of Rome Hence arose the War between the Romans and the Macedonians of which we shall have occasion to speak more particularly when we come to treat of the Roman Affairs which belong to this time 'T is enough at present to acquaint our Reader that Philip failed in his Design was beat several times by the Romans forced to make a Peace with them and was the Cause of hastening the Downfal of the Macedonian State In his time several Prodigies happened in Asia among the rest a great Earthquake which overthrew several Cities and swallowed up others From hence the Soothsayers prognosticated That the Roman Empire then in its Rise should swallow up the Empire of the Greeks At last Philip died of Grief and deputed Antigonus his Kinsman to be his Successor But his Son Perseus being certified of his Father's approaching Death by his Physician secured the Kingdom to himself 3772. 17. Perseus succeeded his Father Philip and reigned 10 years and 8 months 178 3782. This year Perseus having given the Romans great Provocations they engaged in a War against him and he prepared to oppose them He entred into an Alliance with Gentius King of the Illyrians and did all the Mischief he could to the Romans The day before that Battel wherein Perseus was entirely defeated Sulpitius Gallus Tribune of the Soldiers by the Permission of Paulus Emilius the Roman Consul made a Speech to the Army wherein he advised them not to be terrified if they saw the Moon in a total Eclipse that night from two a clock to four in the morning since it was no more than happened at other times according to the Calculations of Astronomy That very night the Eclipse did really happen which caused the whole Army to admire the profound Skill of Gallus and was a great Encouragement to them as it was the contrary to the Macedonians The next day they came to an Engagement wherein Perseus was defeated put to flight taken and carried to Rome to grace the Roman Triumphs and thereby ended the Kingdom of Macedon which became a Roman Province after it had lasted 645 years from Caranus the first King This happened 168 years before Christ in the first year of the 153d Olympiad Anno Romae Conditae 585. CHAP. XVI Of the Lydians LYDIA is a Country in Asia Minor of which Sardes was the City of greatest Account and where the Kings of the Lydians usually kept their Court. It was situated upon the Banks of Pactolus near the Mountain of Tivoli and was one of the most ancient Cities in the World Thô Lydia has been a State exposed to various Turns of Fortune yet History affords us but little Light therein The Kingdom of Lydia had XXII Kings who reigned the space of 505 years But of these we have no Account except of the first and the four last after them till Cresus the last of their Kings were five more Years of the World Years before Christ. 2733. 1. Argon or Agron the Son of Ninus or according to others the Son of Alceus reigned first at Sardes but of XVII of his Descendants we have no knowledge 1217 3150. 19. Adrysus reigned 45 years He was of the Line of Hercules 800 3395. 20. Alyattes I. reigned 14 years 755 3209. 21. Meles reigned 12 years 741 3221. 22. Candaules or Mirsilus the Son of Mirsus the last of the Line of Hercules reigned 17 years He was killed by Gyges with whom he saw his Wife too familiar 729 3238. 23. Gyges having usurped the Throne sent large Presents to Delphos attack'd Miletum and Smyrna and took the City of Colophon by Storm By this means the Kingdom of Lydia was translated from the Family of the Heraclidae to the Mermnades in whose Family it lasted the space of 170 years of which Gyges reigned 38. This Gyges was at first a Slave and kept the King's Herds from whence he rose up at last to be King 712 3276. 24. Ardis the Son of Gyges reigned 49 years In his time the Cymmerians a People of that Country which at present is called Lesser Tartary were driven from their Habitations by the Scythians marched out of Europe into Asia keeping still along the Sea-Coast and took Sardes the Capital City of Lydia 674 3325. 25. Sadiattes the Son of Ardis succeeded and reigned 12 years 625 3337. 26. Alyattes II. succeeded his Father Sadiattes and reigned 57 years He was the youngest Brother The Inhabitants of Sardes had recourse to the Clemency of Alyattes for Cyaxeres King of the Medes would have had them submit to him but Alyattes refused it from whence arose a War of 8 years between the Lydians and the Medes This King had by his Wife Carica a Son named 613 3394. 27. Cresus who reigned 14 years after the Death of his Father He was one of the richest and most potent Princes of the World made the Greeks his Tributaries conquered the Phrygians Mysians Thrasians c. 'T is said Esop so famous for his Fables lived in his time in Phrygia that Cresus sent for him to Sardes where he treated him with a great deal of Respect and that going from Sardes to Delphos he was by the Inhabitants of that Place thrown off a high Rock Cresus puffed up with his Prosperity asked Solon who gave him a Visit what he thought of his Glory and Grandeur Solon replied That no Iudgment could be passed upon the Happiness of
we did not think it proper to insert the Account of them in this our System CHAP. XVIII Of the Italians Latins Romans and of the Fourth or Roman Monarchy OUR Reader must not expect in this short System of Vniversal History that we should give an accurate and particular Account of all the Roman Affairs since many of the Ancients such as Diodorus Siculus Dionysius Halicarnasseus Livy and others who have only given us an Account of part of them have filled whole Volumes with that Account And since our Countryman the ingenious industrious and indefatigable Mr. ECHARD has favoured the World with a large Book even of his Abridgment of the Roman History 'T is enough that we give only a Taste of the most eminent Transactions which contributed towards the making Rome so famous to future Ages that by this means the Reader may be the better prepared and the more excited to look into more Voluminous Tracts which treat of these Matters It must be likewise acknowledged that all the Account we have of Italy before Romulus is very Fabulous and Precarious and such as no Historian can rely upon However we shall give you a short Account of what passed in Italy before those Times thô we shall not vouch to the Truth of all that is contained therein nor do we desire to impose any thing upon the Reader but leave him to be a Free Thinker and his own Judge in the Case Having by way of Preface said thus much we shall divide this Chapter into V. Sections In the First we shall consider the Italians under the Government of the Ianigenae or Siculi In the Second we shall consider them under the Government of the Aborigines In the Third we shall consider them under the Seven Kings The Fourth Section shall give you an Account of the Consular State of Rome And the Fifth shall treat of the Fourth or Roman Monarchy Sect. I. The First State of Italy under the Janigenae or Siculi which lasted 557 Years 'T IS said that Gomer the Son of Iaphet first planted Colonies in Italy But we have no certain Account of this only that the first Inhabitants were called Ianigenae or Siculi It must not be expected that we should give an exact Chronology of these dark Times we shall therefore only give you a Catalogue of the Principal Men whether Kings or only Petty Governors is very uncertain who lived within this time Years of the World Years before Christ. 2044. 1. Aurunus It seems he built a Temple to Ianus 1906 2. Malotages 3. Sicanus the Husband of Ceres who taught the People Tillage 4. Several Tyrants 5. Osiris drove them out and was chosen King 6. Neptune 7. Lestrigo 8. Hercules Libycus 9. Tuscus 10. Alteus 11. Kittim or Atlas or Italus out of Spain ruled the Ianigenae 12. Iasius 13. Dardanus He killed Iasius and afterwards fled into Thrace 14. Tyrrhenus He came out of India and his Subjects after him were called Tyrrhenians We have no Account after him of any King or Governor for above 100 years together Sect. II. The Second State of Italy under XV. Kings called Aborigines which lasted 577 Years from Janus down to Romulus Years of the World Years before Christ. 2621. 1. JAnus the Son of Erectheus King of Athens came into Italy was received by the Aborigines and built Ianiculum He reigned 10 years 1329 2631. 2. Saturn expelled Crete by his Son Iupiter fled into Italy civiliz'd the People taught them Tillage coin'd Money c. He reigned 19 years 1319 2650. 3. Picus the Son of Saturn succeeded and reigned 41 years 1300 2691. 4. Faunus succeeded his Father and reigned 42 years 1259 In his time Evander and Carmenta his Mother came out of Arcadia and taught them Letters and Hercules living with Evander killed Cacus 2733. 5. Latinus reigned 36 years He had a Daughter named Lavinia whom Aeneas married 1217 2769. 6. Aeneas after the taking of Troy came into Italy where he built Lavinium killed Turnus King of the Rutuli married Lavinia was drowned and afterwards Deified He reigned 5 years 1181 2774. 7. Ascanius or Iulus the Son of Aeneas by Creusa succeeded his Father and reigned 38 years He resigned Lavinium to Lavinia and Sylvius her Son built Alba and left the Kingdom to Sylvius 1176 2812. 8. Sylvius the Son of Aeneas by Lavinia succeeded and reigned at Alba 29 years 1138 2841. 9. Eneas Sylvius succeeded his Father and reigned 30 years 1109 2871. 10. Latinus II. reigned 51 years From him the People were called Latines 1079 2922. 11. Alba Sylvius succeeded his Father and reigned 39 years 1028 2961. 12. Capetus I. called by Ovid Epitus succeeded and reigned 26 years 989 2987. 13. Capys succeeded and reign'd 28 years He built Capua 963 3015. 14. Capetus II. succeeded and reigned 12 years 935 3027. 15. Tyberinus succeeded and reigned 8 years He was drowned in the River Tyber which has its Name from him 923 3035. 16. Agrippa Sylvius succeeded and reigned 41 years 915 3076. 17. Alladius or Aremulus succeeded and reigned 19 years He imitated Thunder and was swallowed up with his Palace 874 3095. 18. Aventinus succeeded and reigned 37 years The Aventine Hill derived its Name from him 855 3132. 19. Procas succeeded and reigned 23 years When he died he left his Sons to rule by turns yearly 818 3155. 20. Amulius expelled his elder Brother Numitor and reigned 25 years He killed Numitor's Son Lausus made Rhea Numitor's Daughter a Vestal Virgin ravished her afterward in the likeness of Mars by whom he had two Sons Romulus and Remus killed her and exposed them 795 3180. 21. Numitor is restored by his Grandsons Romulus and Remus to the Throne and reigned 18 years 770 Thus have we given the Reader some glimmering sort of Light into the State of the Italian Affairs even in these dark Times We shall now proceed to what History gives us a clearer Insight into and by what follows we may perceive from what small Beginnings and by what Steps and Degrees the Romans rose to that Grandeur as to be at last the Masters of the greatest part of the then known World Sect. III. The Third State under VII Kings called the Regal State lasted 245 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3198. 1. ROmulus was 18 years of Age when he laid the Foundations of the City of Rome upon the River Tyber near the Place where he and his Brother Remus were brought up At first he took in only Mount Palatine on which he built about 1000 Houses but within a while the Inhabitants increased to such a Number that they were forced to take in six Hills more so that Rome from hence was called The City with 7 Heads At first there was only a Colony of 300 Horse and 3000 Foot but to increase the Number he set up an Asylum which was a Sanctuary to all Malefactors and Discontented Persons 752 Romulus upon founding the City killed his Brother Remus for some Affront he had
London Printed for Tim Childe 1698 Ductor Historicus OR A SHORT SYSTEM OF Universal History AND AN INTRODUCTION TO THE Study of that Science Containing A CHRONOLOGY of the most Celebrated Persons and Actions from the Creation to this Time A COMPENDIOUS HISTORY of the most considerable Transactions in the World to the Time of our Saviour In a Series of the Successions of the ANCIENT MONARCHIES And Governments of the World An Account of the Writings of the most noted Historians with the Judgments of eminent Criticks upon them Together with Definitions and Explications of Terms used in History and Chronology And General Instructions for the Reading of History Illustrated with proper Observations and Remarks Partly Translated from the French of M. de Vallemont but chiefly Composed anew by W. I. M. A. LONDON Printed for Tim 〈◊〉 at the White Hart at the West-end of S. Paul's Church-yard 1698. To the Right Honourable JOHN Lord Churchill My LORD MY small Endeavours of serving the Publick have met with such repeated Encouragements in Your Illustrious Family that I have impatiently waited for a proper Occasion to express my Dutiful Acknowledgments Custom MY LORD has at all Times justified Dedications chiefly perhaps because Fortune seldom puts it in the Power of a Writer to shew his Gratitude to the Supporters of Learning any other way Nevertheless I think it an unpardonable Rudeness in an Author boldly to obtrude a Book to a Person that can reap either Pleasure or Benefit by it and therefore I have delay'd so long to wait upon Your LORDSHIP till the Usefulness of the Present might in some measure attone for the Trouble of the Address History My LORD of all Sciences is that which is the most suitable to all Persons and which best answers the two main Ends of our Studies Profit and Delight But it deserves in a more peculiar manner the Application of those of Your Rank and Dignity for History is chiefly conversant about the Lives and Actions of the Illustrious and since there is a sort of Collateral Affinity between Great Men of all Times and Places it highly concerns them to be acquainted with one another Moreover the Variety of Great Events and Revolutions the different Laws Religions and Customs which History presents to our Sight cannot but yield a very diverting and entertaining Prospect and the Account it gives us of the several Characters of Men and of the chief Springs and Motives of their Actions together with the Good and Bad Examples it sets before us will certainly go a great way towards the making a Wise and a Prudent Man 'T is true MY LORD that if Examples suffice to form a Great Man Your LORDSHIP has no occasion to fetch 'em from abroad You will find in Your Noble Father alone a perfect Pattern of Military and Political Virtues By Him Your LORDSHIP may learn to be both a Soldier and a Statesman Great at the Head of an Army Great in Business but still Greater in a wise Retirement in a Word to be like Caesar in the Field the Senate-house and the Closet That you may prove such is the most sincere and constant Wish of My LORD Your LORDSHIPS most humble most faithful and most obliged Servant A. B. PREFACE 'T IS a true certain and 〈◊〉 evident Maxim That all Knowledge or Learningâ— call it which you pleasâ— is more or less necessary as it does conduce in a higher or lower degree to the making Men useful and beneficial to others and easy and happy in themselves both here and hereafter That Knowledge which has the greatest Tendency to these Ends is certainly the most necessary and preferable to all other kinds of Knowledge whatsoever Thus for Instance Divinity and Morality as they tend chiefly to promote the Welfare and Happiness both of private Persons and of publick Communities the Knowledge of them is the most necessary of any others but yet it does not follow that all other Knowledge is unnecessary Therefore we must crave leave to dissent from Mr. Norris who in his Reflections upon the Conduct of Human Life with relation to Learning has endeavour'd by a Metaphâ—sical â—train of Thought to prove That some sorts of Knowledge are Necessary but others Contingent among the latter of which he ranks Histoâ—y Now tho' we bear all due Respect and Veneration to that good and learned Author yet we must frankly own That we disapprove of his Assertion in this Matter since it can be made appear by Good and Solid tho' not Metaphisical Reasons That History is as necessary in an inferior degree to the Conduct of Human Life as Divinâ—ty Morality c. are in a higher degree necessary to the same End The usefulness of this kind of Knowledge I mean of History is so great to All who are design'd for publick Employments either in Church or State and to all those who would read and know Men as well as Books that this very Consideration makes it highly necessary to such But we might advance our Position still farther and prove that this kind of Knowledge is in some measure useful and beneficial and consequently necessary to Men of the meanest Câ—pacities and of the lowest Size For tho' it be true as the forementioned Author says That it does not much concern us when a Bird drop'd his Feather last on the Pyrenean Mountains yet we presume he will own That the Knowledge of the various Revolutions that have happen'd to the greatest Monarchies of the Vicissitudes of Fortune that have attended the greatest Princes of the prosperous Success of Good and the infamous Ends of bad Men of the Signal Providence of a Supream Being that has manifested it self in all these Things with the like to the Knowledge of all which we arrive by the Accounts of History is of nearer and greater Concernment to us than that Triffâ—ng Simile to which he ventures to compare it That History is or might be very useful and necessary to the meanest Persons appears from the Love they have and the Attention they give to the reading of the Fabulous Histories of Valentine and Orson of Cassandra of Parismus and Parismenos c. For it may be very reasonably inferr'd That if such Romances and Fables if an old Wive's Tale told with an Air of Probability and Truth in a Chimney corner have such strange Effects upon the Minds of the Vulgar as we see them have then certainly the true Accounts of the Actions and Lives of the Ancients coming in with the joint Testimony of several Historians must needs have as great if not greater Effects on the Minds of these Persons This is not meer Conjecture but Matter of Fact for we will instance in one History and that is the Account Iosephus has given of the Destruction of the Iews This small part of his History being translated into our Language is much in the Hands of the very meanest Persons and by common Experience we find that they are as much affected with
However to give it the better Authâ—â—rity we will set down the Words of Iustus Lipsius 〈◊〉 his 61st Epist. In the Knowledge of Times it is enouâ—â— says he to understand the general Series and Order Things and to see where the Empires Wars and 〈◊〉 remarkable Events have their beginning and end Aâ— he wish'd that some Body would give us such a Tabâ—â— Dionysius Petavius has answer'd his Desire and puâ—â—lish'd Chronological Tables in Latin And of 〈◊〉 Days the like has been done in English in a smâ—â—â— Pocket Volume ingeniously contriv'd by Colonel Pâ—â—â—sons Others have multiplied the Tables to that degâ—â—â— that they make up a whole Book which 't is true are 〈◊〉 more compleat and of excellent Use when the Reaâ—â—â— is grown to more Proficiency Of these Helvicus is 〈◊〉 best unless our Country-man Mr. Tallent may be pâ—â—â—ferr'd And then to make the better Impression on the Mâ—â—mory I would have the whole History of the Woâ—â—â— divided into certain Epocha's which should commeâ—â— from some very notable Action and by Synchroâ—â— apply'd to other Actions by which means the times 〈◊〉 smaller Events would be the better remember'd Again as Geometricians resolve a Problemn by examining it part by part and forming an Analysis so here if the History be divided first into Two afterwards into Three Four or more Epocha's it will much facilitate the Learning 'T is for this Reason that we have made use of this Method proposing first only the great Aera's of the World and our Saviour then divide it into 4 7 and 13 parts the Times whereof having fixed we proceed to set down Particulars in a larger Chronology divided into Fifteen Royal Epocha's 'T is not to be express'd what a vast Light these different Divisions of the Times will give to this Study from which People have always been discourag'd by reason of its Obscurity It is well known That Division among Logicians is one of their best Means of arriving to the exact Knowledge of any Subject in Dispute which made Socrates call it An Art inspired by God §. 1. First Division of the Times into two Parts THe First Part contains all that space of Time from the Creation of the World to the Birth of JESUS CHRIST which according to our Computation through all this Book is of 3950 Years This is properly what they call The Time of the Old Testament During this long Extent we see the Estaâ—lishment and Downfal of three Great Monarchies â—iz the Assyrian Persian and Grecian which have preceded the Empire of the Romans In that space of 40 Centuries we shall find also a â—reat Number of other States Kingdoms and Repubâ—icks the greatest part of which became Roman Proâ—inces when Rome a little before the Birth of the Son of God made her self Mistress of the whole Universe The Second Part contains all the Time elapsed from the Birth of JESUS CHRIST to this present â—ime which according to the Vulgar Computation is â—698 Years This is what they call the Time of the New Testament which space of 17 Ages comprehends all the most considerable Events and Transactions in the Roman Empire in the Eastern and Western Empires in the Kingdoms of France Spain and England and in the other States and Republicks of Europe Asia Africa and America These are the two most important Epocha's in History One is the Creation of the World by the Eternal Father and the other the Restauration of the World by the Son of God consubstantial to his Father §. 2. Second Divison of the Times into three Parts according to Varro VArro divides the whole Series of Ages into three Times the first of which he calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 obscure and uncertain the second 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or fabulous and the third 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Historical I. The obscure and uncertain Time is that from the first Original of Mankind down to the Deluge oâ— Ogiges about the Year of the World 2154. and 17â—â— Years before the Vulgar Aera and 1020 before thâ— Frist Olympiad This Time is called obscure and uncertain because the Historios of the Nations of the World give no Account of what has happen'd for 2â— Centuries II. The fabulous Time begins at the Deluge of Ogiges and reaches as far as the Olympiads that is to thâ— Year of the World 3174. and 776 Years before thâ— Vulgar Aera and lasts 1020 Years It is called fabulous because in effect whatever Prophane Historian have written about those Times is intermixt with 〈◊〉 great many Fables What they relate about the Argoâ—nautes Vlysses Helena Hercules and some others is foâ— incoherent that we know not what to think of it Wâ— must make the same Judgment of the Burning of Troy And if we should strictly examine what Poets have lefâ— us upon that Subject we should perhaps be apt to beâ—lieve That Troy was never but a Fiction of their Imagination What Herodotus relates from the Taking of Troy to the Olympiads signifies very little and is intermix'd with a great many Tales and Romantick Stories If he had been serious in his Accounts of the Scythians Egyptians and several other Nations we should be obliged to call him the Father of Lies and Fables whom Cicero honours with the Title of the Father of History But tho' we should be forc'd to give Credit to those Relations which carry so few Characters of Truth with them we would not therefore be much the better for it since Herodotus's History reaching no higher than Giges King of the Lydians who lived about the Year of the World 3238. and 712 Years before the Vulgar Aera he leaves us at a Loss and in the Dark for about 3300 Years of which he gives no Account What we find in Berosus Manetho Metasthenes Philo and Annius is still very uncertain and there 's a great deal of Reason to doubt whither there ever were Kings that bore the Names which those Authors give them And indeed we meet no where in all the Old Testament with the Name of any of those Kings of the Assyrians so much celebrated by Prophane Historians whereas we often meet with those of the Princes of the Moabites Ammonites Mesopotamia Egypt Syria and others less considerable that have been either the Enemies or Allies of the Iews We must not expect more Light from other Historians Diodorus Siculus begins his History at the Siege of Troy Trogus Pompeius ascends no higher than Ninus and who shall instruct us of what has happened before those Times Christian Religion into whose Hands the Holy Scriptures are deposited can alone by the Light she draws from them connect the first Times into a continued and uninterrupted Succession from the beginning of the World to the Return from the Babylonian Captivity And then as we find more Obscurity in the Accounts of Time in the Holy Scripture we find in requital more Light in the Writings of Prophane Authors However we must observe That the Bible serves only to
Great Mogol descended from him Wenceslaus the Emperor depos'd 1399. Rupert of Bavaria succeeds 1400. By reason of the many Civil Wars Italy throws of the German Yoke and several Governors of Cities make themselves absolute as the Scaligers in Verona thâ— House of Est at Ferrara the Gonzagues at Mantua c. Sigismond K. of Hungary chosen Emperor 1410 He erected Savoy into a Dutchy in favour 〈◊〉 Armedeus 141â— Henry V. King of England 141â— He is victorious in France wins the famous Battle at Agincourt 1415. The Government of that Kingdom is resign'd to him by the King Charles VI. 142â— Iohn VII Paleologus Emperor at Constantinople 1417. Henry VI. a Child King of England 142â— Loses what his Father had gain'd in France Richard Duke of York claims the Crown 144â— The Rebellion of Iack Cade suppress'd 1450. The King is worsted by the Yorkists and finally depos'd 1â—60 Albert of Austria chosen Emperor 143â— Frederick of Austria his Brother succeeds 144â— The Art of Printing invented 144â— Iohn Huniades Emperor of Constantinople 144â— Is victorious against the Turks Scanderbeg Prince of Epirus famous for his Victorâ—â—â— over the Turks 144â— Constantine XIII Paleologus the last Christian Emperor of Constantinople famous for his Valour 1443. Mahomet II. call'd the Great Sultan of Turks 1451. Takes Constantinople Constantine being slain puts an end to that Empire 1453. EPOCHA XIII Constantinople taken by the Turks and the Christian Empire of the East terminated 1453. This Epocha is continued as far as the Year 1660. wherein King Charles being Restor'd the ancient Lawful Government of England was re-establish'd IT must be confess'd that this Epocha begins not so happily as those that have gone before it for whereas almost every one of them commenc'd from some great Action whereby the Almighty bestow'd some benefit upon his People this alas begins with a deplorable state of the Christian World and shews us the expulsion of the true Religion out of Greece and its Neighbouring Provinces by the entrance of the Mahometan Cruelty into Europe after it had ravag'd almost all Asia and Africa But it must be acknowledg'd that the Divine Providence was just in this Punishment of those unworthy Christians who by intruding Heresies first caused Schisms and continual Feuds in the Church and afterwards by Superstition profain'd their most Holy Religion and yet by bitter Persecution destroy'd the Holy Professors of true Christianity that in those Ages oppos'd themselves to the innovated Idolatry and Superstition We might justly enough call the last Epocha Dark and Illitarate as we must Name this that follows the Enlightned and Learned Age of Christianity for the Northern Barbarians that over-run Europe in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries had so effectually swept away all sâ—â—ts of Learning that tho' themselves afterwards beâ—ame Christians and somewhat Polite yet it requir'd Ages of Time to revive that Learning which they had destroy'd and in effect what thro' the Wars that happen'd and thro' the absolute Power the Clergy exercis'd which gave them an opportunity of living Lazily in Convents all the Sciences and even Arts too were in a very low Estate till in this Century the discovery of the Art of Printing put Books into the Hands of the Laity the which being follow'd in the next Age with the appearance of those great Literati Picus Mirandula Desider Erasmus Mars Ficinus c. Learning began to Revive and by the continued zealous prosecution of the Work that those great Men begun we may now venture to say We have almost arriv'd to the Perfection of those Ages wherein the Greeks and Romans made themselves immortal by their great Erudition and Ingenuity That wonderfully useful Instrument the Marinerâ— Compass had been found out in the beginning of the Fourteenth Century by the help whereof the Portugueze had ventur'd to Navigate on the Coasts of Africa and by degrees advancing we find them at length towards the end of this Age got as far as India from whence they brought by Sea vast quantities of the rich Commodities of those Parts which before that time came but sparingly hither because brought over an immense Tract of Land to Alexandria before we could receive 'em This was follow'd by a discovery of a new World which Christopher Colombus with great Hazard as well as Skill and Pains found out and thereby gave the Spanish Monarch an opportunity of encreasing his Dominions to an almost infinite extent and of enriching Europe to an inexpressible degree out of the inexhaustible Mines of Mexico and Peru. The following Epocha shews us moreover the Church reform'd and the Christian Religion restor'd to its ancient Purity a Blessing of inestimable value and which we ought all to praise God for and continually pray that he lets not again Superstition to prevail or which is worse Atheism and Irreligion to Profane our Piety Years of Jes. Chr. The Turks having taken Constantinople proceed in their Conquests and gain the Peloponnesus now call'd Morea 1459. Edward IV. Son to Richard Duke of York who had been slain in his Wars against Henry VI. gains the Crown of England 1460. Marries the Lady Gray which disgusts his great Friend the Earl of Warwick 1465. Warwick raises Wars against him and in the end forces him to fly the Kingdom 1470. Henry plac'd on the Throne again after 9 Years Imprisonment but Edward soon expells him 1471. He dies leaving his Crown to his young Son Edward V. 1483. Maximilian of Austria Son to the Emperor Frederick Marries Mary Heiress of Burgundy 1477. They had Issue Philip who Married Ioan the Daughter of Ferdinand King of Spain by which all the Netherlands became afterwards united to that Kingdom Maximilian chosen Emperor 1493. Richard Duke of Glocester usurps the Throne and Murders his Nephews 1483. Richard III. a Tyrant slain at Bosworth by Henry VII who was of the Lancastrian Family and Marry'd the Daughter of Edward IV. declar'd King 1485. Is oppos'd by two Impostors Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck 1486 1499. In the Year 1454. the Portugueze discover'd the Cape of Good Hope and prosecuting their Voyaging they at length got as far as the East-Indies which was discover'd by Vasq. de Gama who was sent by the King of Portugal to that purpose and arriv'd before Calicurt May the 20th 1498. Ferdinand King of Arragon and Isabella Queen of Castille by Marriage unite those Kingdoms and erect the Monarchy of Spain 1474. Ferdinand expels the Moors out of Spain and erects the Inquisition against them which gains him the Title of Catholick 1496. Christopher Columbus a Native of Genoa having partly by his own Study in Geography and partly by Information of some Seamen who had been driven on some far Western Coast conceiv'd an Opinion That there was a large Country Westward of us yet unknown apply'd himself zealously for the Discovery of it to which purpose he first desir'd Assistance of the State of Genoa afterwards of our King Henry VII and of Emanuel King
France to Ireland with French Officers and Forces Besieges London-derry which had declar'd for King William Apr. 1689. Ireland standing out for King Iames an Army is sent over under the Command of Duke Schomberg The Castle of Edinburgh which had stood out for King Iames surrender'd Iun. 13. 1689. William Duke of Glocester Son to their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Denmark was born Iuly 24. 1689. London-derry reliev'd and the Siege raised Iuly 22. 1689. King William goes over into Ireland with many Noblemen and large Supplies of Men and Ammunition Iune 16. 1690. The Battle of the Boyne wherein King William obtains a very signal and entire Victory over K. Iames and his Army Iuly 11. 1690. Drogheda taken Iuly 1690. King William marches into Dublin Iuly 16. 1690. King Iames flies back to France 1690. The first Siege of Limerick Aug. 1690. The King returns to England after having reduc'd the greatest part of Ireland Sept. 10. 1690. The King passes over to Holland wherein endeavouring to land in his Barge is sorrounded with Ice and detain'd 22 Hours Ian. 20. 1690 1. The Electors of Bavaria and Brandenburg the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel and many Foreign Ministers assemble in Congress at the Hague and conclude a firm Confederacy against France Feb. 1690 1. Mons taken by the French Apr. 8. 1691. The King returns to England Apr 10. 1691. The King goes to the Army in Flanders May 1691. Athlone in Ireland taken by the English Iuly 21. 1691. The Battle of Agrim wherein St. Ruth the French General for King Iames is killed and his Army totally routed Iuly 13. 1691. Innocent XII the present Pope Elected Iuly 12. 1691. Limerick surrendred and Ireland totally reduc'd Octob. 3. 1691. The English Fleet obtains a great Victory over the French and burn above 20 of their largest and best Ships at la Hogue May 1692. An Earthquake at Iamaica which almost totally destroy'd Port Royal Iune 7. 1692. Namur taken by the French Iuly 3. 1692. The Battle at Steenkirk Iuly 24. 1692. A small Shock of an Earthquake felt in England Holland Flanders and France Sept. 8. 1692. The French take and barbarously destroy Heidelberg Spire Manheim Frankendal and other Places in the Palatinate 1693. The Battle at Neer-Helpen near Landen Iuly 28. 1693. Charleroy taken by the French Oct. 11. 1693. Frederick Augustus Elector of Saxony succeeds his Brother Iohn George May 7. 1694. The English Fleet by Bombs thrown in burn Haâ—re de Grace and Diep two considerable Maritime Townâ— in France Iuly 1694. The Queen taken ill of the Small Pox Dec. 27. 1694. and on the 29th Her Majesty of ever blessed Memory departed this Life Casal taken from the French by the Duke of Savoy Iuly 9. 1695. Namur Invested by the K. and his Army Iuly 9. 1695. and on Sept. 5. the Castle was surrender'd by the French to the Confederates Granville Calais and other Sea-Towns of France Bombarded by the English Fleet this Summer A Plot against His Majesty's Life discovered Feb. 21. 169â— Iohn King of Poland departed this Life Iun. 17. 1696. Aeth taken by the French 1697. Barcelona taken by the French 1697. Treaty of Peace at the Palace at Reswick in Holland where on the 10th of September O. S. a Peace is concluded and the Articles signed by the Plenipotentiaries of England France and Holland 1697. A Short SYSTEM OF Universal History PART II. Introduction to History and a Character of Historians Written in French by M. P. L. L. de Vallemont And Englished by Mr. Boyer and Mr. Savage CHAP. I. Of the several Benefits of History IT is altogether unnecessary to say any thing in Commendation of History since it is sufficiently known how great Advantages that Study has always brought to such as have been destin'd to great Employments But at the same time I think my self obliged to set forth some of the Benefits thereof and to lay down a few Rules to be observed by those that would make a right use of it I. History informs us of Things past which otherwise we should know no more of than we do of those to come 'T is true Prophecy dives into Matters before they are parted from their Causes and which perhaps are not effected till after a long space of Years yet however strong Men's Inclinations may run that way it must still be own'd that we are not able to give any tolerable Account of Futurity and that it is God alone who has formed the Chain of Causes that can know what Effects they will produce Moreover what Prophecy commonly teaches us is so very obscure that it seems not to care to be understood till the Things it treats of are come to pass When on the contrary History may be easily comprehended by us as containing Matters handled down from our Fore-fathers to Posterity and which we are commanded by the Law of God to make Search into Enquire of your Father and he 'll inform you Consult your Ancestors and they 'll instruct you Deut. 32.7 Also we could never have the least Insight into Times past were it not for Historians who have all along recorded the most memorable Actions happening in their Time and preserv'd the most precious Thoughts of our Ancestors which would otherwise have been devour'd by Time that never makes any difference betwixt what is past and what to come Wherefore Cicero very indiciously terms History The Record of Time The Evidence of Truth The Life of Memory The Mistress of Life and The Courier of Antiquity In a Word History gives a Being and Existence to what without it would be stifled in the Birth nay it communicates a kind of Immortality to all famous Men whose Actions made 'em to be so much valued while they liv'd II. History is the most excellent and most entertaining Diversion that a Man can possibly have since it may be said particularly thereof what was spoken in general by a very learned Man of all sorts of Books viz. That they were easy and disinteressed Masters which might be consulted at all Times and on all Occasions without Fear either of Raillery Anger or Satyr Hi sunt Magistri qui nos Instruunt sine Virgis Ferula sine Verbis Cholera sine Pannis Pecunia Si Accedas non Dormiunt Si Inquirens Interrâ—gas non se abscondunt Non remurmurant si Oberres Cacbynnos nesciunt si Ignores Rich. Bury Anglor Regi Cancell in suo Philobiblio III. Those that are defign'd for great Employs have more need of History than any others for they thereby lay a Foundation in their Youth which proves afterwards very serviceable to them however they are preferr'd either in Church or State and which otherwise could not be effected but by a great number of Years It was this Consideration that mov'd the Emperor Basilius to recommend so earnestly the reading of History to his Son and Successor Leo the Philosopher when he says Neglect nothing Son to make the History
they have writ but are ready to allow that they have often been deceiv'd and nay consequently deceive us In the first part of this Book Page 10. I have inserted some Rules which might serve to resolve any doubts met with in the ancient History But these we are by no means to make use of in relation to the Canonical Writings we must always acquiesce in them whatever difficulties we meet with and adore with Simplicity what may there seem Strange and Incredible to us But as I said before we may take more Liberty with other Authors and Condemn or Applaud 'em as we see good Otherwise we should Sacrifice our Reason to their Authority which we are only oblig'd to do to the Eternal Word of God ARTICLE II. Of Civil History and its Authority THO' we ought to have an implicit Belief through a kind of religious Slavery in whatever the Holy Scripture relates yet need we not allow the same Credit to Men who have all their natural Failings and write only by a fallible Assistance of their Reason As Men therefore were never free from Mistakes and Errors and as they might very well fall into false Opinions either through Ignorance want of due Examination or just Reasoning so their Hearts also might probably be byass'd by the Prospects of Ambition or Interest and consequently they be seduc'd either into Flattery or Insincerity So that tho' Christian Charity allows of no Distrust yet ought we always to be upon our Guard when we read these Books where either Ignorance or Design may so easily lead us astray The Scythians were wont to burn all the Histories that came to their Hands nay they never spar'd any Because said they the Booksellers among the Greeks and Romans had their Shops always so crouded with the Valorous Exploits of their own Country that they left no room for those of other Nations who perhaps might have perform'd Actions as worthy of Applause And where they hapned to have any it was perhaps some Treatise wherein their Neighbours weâ—e look'd upon with the greatest Scorn and Contempt Most Historians have been prepossess'd with an Opinion of their own Country and neglect of due Esteem for the Merits of others whence it comes to pass that we have no History but what is either Imperfect or Partial and consequently no true Account of those Transactions that have from time to time hapned in the World We must observe that the most warlike Nations have ever been the least encouragers of Letters The Muses always prefer'd a Wreath of Olive to a Crown of Laurel They seek Solitude and Quiet and are frighted at the noise of Arms 'T is the Murmurings of a Purling Brook and the gentle Ruffling of a Western wind that encourage and delight them Sciences and Arts have never flourish'd but in those States whose Dominion was Establish'd and Power dreaded Egypt soon quitted its Learning when the War began to enter its Confines Greece equally encreas'd in Knowledge and Conquests and when Rome became Mistress of the World she saw the Muses from all parts fly for Shelter under her Wings Before that Time the Romans were more zealous of doing well than either speaking or writing so and took more care to be the Subject of a Panegyrick than to Pen it There are some Pleasant People in the World who would persuade us that Learning lessens Courage Because say they the Greeks and Romans were never esteem'd so great Soldiers as when they had no Arts nor Sciences among them Phocion one of the wisest and best Men that Athens ever bred whilst he govern'd that State being tyr'd out with the repeated Importunities of the Athenians that they might make War when he knew they understood but very little of the Matter He said to them Were you to contend with your Enemies with Words they would never be able to withstand you because you talk better but whereas Arms can only decide your Differences they will as surely be too hard for you The Lacedemonians on the contrary being less Polite were much better Soldiers for tho' they spoke ill yet they fought well their Hands were more ready than their Tongues and they always gave six blows before they utter'd two words Hence we have the Style we call Laconique or Lacedemonian which is a Concise but Emphatical manner of speaking and writing according to the Custom of the Lacedemonians Wherefore we have an Account of their Actions not from themselves but their Enemies But notwithstanding all this there is no Reason to accuse the Muses of ruining Kingdoms There have ever been People in the World both Learn'd and War-like at a time and in this Age we have Heroes that ought to give way to nothing either to the antient Greeks or Romans and who likewise reconcile the Study of Letters with the Practice of Arms. It were better therefore to say That Kingdoms and Empires have all their destin'd Periods and that they Perish through the same necessity with the Hero and the Scholar But however it be this is most certain that War-like Nations have seldom or never writ their own Histories and much less those of other Nations We know little or nothing of the Celtae or Gauls and are not much better acquainted with the Customs of the Arabs their Priests and other Persons which they set the most value upon The Persian Historians were their Magi being the most considerable among them either for their Knowledge or the Station they held in the Common-wealth The Egyptians who yielded to no other Nation for Insight into all manner of Arts and Sciences entrusted their Priests altogether with the Conservation of their History as likewise their Publick Memoirs which contain'd whatever related either to Policy Physick Mathematicks or Religion It is from these Priests that Diodorus Siculus had his History as he owns in his Second Book Nay tho' Athens abounded with all sorts of Learned Men yet the most celebrated in Greece Travel'd to Egypt meerly to consult these Priests Solon Plato Pythagoras Eudoxus and Democrates had that Knowledge from Egypt with which they afterwards surpriz'd the Learned World Cicero owns ingenuously in his Fifth Book de Finibus that Plato went into Egypt on purpose to learn from those Priests the Knowledge of Heavenly Matters And Pythagoras did more for he not only Travel'd over all Egypt but also went into Persia to consult the Magi about that sort of Learning which was peculiar to them they being beyond any other Nation vers'd in the Knowledge of Antiquity Thus it is plain That the Egyptain Priests and Persian Magi gave themselves chiefly up to History The Greeks were not so careful in this Respect they permitted any to write who had an inclination to do it whence it follow'd that their History was abominably vitiated by this Liberty and they became a Proverb by the many Lies they stufft their Relations with Et quicquid Graecia Mendax Scribit in Historiis But herein the Romans were much
World during the space of 240 Years that is from the beginning of Cyrus's Empire to that of Xerxes being the time when our Historian wrote The Bishop of Meaux in his Universal History terms Herodotus the Great Historian Vossius de Historicis Graecis Lib. 1. Cap. 3. says That Herodotus design'd to have written the History of the Assyrians wherein he was to treat of the Kings of Babylon but that he believ'd that Work was never Publish'd because Herodotus was prevented finishing it by his Death Yet we may read Lib. 8. Hist. Animal Cap. 18. that Aristotle accus'd Herodotus of advancing an Untruth against Natural History when he affirm'd that an Eagle drank at the Siege of Nineveh for it is certain that those Birds which have hook'd Claws never drink Now this Passage which Aristotle reproaches Herodotus for is not to be found in his Work of the Nine Muses and therefore must have been in his History of the Assyrians Nineveh having been the Capital City of Assyria which may give a reasonable conjecture that he had written that History yet nevertheless the Ancients have made no manner of mention of it Vossius does not believe that the Life of Homer found at the end of Herodotus's History belong'd to him as some would have it and the Reason he gives seems to carry Authority along with it For says he Herodotus in his Euterpe places the Birth of Homer above 200 Years more backward than the Author of his Life has done Herodotus dy'd at Thuries whither he had voluntarily banish'd himself to be the more intent on his Studies and the Composing of his History II Thucydides was of illustrious Parentage It is reported That his Grand-father Marry'd the Daughter of a King of Thrace but what is more certain is That he himself was a Citizen of Athens He was a young Student in one of the most famous Colleges of Greece at the same time that Herodotus read his History With this Work he was infinitely Charm'd and could not help shewing so much Jealousie of the Author as if he had despair'd of ever performing the like which Heredotus perceiving immediately Prophesied that he would be a great Man and moreover told his Father That he was happy to have a Son at this Age who had so great a Sense of Fame and Glory His History was design'd to have contain'd all the Peloponesian War being that between the States of Athens and Sparta which lasted full 27 Years but he dy'd while he was about the 21st Year of it Theopompus supply'd the 6 other Years This History of Thucydides is divided into VIII Books Cicero professes a great esteem for Thucydides his manner of Writing when he Styles him Authorem subtilem Acutum Brevem Sententiis magis quam verbis abundantem Lib. 2. de Oratoria Father Rapin likewise in his Instructions for History affords this Author great Commendation for he says the same thing of his Style as Cicero had done before him The Style of Thucydides says he is more Noble and Lofty than that of Herodotus yet at the same time it fails of being so Natural and Easie. In some places it has those harshnesses which render it Obscure and it is every where more Luxuriant than the Style of Herodotus Thucydides says the same Author in another Place has Fire Force and Grandeur every thing in his Writings keeps up its self and nothing Languishes and Grovels It is in this that he excells Herodotus who frequently loses himself and grows too diffusive where he gives too great a loose to his Genius Longinus observes that Thucydides sometimes confounds the most regular Methods the better to surprize by a disorder and to change his Narration the oftner He also sometimes relates Things past as if they had been present and this to have the advantage of describing an Action which moves a Reader more as likewise renders him more Attentive Lucian finds fault with this Author's description of the Plague of Athens in the second Book of his History and this perhaps with reason enough for however Prudent he may be allow'd in other places yet there he has run out a little too much Lucian says also that Thucydides has succeeded better than other Historians in his Harangues for what he puts in the Mouths of the principal Actors in his History viz. Pericles Nicias Alcibiades Archidamus sometimes a whole Nation together are admâ—rable Instructions for Orators and to which Demosthenes was not a little beholden who became so great a Master in that Art Vossius says after Lucian that Demosthenes copy'd Thucydides's History eight times with his own Hand and likewise that the Emperor Charles V. always carry'd a French Translation of him about him where-ever he went Monsieur Rapin says farther That Thucydidâ—s and Livy are both sufficient to acquaint a Man what Genius History requires for that Antiquity has nothing to boast of more perfect than their Works There is nothing almost to be desir'd more in either of them unless it be that the former were more Natural and the latter more Sincere Thucydides has establish'd his Reputation with so pure Ideas that he deserves to be Credited in all Ages It is hard to meet with one of this Author 's excellent Temper who tho' he had been extreamly wrong'd by the Tyrant Pericles yet he always prais'd him as often as he found occasion and did frequent Justice to the Athenians tho' they had Banish'd him their Common-wealth He was a Man not at all guided by Passion and who propos'd only in what he writ to content the Judgment of Posterity by always speaking the Truth In a word Thucydides was exact in all that he writ and faithful and disinteressed in all he said and tho' he sometimes seems Austere and Suâ—ly yet is it ever what consists with Grandeur Photius says that as Herodotus is to be imitated by those that have a mind â—o be perfect in the Ionick Dialect so is Thucydides by such as would excel in the Attick Monsieur Le Vayer says that Thucydides had the Honour to be the first that gave a Soul to History by the several Harangues he made use of in all the three kinds 〈…〉 Whâ—â— before him it was but either a 〈…〉 or dead Body He flourish'd about the 〈…〉 before Christ A. M. 3490. 〈◊〉 Xenophon the Son of Gallus a Native of Athens was all at once a great Philosopher a great General and a great Historian Diogenes Laertius reports one thing of him which sufficiently demonstrates his Honesty He says that the Works of Thucydides having been lost and one Copy remaining only in Xenophon's Hands whereby that Author might have publish'd them for his own he nevertheless gave them to the Publick under the Name of their great Compiler Notwithstanding this the Athenians having afterwards suspected him of adhering to the Lacedemonians their Enemies banish'd him their Country He flourish'd about the Year of the World 3560. He is the first Philosoper that apply'd himself
more noble without doubt but on the other side he has strain'd them too far and has given us Reason to question Whether he has left us a Romance or a History Quintus Curtius might very well have spar'd to make Alexander so infamous as he does in some Places There are some priviledged Persons whom we ought to treat with Civility and Respect we may indeed relate their personal Faults but we must never offend their Dignity or debase their Greatness Quintus Curtius deserves to be commended for his Sincerity for he speaks the good and the bad of Alexander without being prepossess'd for the Merit of his Hero If one can find Fault with his History it is for being too Polite But nevertheless he has excelled in a pleasant and natural way of describing Manners That Character of Perfection which is conspicuous in those great Men is not to be found any more in the succeeding Ages VII Cornelius Tacitus was born of a Noble Family of Roman Knights and was raised to the highest Dignities in the Common-wealth He liv'd under the Empire of Vespasian and the succeeding Emperors with all the Reputation and Honour due to his Birth and personal Merit He was in Years when he set himself to Write and 't was under the Empire of Trajan that he composed his History of which we have but V Books left Afterwards he wrote his Annals great part of which have also been lost Besides those two Works he publish'd a Treatise of the Manners of the several Nations who in his Time inhabited Germany and the Life of Agricola his Father-in-law The Learned seem to be divided as to the Judgment that ought to be made of his Style yet the Truth is that Tacitus is an incomparable Writer The corruption of his Text occasion'd by the Ignorance of the Transcribers does perhaps make him more obscure than he would be of himself and this is the Opinion of Monsieur de la Mothe le Vayer But let some People say what they please the best way is to side with Vossius who finds so much Eloquence so much Correctness and so many Beauties in Tacitus that he does not stick to say that he is be best and wisest of Writers Quis enim non videt Dictio Taciti quam sit elegans quam tersa limata Et tamen major est laus ista quod nihil eo Scriptore vel cogitari possit prudentius The Emperor Tacitus Two hundred Years after the Death of Tacitus the Historian valued himself upon bearing the same Name with him and being descended from him He caus'd his Sâ—atue to be placed in all Libraries and to preserve his Works to Posterity he caused them to be Transcribed Ten times a Year But all the Care that Emperor used hath been in vain since of One and twenty Years of his History we have only the account of one left and V Books of about Thirty according to St. Ierom's Opinion The Great Duke Come de Medicis made choice of Tacitus among all other Historians as one from whom he expected more sound Precepts and Instructions for his Conduct and more solid Satisfaction to alleviate the Cares which are inseparable from the Government of a State when a Prince endeavours to merit the Title of Father of his Country Casaubon is quite of another Opinion and maintains in his Preface to Polibius that the Reading of Tacitus is most dangerous for Princes by reason of the many ill Examples which are scattered up and down his Works The Stile of Tacitus says Monsieur Rapin is not very proper for History for it is full of Starts and when it shines 't is like a Flash of Lightning which dazles more than it gives light Tacitus is a starting Wit that skips from one thing to another His Sense comprehended in few Words is too close for the Readers Capacity which is often pusled with it And because he does not follow Nature in what he relates and generally forgets that he Speaks to Men so he seldom instructs us as he should As for Example when upon the occasion of the Papian Law he relates the Original of Laws or when in another place he describes the Priviledges of Sanctuaries he does not trace things back to their beginnings he never explains things thoroughly nay sometimes he gives a false Account of them as when he takes upon him to describe the Iewish Religion in the fifth Book of his History His Style is also very improper for it which is a great Fault in an Historian whose primary Function is to instruct Tacitus is still more uneven than Sallust His Connexions are generally forced and the Thread of his Discourse very much Broke and Interrupted which is no small discouragement to the Reader who cannot follow him without putting himself out of Breath There can be no better and exacter Description than that which Tacitus makes of the Treat which the Empress Messalina gave to Silius her Favourite Gallant This was a Vintage Feast with all its Ceremonies the Season being then Autumn and favourable for that purpose Mirth Pleasure Effeminacy Wantonness Impudence Lewdness and Debauchery all in short is there described with an exqiusite Elegance and delicacy of Expression The particulars are related succinctly discreetly and withal in a very lively manner And nothing can be more judiciously placed to make by that gay Picture the Death of Messalina which follows soon after the more Tragical and full of Horror In short there are some happy Circumstances which give a particular Grace to every thing when a Man knows how to employ and place them as he should As for Figures Tacitus is not so scrupulous he seems to aim at nothing but to dazzle us The boldness of his Metaphors and other Tropes makes his Expression so high strained and troublesom Tacitus is an ill Husband of his Fire for he uses it every where his Colours are also too strong and glaring and because he is often too expressive in some things and does not Paint them to the Life he therefore seldom affects us A Description ought not to be too minute and particular but such as is the Description of the Isle of Caprea in the fourth Book of the Annals of Tacitus for we find in it the Reasons Tiberius had to retire thither towards his latter Days which makes it necessary and as it is Concise Polite Elegant and has nothing in it either Impertinent or Superfluous it may be said to be a perfect one Nothing can be finer than the Speech which Tacitus makes Tiberius Speak to the Senate upon the Reformation of Luxury in the third Book of his Annals Never did any Historian make a Prince Speak with more Dignity A Picture ought to be true and resembling wherein Tacitus is not very exact for he rather chuses to follow his own Fancy than imitate Nature and endeavours more to make fine Pictures than true ones If his Pictures can but please as that of Sejanus in the
fourth Book of his Annals he little cares whether they resemble or no for he makes Sejanus a great deal worse than he was if we can believe Paterculus who commends him Tacitus draws the Picture of Tiberius by his Actions by which only he makes him known Tacitus's Politicks are often false because his Morals are not true Either he makes Men too bad or he is not himself plain enough His Reflections are not natural because they want Innocence He Poysons and puts an ill construction upon Things He has by that Humour spoiled several People who imitate him in that tho' not able to do it in any thing else The Question of the Phoenix which is related in the sixth Book of Tacitus's Annals upon the occasion of the News brought to Rome of a Phoenix which appeared in Egypt under the Reign of Tiberius is according to the Rules of an allowable Digression The Question is scanned and examined by the different Opinions of the Naturalists about this extraordinary Bird whose Qualities Figure and Shape are succinctly described These sort of Strokes well placed in a Narration are a great Ornament to it and serve wonderfully well to stir up the Readers curiosity and keep his attention awake This that follows is a fine Stroke taken out of Tacitus In the height of the Mirth and Frolicks of that famous Treat which Messalina gave her Lover they caused a poor simple Fellow called Valens to get up into a Tree and asked him what he saw A Storm said he which gathers in the Air and comes from Ostia These Words spoke by that blundering Fellow spoiled presently all their Sport and cast a deep sadness into every Body tho' blurted out at random and without design for they were a Prognosticating of the return of the Emperor who arriving soon after caused the Empress to be stabbed being grown weary of her Lewdness Those Strokes that have something surprizing in them are very happy in History Tacitus has no good Morals He is a great Dodger that covers a bad Soul under a very fine Wit He is mistaken in true Merit because he thinks there can be no other than that of being cunning and he always speaks more out of Policy than according to Truth He not only has ill thoughts of his Neighbour but also he shews no Piety or Reverence for the Gods as one may see in his Discourse upon Fate against Providence in the VI Book of his Annals wherein he ascribes all to the Stars and blind Chance upon the occasion of Trasullus one of Tiberius's Astrologers who was grown his Confident at Caprea So difficult it is for an ill Man to be a good Historian for one has generally the same Principles with the other Tacitus relates so many Obscenities of Tiberius that Bocaline cannot bear with him for it Tacitus has a particular way of describing Things and Persons different from all the rest but he sticks too much to great Things and will not descend to the little ones which are not always to be slighted He thinks well but he does not always hit upon a clear Expression He is sometimes too much a Philosopher He is peremptory in his Decisions upon every thing and speaks as if the Fate of all the World lay at his mercy He Moralizes upon the Follies of others that he may Lash every Body and speak ill of all Mankind He has spoiled a world of People by creating in them a desire of studying Politicks which is the most vain of all studies This is the Rock against which so many Spaniards as Antonio Perez and so many Italians such as Machiavel and Ammiralio have split VIII Lucius Florus was of the Family of the Annaeâ— of which were also the Seneca's and Lucan and which was originally come out of Spâ—in as appears by what he says in his History to the Honour of that Country He flourished Two hundred Years after the Empire of Augustus and wrote the Roman History in IV Books His Stile is so florid that it is almost all Poetical and full of Printed Witâ—icisms and glittering Thoughts which makes Vossius say that Florus's Work is but a continued Declamation He acknowledges however the Elegant Stile of that Author and owns that he maintains the Genius and Character of those of his Family who were all born to Eloquence and Poetry Dictio quoque hanc domum sapit Nam ea Eloquentiae Poeseos laude inclyta fuit At dictio Historici hujus est diserta poeticae proprior imo opus ipsum vox aliud quam declamatio est Florus takes some Liberties not to be allowed in an Historian and which become none but a Poet. When he speaks of Decimus Brutus his Expedition along the Celtick Coast and that of Galicia and Portugal he assures us that Brutus would not stop in the career of his Victories till he had seen the fall of the Sun into the Ocean and heard the dreadful Extinction of that fiery Planet in the Waters of the Sea That afterwards Brutus had a scruple upon him and was sorry he was gone so far fearing to be accounted a Sacriledge by seeing more than his Religion allowed him to do This does not become a sincere Historian because it is all false whereupon Scaliger says Putida 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sunt haec This that follows is a Vision which a Man of Sense ought not to relate but as a popular Report When he speaks of the Defeat of the Cimbri by Marius he tells us that two Young Men appeared in Rome near the Temple of Castor and Pollux presenting to the Pretor Letters adorned with Laurel as a sign of that Victory We must take notice that Florus is a very ill Guide in point of Chronology for either he did not know it or he did extreamly neglect it in his Roman History These are the Spots and Blemishes in Florus's History Rapin says of him that he is florid genteel and agreeable in his mean way of Writing IX Suetonius Tranquillus Son to Suetonius Lenis Tribune of the XIII Legion began to flourish about the end of the Reign of Vespasian He was in great Reputation under Trajan and Adrian having been Secretary of State to the latter He was turn'd out of this Employment for being too familiar with the Empress Sabina which was lookt upon as a Breach of the respect due to the supream Authority This Author has writ the History of the first 12 Caesars which makes up a Series of History of above a Hundred Years He is beyond dispute one of the principal Authors of the Latin Tongue and Bodinus assures us that none of the other Historians ever writ any thing more exact or more finish'd than what we have left of him St. Ierom who had taken him for his Pattern when he begun his Catalogue of the Ecclesiastical Writers says that Suetonius has writ with the same freedom as those Emperors lived of whom he writes the History And indeed he relates a great
After Ninus he places 1. Arius Both the same with those in the former Catalogue 2. Aralius Both the same with those in the former Catalogue 3. Mamylus 4. Sparthaeus 5. Ascatades His Name is likewise mentioned in the former List. 6. Amyntas All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 7. Belochus All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 8. Balatores All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 9. Lamprides All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 10. Sosares All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 11. Lampraes All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 12. Panyâ—s All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 13. Sosarmus All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 14. Mithraeos All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 15. Teutamos All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 16. Teutaeus All these with a little Variation of a Letter or two are the same with those in the former Catalogue 17. Arabelus These are not in the List of Zuingerus 18. Chalaos These are not in the List of Zuingerus 19. Anabos These are not in the List of Zuingerus 20. Babios These are not in the List of Zuingerus 21. Thinaeos These four the same with those in the former List only Eupacmes here is there called Eupales 22. Dercylus These four the same with those in the former List only Eupacmes here is there called Eupales 23. Eupacmes These four the same with those in the former List only Eupacmes here is there called Eupales 24. Laosthenes These four the same with those in the former List only Eupacmes here is there called Eupales 25. Pyritiades 26. Ophrateus 27. Ephacheres 28. Acracarnes 29. Sardanapalus Notwithstanding the Darkness and Obscurity of these Times and the various Opinions of Authors about the first Founder and about the Names and Number of the succeeding Kings of the Assyrian Monarchy yet they afford us so much Light as to give us occasion to make these following Reflections REMARK I. THO' the Title of Monarchy belongs equally to all States that are under the Government of one single Prince who is stiled the Monarch of that State so govern'd yet in History it more peculiarly relates to the four great Monarchies of the World who succeeded each other and in their Turn conquered and gave Law to the other Petty Monarchies of the Earth REMARK II. THE first of these Monarchies was according to the joint Testimony of all Writers the Assyrian which by Historians both Sacred and Prophane is promiscuously stiled the Babylonian the Chaldean and the Assyrian Monarchy It was called the Babylonian Monarchy because of the Tower of Babel which Nimrod the first Founder of this Monarchy built and because a great many of its Monarchs held their Court at Babylon It was stiled the Chaldean Monarchy because Babylon was in Chaldea and several of its Kings were Chaldeans Lastly it is called the Assyrian Monarchy because Ninus after he had built Nineveh the Capital City of Assyria translated the Seat of the Empire thither REMARK III. FRom the Beginning Growth and Decay of the Assyrian Monarchy and of the other three we may once for all observe that the Providence of God thô unseen and unregarded had the greatest Share in advancing them from so small a Beginning to so great a Grandeur as to be at last the Terror and Scourge of the rest of the Inhabitants and Kingdoms of the Earth That the Designs and the Glory of this Supreme Being were all along carried on and promoted by these Humane Instruments even whilst they only thought of advancing their own private Interests and of enlarging their own Territories That when the Designs of this great King of Kings and Lord of Lords were once brought about and his Glory sufficiently signalized then he discarded those Instruments took the Empire away from them and bestowed it on another People This is so visible from the whole Series even of Prophane History that it needs no other Proof than the Considerate Perusal of what Historians have delivered to us about the various Changes and Revolutions that have happened in the several great Monarchies of the World Those who were the Greatest arrived by degrees to their Height from very small Beginnings and when they were there there they stopp'd some invisible Power giving a Check to their growing Greatness Afterwards we find that in the midst of all their Glory they have either dwindled away as they rose or else lost all they had been conquering for several Ages together within the compass of a few years or days And does not all this sufficiently prove an over-ruling Providence which takes care of all Human Affairs and disposes of Kings and Kingdoms as he thinks fit Having made these short and we hope useful Reflections we shall now proceed to give you an Account of the State of the Assyrian Monarchy as it was divided into that of the Medes and Babylonians Sardanapalus was conspired against by two of his Generals Arbaces and Belochus the former was made King of the Medes and latter King of the Babylonians The State of that part of the Assyrian Monarchy which was under the Babylonians from Belochus the first King to the Death of Belshazzar the last King which State lasts 271 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3148. 1. PHul Belochus after Sardanapalus reigned 48 years over the Assyrians 802 3196. 2. Tiglath Pileser reign'd 23 years His Name is mentioned in the Scriptures 754 3219. 3. Salmanasar succeeded reign'd 10 years 731 3229. 4. Sennacherib reign'd 7 years This was that King of Assyria mentioned in the Scriptures who brought an Army into Iudea besieged Ierusalem had his Army destroyed by an Angel retired in Confusion to Nineveh and was killed by his two Sons Adrammelech and Sharrizer who fled afterwards into Armenia 721 3236. 5. Assarhaddon succeeded his Father and reign'd 10 years 714 3246. 6. Merodach conquer'd Assarhaddon and reign'd 40 years 704 3286. 7. Ben. Merodach reigned 21 years 664 2307. 8. Nebuchadnezzar I. reign'd 35 years He in the 12th year of his Reign defeated Arphaxad King of the Medes by some called Dejoces who built the City of Echatane The next year he sent General Holofernes into the Land of Iudea who laid Siege to Bethulia and was beheaded by Iudith in his Tent. 643 3342.
Empire of China WE should now according to our Proposal in the beginning of the Second Chapter proceed to the Fourth Great Monarchy which was that of the Romans but upon second Thoughts we judge it convenient to alter that Method how Natural soever at first sight it may seem we shall before we proceed to that give you an Account of those Petty Monarchies which were Contemporary to and conquered one after another by the Three Great Monarchies of the Assyrians Persians and Grecians and were at last all of them swallowed up by the Roman of which they became so many Petty Provinces But because the Chinese Monarchy has of late Days been much discoursed of we shall in this Chapter by way of Digression treat of that Empire thô it has no relation to and was never dependant on the four Great Monarchies as being never conquered by them or any other till of late years they were over-run by the Tartars their Neighbours and therefore we should not in this Treatise have inserted any thing of China were it not that the Learned World is grown extremely Inquisitive into all that concerns this great Empire If the Accounts and Relations we have of the Chinese were exact and true it must be owned that this great Empire is the most ancient and has lasted the longest of any in the World The Chinese Historians maintain as a thing Self-evident the Fohi their first King ascended the Throne 2952 years before Christ. They tell us that this Prince and the seven next who succeeded him and had been Elective Emperors reigned the space of 745 years That after this the Empire of China became Hereditary to several Families who governed it the space of almost 4700 years However Extravagant and Incredible the Chronology of the Chinese may appear yet it may be reconciled to that of the Bible which we follow chiefly We need only suppose that Noah who was born 2894 years before the Birth of Iesus Christ was Fohi the first Emperor of China The Description which the Chinese give us of this Fohi may very well agree with Noah This is no such extraordinary Supposition if we consider that several Nations looked upon Noah as their Head and Founder For is not he that Saturn of whom the Poets speak and whose three Sons Iupiter Neptune and Pluto are Shem Ham and Iaphet the three Sons of Noah After all suppose we cannot reconcile the History of China as to its Chronology with that of the Bible yet there is no Question to be made which of the two ought to be followed whether that whereof the Spirit of God is the Author or the other which has only Human Testimony to support it And would it not be exposing our Holy Religion to the Scorn and Derision of the Prophane and Atheistical if we should prefer Human before Divine Testimony This will appear the more unreasonable if we briefly consider these two Things First that the Chronology of the Chinese is very dubious and uncertain their Annalists cannot agree in their Accounts su-ma-quam one of the most Celebrated among them makes their Empire to begin in the time of Hoamâ—ti 250 years later than Fohi And then in the next place how full of Romantick and Extravagant Fables is the History One Instance may serve for all In the time of Confucius a certain Lausu lived who is said to have been 80 years together in his Mother 's Womb. And now shall we give up the Account in Sacred Writ which is True Certain and Authentick which Men inspired by God himself have given us which has been approved of by the Learned Men of all Ages and confirmed by several General Councils shall we I say give up such an Account so delivered and so authorized to the vain fabulous and uncertain Account of Human Tradition But however that we may not so much as seem to put the least Slight on that which so many Learned Men have in such great Esteem 't is requisite to give you a short Scheme of the History of the Chinese In doing this we shall observe our former Method of reducing the Monarchies to certain set Periods of Time and we shall consider China under XXIII States from the first founding of its Empire to the present year 1698 which lasted about 4596 years Years of the World Years before Christ. 1052. The first State was under eight Elective Emperors and lasted about 728 years 2898 1780. The second State was under the I. Family named Hia which had 17 Emperors and lasted about 448 years 2170 2228. The third State was under the II. Family named Xam which had 28 Emperors and lasted about 632 years 1722 2860. The fourth State was under the III. Family named Cheu which had 35 Emperors and lasted about 853 years 1090 3713. The fifth State was under the IV. Family named Cin which had 4 Emperors and lasted 43 years 237 3756. The sixth State was under the V. Family named Han which had 25 Emperors and lasted about 415 years 194 Years of Christ. The seventh State was under the VI. Family named Heu-han which had 2 Emperors and lasted 44 years 221 The eighth State was under the VII Family named Cin which had 15 Emperors and lasted 155 years 265 The ninth State was under the VIII Family named Sum which had 8 Emperors and lasted 59 years 421 The tenth State was under the IX Family named Ci which had 5 Emperors and lasted about 23 years 480 The eleventh State was under the X. Family named Leam which had 4 Emperors and lasted 55 years 503 The twelfth State was under the XI Family named Chin which had 5 Emperors and lasted about 32 years 557 The thirteenth State was under the XII Family named Sui which had 3 Emperors and lasted 29 years 589 The fourteenth State was under the XIII Family named Tam which had 20 Emperors and lasted 289 years 618 The fifteenth State was under the XIV Family named Heu-Leam which had 2 Emperors and lasted 16 years 907 The sixteenth State was under the XV. Family named Heu-Tam which had 4 Emperors and lasted 13 years 923 The seventeenth State was under the XVI Family named Heu-Cin which had 2 Emperors and lasted 11 years 936 The eighteenth State was under the XVII Family named Heu-Han which had 2 Emperors and lasted 4 years 947 The nineteenth State was under the XVIII Family named Heu-Cheu which had 3 Emperors and lasted 9 years 951 The twentieth State was under the XIX Family named Sum which had 18 Emperors and lasted 319 years 960 Hitherto the Chinese had no Emperors but of their own Country but after the nineteenth Imperial Family named Sum was extinct in the year of the Lord 1279 the Tartars became Masters of that Empire and their Family went under the Name of Iven The twenty first State was under the XX. Family named Iven which had 9 Emperors and lasted 89 years 1279 In the year 1369 the Chinese of the Family of Tai-Minga drove out
among the Canonical Writings of the New Testament This City was at first called Ephyra afterwards Heliopolis i. e. The City of the Sun It was famous for its Painters Architects and Carvers and was built by Sisâ—phus Corinth in the several Risques of Fortune which it has run has appeared to the World under VI. distinct States Sect. I. The First State of Corinth under the Race of Sisyphus of which there were X. Kings which lasted 269 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 2543. 1. Sisyphus The same with him who as the Poets tell us was condemned to the endless Labour or rouling a Stone up a Hill which no sooner was at the top but rouled down again to the bottom and so renewed his Labour 2. Glaucus the first Instituter of the Ishmian Games 3. Bellerophon He being guilty of Homicide fled to Argos where he was kindly received by King Pretus But it seems Sthenobea the Queen of Argos falling in Love with Bellerophon tempted him to lie with her but upon his Refusal accused him of tempting to violate her Chastity which by the way is much the same with the Story of Ioseph and his Egyptian Mistress Upon this Pretus was offended sent him into Lycia to his Father-in-Law Iolas with Orders to put him to Death But Iolas after several Trials of his Valour so admired him that he not only spared his Life but married him to his Daughter Philonoe 4. Orynthion 5. Phocus 6. Thoas 7. Demophâ—on 8. Propodas 9. Doridas Both Sons of Propodas and 10. Hyanthidas Both Sons of Propodas Under these two last Kings the Heraclides fell into Peloponnesus and became Masters of Corinth 'T is to be observed that History is so obscure about these first Kings that the exact Time and Duration of each Reign cannot be set down Sect. II. The Second State of Corinth under IV. Kings called Heraclides which lasted 144 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 2812. 1. Aletes the Son of Hippotaâ— the Son of Antiochus who was Nephew to Hercules He reigned 38 years 1138 2850. 2. Ixion reigned 34 years 1100 2884. 3. Agelaus reigned 37 years 1066 2921. 4. Prymnis reigned 35 years 1029 Sect. III. The Third State of Corinth under VIII Kings called Bacchides which lasted 215 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 2956. 1. Bacchis reigned 35 years 994 2991. 2. Agelaus reigned 30 years 959 3021. 3. Eudemus reigned 25 years 929 3046. 4. Aristodemus reigned 35 years 904 3081. 5. Agemon reigned 16 years 869 3098. 6. Alexander reigned 39 years 852 3137. 7. Telstes reigned 34 years 813 3171. 8. Aristomenes or Automenes reigned only one year 779 Sect. IV. Years of the World Years before Christ. 3172. The Fourth State of Corinth was under Annual Magistrates which lasted 121 Years viz. From the Year of the World 3172 to the Year 3293. At this time the Government was changed into Aristocracy For 200 of the Bacchides ruled in Common and only created a Prytanis every Year from among themselves till at last it fell under the Tyranny of Cypselus and Periander who reigned about 73 Years 778 Sect. V. Years of the World Years before Christ. 3245. The Fifth State of Corinth was that of the Re-establishment of their Liberty By this means it became a Free Republick and had a great Share in the Wars carried on by the Grecians against the Persians and in the Wars between the Athenians and Lacedemonians as has been already observed This State lasted about 439 Years Sect. VI. The Sixth State of Corinth was under the Romans of which we shall have occasion to speak when we come to the Roman Monarchy CHAP. XIII Of the Mycenians MYcene was a City of Peloponesus situated between Argos and Corinth It was founded by Lacedemon the Son of Semelé But the Kingdom of Mycene was founded by Perseus the Son of Danae after he had killed by an Accident his Grandfather Acrisius King of Argos So that this State is to be looked upon only as a Continuation of the Kingdom of Argos the Regal Authority being translated thence by Perseus to Mycene about the year of the World 2641 before Christ 1309. This Kingdom or State lasted 218 Years under VII Kings Years of the World Years before Christ. 2641. 1. Perseus reigned about 57 years Before he was King he did many great Exploits among the rest overcame the Gorgons three Sea-Monsters 1309 2708. 2. Sthenelus succeeded his Father and reigned 8 years 1242 2716. 3. Eurystheus succeeded his Father Sthenelus and reigned 43 years In his time lived Hercules said to be the Son of Iupiter and Alcmena who by Eurystheus was injoined to destroy divers Monsters in hopes that he would have been killed by them But he always returned home Conqueror which gave an occasion to the Story of the twelve Labours of Hercules Eurystheus jealous of the growing Greatness of this Hero made War against the Heracâ—idae wherein he and all his Sons was killed 1234 2759. 4. Atreus and Thyestes the Sons of Pelops and Grandsons of Tantalus reigned conjunctly the space of 8 years They had another Brother named Plisthenes who died whilst young and committed the Care of his two Sons Agamemnon and Menelaus to his Brother Atreus He married Aerope the Mother of these Children and Daughter to Minos with whom Thyestes was caught in the Act of Adultery Atreus was so enraged that he first banished his Brother then recalled him within a while after and having killed his Sons dress'd them and served them up to him to be eaten Hence arose the Proverb of Thyestes's Supper 1191 Atreus after the Death of Eurystheus became Master of all Peloponnesus and put the Heraclidae to flight 2767. 5. Agamemnon reigned 15 years He declared War against the Trojans in the Behalf of his Brother Menelaus After Troy was taken he returned home but was there immediately killed by Aegysthus and his own Wife Clytemnestra who lived in Adultery with Aegysthus 1183 2782. 6. Aegysthus the Son of Thyestes born in Incest after the Death of Agamemnon succeeded and reigned 7 years 1168 2789. 7. Orestes the Son of Agamemnon revenged his Father's Death upon Aegysthus and his own Mother Clytemnestra whom he slew After which he ran mad but was restored to his Senses at the Altar of Diana in Taurica He reigned 70 years over Lacedemonia and Mycene 1161 2859. Orestes left two Sons behind him viz. Tisamenes and Penthilus who were Dethroned by the Heraclidae as they were returning to Peloponnesus 1091 CHAP. XIV Of the Thebans BOEOTIA one of the States of Greece was bounded on the West by Phocis on the East by the Eubean Sea on the North by Locris and on the South by Attica and Megaris The Metropolis of this Country was Thebes but who built it is uncertain Calydnus is said to have reigned first in that Place after him Ogyges but last Cadmus But since the Account of the Thebans before the Reign of Cadmus is very obscure we shall pass that
World Years before Christ. 3806. Now Rome began to enlarge its Dominions abroad but grew Corrupt and Degenerate at home This year Corinth one of the noblest Cities of Greece was taken by Mummius one of the Consuls and suffered the same Fate with Carthage and with it the Republick of the Acheans perished In Spain several Places revolted but were reduced by Scipio Africanus to their former Obedience after he had taken Numantia a City in Gallicia and demolished it In Sicily a Servile War broke out but the Slaves who began the War were in a short time broken and dispersed After this there happened some Risings at Athens and Delos which were with some trouble suppressed At last the Romans had great Wars with Aristonicus about the Kingdom of Pergamos or Asia Attalus the last King had made the People of Rome his Heirs upon which they entred into Possession of that Kingdom but Aristonicus the Bastard-Brother of Attalus seized upon it as his own Right and Inheritance This was the occasion of the War which ended within a year or two Aristonicus being taken Prisoner led in Triumph and afterwards strangled in Prison by order of the Senate 144 Thô the Romans were thus Successful abroad yet at home their Glory was sullied by many inglorious Factions Jealousies Seditions and Contentions The chief Fomenter of these was Tiberius Gracchus a Man of a restless and turbulent Temper He being made Tribune preferred a Law forbidding any Man to possess above 500 Acres of the Publick Lands and ordering the Overplus to be divided amongst the Poor This Law he carried and three Men called Triumviri were yearly appointed to be Judges what Lands were Publick and what Private This so much disgusted the Senate that under the Conduct of Scipio Nasica they set upon Gracchus in the Capitol and killed him and 300 more of his Faction His Death did not put an end to the Dissentions for his younger Brother Caius being first made one of the Triumviri and afterwards Tribune gave the Senate great Disturbance till being at last much persecuted by them he caused his Servant to kill him Within this Period flourished Lucilius the famous Satyrift and the third Order among the Romans called the Equestrian was set up to be the Judges of corrupt Officers XIII Period from the end of the Seditions of the Gracchi to the end of the First Civil War in Italy which takes up the space of 41 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3829. During the late Troubles the Sardinians rebelled and were reduced by Aurelius and the Fregellans were punished with the loss of their City by the Praetor Opimius About this time was carried on the War with the Allobroges who together with the Arverni and Ruteni were defeated by Fabius Maximus and Gallia Narbonnensis was reduced into a Province The Scordisci a People of Gaulish Extraction inhabiting Thrace were defeated by Didius the Praetor and the Consuls Drusus and Minutius gained a Triumph over them 121 Some time after this happened the Iugurthine War The occasion of this War was that Iugurtha Grandson to Massanissa King of Numidia having killed his Brethren seized upon that Kingdom whereupon the Romans declared War against him They were several times diverted from prosecuting it by the rich Presents which Iugurtha made but at last he was defeated first by Metellus and afterwards by Marius who subdued him notwithstanding the Assistance of his Father-in-Law Bocchus King of Mauritania took him Prisoner and led him and his two Sons in Triumph to Rome About the same time the Romans warred with the Cimbri who were defâ—ated by Marius together with the Teutones and Ambrones In Sicily a second Servile War was ended by Aquilius Nepos the Collegue of Marius At home there happened some Disturbance occasioned by Saturninus one of Marius Friends at first he was favoured by Mâ—rius but at last his Fortune declining Marius forsook him too and he was cut in Pâ—eces by the Equites in the Fâ—râ—â—n About this time flourished Lucretius the famous Poet. After this there happened a Quarrel between the Senâ—torâ—â—â— and Equestrian Order which Drusus the Tribune accomolâ—ted but this Man afterwards proposing the Agrarian Law was stabbed in the Court of his own House But these Troubles did not end with the Death of Drusus for several of the Italians who thought themselves injured joined in a Confederacy against the Romans viz. the Lucanians Apulians Marsi Paligni and Samnites with many others Against them the two Consuls with Marius and Sylla were sent who were worsted in several Engagements but at last within 3 years became Conquerors No sooner was the Social War finished but two others broke out One was with Mithridates King of Pontus against whom Sylla one of the Consuls for that year was sent Marius opposed the sending Sylla on that Expedition whereupon Sylla returning to Rome forced Marius and Sulpicius the Tribune his Friend to fly for it and declared them with 10 more Enemies to their Country Upon this Marius fled into Affrick and Sylla departed on his Expedition against Mithridates Whilst he was gone Cinna and Octavius were made Consuls the former of which proposed the recalling Marius but the latter opposed it and so hot was the Contention that Cinna was forced to leave the City and being joined with Marius raised an Army went and sat down before Rome entred it and committed great Outrages therein In the mean time Sylla was engaged against Mithridates in Greece first routed his General Archelaus and at last forced the King himself to a Peace Upon this he returned to Italy to revenge himself on Marius Cinna and all their Adherents Marius died and Cinna was killed by the fury of the Soldiers before his Landing At length Sylla came defeated all that opposed him entred Rome committed many and great Cruelties there was the first who published Tables of Proscription and procured himself to be made Perpetual Dictator which was a great Step towards the Downfal of the Consular State and which happened in the 672d year of the City in the 4th year of the 174th Olympiad and 80 years before Christ. Within this Period of Time the Capitol was burnt but by whom or what means is uncertain XIV Period from the Perpetual Dictatorship of Sylla to the first Triumvirate which was 22 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3870. Whilst Sylla was Dictator a second War broke out with Mithridates which was ended in two years In the third year of his Dictatorship he laid down his Office retired into the Country and there died After this a dangerous War broke out in Spain against Sertorius one of Cinna's Faction Pompey was sent against Sertorius who was killed treacherously by Perpenna one of his Commanders who himself was afterwards overthrown taken and killed by Pompey 80 The year before this a third War broke out with Mithridates against whom Lucinius Lucullus one of the then Consuls was sent He did many great and
in the East And whilst he was thus employed Octavius with the Assistance of Lepidus routed Pompey by Sea and outed him of all Sicily Sardinia and Corsica having before revolted to Octavius But Lepidus aiming to get all Sicily under his Command was turned out thence and banished by Octavius to Cyrceum Thus fell one Head of the second Triumvirate and Pompey soon after who had fled for Sanctuary to Anthony was slain by his Order in Phrygia Upon the Banishment of Lepidus Rome began to take Breath and Octavius was received into the City with a general Joy The first thing he did was the clearing Italy and Rome of the Robbers who of late had been very troublesome to both Among Pompey's Papers were several Letters aâ—â— Memoirs of the Chief Senators enough to have occasioned new Disturbances which Octavius generously brought into the Forum and publickly burnt them protesting that with them he sacrificed all his Private Resentments for the Publick Good This Generous Act endear'd the People so far to him that they made him Tribune for Life Having disposed of the Government of the Provinces he marched against the Illyrians And now Anthony by his Debaucheries with and his Prodigal Liberality to Cleopatra began to grow Odious to the Romans He marched against the Parthians but with such ill Success that he was forced with the loss of the fourth part of his Troops and all his Baggage to save himself in Armenia Another thing which gave Disgust to the Romans was his leading Artabazus King of Armenia in Triumph into Alexandria which they looked upon as a notorious Affront offered by a Roman General to Rome which for so many years had enjoyed that Honour peculiar to her self alone These Miscarriages Octavius took advantage of to raise his own and to lessen the Esteem of Anthony but had no fair opportunity of declaring War against him till he was justly excited by the Affront which he offered to his Wife Octavia Caesar's Sister whom by the Insinuations of Cleopatra he sent back again to Rome without so much as seeing her thô in Person he waited on Cleopatra to Alexandria This Affront so provoked Octavius that he thought of nothing but Revenge and after he had ended his Wars with the Illyrians he made Preparations for his Expedition against Anthony and proclaimed War against him At last Anthony marched as far as Actium a Town on the Coasts of Epirus and Cesar embarked at Brundusium crossed the Seas and surprized Toryne a City near Actium After this they had an Engagement by Sea wherein Anthony's Fleet was conquered which Victory was followed by the total Revolt of all his Land-Forces who submitted to Cesar and were all spared by him except some few who had been his professed Enemies Upon this Defeat Anthony declined in his Fortune shut himself up in Alexandria and at last by the Desertion of his own Troops and the Success of Caesar he grew so desperate as to lay violent Hands upon himself Thus fell the second Head of the Triumvirate leaving Octavius Caesar the sole Master of all the Roman State which happened in the 724th year of the City the 3d of the 187th Olympiad and 28th before Christ. Upon the death of Anthony Cesar sent to Cleopatra to assure her of his Kindness and Generosity but she denied Proculus his Messenger admittance into the Place where she had lock'd her self up with her two Maids Afterwards being surprized and taken by Proculus Caesar gave her a Visit but she understanding by Dolabella that he intended within three Days time to send her and her Children to Rome to grace his Triumph killed her self by applying an Asp to her Wrist Before she did this she sent a Letter to Octavius desiring she might be interred in the same Tomb with Anthony which was accordingly done By her Death Egypt was reduced to a Roman Province and Caesario the Son she had by Iulius Cesar was soon after put to Death by the Order of Octavius Upon his Return to Rome he Triumphed three Days for Illyricum for the Battel of Actium and for the Conquest of Egypt After this by his Clemency and Policy he so far won the Hearts of the Romans that at last they desired that he alone would take upon him the Administration of the Government and afterwards conferred upon him the Venerable Name of Augustus Here begins the Fourth or the Roman Monarchy Years of the World Years before Christ. 3925. 2. Augustus Cesar the second Emperor being fully established in the Government did many great Things for Rome It was he who by his extraordinary Conduct and Prudence restored the Tottering State to its former Splendor and Tranquillity enlarged its Grandeur and raised its Glory to the highest Pitch To him were sent Ambassadors from the farthest part of the Indies and from the Scythians to desire Alliance 25 After this he subdued the Pyreneans Cantabrians and Asturians who had revolted and the Parthians at length submitted to him In his time Learning began to flourish and Learned Men to be encouraged among those of greatest Note were Virgil Horace Ovid and Livy Caesar himself being a great Favourer of Learned Men. He exchanged the Name of the Month Sextilis calling it after his own Name Augustus He was not addicted to Vice nor could be justly charged with any Act of Cruelty or Tyranny except what he did in Conjunction with the other two Heads of the Triumvirate at Rome by the bloody Proscription and at Philippi after the Victory obtained over Brutus and Cassius He issued forth a Decree ordering all within the Roman Empire to be Taxed shut the Temple of Ianus by an Universal Peace about which time it was that Iesus Christ the Prince of Peace and Saviour of the World was born in the Flesh. The remaining part of Cesar's Reign together with his Successors will be Treated of in the Second Volume wherein we shall give you an Account of the Monarchies since our Saviour's Birth And thus have we with all the convenient Brevity given the Reader a Tast of the Roman History and none ought to be surprized that we have given it a larger Space in our System than has been allowed to any of the former since it ought to be considered that the Actions of the Romans have been more greater and more clearly transmitted to us than any of the former It must be likewise observed that this Last or Fourth Monarchy is of a larger Extent than either that of Assyria Persia or Greece since in Europe it took in Italy both the Gauls Spain Greece Illyricum Dacia Pannonia with part of Britain and Germany In Asia all the Provinces which go under the Name of Asia Minor Armenia Syria Iudea with part of Mesopotamia and Media And in Africa Aegypt Africk Numidia Mauritania and Lybia FINIS THE INDEX A. ABdon judges Israel p. 53 238 Abel 46 Abijam K. of Iudah 24 Abimelech 237 Aborigines in Italy their Kings 369 Abraham 49 229 Actium the Battel of
Maximus 61 392 Flavius Blondus's Hist. 169 The Flood 47 288 Fohi Emp. of China 291 Freculphus's Chronicle 160 Frederick Barbarossa Emp. 79 Frederick II. Emp. goes to the Holy Land 80 Fredoard's Chronicle 162 French Monarchy founded 71 Fulk K. of Ierusalem 79 G. Galatians Epistle to p. 141 Galba Emp. Rom. 66 Gauls sack Rome 60 386 Genesis Book of 131 Gideon 52 Glaber Rudolphus's Hist. 162 Glocester present Duke of born 94 Godeau's Hist. 174 Godfrey of Bolleign K. of Ierusalem 78 Golden Number found out 325 Gomer's Sons Authors of Nations 233 Goths invade Italy c. 67 Gracchus turbulent at Rome 395 Gregory of Touâ—'s Hist. 159 Gun-powder Plot in England 89 Guns invented 81 Gustavus Adolphus 89 H. Habakkuk 57 243 His Prophecy 138 Haggai 60 250 Ham. 230 Hannibal the Carthaginian General 61 391 Passes the Alpes and invades Italy 391 Defeats the Romans 392 Harold K. of England conquered by William 77 Hardicanute the Dane K. of England ib. Hebor 48 228 230 Hebrews Epistle to 143 Hegira of the Turks 7 72 Hegisippus's History 151 Heli. 53 Heliograbalus 68 Helmodius's Hist. 166 Hengist the Saxon K. of Kent 71 Henry I. K. of England 78 Henry II. 79 Henry III. 80 Henry IV. 82 Henry V. ib. Henry VI. ib. Henry VII 85 Henry VIII 86 87 Henry III. K. of France stabb'd by Clement p. 88 Henry IV. K. of France stabb'd by Ravillac 89 Heraclides Kings of Lacedemon 334 Kings of Corinth 345 Heraclitus 60 Herald the Dane K. of England 77 Hercules 52 347 Herod the Great 64 253 Herodian's Hist. 193 Herodotus's Hist. 177 Hesiod 56 Hezekiah K. of Iudah 242 Hipparchus K. of Athens 324 Hipias K of Athens invited the Persians into Greece 324 Hippocrates 60 Hircanus High-Priest of the Iews 253 Holland declared a Free State 89 Holofernes beheaded by Iudith 260 Homer 54 Holy League in France 88 Honorius Autunensis's Chronicle 163 Horace 64 410 Horat. Coecles defends the Bridge at Rome against Porsenna 380 Hosea 56 241 His Prophecy 136 Hoshea K. of Israel carried Captive with the 10 Tribes 247 Hovedon's Hist. 166 Huntingdon Hen. of his History 164 I. Iacob p. 50 228 His Sons 235 Iair judges Israel 237 St. Iames his Epistle 143 Iames I. K. of England 89 Iames II. 93 94 Iaphet 47 230 His Sons Authors of Nations 233 Iared 46 228 Iavan his Sons Authors of Nations 234 Iebus Ierusalem so called 233 Iehoaz K. of Iudah deposed by the K. of Egypt p. 243 Iehoram K. of Iudah 238 Iehosâ—aphat 55 240 Iehu K. of Israel 246 Ieptha judges Israel 238 Ieremiah 242 His Prophecy 135 Iericho built 245 St. Ierom's Hist. Works 154 Ieroboam K. of Israel 244 Ierusalem taken by the Babylonians 244 Temple rebuilt by Zorobabel 250 The City and Temple taken by Pompey 252 Taken by Vespasian 253 Oppressed by Turks the Holy War began 78 Regained by Godfrey 78 Retaken by Turks 79 Iews the Government of them from the time of Zedekiah to the coming of Christ. 249. c. Their Kings 252 c. Iezebel 245 Ingulphus's Writings 163 Inquisition erected in Spain 85 Iob the Book of 134 Iocasta Q. of Thebes marries Oedipus 350 Ioel. 56 242 His Prophecy 137 St. Iohn 67 His Gospel 140 His Epistles and Revelations 144 Iohn K. of England 79 Ionah 56 242 His Book 137 Ioseph 50 229 Ioseph of Arimâ—thea 66 Iosephus's Hist. 163 Ioshua 52 236 His Book 131 Ireland conquered by the English 79 Isaac 50 228 Isaiah 56 241 His Prophecy 135 Israel the Kings of it 244 Israelites their several Servitudes and Deliverers 237 c. Israelites carried Captives to Babylon p. 243 The Ten Tribes carried into Captivity by Shalmaneser 247 Oppressed in Egypt by Thermutis 300 Italy its first State 368 Iudah the Kings of 240 c. St Iude's Epistle 144 Iudges the Book of 131 Iudges the Israelites governed by 236 c. Iudith the Book of 134 Cut off Holofernes Head 242 260 Iugurthine War 396 Iulian Account of Time 403 Iustin's History 219 K. Kings the Book of p. 132 Krantz's History 172 L. Lacedemonia its History and Kings p. 332 to 337 342 Laius K. of Thebes 350 Lamech 46 238 Law given by God 51 Leopoldus the present Emp. 90 Lepanto Battel there 88 Lepiduâ— 406 408 Leuctra the Battel there 341 Leviticus the Book of 131 Lewis XIV K. of France 90 Livy 410 His History 203 Lollard Walter burnt 81 Lombardy Kingdom founded 7â— Lucius Florus's History 217 Lucius K. of Britain 64 Lucretia ravished 59 377 Lucretius the Poet. 64 396 Luitprand's History 161 St. Luke's Gospel 139 Luther preaches against Indulgences 86 Lycurgus 55 329 335 Lydia its History and Kings 361 c. M. Maccabees the Book of p. 139 Maccabeus the Iewish Captain 252 Macedon its History and Kings 352 c. Magellanica the Streight of discovered 87 Mahalaleel 46 228 Mahomet 72 Malachi 251 His Prophecy 138 Malmesbury William of his History 164 Manasses K. of Iudah 242 Manetho's History 329 Mardonius the Persian General 265 324 Mariners Compass invented 81 St. Mark 's Gospel 139 Mark Anthony 312 313 406 408 His Death 409 Mary Q. of England 87 Mary II. dies 96 Massanello at Naples 90 St. Matthew's Gospel 139 Matthew Paris's History 167 Maximilian Emp. 86 Medes the Kings of from Arbaces to Darius 261 Messenian War 336 Messina built 337 Methusalem 46 228 Mexico and Peru conquered by the Spaniards 87 Micah 56 242 his Prophecy 138 Miletum Battel there 326 Military Tribunes in Rome created 385 Misraim Son of Ham. 231 His Sons Authors of Nations 232 Mithridates 63 397 Moors expelled Spain 85 Moses 50 229 236 300 Musical Notes invented 77 Mutius the Roman burns his own Hand 380 Mycale the Battel there 326 Mycene its History and Kings 347 N. Naaman's Leprosy cleansed p. 246 Naboth 245 Nahor 228 Nahum 57 242 His Prophecy 138 Nebuchadnezzar 57 260 Takes Iehoiakim Prisoner 243 Turned into a Beast 249 260 Nehemiah 60 Rebuilt the Walls of Ierusalem 250 Nero Emp. 66 Netherlands united to Spain 85 Nice Council held there 70 Nicephorus Calistus's Hist. 168 Nicephorus Gregorianus's Hist. ib. Nimeguen Peace there 93 Nimrod 48 232 Ninus K. of Assyria 48 255 Nioâ—â— her Story 350 Noah 46 228 Normans settle in France 76 Numa Pompilius 57 373 Numbers the Book of 131 O. Obadiah p. 241 His Prophecy 137 Oedipus K. of Thebes his Story 350 Ogyges Deluge 50 Olympick Games and the computation of Time from them instituted 56 321 Orange Will. Prince of Heads the Protestants in Holland and is Assassinated at Delft 88 Origine of the ancient Nations of the Earth 230 Orosius's Hist. 156 Otho Freisingensis's Hist. 165 Ottoman Sultan of the Turks 80 Ovid the Poet. 64 410 P. Pallades's Hist. 155 Parchment first made at Pergamos 291 Paris's Rape of Helen 52 330 Parthians their Derivation 337 Patriarchal State of the Israelites p. 228 Paul the Deacon's Hist. 160 Pausanias the Spartan General 338 Peloponesian War 325 c. 339 Pepin K. of France 73