out freely every Man with his own Clothes but when they could not make good the agreement because the piece of the Cross was not to be found Richard put many of the Barbarians to death Saladine was so dismay'd at these losses that despairing of being able to defend them all he dismantled several Cities in that Region and was upon the point of delivering up Jerusalem itself if it had not been for a difference which arose between Philip and Richard concerning Precedency upon which Philip pretending himself sick departed home from Asia Richard then apply'd himself more vigorously to the War though at this time Conrade of Montferrat was assassinated in the Market-place of Tyre by two Saracen Ruffians who had bound themselves under an Oath and Vow to destroy all the Enemies of their Religion after the same manner but as they ran away they were caught and put to death with the most exquisite Torments and Henry Earl of Champagne taking Queen Isabel to Wife entred upon the Dominion of Tyre Richard giving some fair words to Guy of Lusignan persuaded him to pass over to him his Kingdom of Jerusalem which the Kings of England still put among their Titles and herewith taking courage he march'd his Army to beleaguer the City of Jerusalem but Saladine in his Journey falling in with his Rear forc'd him to a Battel in a very disadvantageous place in which though he at last came off Conqueror yet it was with great loss of men Saladine after this encamp'd not far from Bethlehem in a commodious place to intercept any manner of Provisions that might be sent from Egypt to the Christian Army as they should lie before Jerusalem wherefore and because the Winter was coming on Richard puts off his designs for this so necessary Siege the Pope yet urging him and continually supplying him with Money and retreats to Ascalon which as well as Gaza he fortifies again they having before been slighted by Saladine In the mean time the Sea-forces by degrees leave him and the Pisans sailing into the Adriatic seiz'd Pola with intent to Winter there but the Venetians reinforcing their own Fleet set upon 'em took the Place and sack'd it and drove out the Pisans and had pursued them to extremity if Celestine out of care for the good of Christendom had not mediated between them Spring now came on and Richard was preparing for the Siege of Jerusalem when on a sudden news was brought him that King Philip had invaded Normandy and intended to pass into England to procure that Kingdom for his Brother John Richard then laid by those thoughts and strook up a Peace with Saladine upon these Articles That Saladine should enjoy all but Tyre and Ptolemais to which with their Territories remaining in the hands of the Christians he should give no molestation Richard having thus settled Affairs there returning into Europe was taken by his Enemies from whom he was ransom'd with a vast sum of Money and at last arriving in England he had many a Battel with the King of France much against the Pope's mind who was griev'd that so fierce a War should be raised among Christians at so unseasonable a time when Saladine being now dead it was thought to have been a very fit time to have recovered Jerusalem It is reported of that illustrious Prince that one Ceremony at his Funeral was this His Shirt was hung upon the end of a Pike and carried before the Corps and one with a loud Voice cryed Behold Saladine the mighty Lord of Asia of all his Realms and of all his Wealth takes no more than this along with him A spectacle well befitting so great a Man to whom nothing was wanting but the Character of a Christian to have rendred him a most consummate Prince Upon the death of Saladine as was said before Celestine had fresh hopes that Jerusalem might be regain'd and so urg'd the Emperour Henry who Tancred being dead succeeded to the Kingdom of Sicily to undertake the Enterprize that though he could not go in person yet he sent thither with great speed a good Army under the Arch-bishop of Mentz and the Duke of Saxony The King of France would have gone too but that the Saracens who inhabited Mauritania now the Moors had cross'd the Streights and having taken the King of Castile Prisoner had possess'd themselves of that part of Spain now call'd Granado where the French fear'd they would hardly continue long quiet but go near to infest the neighbouring Nations and therefore would not draw their forces out of Europe The Germans however arriving in Asia fortified Berylus which had been deserted by the Saracens and rais'd their Siege from before Joppa from whence when they were about to go to Jerusalem Celestine this most holy Pope who never let slip any opportunity for the recovery of the Holy Land died upon which they desisted Notwithstanding all these troubles and these great charges of War our Pope built two Palaces one near S. Peter's the other near S. John in the Lateran fit for the reception of Popes The brasen Gates yet remaining in the Lateran over against the Sancta Sanctorum which were made by his Order and at his charge Moreover he made Viterbo a City raising the Church there to a Bishops Sea to which Diocese he added Toscanella and Centum-cellae Celestine died when he had been Pope six years seven months and eleven days to the great grief of all good Men and was buried in St. Peter's Church INNOCENT III. INNOCENT the Third born in Anagni Son of Trasimund of the Family of the Conti was for his great Learning and many Virtues made a Cardinal by Celestine and upon his death was by general consent chosen Pope Which he had no sooner arriv'd to but he applied his thoughts to the Holy War and by Letters Messengers large Promises and Largesses endeavour'd to contain the Germans within the bounds of their duty who after the decease of their Emperour Henry were all in a mutiny but 't was to no purpose for they disdaining any Commander left Asia and to the extream damage of the Christian Cause return'd to Europe whereby those of Joppa especially suffered most for being destitute of help the Turks and Saracens came upon 'em and while they were about to yield they took the City by force and cut them all off rasing it to the ground In Germany also all things seem'd to threaten confusion some of the Electors stickling hard for Otho Duke of Saxony others standing resolutely for Philip a German Duke of Tuscany who was left by Henry upon his death bed Guardian to his young Son And to improve this mischief to the height the King of France took part with Philip and the King of England was for Otho Innocent then to obviate the impending miseries that must follow upon such a state of Affairs confirms Otho in the Empire as duly elected by those who had just suffrage Philip notwithstanding would not lay down his
that the presence of two such great Kings would certainly move them as it did to make Theobald of Piacenza Arch-deacon of Liege Pope though he were absent But to return to Clement Whose life is to be commended in every part of it for his Learning Piety Religion Humanity Charity to his Neighbours and to all poor Christians As for the goods or the Church he distributed them at such a rate and with such discretion that he in all probability gave more to God than to his own Relations He had two Daughters by his Wife who died before his Popedom to one of which that liv'd in a Nunnery he gave thirty pounds of small Deniers Tournois and to the other who was married to a man of an equal fortune he ordered a portion of three hundred pounds Tournois upon condition she should never ask for one penny more He had besides a Nephew that was a Clergy-man whom when he found to have three Prebends for so they call Canonries he forced him to take his choice which of 'em he would keep and leave the other two But when his friends were urgent with him not onely to let his Nephew enjoy what he already had but give him more and greater preferments the Holy Man made answer I would the Popes in our time would follow his Example that he would obey God and not flesh and bloud That it was Gods pleasure what belong'd to the Church should be bestow'd to charitable uses nor was he worthy to be S. Peter's Successor who would give more to his Kindred than to Religion and to Christ But whilst he was at Viterbo and news was daily brought to him that Ednigeth a Dutchess of Poland who had been long dead was in very great esteem for her Miracles he canoniz'd her He was also wonderfully satisfied with the Doctrine of Bonaventure General of the Order of Friers Minors who at that time wrote gravely and copiously upon the first second third and fourth Books of the Sentences Now the Holy Man dying with such a Character was much lamented and miss'd by all men And hence arose the Controversie among the Cardinals to find out a fit Person to succeed Clement GREGORY X. GREGORY the tenth formerly called Theoâ—ald an Italian born at Piacâ—nza and Arch deacon of Liege was created Pope by the Colledg of Cardinals at Viterbo whilst he was in Asia For at that time when Lewis went into Africa Edward Son to the King of England sailed from England into Asia with a great Navy in order to regain the holy Land But staying so long at Ptolemais till Lewis King of France came out of Africa with Victory according to his promise he was stab'd in three places by one Arsacida a Companion of his as he was alone in his Bed chamber and by the assistance of another friend of his very hardly escaped his Death For that other person held the Russians hand so long till the People of the House came in who tare treacherous Arsacida to pieces and dragg'd him out of the Room But Edward when he was cured of his Wounds had a great esteem for his friend Theobald because he continually animated all Christian Kings and Princes against the Saracens and when he went to Rome in order to receive the Popedom being sent for by the Cardinals who had elected him he assisted him extraordinarily with a Ship with Money and a splendid equipage especially at that time when Henry a Youth and Son of Richard Earl of Cornwall who was lately dead came to Viterbo to see Clement After whose death staying there for some time he was unluckily kill'd For Guido Monford who went to the Cathedral Church along with Philip the French King to hear Divine Service stabbed him before the Altar because his Father Simon had been basely murther'd in England by Richard He having reveng'd his Fathers death in this manner he escaped with safety to Ruffus Governour of Tuscany Not long after Philip and Charles vexed at such an Indignity went from Viterbo the former into France the latter into Puglia For having made a Peace with the Saracens Charles went along with Theobald who was arrived at Siponto now call'd Manfredonia as far as Ceperano From thence his Holiness travell'd through Marsi and Sabini to Viterbo where he was receiv'd by the Cardinals with all Respect and Honour imaginable and being crown'd with the Pontifical Diadem he was invested with all the Power that Christ left Peter When that was done and that he had setled the Popedom for a time he was desirous to make Peace between the Genoeses and the Venetians For these two States had been engaged one with another in great and bloudy Conflicts for a long time Upon this account Philip King of France who tarried at Cremona was prevail'd upon by the Pope to send for the Genoese and Venetian Embassadors and made a Peace between 'em for five years that they might all go in one body against the Saracens Italy was now quiet when the beginning of an universal disorder rose from the Venetians now Exactions For they made a Law that no one should sail in the Adriatick especially from Pola to Venice unless they paid a Gabel according to the value of their goods But the Bologneses could not endure this as being at that time masters of a great part of Romagna and therefore for three years together they fought the Venetians with great variety of Fortune At last being tired out they accepted of a Peace upon this Condition that they should demolish a Castle which they had built upon the very mouth of Po that they should have free leave to carry out some goods that were there and then the Venetians should have the sole custody of the Mouth of the River Po. They also of Ancona were offended that the Venetians challenged the absolute dominion of the Adriatick Sea and exacted Custom from those that sailed there And hereof they complain'd to the Pope whose Duty it is to see that no new Taxes be imposed He therefore immediately commanded the Venetians to take off that Imposition who answered him in these very words That the Pope did not perfectly understand the matter and that when he did he would be able to judg better of it Gregory could not make an end of this matter to his mind because he was forced to go to the Council which he had called at Lyons Thither also went Paleologus Emperor of Constantinople with a great Retinue and made the Greeks comply and subscribe to the Opinion of the Church of Rome now the thirteenth time they having so often revolted Nay farther some Noblemen of Tartary were induced by his Authority to receive Baptism Mean time the Western Empire being vacant Rodolphus Earl of Assia is made Emperor by the Electors upon condition that he would go to Rome the next year to receive the Crown there But the Florentines who were Guelphs immediately turned out their Countrymen the Gibellins though they had been restored
Pope having long premeditated of his Expedition to Jerusalem he sends the Bishop of Apamea to Philip King of France to exhort him into the same Design He went but when he came thither and could do no good by fair words he was fain to make use of Menaces At which Philip was very angry and threw him into Prison Which when the Pope understood he sent the Arch-Deacon of Narbonne an excellent person thither immediately to command Philip in his name to set the Bishop of Apamea at Liberty If he would not do it he bid him declare publickly that the Kingdom of France was fallen to the Church by Philips contumacy and forasmuch as he had broken the Law of Nations and order'd him farther to lay a Curse upon him and absolve all the French from their Allegiance The Arch-Deacon did all this very chearfully and compelled the King to dismiss the Bishop But the King having a mind to take some part of a Revenge for the injuries offer'd to him by the Pope set forth an Edict that no man should go out of his Kingdom to Rome or send money thither The second year after the Jubilee Charles of Valois went to Charles the Second his Cousin At whose coming Frederick of Aragon was concern'd and desired a Peace which he obtained upon condition that he restoring what he had taken in Italy should keep Sicily as long as he lived But when Charles of Valois went out of Tuscany the Whites who were driven out of Florence went in great numbers to Forli among whom there was one Dante 's Aldegerius a very learned Man and an excellent Poet in his Mother-Tongue this Person endeavoured to return into his own Country several times but in vain although he were assisted by the Bolognians and Canegrandis Governour of Verona with whom he lived afterward for some time in all the freedom of conversation There are some Authors that tell us how Boniface about this time caused the body of one Hermanius that had been worship'd in Ferrara as a Saint for twenty years to be taken out of the ground and burnt because he had made a strict inquiry into his Heretical Opinions I suppose he was one of the Fratricelli or Holy-Brotherhood whose Sect at that time was very numerous In the mean time Philip King of France taking Boniface's Arrogance very ill called an Assembly at Paris of the Clergy and Nobility and recounting the injuries that Boniface had done to him his Ambition and Cheats which he had used to get the Popedom which he was unjustly possessed of he appealed to the Sea Apostolick which he said was then vacant and to the next Council At which Boniface being startled called a General Council wherein he declared Philip and his Kingdom subject to Albert the Emperor whom in the beginning of his Pontificate he had repulsed Then Philip thinking to tame his pride sent Sarra of Columna who was known and redeemed from the Pirates at Marseilles with Nogaretius a French Cavalier and a trusty Soul to Rome for no other end as he declared himself but to publish his Appeal But he had a quite different Design For Sarra putting on the disguise of a Slave went into Campagna di Roma where gathering to him as many friends as he could he sent Nogaretius with two hundred French Horse which he had listed out of Charles of Valois's Army before to Ferentino to assist him if need were But himself went into Anagni privately in the Night and by the assistance of the Gibellines whom Boniface had teazed extreamly for a long time he broke the Door open and took the Pope by surprise in the House where he was born and so brought him to Rome where thirty five days after he died for grief in the eighth year ninth month and seventeenth day of his Pontificate He was buried in S. Peter's in a Tomb that he built himself before he died which is yet to be seen in a Chappel which he made of Fret-work He likewise built the Pulpit and the Portico in the Lateran where Curses are pronounced upon the Sacrament and where he laid that Curse upon Philip King of France and the Columneses Thus died Boniface who made it his business rather to infuse terrour than Religion into Emperors Kings Princes Nations and States and would pretend to give and take away Kingdoms to banish and to recall men as he thought fitting to satisfie his pride and covetousness which was unspeakable Therefore let other Princes as well Religious as Secular learn by his Example to govern the Clergy and the Laity not proudly and disdainfully as this party of whom we speak but holyly and modestly as Christ our King and his Disciples and true Followers And let 'em desire rather to be beloved than feared which is usually the just bane of Tyrants Some say he cherish'd the Feuds among the Italians especially between the Genoeses and the Venetians who were two States very powerful at Sea BENEDICT XI BENEDICT the eleventh an Italian of Treviso formerly call'd Nicolas Cardinal of Ostia was made Pope the first of November at Rome For he enter'd himself into the Order of Preachers when he was but young and so far prevailed upon the Fraternity both by his Virtue and Learning that they preferr'd him gradually through all Offices till he was made General From which Station he was chosen Pope and in that place also gave great demonstration of his Virtue For he lived after such a manner that he may well be reckon'd among the number of those that are in Bliss But as soon as he got into the Apostolical Chair he cites Nogaretius and Sarra and all those of Anagni that conspired to take Boniface to come before him but they not appearing he laid an heavy Curse upon them He likewise heard King Philip's cause and absolv'd him from Boniface's Censures And after that he receiv'd John and James the two Cardinals of Columna into favour whom Boniface persecuted for being of the Guelphian Faction more than became a Pope to do Nay he gave 'em their goods again onely he enjoyn'd 'em to let the Red Hat that Boniface had taken from 'em lie by for some short time Having setled the Affairs of the City in this manner and made some Cardinals of whom Nicolas a Pratese of the Order of Preachers was one he immediately applies himself to procure a general Peace in Italy And because there were greater tumults in Tuscany than any where else he sent Nicolas Bishop of Ostia thither with full Commission who made new Officers in Florence and put 'em into the House which they had built for the reception of Magistrates now called the Palais of their Lords But at that time Nicolas thought he might do more than so and therefore spoke about recalling the persons that were banish'd Which Proposal not taking effect as he would have had it he declared a Curse upon them and went to Prato But not long after Benedict dying Tuscany was
in a different manner depend on the Court France hath no great Obligation or dependency upon Rome unless it be in some respects to the privileges of the Gallican Church But Spain is engaged in a kind of Partnership with Rome in Government and Jurisdiction and is beholden thereunto for a great part of its Revenue The Income of the Crusada granted by the Popes to the Kings of Spain is one of the chief branches of the Royal Revenue The Tribunals of the Inquisition are absolutely constituted by the Ecclesiastical Authority which gives such an unlimited power to the Nuntios Judges and Officers of the Pope within the Catholick Dominions as doth very much eclipse and diminish the greatness of that Monarch whereunto when we add the Tribute yearly paid by that King to the Pope for the Kingdom of Naples it seems as if they two held the reins of Government in partnership together onely with this difference that though the Pope hath intermixt his power with the Temporal yet the King dares not interpose in matters Ecclesiastical Hence we may see how dangerous it is for Kings to admit Partners with them in their Thrones Never was the Monarchy of Spain more abased and rendered inglorious than when the Inquisition was set up and an other power introduced to allay and attemper the Sovereign Authority wherefore France having no need of such dependencies hath always kept up and asserted the Right of Monarchy not suffering it to be debased by the Concessions of Regalia or other mean Compliances And indeed how much more happy now is the Crown of Great Britain than in the time of King John who was forced to yield that of England to the Pope and his Successours and how considerable and flourishing hath it been since it hath disowned all dependencies on forein power either in Church or State in defence of which may His Sacred Majesty King James the Second who is the Supreme Moderator and Governour thereof upon Earth live long and Reign happily and when it shall please the King of Kings to translate Him from a fading to an Immortal Crown there may never fail one of his Royal Line to sit upon His Throne and defend His Loyal People against all the Encroachments and Usurpations of forein Jurisdiction An Alphabetical TABLE OF THE POPES Whose Lives were written by B. Platina A ADeodatus Pag. 114 Adrian I. 145 II. 169 III. 172 IV. 240 V. 281 Agapetus I. 90 II. 183 Agatho 117 Alexander I. 15 II. 206 III. 242 IV. 269 V. 341 Anacletus 12 Anastasius I. 66 II. 83 III. 179 IV. 240 Anicetus 21 Anterus 33 B Benedict I. 97 II. 120 III. 166 IV. 177 V. 186 VI. 188 VII 189 VIII 196 IX 199 X. 204 XI 298 XII 310 Boniface I. 72 II. 89 III. 102 IV. 103 V. 105 VI. 174 VII 189 VIII 294 IX 330 C Caius 43 Calistus I. 28 II. 231 III. 383 Celestine I. 73 II. 236 III. 252 IV. 265 V. 293 Christopher 178 Clemens I. 11 II. 201 III. 251 IV. 275 V. 299 VI. 312 Cletus 9 Conon 122 Constans Constantine 128 Cornelius 35 D Damasus I. 61 II. 201 Deus-dedit 104 Dionysius 40 Donus I. 115 II. 188 E Eleutherius 24 Euaristus 14 Eugenius I. 112 II. 155 III. 238 IV. 357 Eusebius 48 Eutychianus 42 F Fabianus 34 Felix I. 41 II. 59 III. 80 Formosus 173 G Gelasius I. 81 II. 228 Gregory I. 99 II. 130 III. 134 IV. 157 V. 192 VI. 200 VII 207 VIII 250 IX 260 X. 278 XI 320 XII 339 H Hadrian V. Adrian  Hilarius 78 Honorius I. 196 II. 233 III. 258 IV. 288 Hormisda 85 Hyginus 19 I Innocent I. 68 II. 234 III. 254 IV. 265 V. 280 VI. 315 VII 336 John I. 86 II. 90 III. 95 IV. 109 V. 121 VI. 125 VII 127 VIII 165 IX 170 X. 176 XI 180 XII 182 XIII 184 XIV 187 XV. 190 XVI 191 XVII ibid. XVIII 193 XIX 195 XX. ibib XXI 198 XXII 282 XXIII 305 XXIV 343 Julius I. 56 L Landus 179 Leo I. 76 II. 119 III. 149 IV. 162 V. 177 VI. 181 VII 182 VIII 186 IX 202 Liberius 56 Linus 7 Lucius I. 37 II. 237 III. 247 M Marcellinus 44 Marcellus 47 Marcus 55 Martin I. 111 II. 171 III. 183 IV. 285 V. 347 Miltiades 49 N Nicolas I. 167 II. 205 III. 283 IV. 290 V. 373 P Paschal I. 154 II. 220 Paul I. 141 II. 401 Pelagius I. 94 II. 98 S. Peter 1 Pius I. 20 II. 389 Pontianus 31 R Romanus 175 S Sabinianus 101 Sergius I. 123 II. 160 III. 178 IV. 196 Severinus 108 Simplicius 79 Sisinnius 128 Sixtus I. 16 II. 39 III. 74 Soter 23 Stephen I. 38 II. 138 III. 142 IV. 153 V. 172 VI. 174 VII 181 VIII 183 IX 204 Sylverius 91 Sylvester I. 50 II. 194 III. 199 Symmachus 84 Syricius 64 T Telesphorus 18 Theodore I. 110 II. 175 U Valentine 157 Victor I. 25 II. 203 III. 215 Vigilius 92 Vitalianus 113 Vrban I. 30 II. 216 III. 248 IV. 273 V. 319 VI. 323 X Xistus V. Sixtus Z Zacharias 136 Zephyrinus 26 Zozimus 70 A TABLE Of those POPES Names whose Lives are written in the Continuation A A Drian VI. created Pope Jan. 9. 1522. Page 40 Alexander VI. created Pope August 11. 1492. p. 12. Alexander VII created Pope April 7. 1655. p. 320 C Clement VII created Pope November 19. 1523. p. 46 Clement VIII created Pope January 30. 1592. p. 211 Clement IX created Pope June 20. 1667. p. 344 Clement X. created Pope April 29 1670. p. 357 G Gregory XIII created Pope May 13. 1572. p. 163 Gregory XIV created Pope December 15. 1590. p. 207 Gregory XV. created Pope Feb. 21. 1621. p. 267 I Innocent VIII created Pope August 29. 1684. p. 8 Innocent IX created Pope October 29. 1591. p. 210 Innocent X. created Pope September 15. 1644. p. 293 Innocent XI created Pope September 21. 1676. p. 376 Julius II. created Pope November 1. 1503. p. 20 Julius III. created Pope Febr. 17. 1550. p. 88 L Leo X. created Pope March 11. 1513. p. 29 Leo XI created Pope April 1. 1605. p. 225 M Marcellus II. created Pope April 9. 1555. p. 107 P Paul III. created Pope October 12. 1534. p. 67 Paul IV. created Pope May 23. 1555. p. 109 Paul V. created Pope May 16. 1605. p. 227 Pius III. created Pope Septemb. 22. 1503. p. 19 Pius V. created Pope Decemb. 24. 1559. being Christmas Eve p. 119 Pius IV. created Pope January 7. 1566. p. 157 S Sixtus IV. created Pope August 9. 1471. p. 1. Sixtus V. created Pope April 24. 1585. p. 172 U Urban VII created Pope September 15. 1590. p. 205 Urban VIII created Pope August 6. 1623. p. 271 THE LIVES OF THE BISHOPS and POPES OF ROME S. PETER the Apostle AFTER the Death and Resurrection of Christ and the Completion of the days of Pentecost the Disciples received the Holy Ghost and being filled with the Spirit they published the wonderful works of God in divers Tongues though most of them
Uncle became his Successor Lewis XII continuing his claim by right of Inheritance to the Kingdom of Naples and also to the Dukedom of Milan in right of his Grandmother the Daughter of John Galeazzo entered into a League with the Pope which was fatal to Italy and with them the King of Spain the Florentines and the Venetians were all combined against Duke Lodowick Sforza and King Frederick on conditions that Lewis having conquered Milan should cause Cremona to be restored to the Venetians and that Caesar Borgia who was the Popes bastard Son having renounced his Cardinals Cap and taking Carlotta de Alebretto Daughter to the King of Navar and Kinswoman to the King of France for his Wife should be invested in Romagna Marca and Vmbria and that the Kings of Spain and France should equally divide the Kingdom of Naples between them Lewis entering Italy with a powerful Army drove out the Duke of Milan from his State and shortly after took Cardinal Ascanius Prisoner whom he sent into France where he died in a short time afterwards The Venetians by virtue of the League had Cremona consigned to them and all matters succeeded so prosperously for Lewis in Italy that Frederick King of Naples being thereby wholly dis-animated cast himself with all humble confidence into the arms of King Lewis who treated him basely and with the highest indignities imaginable In the mean time the French and the Spaniards being to divide the spoils of the Kingdom such differences arose betwixt them as being only to be decided by the Sword the French were all cut in pieces by the valor of Gonsalvo a brave Captain by which means that Kingdom fell into the hands of Spain In the mean time Pope Alexander being attentive to nothing more than to raise and enrich his Bastard Children encouraged and countenanced his Son Caesar Borgia in the grievous oppressions he laid on all the Barons of the Ecclesiastical State for he designing and aspiring to make himself sole and absolute master of it made the Family of the Orsini the most remarkable examples of his insolent indignities spoiling and harassing their Country for the space of a whole Summer As yet Caesar Borgia had not renounced his Cardinals Cap and therefore continuing still under the notion of a Prelate Guido Vbaldo di Vrbino and John Borgia an other of the Popes Bastards were made Generals of the Ecclesiastical Army who over-running several Countries reduced Braciano by Siege and proceeded every where victoriously until Charles the natural Son of Virginio Orsino joyning Battel with them routed their Army and took the Duke of Vrbin prisoner After this a Peace being concluded with the Orsini and the Pope perceiving that his business did not thrive well by War he endeavoured to advance his designs by fortifying the interest of his Family with great and potent alliances and in the first place he gave his Daughter Lucretia in Marriage to John Sforza Lord of Pesaro breaking his promise to a certain Nobleman of Spain to whom he had formerly contracted her then he took her from Sforza and gave her to Lewis of Aragon Bastard Son of Alfonso King of Naples who being killed she was given to Alfonso da Esté Duke of Ferrara with whom afterwards she ended her days This Pope had also three Sons Geoffery the youngest was made Prince of Squillaci Caesar who was the second was Cardinal and John the eldest was sent into Spain and there made Duke of Candia but he rambling one night in his pleasures about the Streets of Rome was by the treachery of his Brother the Cardinal assassinated and his body thrown into the â—ybar which kindness he did him after they had supped the same night together at the Table of their Mother Vanoccia with which horrid act the Pope was not so much displeased as he was terrified fearing that upon the least displeasure the spirit of this miscreant would be provoked to add parricide to the murder of his Brother After this he made little account of his Scarlet or degree of Cardinal but turning his thoughts wholly to War he was made General of the Popes Army and uniting his Forces with the French and joyning with their interest he became master of a considerable Principality in Italy for having expelled Sforza from Milan and imprisoned the Chiefs of that Family with assistance of Lewis the 12th he with great cruelty and blood possessed himself of all the Cities of Romagna Bologna only excepted banishing or putting to death all the ancient Lords and persons of quality belonging to it He also took Imola and Forli banishing all the Children of Riario to whom the Inheritance belonged only their Mother Catherina he took prisoner and carried her in triumph with him to Rome Next he took Sinigaglia by force of Arms and by treachery surprized the State of Vrbin for being with all his Army at Cagli where he was kindly received upon the signal given he seized that City and marched immediately with the same design to Vrbin Guido Vbaldo da Feltro Prince of that State surprized with this suddain attempt and fearing to fall into the cruel hands of this Tyrant left the City and with some few of his domesticks saved himself by flight Then this Borgia turned his Arms upon Camerino which he took and put many of the ancient Lords and Barons of it to death with the like cruelty and wickedness he treated all the Lords and Barons about the parts of Rome particularly that noble Family of the Gaetani which were Lords of ancient possessions in the Volsci of which he put James the Son of Honorato Gaetano to death then Protonotary of Rome He also ordered that Cola Gaetano a youth who was the only Son and hopes of the Family should be removed out of the world He in the next place by assistance of the French attacked the Family of Colonna and seized on all their State forcing them to fly into Puglia and Sicily for refuge His next and last work was to subdue the Orsini but they having always been constant and firm friends to the Pope in all times and against all Factions he wanted some colourable pretence to fix a quarrel on them but at length the occasion which he sought the Orsini themselves administred for they growing jealous of the successes and fortune of Borgia and fearing lest his insatiable avarice should transport him also to an appetite of devouring them they considered it prudence to provide in time against a danger so apparent and imminent as this wherefore consulting with others who were possessed with the like apprehensions and fears such as Bentivolio Lord of Bologna Paolo Baglione the Usurper of Perugia Vitellozzo Vitelli Lord of the City of Castello Liverotto Lord Fermo Pandolfo Petrucci of Siena they appointed a Council to be held at Perugia where they agreed upon an alliance and confederacy together against Borgia and accordingly setting out an Army into the Field they took Vrbino and Camerino and overthrew
this Dignity Julius appeared extremely grave and modest in all his actions so that he acquired the good esteem and opinion of all persons obliging all those with whom he treated by his courteous and affable behaviour he afterwards obtained the Title of Bishop of Albano then of Sabino and great Penitentiary and lastly of Bishop of Ostia Velletri and Legate at Avignon In the time of Innocent the Eighth he had gained great power and interest in the Court of Rome but in the time of Alexander the Sixth he was forced to give way to other Favorites and the difficulties of those times and retire into France where he remained for the space of ten years At length as we have said having amassed great wealth he was almost by the common agreement of the whole Conclave promoted to the Papal Chair not without the astonishment and displeasure of many who being acquainted with his fierce and impetuous Spirit did admire as Guicciardin saith how a man known to be impatient of rest and tranquillity who had consumed his Youth in continual Travels offended many by necessity and exercised hatred and hostility could so speedily operate on so many dissenting Spirits and cause them to conspire in an unanimous agreement for his promotion But on the contrary it will not seem so strange if it be considered that he had been a long time Cardinal and by degrees gained such interest and authority in the Court of Rome that he was stiled the principal Defender of the Ecclesiastical Dignity and Authority that he was magnificent in his Buildings generous in his benefits and so punctual to his word that Pope Alexander who was otherwise his mortal enemy would yet do him that right as to confess him faithful and just to the performance of his promises but yet this good quality which he was so careful to preserve in his private condition he made no scruple or conscience to violate that he might become Pope for the obtaining of which he made such immoderate promises to Cardinals Princes and Barons that he well knew the whole Revenue and Price of the Papal Sea if set to sale had not been able to have satisfied and therefore 't is not difficult to imagin how the promises of a person not used to beguile should procure a confidence in the minds of the most scrupulous and wary persons Nor were the Cardinals only possessed with these expectations but Cesar Borgia himself conceived hopes upon his promises of being confirmed General of the Armies of the Church and of a Marriage between his Daughter and the Popes Nephew called Francis Maria de la Rovere the Prefect of Rome But he soon discovered the vanity of these hopes for Julius being Crowned the 26th of November and setled in the Papal Chair would afford him no other grace or favor than his liberty and freedom from imprisonment upon condition that he should deliver up into the Power of the Church the Fortresses of Cesena and Forli which were the retirements of his impious Guards Borgia who had deserved a thousand deaths being in this manner set at liberty from the Castle of S. Angelo embarked at Ostia in a Boat for Naples where so soon as he arrived he was seized by the great Captain Gonsalvo by order from the Catholick King and being thence transported into Spain he made his escape and fled to John King of Navarre where in a certain fray he was cut in pieces by the Cantabrians who are a people that border upon Asturias Julius being thus rid of this Pest of mankind by whom all Italy was embroiled and several dominions dismembred from the Church he endeavoured to recover all back again for being a true Defender of the Ecclesiastical Possessions and Rights he would compound for nothing but rather amplifie than retrench the Dominions of the Church The first enterprise therefore that he undertook was to drive out and expel John Bentivoglio his old inveterate enemy who had unjustly usurped a power over the City of Bologna forcing him with his Wife and Children to remain banished in Bassetto a Country belonging to the Dominions of Parma and contentedly to consent to the destruction of his Palace which was a fair and noble structure His next design was against the Venetians for recovery of Arimino and Ravenna with the Territories thereunto belonging by force of Arms from the Venetians and to that end entered into a League with Maximilian the Emperor the Kings of France of Spain with the Dukes of Ferrara and Mantoua all conspiring to the total ruin and subversion of the Venetian State the which League was agreed and signed at Cambray a City of Flanders Moreover the quarrel between the Pope and the Venetians was augmented by the dispute they had for the City of Faenza which the Pope laid claim unto as having always been a part of the Ecclesiastical State the which he resolved to wrest from their hands by the Spiritual as well as by Temporal Arms having thundered out his Excommunications both against the Senate and People On the contrary the Venetians pleaded that the City of Faenza was no part of the Possessions of the Church in regard that the Pope and Cardinals had in a full Consistory amply transferrred the Rights and Jurisdiction thereof to Cesar Borgia formerly Duke Valentino That before that Grant the Popes had never possessed Faenza but from time to time had given it to new Vicars without acknowledging other superiority than the Tribute which they offered to pay readily when it should be required These Arguments were seconded by the Venetians with an Army which appearing before Faenza and the Batteries began the City yielded it self into the hands of the Enemy they might with like facility have taken Imola and Furli but not to excite the indignation of the Pope too far they abstained from farther proceedings being masters already of Faenza and Rimini in Romagna with their Countries Montefiora S. Archangeo Verruca Gattere Savignano and Meldole with the Haven and Country of Cesena and in the Territory of Immola of Tossignana Solarvola and Montfattagla Notwithstanding this success and force of the Venetians the storm and power of so many potent Confederates raised against them was too furious and a match unequal for them to contend with The first beginning to so great a War was made the 15th of April when Monsieur de Chaumont with 3000 Horse passed the Ford of Adda and joyning afterwards with the other Confederates gave Battel to Alviano the General of the Venetian Forces the Fight was continued and maintained with great bravery and resolution on both sides but at length the Venetians being overwhelmed with the number of their Enemies and deprived of strength rather than courage without turning their backs to the Enemy they remained almost all dead upon the place After this Defeat which happened on the 14th of May 1509. at Guiaradadda the Emperor Maximilian took possession of Verona Vicenza Padoua and Trivigiano
after that Controversie had been opened heard and examined by many Doctors and Testimonies and Writings produced the Emperor according to the counsel and report made him pronounced that Modena and Reggio appertained of right to the Duke of Ferrara who paying a hundred thousand Ducats to the Pope the Tributes should be reduced to their ancient custom and he invested in the Jurisdiction of Ferrara But the Pope would neither allow that part of the Sentence nor accept the payment of the mony wherein the Duke was condemned refusing the Tribute which was offered to him according to the usual custom so that there was neither open War nor a setled Peace between the Pope and the Duke of Ferrara for having a regard and some respect to the Emperors Award and Sentence he feared to assail him with open force contriving in the mean time secret plots and devices wherewith to ensnare him Matters thus continued with some tranquillity until the year 1532. which was more signal for Forein Wars than for the Commotions of Italy For Francis the French King not forgetting the sufferings he had sustained by the Emperor contrived all ways imaginable for his revenge not being scrupulous or ashamed of secret practices and treaties with Soliman Emperor of the Turks in despight of his Title of Most Christian to stir him up and incite him to a War against Charles the Emperor inviting him to make a second attempt by laying siege to Vienna Soliman being full of anger and disdain for the late foil he had received before that City was easily persuaded to try his fortune in another Expedition but the Princes and Free Towns of Germany concurring with their Forces and uniting them to the Imperial Troops composed a most formidable Army which being conducted by Charles the Emperor who was the greatest Captain of his age and his name terrible to the Turks Soliman made only some incursions into Hungary and then returned again to Constantinople But before this news came and whilst these things were in action Henry VIII King of England and Francis the French King being both highly displeased with the Emperor met together at Boloign in France where they held several Consultations how to improve the present state of Affairs to their own advantage And giving it for granted that the Turk would Winter in Hungary and afford the Emperor sufficient employment for the year following they resolved to make use of this conjuncture of Affairs to their mutual benefit in pursuance of which it was determined between them that the French King was to invade the State of Milan and the Pope was to be induced to assist in the same design and to determin the cause of Divorce of Queen Catharine in favour of King Henry then depending in the Court of Rome with which message and instructions the Cardinals of Ternon and Gramont were sent Embassadors to the Pope But King Henry having not the patience to attend the result contemned the authority of a Divorce by the Papal Power contenting and satifying his own Conscience with what had before been disputed and determined in the Courts of England about that matter and having understood that the Legate Campeius had been sent into England with a Bull of Divorce which afterwards upon change of the Pope's mind he had burnt the King was so enraged thereat that he resolved not to have farther dealings with the Pope and thereupon Proclamation was published that no person of what estate or condition soever should purchase or attempt to purchase from the Court of Rome any thing prejudicial to the Jurisdiction or Prerogative of this Realm upon pain of Imprisonment or other punishment according to the pleasure of the King But the retirement of the Turks out of Hungary put a period to the design of Invading the Dutchy of Milan and to the expectation the King of England had of receiving a favourable sentence at Rome in the point of Divorce for the result of the Interview of these two Kings being known at Rome hastned the Pope to make a League with the Emperor which was concluded at a second meeting at Bologna where the same Ceremonies and terms of amity and friendship passed between them as had been formerly at the first After which the Emperor by the way of Genoua passed into Spain and the Pope returned to Rome accompanied thither by the two Cardinals Ternon and Gramont the which according to their Commission insisted greatly to have the Divorce of Queen Catharine confirmed by the Popes Authority alledging the great damage and ruine that an obstinate persistance to the contrary might bring to the Church but the Cardinals of the Emperors Faction labouring to the contrary and the Pope understanding what Henry had already acted in that point in England issued an Excommunication against him and his whole Realm unless before the end of September following he did revoke all the Acts he had made to the prejudice of the Apostolical Sea and the Papal Authority These French Cardinals finding their Negotiations in reference to England to be unsuccessful and desperate treated notwithstanding an interview between the Pope and the French King to be held at Marseille colouring their design with the specious pretence of finding some expedient to accommodate matters between King Henry and the Pope a Charity so great and Christian and of that high importance as might challenge the labors and endeavours of the most Christian King and farther it was pretended that a League and Union between the Christian Princes was there to be negotiated against the Turk But the desire of the Pope being in reallity to marry his Niece Catharine de Medicis to the second Son of the King of France was easily persuaded to condescend to a proposition so agreeable to his own inclinations in pursuance whereof the Pope with a great retinue of Cardinals Embarked at Pisa on his own Gallies and in a few days of prosperous Navigation he landed at Marseille where being saluted with three hundred pieces of Cannon at his arrival he was lodged for the first night in the Palace of the Duke of Montmorency Grand Master and Mareschal of France The next day he made his entry through the City habited in his Pontifical Vestments and carried in his Chair upon mens shoulders before him a White Horse was led by two men with silken Reins carrying the Sacrament of the Altar then followed the Cardinals in their Habits mounted upon their Mules after which came Catharine de Medicis Dutchess of Vrbin attended with a great number of Ladies and Gentlemen both of the French and Italian Nation in which equipage the Pope passed the Streets to the Lodgings which were provided for him The day following the French King came and with great solemnity went to perform the Offices of Duty and Obedience to the Pope These Solemnities and Ceremonies being past matters of publick concernment were in the first place taken into consideration by those who were by the King and
to that King And whereas the former Pope was always averse to the instances which the Emperor and French King and other Princes made to him for a General Council to be held for reforming abuses crept into the Church and suppressing the Opinions of Luther which they called heretical and which began to dilate and spread themselves in all parts of Christendom Now this Paul the Third was of such a different sense herein to his Predecessor that he freely declared for a Council shewing himself willing to meet the desires of the Princes and promised in a short space to appoint the time and place where such a Council should be held and celebrated And farther to confirm and improve this good correspondence with the Christian Courts he dispeeded his Emissaries and Legates into all parts whose care it was as well to advance the private interests of his Family as the common benefit of the Church and particularly to solicit and promote such a good correspondence and peace between the Emperor and the King of France that uniting their Forces for the common safety of Christendom might joyntly make War upon the Turk and other enemies to the Christian Faith but herein his desires found little success for the French being beaten out of Italy could not support the prosperity of the Emperor against whom breathing nothing but revenge could never be induced to unite their Arms in a common Cause or joyn in a design then preparing by the Emperor against the Kingdom of Tunis which one Barbarosso had usurped who having by the help of Soldiers and a strong Fleet furnished and equipped at the expence of Soliman Emperor of the Turks droven Mulcasses King of Tunis out of his own Country did with the pyracies he committed very much infest the Coasts of Spain and Sicily and being arrived to a considerable power threatned to invade the Kingdom of Naples This growing greatness of Barbarosso and the daily Pyracies he committed were sufficient provocation to Charles the Fifth to wage War against him and being a Tyrant and an Infidel the Pope also became concerned in this Holy Cause to concur with the Emperor for whose assistance he furnished out nine Gallies which were fitted at Genoua besides three others which were the usual Guard of the Coast over this Fleet Virginio Orsinio a person of great quality was constituted Admiral to whom was joyned Paulo Giustiniano a Noble Venetian and one of great experience in Sea Affairs The preparations of the Emperor also were very great his Fleet was commanded by Prince Doria who was made Commander in Chief at Sea to whom the Pope made a present of a short Sword or Poniard with a Hilt set with Jewels and the Scabbard rarely Engraved and consecrated with the usual Ceremonies likewise a Cap of Velvet Embroidered with Pearls which were the accustomary Donatives which Popes made to Generals that were employed in a Holy War against Infidels The Marquiss Del Vasso was created General of the Italian and German Infantry and being on his Voyage towards Tunis he touched in his way thither at Civita Vecchia to which place the Pope went in person to bless the Army that he might evidence to the world the great zeal he had for the Christian cause the which office of Benediction he performed on the top of a high Tower from whence surveying the Fleet of Ships and Gallies he solemnly prayed with a Choire of Priests for the happy success of this enterprise making thousands of Crosses on the empty Air and then descending into the Church he delivered the Banner and Scepter of the Christian Religion into the hands of Viâ—ginio Orsino his General The success of this Expedition was that the Emperor having landed a great Army on the Coast of Tunis defeated Barbarosso and put his Forces to flight took the City of Tunis and restored Mulcasses the vanquished Prince to his Kingdom on conditions of Homage and Tribute for better security of which payment and performance he built two Castles at the Goleta which being Garrisoned with Spaniards served for Block Houses to that Port and having released twenty thousand Christians from Captivity which Barbarossa had by his depredations at Sea and Land taken and enslaved he returned with his Fleet to Sicily and then to Naples where he solemnly entered in a triumphant manner with such joy and festivals as are due to such successes Nor was this good news less welcome to Rome where Processions of Thanksgivings were made and Te Deum sang in the most solemn manner and farther to â—estifie the great joy which the Pope conceived for this success John Piccolomini and Alexander Cesarini were sent from him to congratulate with the Emperor for this glorious and happy Victory Whilst the Emperor was in his passage between Sicily and Naples advices were brought him of the decease of Francis Sforza who was the last Duke of Milan by whose death that Dutchy devolved to the Empire being afterwards governed by Antonio de Levae in form of a Province howsoever the Title thereunto was not so clear on the Emperors side but that the King of France laid his claim unto it not only by right of inheritance as descended from his Great-Grand-Mother Valentina but by virtue also of a concession granted by publick Act from Maximilian the Emperor to King Lewis XII of France on a valuable consideration of mony paid for it after Lodowick Sforza had been taken and droven from thence But this pretence seemed of little moment to the Emperor who judging this Dukedom of great importance to his State came from Naples to Rome with intent to persuade the Pope to joyn with him in a League against the French that so Italy might be more in repose and quiet by expulsion of the French who were always esteemed great disturbers of the peace of it On the 5th of April 1536. the Emperor came to Rome where being received by the Cardinals Bishops and all the Orders of the Clergy with the Citizens he was conducted to the Church of S. Peter where the Pope attended him on the steps of the Porch and the usual Ceremonies being passed he was lodged in that apartment of the Vatican Palace which was built by Innocent VIII During the residence which the Emperor made at Rome he entertained frequent Conferences with the Pope concerning a League to be entered into between them and the other Princes of Italy for expelling the French out of that Country who having been always known under the character and notion of the disturbers of their peace they could neyer hope or expect quietness whilst that restless people had any hold or possession in their Quarters And farther the Emperor in a publick Assembly of the Pope and all the Cardinals and Forein Ministers did most severely inveigh against Francis the French King as the most ungratetul and faithless of all the Princes of the Universe but being sharply answered and replied upon by Monsieur Bellay the Embassador of France
humbly to beseech his Holiness to pardon what was past and as a testimony and evidence of his reconciliation to send him his Blessing But Sixtus having neither by these reasons nor yet by the gentle and submissive terms of the Ambassadours abated the fury and anger which appeared in his countenance Replyed with a loud Voice That he was well assured that Gondi was dispatched on an other Errand than this and that by any thing they had said there was no judgment to be made of sorrow or repentance in the King for the Crimes he had committed or of such obedience which they professed to the Apostolical Sea so long as contrary to the priviledges thereof he detained the Prelates in Prison and that in case he expected absolution he was to seek it with tears and by a Person express and employed to no other purpose and that there ought to be a Session of Prelates thereupon to consider whether such repentance were real and unfeigned And at last concluded with these sharp words You said he think you have to do with some poor simple Frier that is unacquainted with Men and the World but you shall find that you have to do with Sixtus who is ready to expend blood in defence of the Dignity of the Holy See After which he dismissed the two Ambassadours and the next day called a Consistory in which he appeared with a countenance full of Choler which boiled in his breast and then began to exclaim against his Legat Morosini residing at Paris as if he had consented to the death of the Cardinal or at least might have prevented both that and the imprisonment of the Prelats in case he had vigorously appeared against such indirect Counsels In the next place he railed against some Cardinals who had the boldness to excuse the murther which the King had committed wondering that Cardinals should so little esteem their Dignity and degree as to expose the sanctity of their purple to be profaned by the unhallowed violences of an usurped jurisdiction As to us said he it concerns little what affronts are put on the Cardinals dignity but we are sure that it is of a high consequence to you for we cannot believe that you would readily consent to be dispoiled of their Authority your liberties prerogatives and other priviledges with which you are adorned of which you will certainly be if this murther of a Cardinal be connived at or passed by without any resentment We therefore are resolved to perform our duty and do that which God and his Laws require at Our hands and if from thence as you may possibly object ill consequences ensue to the Kingdom of France we shall remain acquitted in the sight of God for justice must be done though the World should be ruined and dissolved thereby The Cardinals remaining all silent none daring to make a Reply The Pope proceeded and said We shall depute a Congregation of Cardinals to examine this case and search farther into this matter and accordingly the persons nominated were Anthony Sorbellone the Arch bishop of Santa Severina Facchinetto Lancilotto Sastagna and others the which Deputation was now the common Discourse and filled all the World with high expectation of the success and issue thereof The King being informed of these proceedings redoubled his Guards and cautions in the Court of Rome to which place he dispatched the Bishop of Mans a person of singular probity and eloquence to make his defence and having received his Instructions and being fully informed of all the reasons and arguments which might be produced in behalf of the King he arrived at Rome where having first consulted the Ambassadours he was with them admitted unto Audience with the Pope to whom he began with most profound humility to argue and plead That the King had not incurred the punishment of any Ecclesiastical Censure having in no manner violated or infringed the Liberties or Immunities of the Church For that the Cardinal having been found guilty of high Treason against the King was by the fundamental Laws and constitutions of France subjected to the Secular Power and in regard he was a Peer of that Realm his Cause was more immediately triable in the Parliament of Paris and in a grand Assembly of all the Princes and Officers of the Crown so that if the King had trespassed against any Laws it was against the priviledges of his own Parliaments and not against the jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical State In the next place he argued that a King of France according to the priviledges of the Gallican Church could not incur the Censure of Excommunication But these Arguments and ways of reasonings were in no wise pleasing to the humour of Sixtus being against the Idea and Scheme that he had figured to himself of the Power of the Church and Keys but rather served to inflame his passion and therefore setting aside all those Arguments as not worth an Answer he declared and sentenced That in case within a certain time limited the King did not free and set at liberty the Cardinal of Bourbon and the Arch-bishop of Lions and that in case within the space of sixty days after such releasement the assurance thereof were not intimated to himself and the Apostolical See by writings under the King 's own hand and the Royal Signet That then in such case the King remained actually Excommunicated and incurred all the Ecclesiastical Censures as expressed in the Sacred Canons and Constitutions of the Church Farther The Pope cited the King to appear at Rome either in person or by his Proxy within the space of sixty days after intimation of these Summons should be given him to render an account and to give answer to the accusation charged upon him for having murthered the Cardinal of Guise and imprisoned the Cardinal of Bourbon and the Arch-bishop of Lions and for default of such appearance that then the King did actually incur the pain of Excommunication from which he could not be absolved by any other person whatsoever than onely by the Pope himself unless at the point of death nor then neither unless upon a confident and faithful assurance and Vows to act and obey all matters and Injunctions whatsoever which should be enjoyned and commanded by the Holy Church Two Months and some few days after the Pope had issued out this Excommunication it happened that the King being at the Head of a great Army near St. Clou about two Leagues from Paris was on the first day of August 1589. stabbed in the Belly by a Dominican Frier who was a youth of about twenty three years of age and with him ended his quarrel with the Pope Such being the fate of Henry III. the news thereof flew speedily to Rome where the Spaniards caused a report to be spread that the Affairs of the King of Navarre were reduced to a mean and a low condition and almost desperate and that not onely those of the League but also the whole Kingdom
gave Orders to all his People to treat the Ambassadour and his Retinue with all kindness and due respect and moreover wrote a Letter to the Pope complaining of the late design of his Nuntio attempting to publish Ecclesiastical Censures against forein Princes within his Kingdom which was a new and an unknown practice within his State and had been refused in the Case of Henry III. King of France and in the Cause of Cesare d' Este Duke of Ferrara much less could he be induced to allow of such proceedings against the State of Venice whose Cause was the same with that of his own Kingdom And considering that that State had merited well of Christendom by the opposition they made with their Arms against the common Enemy he exhorted his Holiness to supersede farther proceedings for Causes which ought to be stifled and which for better peace of the Church ought never to be brought into question or Dispute Francis Soranzo a Cavalier of Venice being at this time Ambassadour at the Emperor's Court did rightly inform the Imperial Ministers with the true state of the difference between the Pope and that Republick and in regard the Constitutions of all Germany were the same they could not do less than approve the Cause of the Venetians and condemn the Cause of the Pope which confirmed the Protestants in their reasons which they alledged for detaining Ecclesiastical Benefices in their own hands Howsoever the Great Chancellour and Marshal Prainer were of different Opinions taking part with the Pope against the affections sence and Interest of the whole Court When news came first to the Court of Spain of the differences between the Pope and the Venetians the constancy and firmness of that State to the Principles of their Government was highly applauded being the common Cause of all Secular Princes Howsoever the Nuntio made it his business to have the Venetian Ambassadour declared in all Pulpits to be under Excommunication The Genoeses also who were powerful in that Court being touched with envy on old grudges and for having lately yielded that Point of their liberty to the Pope which Venice still conserved did all the ill offices they were able against the Republick but above all the Ambassadour of Tuscany joyning with the Jesuits shewed himself an open Enemy and so prevailed with the King and Council that a Congregation of twelve Divines was held at Madrid in presence of the Cardinal of Toledo to consider whether the Ambassadour of Venice ought to be admitted into the Church at the time of Celebration of Divine Offices the result of which was that the Ambassadour should not be excluded every one concurring in that Opinion the Nuntio and Jesuits onely excepted So soon as the news came to Paris that the Monitory was published against Venice Barberino the Pope's Nuntio made urgent addresses to the King that Priuli the Venetian Ambassadour should be excluded from admission into the Church but his desire was positively rejected both because the King was willing to remain Neuter and because it was and is a Maxim of that Kingdom That Popes have no power over the Temporal Government of Princes and have no Authority on account for Secular matters to proceed against them or their Officers by Ecclesiastical Censures In England we may easily imagine what Opinion was conceived of these proceedings for when Giustiniano the Ambassadour of Venice had acquainted King James with the state of the difference between the Pope and the Republick the King did much applaud the Laws and Constitutions of Venice and the constancy and resolution of the Senate in the maintenance of them adding That he would gladly see a free Council established which was the onely means to reform the Church of God and put an end to all Controversies amongst Christians which had no other original or source than onely from the usurpation of Popes and ambition of the Clergy in which holy and sacred Design he did not doubt but that the French King and all other Christian Princes would readily concur and that perhaps a beginning thereof might arise from these troubles and labours of the Republick And farther the King added That the Popes exalting themselves above God were the ruin of the Church and that it was no wonder that their Pride admitted of no serious reflections or moderate advices being puffed up and elated by the common adulation and flattery which was used towards them The States of the Vnited Provinces wrote very obliging Letters to Venice proffering to assist them with Arms and Provisions in case they came to an open rupture and acts of hostility with the Pope In the mean time many effectual good Offices were performed both at Rome and Venice by the Dukes of Mantoua and Savoy and by Guicciardin Ambassadour of the Great Duke of Tuscany and more especially by Monsieur de Fresnes the French Ambassadour at Venice To all which instances and applications from several Princes the Senate thought fit to make this general Answer First they returned thanks for the good endeavours and labours towards a Mediation and then complained of the firm resolutions of the Pope which could not be shaken or made plyable by any reasonable terms which the Republick could offer That there could be no hopes of accommodation until the Pope by taking off his Censures did open a way to Treaties and terms of Peace That the Pope had proceeded so far in his injuries and affronts as were past all manner of reconciliation and yet the Republick which was truly Catholick would still bear their due respect to the Pope so far as was consistent with their liberty and with that right of Government which was committed to them by God But whilest matters were thus in Treaty at Venice and Rome and in the Courts of Princes the Jesuits who were vigilant and intent to do all the mischiefs they were able against the Republick did not cease to disperse Scandals and Libels as well without Italy as within and to preach and rail against them in their Pulpits and Schools endeavouring to possess their Auditories with the most malicious impressions they could beget or frame in minds of Men they also wrote Letters into all places defaming the Republick some who would not adventure into the Dominions of Venice treated on the Confines with their Disciples and Votaries and others in disguise entered within the Dominions sowing Division and Faction in all parts promising extraordinary Indulgences to all such as should observe the Interdict They also forged several Letters entitling one from the Republick of Genoua to the Senate of Venice another from the City of Verona to the City of Brescia which were most scandalous and abominable Papers Then in other Writings they justified themselves for having in their Sermons inveighed against the Republick calling it a Lutheran Heretical and tyrannical Government with infinite other abominable Epithets In fine it was proved that the Jesuits were the causes of all these disturbances having instigated the
conjectures as these could have no foundation nor gain belief amongst those who understand the constitution of Rome and the nature of the Cardinal who was more inclined to heap up for himself than sow for others But the more probable Opinion was that Spain was desirous to stand fair with the Pope because France was at odds with him giving thereby a testimony to the World of the unquietness of that Nation which is contentedy with nothing of moderation and in fine that their behaviour towards all is insolent and insupportable The year 1675. which was the Jubily or holy year being entered the City of Rome was after the usual manner filled with multitudes of Pilgrims and Strangers who crowded to obtain the benefit of Pardons and Indulgences which are plentifully issued and bestowed at that time That year six Cardinals were created namely Alexander Crescentio a Roman Marescotti of Bologna Rocci a Roman Albritii a Neapolitan Spada a Roman and Philip Howard of the Illustrious Family of Norfolk who was a Dominican having been Great Almoner to the Queen of England this advancement was much facilitated by her Majesties recommendations The which promotions the French King would not own because the Bishop of Marseglia whom the King of Poland had recommended as we have related at the beginning of this Pope's Reign was rejected to please the humour of the Spaniards And indeed herein his most Christian Majesty seemed to have just cause of discontent for though in the year 1671. Cesar d' Estreé Brother of the Duke of that name and called Bishop of Laon was created Cardinal yet that honour being conferredat the nomination of the King of Portugal in recompence of some services rendered to that Crown and united onely to the bare recommendations of France it was not esteemed as a favour done to that King but to Portugal onely of which Kingdom d' Estreé was made Protectour Howsoever Altieri would not understand it for other than a favour done to France without which and the interest of the Duke d' Estreé his Brother then Ambassadour at Rome it had scarce been obtained for that Duke amongst other Commissions brought from Rome had particular instructions to demand of the Pope the restitution of Castro and Ronciglione to the Duke of Parma according to the Treaty of Pisa but that being a morsel not easily digested by the Pope Monsieur d' Estreé made his way thereupon to gain the Cardinal's Cap for his Brother by a relaxation of that demand About the beginning of the year 1676. there arose a Controversie between the Pope and the Vice-King of Naples concerning the seizure of certain Banditi within the jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical State by Officers from the vice-Vice-King upon which Dispute the Son of the Duke of Sora was banished from Rome upon pain of death in case he should return This Pope Canonized Cajetan Tienne founder of the Order of Regular Clarks Francis Borgia General of the Jesuits Philip Beniti restorer of the Order of the Servillians Lewis Bertran and Rose of St. Mary both of the Dominican Order Under these Circumstances Altieri remained with France when Pope Clement the 10th died some few hours before whose death Altieri pressed him to fill up the four vacant places of Cardinals and though the Queen of Sweden and Cardinal Barbarino joyned with him in the same request yet the Pope would not hearken to them nor grant their desire And when at last Altieri became more importunate with him than before designing to supply the four vacant places with Creatures of his own who might be able to fortifie his Interest against the next Conclave the good Pope turned to him and with some Anger said You may well content your self that you have been Pope for six years Suffer me now to follow my own inclinations and be Pope for six hours onely It was now generally concluded and believed that Altieri was so fallen into disreputation with the whole College of Cardinals and with the People of Rome and so hated by all the Prelates that immediately after the Pope's death he would be removed from all his Offices and deprived of his Suffrage in the ensuing Conclave But Altieri had so well feathered his Nest during his Reign under his reputed Uncle that his Riches procured him Friends and reconciled the minds of those who were most estranged from him so that he conserved his Office of Chamberlain with other honourable Charges and obtained a confirmation for his Nephew Don Gasparo in his place of General and afterwards entered triumphant into the Conclave onely his main task was in what manner to reconcile himself to the favour of the most Christian King in regard the Cardinals of that Party declared that they would neither act nor treat with Altieri until he had first given satisfaction to his Majesty INNOCENT XI SO soon as Clement X. had expired his last breath Altieri who was Cardinal Chamberlain gave notice thereof to all the Officers of the Houshold upon which news all the Prelates and Grooms of the Bedchamber in decent and mourning Habits repaired to the Palace of Monte-Cavallo where they found the Body of the Pope laid out on a Pallet covered with Crimson Velvet and there in presence of them all Altieri whose Office it was brake the Sigillum Piscatorium or the Pope's Seal in pieces and the Notaries of the Camera took an Inventory of all the Goods found in the Palace After which the body of the Pope was dedivered to those who were to embalm it and then the Bell of the Capitol was rung out to give notice of the death of the Pope to all the City And now Cardinal Altieri having nothing more to do at Monte-Cavallo repaired to his own new Palace near the Jesu attended with a numerous train where he received the Visits of Cardinals Princes Ambassadours Prelates and Nobles who came to condole with him for the death of his Uncle During the time that the Funeral Obsequies were solemnizing the Cardinals were busied in forming Parties against the time of Election the first day of which was the second of August when a considerable number of Cardinals being assembled in St. Peter's entered in form of Procession two by two with gravity and Order into the Conclave the next day some others were added to them in all to the number of fifty two so on the third day of August the Conclave was shut and Guards set by the Prince Savelli to whose Office it appertained as Marshal of the Conclave On the 4th instant the Mass of Veni Creator being sung the Cardinals began the Choice by way of Scrutiny The Persons nominated were Vidone Barberigo Odescalchi Spinola and Cerri all which had almost an equality of Votes Odescalchi had eleven but proceeding towards the Evening by way of Accession seven Votes only appeared for him On the sixth day in the Morning Scrutiny being made twenty seven Votes were given for Cardinal Corsini but in the Evening
Rosimund to drink out of a Cup which he had made of her own Fathers Skull whom he himself had slain Now there was in Alboinus's Army one Helmechild a very handsom young Gentleman and an excellent Soldier and who was Rosimund's particular Favourite Him she discourses privately and by proposing to him the hopes of succeeding in the Kingdom prevailed with him to murder Alboinus But they were both so hated for the Fact by the Lombards that they not only failed of their hopes but were glad to fly for protection to Longinus the Exarch of Ravenna where not long after they poisoned each other and died together At this time Italy by reason of the Incursions which the barbarous Nations made into it was in a very calamitous state which had been portended by Prodigies and Apparitions of flaming Armies in the Air and also by an extraordinary inundation of the River Tyber which had very much damaged the City of Rome In the mean time our John repaired the Coemeteries of the Saints and finished the Church of SS Philip and James which had been begun by Vigilius and drew Narses who had been an avowed Enemy to the Romans for their ill opinion of him and their misrepresenting him to the Empress Sophia from Naples to Rome where he not long after died and his Body was conveyed in a Coffin of Lead to Constantinople In such a consusion of things the State of Italy must needs certainly have been utterly ruined if some eminently holy men had not supported and prop'd up the tottering Nation Among others Paul Patriarch of Aquileia and Felix Bishop of Treviso interceded successfully with Alboinus when he first entred Italy in the behalf of the Inhabitants Moreover Fortunatus a person of extraordinary Learning and Eloquence very much civiliz'd and polish'd the Gauls by his Books and Example compiling a Treatise of Government inscribed to their King Sigebert and writing in an elegant style the Life of S. Martin Some write that at this time lived Germanus Bishop of Paris a person of wonderful Piety who kept the Kings of France within the bounds of their duty to such a Degree that each strove to excel the other in Religion and Piety in Goodness and Clemency So prevalent is the Example of a good Pastour such an one as Germanus was in whom they saw nothing but what was worthy of their imitation After this one farther Remark that in our John's time the Armenians were converted to Christianity I shall say no more of him but that having been in the Chair twelve years eleven months twenty six days he died and was 〈◊〉 in S. Peters Upon his death the See was vacant ten months three days BENEDICT I. BENEDICT a Roman the Son of Boniface lived in the time of Tiberius the Second whom Justine had adopted and appointed his Heir to the Empire An Honour which he well deserved as being a Person adorn'd with all the Princely Accomplishments of Clemency Justice Piety Religion Wisdom Resolution and unshaken Fortitude Among his other Vertues he was eminent for his Bounty and Liberality towards all especially the poor and God supplied him in an extraordinary manner for it For walking once hastily in his Palace and spying the figure of the Cross upon one of the Marble stones in the Pavement that it might not be trampled under foot he devoutly caused it to be removed from thence and laid up in a more decent and honourable place At it's taking up there was found under it another stone with the same figure on it and then a third under which he discovered such a vast heap of Gold and Silver as was requisite to furnish and maintain his large Bounty a great part of which Treasure he distributed to the poor 'T is said also that he had brought to him out of Italy a great Estate which Narses had got there which in like manner he employed in Liberality and Munificence To Sigebert the French King who had sent Embassadours to him besides the other Presents that he made which were very considerable he sent certain Medals of Gold of very great weight on the one side of which was the Effigies of the Emperour with this Inscription Tiberii Constantini perpetuo Augusti on the other side was a Charriot with its Driver and this Inscription Romanorum Gloria And to complete his Successes the Army which he had sent against the Persians returning victoriously brought away with twenty Elephants so vast a Booty as no Army had ever done in any Expedition before Thus signally was he rewarded for his good services to mankind in general for his Religion towards God our Saviour and for his Beneficence particularly to the people of Rome whom he not only protected and desended from their Enemies as much as could be by his Arms but also at the Prayers and Intercession of our Bishop Benedict whom he had a wonderful Love and Esteem for he delivered them from Dearth and Famine by sending a supply of Corn out of Egypt For the Lombards by a long and tedious War had so harrassed Italy far and wide that from their devastations there arose a great want and 〈◊〉 of all things While things went thus in Italy John Bishop 〈◊〉 Constan inople by Reading Disputing Writing Admonishing and Teaching kept the Oriental Church as much as might be right in the Faith though he met with many opposers therein The same did also the equally Learned and Eloquent Leander Bishop of Toledo or as others think of Sevil who wrote several Treatises both to confirm the Orthodox Doctrine and to confute the Arian Heresie which like a contagious Pestilence the Vandals driven out of Africa by Belisarius had brought with them into Spain As for Benedict some write that he laying sadly to heart the 〈◊〉 which now befell Rome and all Italy died of grief after he had been in the Chair four years one month twenty eight days The See was then vacant two months ten days PELAGIUS II. PELAGIUS a Roman Son of Vinigildus was from the time of Tiberius to that of his Son-in-law the Emperour Mauritius To whom though he were a Cappadocian yet the Empire was committed upon the account of his great Courage and Ability in the management of Affairs At this time the Lombards having after the Death of Alboinus for twenty years 〈◊〉 govern'd by Dukes make Autharis their King whom they also called 〈◊〉 a Name which was afterwards used by all the Kings of Lombardy But Mauritius endeavouring to drive the Lombards out of Italy hires Sigebert the French King to engage in a War against them who forthwith raising a great Army of Gauls and Germans fights Autharis but with great loss is discomfited The Lombards being flush'd and heightened by this Victory march'd on as far as to the Streights of Sicily possessing themselves all along of the Cities of Italy and at length besieging for a long time Rome it self of which certainly they had made themselves Masters had they
and endeavoured to regain the City which was his paternal Inheritance but had been so many years possess'd by that Usurper Yet there was a report that Pandulphus had bought the City of Cabrinus and promised to give him Riviera di Salo for it But John Francisco strove all he could to keep him from this War and sent Embassadors to tell him that he did contrary to all Law and Reason in violating of Leagues defending a Tyrant and taking up Arms against him who gave him the Government of Brescia And that Martin's Authority ought not to be slighted to say nothing of his own by whose Arbitrement the Peace was made But if he slighted the Authority of Men at least he should reverence that of God whom they had invoked as a witness to the League which he had broken Soon after the Pope went away from Mantoua in the fourth month after he came thither and passing through Ferrara and Romagna he came to Florence without calling at Bologna which he shun'd on purpose For when they of Bologna heard that Baldesar Cossa was forced to lay down the Pontificate they expelled the Church-Officers and asserted their Liberty At that time Carmignola press'd hard upon Pandulphus by his breach of the Peace made justly obnoxious to a War and in a short space took a great part of the Country of Brescia and pitch'd his Camp at Montclere there to encounter Lewis Meliorat Nephew to Innocent VII who was said to be coming with a great Body of Horse to help Pandulphus For they two were kindred by Marriage and Lewis did it in respect to his Relation So they joined Battel wherein Lewis was basely routed and not long after Carmignola reduced Brescia and made it subject to Philip who also within a little while was Master of Cremona and put Cabrinus the Usurper to Death Nicolas d' Este being mov'd at Philip's great success went of his own accord and did what he might have been forced to that is he went to Millain and restored Parma which he possess'd himself of when Otho the Third died to Philip but kept Rheggio at the request of Pope Martin as a Fee Thither also went John Francis Prince of Mantoua to congratulate Philip's Successes But when he saw Philip look gruffly upon him and understood that he design'd to renew his Claim to all that he held of the Cremoneses and the Brescians he went from Millain in haste and enter'd into Alliance with the Florentines and Venetians For those two States were very timorous and took pains to draw over whom they could to their Party because Philip who loved Dominion had broken the League with them and not onely given Sarzana upon the River Magra to Thomas Fregoso whom he had expelled from his Principality lest he should join with the Bandittoes of Genoa against him but also had incited the Bolognians who were Allies of the Florentines to revolt and in order to it hired their Soldiers to fight under him nay he had got possession of Forli under colour of the non-age of Theobald or to gratifie the Prince of Ferrara whereas there was a proviso in the League that Philip should not meddle with Bologna and Romagna They feared likewise lest all would be carried by the power of the three mighty Princes to wit Philip Pope Martin and King Lewis whom they knew to be Confederates Whereas on the other side Philip laid all the fault upon the Venetians because they had endeavour'd to keep Pandulphus in the Government of Brescia and because the Florentines and Genoeses had assisted some of his Enemies with Money and Ammunition and had bought Legorne which he had lately Conquer'd of the Genoeses for an hundred thousand pounds These seeds of Discord might seem enough to raise a War at that time but nothing did more set on the Venetians than the Authority of Carmignola a person mightily famed for warlike Discipline as any of that Age. This person could not endure as he used to say himself the insolence of Philip and therefore came over to the Venetians and animating them to War promised to assist 'em with his utmost Whereupon these two States assisted by the Princes of Mantoua and Ferrara and going Partners in the charge of the War set out an Army of twelve thousand Horse and eight thousand Foot over whom Carmignola was General And then setting upon Philip from every quarter at once with Boats upon the River as well as Ships upon the Sea they were invited into the Town by the Guelphs of Brescia who were against Philip. And having seized some part of it they reduced it all into their own power within seven months Then Carmignola led them to take the Castles which belonged to Brescia when Pope Martin very much concerned for Philips misfortune sent the Cardinal of S. Crosses to the Venetians to mediate between them and Philip. But that did not succeed because the Venetians and Florentines made unreasonable Demands and so they began again mighty preparations for a War They fought thrice in that year first at Cotolengo a Castle of Brescia the second time at the upper part of Cremona in which two places they parted pretty equal and neither had the better on 't and the third time at Maclodio where Philip was defeated and Charles Malatesta the General taken This was so great an overthrow that if Carmignola would have kept the Soldiers that he took and have pursu'd 'em whilst they were in such a consternation it had been no great pains to have turn'd Philip out of his Principality Charles I told you was taken in that Battel but was sent away safe by the Prince of Mantoua his Kinsman But Carmignola employing the Army against the Towns belonging to the Brescians which had continu'd in their Allegiance to Philip he gave him time to breath upon it For he not onely made Peace with Amadens Duke of Savoy who lay hard upon him yielding him Vercelli but he instigated the Emperor Sigismund and Branorus Scala against the Venetians But Pope Martin seeing Philip in such dangerous Circumstances sent the Cardinal of S. Crosses again to make peace between him and the Venetians who staying at Ferrara till the several Embassadors of the Princes and Cities came with instructions he made a Peace upon these Conditions That the Venetians should keep Brescia and all the Towns belonging to the Brescians or Cremoneses which they had taken that Philip should surrender Bergamo and all that appertain'd to it to the Venetians and that he should not molest their Allies or those of the Florentines or perswade any of 'em to revolt Martin approved of this Peace for fear Philip should be quite turn'd out of his Dutchy For as he could not be his Friend though he loved him well upon the account of Religion so neither could he then especially because at that time the Church-Treasury had been exhausted for several years by the War against Brachius For when he went to Florence he found Brachius
his Men and drove Picenninus and the Mantuan who distrusted the Citizens fidelity quite out of the City within four days after he had taken it Then Philip that he might draw Francis from the Venetians by infesting the Florentines who had given him the same pay as the Venetians did sent Picenninus into Tuscany with six thousand Horse in the midst of Winter The Florentines seeing that sent presently for Piergianpaulo an excellent Commander and desired Eugenius that he would assist 'em according to the League by which he was bound to defend Tuscany and so were resolv'd to meet Picenninus But when they found that John Viteleschus had conspired with Philip though he were at that time Legate and General of the Church-Forces and that he would not prove a friend as he pretended when he came into Tuscany but an Enemy in the Head of six thousand Horse and would fight against the Florentines on Picenninus's side the Magistrates of Florence contrived by real or feigned Letters no matter which from Eugenius to have him kill'd by Anthony Ridius the Governour of Castel S. Angelo just as his Men were passing the Bridg. And so he was for he could not be aided by those that were gone over the Bridg and therefore was as it were alone because he brought up the Reer The Count Aversus who fought under the Patriarch having lost his General convey'd his Carriages along with his own to Roncillione But the Florentines being freed from so great a Terrour deal cunningly with Eugenius to let Lewis of Padua who succeeded Viteleschus muster up all the Church-Forces and come to their assistance This Lewis was a politick Man and it was supposed that by his means Viteleschus was taken off But Picenninus marching down into the Vale of Mugello kill'd and plunder'd all before him as far as Fiesole Then turning toward Castentino he by the assistance of Count Popio made many Towns revolt Thence going to Perugia he went quietly into the City and sent the Legat who was then Governour there to the Pope Eugenius upon a certain Message And in the mean time he took the Treasurer and alter'd the whole State of the City For he chose ten Citizens who had Power of life and death over all the rest But the Perugians fearing lest he should set up a Tyranny upon them they bargain'd with him to depart the City for fifty thousand pound He did so and went to Cortona hoping to take that place by treachery but the Plot was discover'd and the Conspirators either kill'd or banish'd upon which he march'd to Citta di Castello The Florentines also moved to Aughiera a Town in their Dominions to help their Countrymen if Picenninus should offer 'em any violence These things pass'd in Tuscany whilst Francis Sfortia conquer'd Philip's Navy at the Lago di Garda of which Italiano Furlano was Admiral and not onely raised the Siege from before Brescia and Bergamo but the same Summer vanquish'd Philip's Army at Soncino having taken one thousand five hundred Horse and in a short time took and subdu'd all the Castles of Brescia part of Cremona and Mantoua with all Gerradadua and made them tributary to the Venetians At that time the Prince of Mantoua lost Asola Lonato and Pescheria three Towns of a good bigness without opposition for when Picenninus was absent he never durst engage with an Enemy in the open Field But Picenninus hearing how the state of Affairs was alter'd in Venice and being sent for by many Messengers and Letters as well from Philip as the Prince of Mantoua as also being tired out with the importunities of the Soldiers who were most of 'em Natives of that part of Italy which is near the Alps he removed his Camp from Cita di Castello to Borgo di Sancto Sepolcro a Town in his Territories which lies over against Angliera with design either by compulsion or stratagem to fight the Florentines and the Pope's Army that lay as I told you near Angliera On the 29 of June S. Peter and S. Paul's day Picenninus set his Army in Array which took up a Plain of four thousand paces but was unfortunately forc'd to choose a disadvantageous place to fight in because he understood that the common Soldiers of the Enemy were gone a foraging and was not willing to lose the opportunity For he was to go up the side of an Hill and so his Enemies upon the higher ground easily kept him off Yet they fought five hours very smartly till at last Picenninus what with the multitude of his Enemies and the folly of his Son Francis who had forsaken his Post was overcome and retreated to Borgo with great damage and the loss of his Ensigns And the next day leaving Borgo in the hands of the Townsmen and some few of his Soldiers that survived the Battel he went back through Romagna to Philip. The Townsmen of Borgo fearing they might be hardly dealt withal because they had revolted from the Pope employ'd Agents to get their Pardon and surrender'd themselves to the Legat without loss of limbs or goods That Victory was very welcom both to Eugenius and the Florentines and they say Alonisius Patavinus was made a Cardinal for that reason The same Summer the Florentines beat Count Poppio who was Picenninus's Ally out of Tuscany But Philip who was environ'd with so many Enemies fought out for forein Aid and entreated Alphonso who had got possession of the Kingdom of Naples to storm all the Towns which the Sfortians had in that Kingdom to draw Francis Sfortia from the Venetians Alphonso comply'd with his request but never could recal Francis from the War that he was engaged in For he when a sufficient quantity of forage came in march'd from Pescheria to Brescia with fifteen thousand Horse and six thousand Foot and met Picenninus at Cignano with a design to fight him Picenninus was as willing to fight as he and though he had a less number of Men yet they were stout Fellows and he rely'd upon their Valour They fought briskly for some time and parted upon equal terms Francis thinking he had gotten honour enough in the Wars for that he had challenged his Enemy into the Field lead his Army round the Country and retook several Towns which Picenninus had taken that Winter and made them subject to the Venetians From thence he went to Martinengo which Picenninus had fortified with a strong Garrison and besieged it But when Picenninus had augmented his Army by the arrival of Francis his Son and the Prince of Mantoua he went thither and pitch'd his Camp a mile off the Enemy provoking him by Skirmishes to come and decide the matter in a set Battel but he not now desiring to fight the Enemy in the Field grew wholly intent upon taking the Town Picenninus therefore removed his Camp every day so much nearer the Enemy and put Francis in such dangerous circumstances that neither his Soldiers could forrage nor any
had promised him their assistance if he would pass the Alps against the Venetians attempted but in vain to make his way through Savoy with two thousand Horse and having spent most of the Summer in that Affair went another way to Savona and so to Francis Francis was so proud of the company of so great a King and was so well recruited both as to Men and Courage that he chased his Enemy into the Mountains of Brescia And after that march'd round Brescia and Bergamo where he took forty Towns partly by storm and partly by surrender But the Winter coming on they all went into their Winter Quarters and Renatus leaving his Son at Florence returned much dissatisfied both with the Florentines and Francis into France All Peoples courage began now to cool with the Season and the States and Princes finding their Treasuries almost exhausted with the continual charges of a War they began to think of Peace which Nicolas had formerly attempted and the Venetians and Florentines who hated the licentiousness of the common Soldiers were now mightily for it Nicolas having just discover'd the conspiracy of Stephen Porcarius a Knight of Rome neglected that Affair though it were in a fair way and apply'd himself to remove those civil Animosities For Stephen had more Courage than Power and was a very great Master of his Mother-Tongue and having made broad Signs that he would free his Country as I told you was banish'd by the Pope into Bologna upon condition that every day he should present himself to Nicen who was Governour of the City But he pretending himself sick cheated the Governour and by advise of the Conspirators went back to Rome in all haste with a Design as soon as he came thither to cry out Liberty to the People and seize upon the Pope and Cardinals But whilst he lay down a little while tired with the length of his Journey and much watching for he had been some whole Nights without sleep he gave them opportunity and time to discover the Plot. When the Pope knew of his audacious Design he presently sent James Lavagnolus a Senator a Veronese and Sub-Chamberlain with a Guard to take and put him into Prison He hearing of their coming fled to his Sisters House and left Baptista Sarra with a few Servants at his own who being an active bold Fellow got both himself and his Companions out of the House and escaped without any hurt But being inform'd whither Stephen was gone they took him at his Sisters where he lay hid in a Chest and having confess'd the whole story of the Plot they hang'd him under Castel S. Angelo Angelus Massa and his Son had the same punishment in the Capitol together with their Accomplice Savus having first read the Narrative of the Plot publickly January 9. 1453. After that he persecuted and destroy'd all the rest of the Conspirators especially Francis Gabadeus and Peter de Monterotundo with Baptista Sarra who was deliver'd up to Justice by the Venetians For to them had he fled after the Conspiracy was discover'd But Nicolas who hitherto had treated the Romans with all Liberality and kindness and went about the City with more freedom than ever any Pope before him was more cautious for the future and more morose too not onely to all in general but especially to the Romans whom he would not admit to speak with him Besides he had the Gout very severely but nothing tormented him so much as when he heard that the Turk had taken Constantinople and Pera at one time and that the Emperour of Constantinople with many thousands more was kill'd He was afraid lest Cardinal Ruten might have been taken and kill'd too whom he I told you sent thither but he escaped in a disguise The Pope had a mind to assist the Constantinopolitans with Soldiers and a Navy as his Letters which he wrote to the Emperour do testifie wherein among other misfortunes he blames them for their revolting from the Church and their pretended affection to the Latines but that City was taken so suddenly that he had hardly any time to think of sending Aid Besides all these things lest any thing should be lacking to torment him the Count Aversus attaqued Norscia without his Order being hired to do so by those of Spoleto for those two People had a Controversie concerning their Bounds Hereupon he sent Angelus Ronco with the Church-Forces to stop the Count's passage that he might not return to his own Towns But he hearing that Angelus was in the fault that the Soldiers did not take the Count as he came back he sent for him into Castel S. Angelo and put him to death at three of the Clock at Night Some write that Nicolas was very sorry for that Action that the Governour of the Castle should execute what he in passion commanded him so punctually The Venetians now seeing it was to no purpose to talk of Peace for they had often attempted it and fearing lest Francis should slight it by the persuasion of Lewis Gonzaga they sent James Picennine their General with a great body of Horse in all speed to Volta which when he had taken and repelled Angelus into Godio not without damage to Lewis who was then sick there they recalled him into his Winter-Quarters thinking that Lewis was now sufficiently moved to seek Peace In the mean time Simonetus an Ermit went up and down from one to the other and persuaded sometimes the Venetians and sometimes Francis to Concord so long till he made 'em agree upon a Peace which was publickly proclaimed April 9. 1454. upon these terms That every one should have all that was theirs before the War restored to 'em except Geradada and Gastiglione di Pescara of which the former Francis had taken from the Venetians and Alphonsus the later from the Florentines And to make it the stronger as also that Alphonso might see they had respect to him as a King the Princes and States thought fit to send Embassadours to him where when they arrived from all places Dominicus Capranius Cardinal of S. Crosses and great Penitentiary a Man of great Prudence and Authority who was sent Legat from the Pope by his exhortations and admonitions offering himself the Umpire for the Peace he brought him at last to agree that the Peace which the Venetians and Francis had made should be confirm'd and assented to by all Parties and if any quarrel happen'd between them for the future that the Pope should have Power to decide it as also that whoever should offer violence to the other should be censur'd by the Pope and reckon'd a common Enemy When therefore they had all taken an Oath to perform it the Peace was confirm'd at Naples about a year after the former Peace which was accounted the most firm that ever our Ancestors knew For all except the Genoeses joyn'd in it but Alphonso could not agree with them by any means because they promised him Tribute and did not pay
of Riches At any time of vacation from business he gave himself up wholly to delights and pleasures especially to Women whom he loved in excess but the Mistriss of his Affection was the fair Vanoccia a Roman Lady whom in the time of his private fortune and condition he kept and owned as a lawful Wife He was a great lover of Plays and Comedies and would be always a spectator of Shows and pleasant divertisements In his time he created 43 Cardinals of which 18 were Spaniards In the year 1500. he celebrated the Jubilee according to ancient customs giving Bulls and Indulgences for Sins to all those who personally visited the Church of Rome and to such also who being hindered by their occasions were made partakers of his bountiful remissions Thus he who could so easily pardon the sins of others must expect the final Sentence of him who is the just Judg and renders to every one according to his demerit PIVS III. ALEXANDER the Sixth being now deceased the Duke Valentino seized on all his Plate and Jewels and whatsoever was of value and fortified himself in the Vatican and Castle of S. Angelo with 12000 men supposing that he might be able by such a force to over-awe the Cardinals in their Suffrages and force them to elect such a person as was most acceptable to himself The Cardinals to avoid the awe of such a force assembled themselves in the Minerva which is a Convent in Rome but that place also was presently surrounded by a Band of Soldiers commanded by one Captain Coreglia by order of Borgia who himself at that time lay sick in bed The news of this restraint on the Cardinals put all Rome into an alarm and great confusion so that the Citizens shut their Shops chained up their Streets and took Arms in their hands all things seeming in that fear and dread as if Hannibal had been at the Gates of the City so that Coreglia finding himself in some danger gave way to the present necessity and setting fire to the Palace of the Orsini retired without doing other damage In the mean time the Cardinals having gathered a force of 4000 Foot resolved contrary to custom to suspend the Election until such time as the Cardinals resident in foreign parts beyond the Alps could convene in some other place where they might be more secure and free in their Voices Prospero Colonna coming then to Rome with Fabius Orsino the Son of him whom Borgia had put to death were by order of the Cardinals sent to Borgia to intreat him that he would be pleased to remain quiet and suffer the Election to proceed free and without disturbance The like request also the Embassadors of France and Spain made to him with which suffering himself to be persuaded he withdrew his force from Rome and departed thence in a Horse-litter being in a weak state and condition of health Howsoever his own Soldiers kept the Castle tho the Governor of it at the instance of Cardinal Bernardino Carvagiale promised to act every thing by the order and direction of the College In this manner the Vatican being cleared the Cardinals employed themselves nine days in performing the solemn Obsequies of the Pope during which time the French Army was persuaded also to quit the Town at the instance of the Cardinal of Rouen who had great interest with that Party So that all things being left free without appearance of any Commotion or Disorders during the Election the Cardinals entered into the Conclave to the number of 38 where the disagreement which at other times kept things in delay was now the cause that matters were put to a speedy issue and a new Pope created in a few days Cardinal Amboise the Arch-Bishop of Rouen being supported by the interest of France and the power of Borgia seemed to stand the fairest of any for the Election but the French Forces being withdrawn to engage the Spaniards in the Campagna of Rome the greatest tho not the best number of the Cardinals agreed in the Election and on the 21. day of September 1503. chose Francis Piccolomini Cardinal of Siena for their Pope who to renew the memory of Pius the Second his Uncle took upon him the name of Pius the Third and was solemnly Crowned on the 8th of October following the Sea having been vacant six months and three days Cesar Borgia who had during this Election remained with his Army at Nepe so soon as he received intelligence that the Pope was Created returned to Rome attended with 150 men at Arms with the like number of Horsemen and 800 Foot and having paid his Reverence and Obeysance to the Pope he returned his thanks to the College of Cardinals for having Elected a person so wise so religious and good and so worthy of the Papal Chair Borgia having performed this Ceremony took up his Lodgings in the Vatican where the Vrsini thirsty of Revenge assaulted him with armed force and he as valiantly defending himself many were killed on both sides and at length Borgia by order of the Pope was for his better security sent to the Castle of S. Angelo whence without license from the Pope he had not liberty to go abroad all his people forsaking him and lying where their fear or fortune led them These troubles to a person aged and sick as this Pope was hastned the accomplishment of his days so that he expired his last breath on the 18th of October 1503. being the 26th day after his Election not without some suspicion of Poison for having a sore Leg it was imagined that by the suggestion and contrivance of Pandolfo Petrucci the Tyrant of Siena some Poison being injected to the Wound he was thereby greatly afflicted and more speedily brought to his end being aged 74 years 5 months and 10 days He was afterwards buried in the Chappel of S. Andrew belonging to S. Peter's Church under a fair Monument of Marble near to the Sepulchre of his Uncle After which the Sea was vacant 14 days only JVLIVS II. THE Funeral Obsequies of Pope Pius being performed the very first night that the Cardinals entered into the Conclave being the 9th day of October Julian de la Rovere Bishop Cardinal of Ostia was Elected Pope with the common consent of 37 Suffrages all of them so unanimously concurring together that before his choice all reports fixed and concentred upon him and afterwards he gave himself the name of Julius the Second He was born in Savona within the Dominions of Genoua his Fathers name was Raphael the Brother of Sixtus the Fourth whose Pedigree we have already mentioned he had two Brothers Bartholomew who was a Frier of the Order of S. Francis Bishop of Ferrara and Patriarch of Antioch and John who was Prefect of Rome and Duke of Sora and Senegaglia and he himself from Bishop of Carpentras was at the same time with Peter Riario created Cardinal of S. Peter ad Vincula by the said Sixtus the Fourth Having obtained
in that friendly manner that his Servants and Dependants were glad to be so happily mistaken but this good Nature being forced and constrained did soon vanish and then his fierce and supercilious temper returning to its natural course all his actions were influenced with a spirit of Pride and haughty severity An instance of which he gave to the Steward of his House when he demanded of him in what manner he was pleased to be served his Answer was short saying as became a Prince His Coronation he ordered with more Pomp and Ceremony than was ever before practised and in all things he affected Magnificence and State and was no less indulgent to his Nephews than the most tender and fondest of the Popes Soon after his Coronation he ordered the first Consistory to be publick that he might with the greater State and Pomp give Audience to the Ambassadours of England who in the time of Pope Julius had been dispatched thence from Queen Mary and Philip her Husband The Ambassadours being introduced to his presence and prostrating themselves at his feet did one after the other for so the Pope would have it confess and acknowledg the faults and errors of the Kingdom of England in having strayed and deviated from the flock of Christ and the Sheepfold of the Church but now repenting and returning again did humbly beg Absolution and to be received into the bosom of the Church though by the obstinacy and perseverance in their Errors they had rendered themselves unworthy of such mercy and indulgence The Pope having for some time beheld these Ambassadours at his feet and contemplated their humble posture with some satisfaction of spirit raised them at length from the floor and embraced them with the tenderness of a Father testifying great satisfaction in the happy conversion of this Kingdom and because the Queen and King were the happy Instruments of this blessed and religious work in reward of so much Piety he confirmed their right and title to Ireland and by virtue of that Power which he had received from God to dispose of all Earthly Crowns he conferred on them that Kingdom dignifying them amongst their other Titles with that of King and Queen of Ireland Which piece of vanity though ridiculous to others was extreamly pleasing to the Pope who fancied himself in that Throne of Fools Paradise to which the Devil had in his Pride exalted himself when he tempted our Saviour with all the Kingdoms of the Earth But then afterwards in private Conference with the Ambassadours he blamed England for having but in part shewed their penitence for that whilst they retained any thing of the goods of the Church and did not make restitution to the utmost farthing a Curse would remain on the Kingdom and the people remain in a perpetual snare and danger of Damnation He farther told them That the sooner and the more readily they paid the Peter-pence for collection of which he had sent an Officer into England the more easily would the Gates of Heaven be opened to them for how could they expect that St. Peter should turn his Keys whilest they denied him those Fees which were the dues of his Office In fine the Ambassadours having behaved themselves with humility which was the onely means to procure the favour of this Pope they departed from Rome laden with Praises Honours and Graces from his Holiness and then attending to a full Reformation in England he purged the Universities of Oxford and Cambridg of those Tenents and Lectures which had been there taught by Peter Martir and Bucer and deprived Cranmer of his Arch-bishoprick of Canterbury Having thus obtained his pleasure and Designs over England he next endeavoured to gain an Ascendant over the Emperor and King of France both of which courted him to that Degree that he expected to have them both at his Service and Devotion but in regard it was impossible to entertain them both in the same equality of respect and dearness both Parties strained to outvy each other in Proposals of advantage which might give them admission to his favour in pursuance of which the Cardinal of Lorain who was well acquainted with the humour of the Pope publickly declared in a full Consistory that besides the many steps which the King of France had made in Obedience to the Papal Chair he did acknowledg that the Gallican Church had need of Reformation towards which he was ready to afford all the aid and assistance to the Pope that he was able and to act therein by such ways and methods as his Holiness should direct whether it were by sending his Prelats to the Council or by any other means that should be esteemed more proper and expedient The which so took with the Pope that France for that time gained a preeminence in his favour And yet notwithstanding this Pride and rudeness in his nature he did several things at the beginning to gratify and please the People of Rome which he performed by abating the Taxes and Imposts laid on Provisions and in other things acted with such obliging circumstances that the People in acknowledgment for such abundant favours erected a Statue of Marble for him in the Capitol He regulated the Manners of the Jews and retrenched that liberty and freedom they used and for the better distinction of them ordered them to wear yellow Hats He published several severe Decrees against such as denied the Divinity of Jesus Christ and that he died for the redemption of Mankind In short besides many good Laws and Acts which he ordained against corrupt and dissolute Manners which were grievous to the Clergy who were unaccustomed to a Severity He selected a hundred Citizens of the Gentry of Rome which he created Knights of the Faith to be a standing Life-Guard to the Popes He repealed several Decrees of Julius III. and imprisoned many of those who had been his Creatures and familiar Friends Amongst the Counsellours and Familiar Confidents which he entertained there was none who had at first had a greater share in his favour than Osio whom he declared Datary and chief Notary or Register of Petitions and created Bishop of Riete but he being of a rude and morose temper did always clash against the humour of the Pope which was hard and inflexible like his which therefore ill according together Osio was by the instigation also of the Pope's Relations who were always busie at his ear deprived of his favour and sent Prisoner to the Castle where he remained for the space of four years In the next place by a new Decree he retrieved all those goods and Ecclesiastical Revenues which had been alienated from the Church since the time of Julius II. to his days He reformed also the abuses which were crept into the Office of the Penitentiaries and regulated the Habit and Tables of the Clergy and refused to admit any into Benefices but such as had been approved for holiness of Life and severity of Manners Towards the three Conservators
the principal Legats By this addition the Council began to be numerous the Prelats onely amounting to the number of two hundred and eighteen which though much inferiour to Antient Councils were howsoever a greater appearance than any that had yet been known in Trent The favourers of the Roman Party looked on this increase as a recruit of Auxiliaries which were come in to reinforce their Enemies and therefore to redouble their vigilance and augment their force the Pope dispeeded all the Power he had of Cardinals and Bishops to the Council fearing that the Union which was formed between the Spaniards French and Germans would be too powerful for his Italian Adherents The 23d of November was the day when the Cardinal of Lorain made his first appearance in the Congregation when as a Prologue to all the rest the King's Letters were first read containing little more than to pray and exhort the Council in general terms that they would bend all their labours and endeavours towards a Reformation and to those means which might restore Peace and Unity in the Church The Letters being read the Cardinal in an elaborate and pathetical Speech began to relate the calamities which the Wars about Religion had caused in France desiring the Council that for a remedy thereof they would be pleased to be indulgent to the Protestants in condescending to their weak and tender Consciences so far as was consistent with the Doctrines of Faith and then declaiming against the corruptions which were crept into the Church he instantly desired that an inspection might be made into the many abuses of which the Clergy were guilty to whom he ingeniously applyed the History of the Prophet Jonas We said he are the cause of all these storms we that have departed and fled from the face of God cast us into the Seas and the tempest will abate This Discourse was seconded by the French Ambassadour du Ferrier much to the same purpose and then concluded thus If you ask me why France is not in Peace and what is the cause of all these divisions which thus miserably rend and tear out the bowels of that distressed Nation I must answer you in the same manner as Jehu did to Joram 2 Kings c. 9. v. 22. when he asked Is it peace Jehu How can it be peace so long as the whoredoms of thy mother Jezebel and her witchcrafts are so many In fine he frankly told them That in case they took not some course to reform the disorders in France all the bloud that was there spilt would be laid to their charge and though this plain dealing did infinitely displease the favourers of the Court of Rome yet they judged it seasonable to dissemble their Resentments fearing lest France in that doubtful state should make a total defection from the Sea of Rome And now it is curious and worthy our observation to consider that whilest the specious Proposal of Reformation was offered it was plausible and consented unto in general terms by every Party and Interest but when they descended to particulars and would apply the remedies to the respective abuses then there appeared a strange and prodigious diversity in their Opinions every one being willing to reform others but not himself or his Party easily observing the Moat in their Brothers Eye but not the Beam in their own The Court of Rome would gladly assent to a reformation of Princes and Bishops but not yield to any inspection which might be made into the corruptions of their Consistories or into the Power which they had usurped The Bishops could easily agree to a reformation of Manners in the Courts of the Pope and of their respective Princes but could not hear of having their Authority or Revenues retrenched The Kings and Princes instantly pressed to have a reformation of the Clergy both of the Head and of the Members but could not endure to hear of having their Regalia diminished or the Power of conferring and disposing Benefices according to their pleasure Wherefore it was impossible that all their different Interests could ever be reconciled or at the end concenter in a single Tertio or common agreement Wherefore being wearied with these Debates and finding out new Expedients which could never square with the form of such Dissenting Interests they again re-assumed the old and wearisom Debates about the being of Residencies and Episcopacy by Divine Right in which nothing of the former heats were abated The Bishop of Auranch declared positively that his Opinion was that Episcopacy was by Divine Right and that the Authority of the Pope differed not from that of an ordinary Bishop but onely in degree and was restrained within the limits of the Canons He farther applauded the Decrees of the Parliament of Paris which declared the abusive Bulls of the Pope to be void in their own nature and forbad to have them put into Execution and thus much said he the Power of my Master is able to verify and make good But the heats about Residencies began to abate it being made appear that if that Point were once gained it would not onely be an eclipse but a total ruin of the Papal Authority for if the Residence of Bishops were declared to be by Divine Right it would follow that the Pope thenceforth remains devested of all Power to transfer diminish divide or make any change or alteration in the Episcopal Seas All which though the Spaniards knew very well and that their aim was onely to advance their own Interest and Authority yet they would seem to maintain the contrary and that this Concession would serve to render the Papal Power more considerable and glorious In fine it was agreed to send this Point about Residencies to the Pope by the Bishop of Ventimille Thus was this whole year consumed in these Controversies the last day of December concluding with a Congregation at which it was resolved that the Session should be deferred for fifteen days At the beginning of this year 1563. the French proposed thirty four Articles in order to a Reformation the most part of which respected the Clergy tending to the correction of abuses in Ordinations and promotion of unworthy Persons both for their lives and knowledg to places of eminence and honour in the Church Some also related to the Court of Rome and to the retrenchment of its Revenue the exaction whereof was an agrievance to the People of France Other Articles forbad Plurality of Benefices and Moneys or rewards to be given for administration of the Sacraments It was also required that Divine Service might be rendred and performed in the French Tongue at least that the principal Prayers be pronounced both in the French and in the Latin Tongue That the Communion be delivered in both kinds That Bishops within their respective Dioceses have a jurisdiction over the Religious in Monasteries as well as over Seculars That all abuses be taken away in the superstitious worship of Images and the fond and vain
imaginations which Men conceive of Reliques Pilgrimages and Indulgences That the Doctrine and practice of Penance should be again renewed and established according to the custom of the Primitive Church All or most of which Articles were ungrateful to the Legats both for the substance of them and circumstances with which they were delivered the Ambassadours at the same time declaring that in case they were not granted such provisions would be made in France by a National Council as were agreeable to the State of their Affairs Howsoever the Legats seemed favourably to accept them and dispatched them to the Pope by the Bishops of Viterbo And now by this time the Pope was ready to make a return of the conclusions he had made in the Point about Residencies dispatched from Trent by the Bishop of Ventimille the matter of which though couched with great Art and in such ambiguous terms as might admit of various interpretations yet that artificial fraud could not pass on such subtil Heads who for their Learning and experience were chosen out of the wisest Men of Europe for they easily discovered the Pope's intent to advance himself above an Universal Council they could have been contented to have admitted him the Chief super Ecclesias Vniversas but not super Ecclesiam Vniversalem that is over all Churches in particular but not over the Universal Church as it was aggregated into one body in a General Council Hereupon great Contests arose the Pensioners of Rome produced in favour of the Pope's Authority a Canon made by the Council of Florence which having been received by the Spaniards gave them some trouble in what manner to make an Answer thereunto But the French who had never received the Articles of that Council for Canonical opposed the Councils of Constance and Basil against it which had determined that General Councils were superiour to the Pope but the Italians who maintained that the Council of Basil was Schismatical and that the Canons of Constance were partly received and partly rejected so heated their French Opponents that Reasons and Arguments being on both sides declined the Dispute ended with high words and reproaches of one against the other Which the Legats well observing and that there could be no good issue of such high Contests desired time to remit these matters to the Pope's Censures and so proceeded again to the Point about Residencies the which having already caused inextricable difficulties for the Pope's words did not please the Council the Cardinal of Lorain proposed something by way of Accommodation putting in some gentler terms which might serve the turn of both Parties but the Legats penetrating with their accustomary Acuteness into the words found that the sense would bear an Interpretation which might be expounded in favour of the Opinion that Residencies were constituted by Divine Right Wherefore slighting or laying aside the words which the Cardinal had projected they framed another according to their own humour and presented it to the Congregation the which so incensed the Cardinal of Lorain that from thence forward he began to deal plainly and express himself in free and high terms protesting that for the future he would meddle no farther for that he observed a secret Combination which in Cabinet Consults assumed to its self an Authority to dispose matters differing from the Sentiments of the General Council That the Legats sought nothing more than occasions to break up the Council in discontent That nothing was acted but according to the will of the Legats who moved by such measures only as they received from the Pope whose resolution in every thing they expected from Rome according to that old saying That the Holy Ghost was brought every week from Rome to Trent in the Courriers Portmantle That he for his part was resolved to have patience until the next Session at which if matters were not managed with more fair proceedings he was resolved to retire into France with his French Nation then at the Council where renouncing all farther applications to Rome or Trent they were resolved to assemble a National Council by which they would establish such a form of Concordat as should be agreeable to the present state of their Country and which might secure the safety of the King and the quiet of his People To the same purpose the French Ambassadour expressed himself at Rome but the Pope who had been long used to such kind of Menaces and a noise about National Councils little regarded their Censures or Threats but briskly answered That the Council was free even to a licentiousness that if there were Parties and Factions they were unknown to him and were only made by the Vltramontane Bishops whose design was to trample on the Authority of the Papal Chair And in this manner such distractions and Disputes arose at Trent occasioned by the Power and Interest which the Cardinal of Lorain had there with the greatest part of the Clergy that the Congregations were for some time suspended until the Cardinal of Ventimille returned from Rome freighted with abundance of Complements and Salutes and especially with supplies of Mony for the Pope's Pensioners and then the Congregations being again commenced and with them the Discords renewed it was agreed that the next Session should be deferred until the 22th of April which was presently after Easter The Cardinal of Lorain though he seemed outwardly to consent hereunto with some reluctancy and onely in compliance with the rest of the Council yet in reality he was well enough pleased hoping that a short time would put an end to the life of this Pope who was very aged and infirm when he imagined that his Greatness and Authority would be very instrumental in promoting such a Person to the Papacy as would be facil and easie in granting every thing agreeable to his desires And now to allay a little the heats about the Divine Right of Episcopacy and Residencies the Council diverted their thoughts and Discourse to eight several Points relating to Marriage During which time and the Interval between that and the next Session the Cardinal of Lorain took the opportunity to visit the Emperor's Court at Inspruck which administred great cause of jealousie to the Pope who not onely observed the Cardinal's dissaffection from his proceedings in the Council but likewise from his Letter wherein complaining of the many Factions and Intrigues which his Italian Bishops had caused he concludes that if matters were carried on with the same Measures there would remain nothing more for him either to consider or act than onely to pray unto God to direct the Council with his Holy Inspiration The Cardinal of Lorain being arrived at Inspruck where he remained five days had frequent Conferences with the Emperor and his Son the King of the Romans touching the many disorders and corruptions of the Council at Trent as also of the means how and in what manner the Cup might be restored to the Laiety how Marriage might be granted and dispensed
to leave the disposal of the Conquests to his own pleasure and the Crown of Naples to his Nephews But Vrban looking on these Propositions as more specious than easie absolutely refused them and in despight of all the applications and addresses made by several Princes in favour of Parma the Duke was declared to have incurred the greater Excommunication and in vertue thereof to be deprived of his Dominions and Fiefs and of the Dignity he held of the Holy Sea and condemned in all charges done or to be done in pursuance of which Sentence his Palaces and Goods in Rome were exposed to sale and Castro taken into the possession of the Camera though not annexed to the Popedom by vertue of the rigorous Bull ordained by Pius Quintus which forbids all alienations of Lands or Goods which were once united to the Papal Chair The Princes were highly moved to find all their intercessions and instances so little esteemed by the Barberins and much more alarm'd when they understood that the Pope demanded passage for his Army through the Dominions of Modena against Parma and Piacenza which being places unprovided for War and the Duke of Modena not having force to resist the powerful Army of the Pope consisting of eighteen or nineteen thousand Men consented to grant a passage provided That there should be six days before the Army moved and that in other four it should have passed his Confines The Venetians and the Grand Duke who were averse to Arms and not inclined to use them but as their last remedy yet not being willing that the Duke should perish or the Barberins be accustomed to the happy issue of their Counsels sent a supply of seventy thousand Crowns to Parma which gave courage to the Soldiery and credit to the cause amongst the Subjects who thence conceived some hopes of greater succours In the mean time all the Offices and warm instances imaginable of mediation were employed at Rome by the Ministers of Venice and Florence which produced nothing but uncertain and ambiguous answers and to the Ambassadour of France it was plainly declared that a suspension of Arms should be granted when promises and assurances should be given by the Duke's Friends that he should testifie due respect and obedience to the Ecclesiastical State and that no words or instances should be made for the restitution of Castro which by reason of the Debt to the Montists and the charge of the War was already forfeited to the Camera and condemned thereby But such Answers as these not satisfying the Princes the Venetians resolved to send three thousand Foot and three hundred Horse to joyn with two thousand Men sent by the Grand Duke to oppose the march of the Pope's Army into the State of Parma The news of these Forces and their march and the rumour of Treaties and Leagues forming in favour of Parma greatly perplexed the Barberins because that their Army which was composed of new Men and which expected to enter the Country of Parma as to an easie and secure Triumph was so terrified with the noise of an Enemy marching to oppose them that they ran away in full Troops so that their numbers were very much diminished in a short time Vrban growing sensible of the opposition which was making against the farther progress of his Arms by the Neighbouring Princes did voluntarily and of his own accord offer to the French Ambassadour a suspension of Arms for fifteen days During this cessation the Venetians the Grand Duke and the Duke of Modena entered into a League to assist and give succours to the Duke of Parma as occasion should require who being encouraged by such Seconds entered boldly into the Eccleâ—â—astâ—cal State with three thousand Horse without Foot or Cannon or other preparations for defence of his Camp which was looked upon as so rash and inconsiderate an attempt that the other Confederates gave those Troops over for lost and destroyed But Duke Edward entering resolutely into the Bolognese strook such terrour into the people and the Army of the Pope that all was in a moment seen in confusion and disorder for the Prefect retired flying into Ferrara the Soldiers quitted their Quarters the Authority threats or intreaties of the Officers prevailing nothing against their cowardise and fears Thus without bloud and without a Battel Edward prevailed and became Master of the Field which is a passage the more memorable because that in an Enemies Country nothing could have been more done by an Army never so powerful For Bologna it self a great and populous City sent Letters to him full of respect the Governour of Smola sent the Keyes of the Town to meet him Faenza opened its Gates and the Governour descended from the Walls to meet and pacifie him Furli seemed as if it would make some resistance but soon surrendred at discretion where he lodged only for one whole day to refresh his Soldiers wearied with their march and incommoded with the Rains Upon these successes the fear and terrour which possessed the minds of the people at Rome is not to be expressed for that City being composed of a cowardly sort of Inhabitants such as Priests who are unaccustomed to danger and Strangers who are pleased with Reports and Novelties seemed distracted by various affectations for some feared plunder others desired disorder and all reproached the Government During these troubles and distractions Guards were placed in the streets and the command of them given to several Prelates Soldiers were levied in all places and the Coach-Horses in Rome seised to mount the Soldiers The Prefect also was recalled to Court and great murmurings against him for having shewn as much baseness in danger as he exercised Avarice in the Government in his place Cardinal Antonio was sent but Cardinal Francisco attended to the Arts of Negotiation intending with hopes of Peace to amuse the Duke and frustrate the League Cardinal Antonio made his head quarters at Viterbo whilest the Duke of Parma was at Aqua Pendente and the Cardinal having put considerable Garrisons into the Towns advanced with seven thousand Foot and two thousand Horse to Montefiascone intending to streighten the Duke in his quarters and obstruct his passage into the State of Castro But the Duke mounting on Horseback and making a shew as if he would advance towards him though much inferiour to the Enemy in force yet the Cardinal retired and would not stand the shock chusing rather to overcome with Prudence than run the hazard of Fortune So that now the month of October being come and the Rains having fallen in great abundance the approach of the Winter seemed a season more proper for Treaty than for War In the management of which Cardinal Barberino laying more stress on tricks and delusions than on the substantial points of solid Reason in Treaties dispatched the Abbat de Bagni to the Great Duke at Florence with Proposals That absolution of the Censures should be given to Edward with the forms contained in the
the success soon quieted their minds and the Great Duke to shew a confidence in his people put Arms into their hands which had not been accustomary for many years past Thus did matters pass with various successes but most commonly in favour of the Confederates until the season proper for action ended when the Winter approaching the Treaties interrupted by the War were again reassumed And indeed Vrban discovered not only an inclination but a desire of Peace for being burthened with years and weary of the cares which War carries with it was desirous to end his days in calmness and quiet and though his Nephews endeavoured to disguise matters which were the most tragical and sad yet the clamours of the people which had suffered under the devastations and pressures of War had come to his Ears wherefore he consented to a Treaty with the restitution of Castro entreating the Cardinal Bichi who was sent by the Court of France for the Office of Mediation to hasten the Peace that the short residue of his life might terminate in quietness The Congregation of State erected purposely for direction of the Military Affairs concurred in their desires with the Pope to which Cardinal Barberin though much against his will was forced to condescend knowing that with the restitution of Castro a dishonourable Peace was to be the consequence of an unhappy War With these dispositions towards a Peace Cardinal Bichi departed from Rome and in his way to Venice passed through Florence where in Discourse he understood from the Great Duke that saving his own Rights and Interests the Confederates would be satisfied with the full restoration of the Duke of Parma The Cardinal being arrived at Venice was followed by the Dukes of Modena and Parma Gondi and Testi were already there debating with Nani and Gussoni whom the Senate had deputed for that purpose It was now the beginning of the year 1644. when the Cardinal Bichi proposed That Absolution and Pardon should be demanded by France for Duke Edward and that Castro should be restored to him and that the rights of the Montists should remain as before and that the Confederates should restore that which they possessed belonging to the Church And to take off the diffidence which the Confederates conceived of non-performance of Articles by the Barberins he proposed the word of France for Guarantie upon declaration and promise that their Arms should be employed against him that should fail in execution of the Agreement Vrban falling extreamly sick whilst matters were in Treaty Bichi hastned the conclusion considering that his death would cause great alteration in the Treaty and as a preparation thereunto proposed a cessation of Arms to which the Confederates assented being sensible that such an accident could not happen without great revolutions in the Dominions of the Church and that with the death of the Pope the Authority of the Nephews ceasing those motives would vanish which had been the Original and cause of the War but the Pope's recovery altered all those Counsels which were contrived in case of his death and induced them to hasten a conclusion of the Peace The Articles therefore proposed by the Cardinal being debated in several Assemblies were at last concluded and agreed and subscribed at Venice by Cardinal Bichi for France by Giovanni Nani for Venice by Battista Gondi for the Great Duke and by the Marquis Fassoni for Modena and though the Duke of Parma refused to subscribe upon certain difficulties he made yet being over-ruled by the Confederates he was forced to concur The Cardinal with this Agreement posted in all hast to Rome being entertained in all places of the Ecclesiastical State with the Acclamations and Prayers of the People longing for Peace The Articles subscribed by the Confederates began with a Preamble and Declaration That they had entered into this War with no other Design than for the restoration of Prince Edward reserving in all other matters their most constant Obedience to the Pope and the Holy See That all acts of Hostility be suspended and that the Confederate Princes withdraw their Forces into their own Dominions That all Fortifications raised during this present War shall be demolished on one side and the other To the Persons and Places which had served or rendred themselves to any other Party Pardon was granted Prisoners were set at liberty the Religious Persons who had withdrawn themselves were permitted to return and the Sequestration was taken off from the Rents of the Knights of Malta and all Rights were clearly reserved to the Parties as aforesaid For execution of all which Hostages were given to the French King and the King for satisfaction of both Parties declared that he having become Guarantie for the Peace his Arms should be employed against those who observed not the Articles and in favour of those who executed the Accord Thus Castro was rendered and the Accord on all sides executed and Peace ensued to the satisfaction of the Pope and quiet of Italy but Vrban did not long enjoy the happiness of this Peace for being entered into the seventy seventh year of his age he died on the 29th of July in the year 1644. having reigned twenty one years wanting eight days He was certainly a Person of high prudence generosity and fit for Business in his youth he was esteemed a great Poet and excellently well versed in all the Books of Antient Poesie He was very munificent in his publick Buildings and in his own private Concernments he was no less splendid having in his life-time erected a stately Monument for himself in a corner of St. Peter's Church near the Sepulchre of Paul III. and adorned it with pillars of Marbles according to the contrivance and direction of Cavalier Bernini with this Inscription Vrbani VIII Barberini Florent Pont. Max. In Vaticano Tumulum Excitavit Ornavit Johannes Laurentius Berninus Eques His greatest fault was Nepotisme or too great a fondness for his Nephews and indulgence to his whole Family which he was resolved to make Rich and Great and indeed he had opportunity so to do in the long time of his Pontificate having reigned almost twenty one years during which at nine several Creations he made seventy four Cardinals of which number of seventy four three were his own Nephews viz. Francisco Barberino Antonio Barberino the Capuchin commonly known by the name of Cardinal Barberino to distinguish him from the other Cardinal Antonio the younger Brother of Cardinal Francisco who was Prior of the Order of Jerusalem and a Knight of the Great Cross of Malta and made General of the Ecclesiastical Army in the place of Taddeo Barberino the Prefect who for his cowardise and ill success was recalled from that Charge INNOCENT X. URBAN VIII having as is said breathed his last on the 29th of July the Cardinals then residing in Rome to the number of thirty nine assembled at a Congregation in order to dispose and settle matters for the more quiet and
Bread unless supplied from Sicily or other parts The Barberins did now believe that this Pope being sensible of the many Obligations he had to their Uncle Vrban VIII whose Creature he had been and to themselves for his advancement to the Papal Dignity would have protected and defended the greatness and Riches they had gained during the long Pontificate of Vrban but his respects to them being changed with his condition made it soon appear that Services to Princes are acceptable when they can be requited but when the Obligations grow immense and the Debt too great the sense of inability to make due returns changes kindness into hatred Beneficia eousque laeâ— dum videntur exsolvi posse ubi multum ante venêre pro gratiâ odium redditur Tacitus lib. For so it fared with the Barberins For whilest matters were preparing for Coronation of the Pope the Ambassadours from Christian Kings demanded the place of precedency at that Ceremony before Taddeo Barberini Prefect of Rome for though in the time of Vrban that place was granted to him in quality of a Prince for the relation he had to the Pope his Uncle which now expiring the sole Office of Prefect could not entitle him to a precedency before Ambassadours The Marquis of St. Chamont Ambassadour of France appeared most vigorously against the Prefect and was seconded by the Emperour 's and the King of Spains Ambassadours who by several memorials given to the Pope did protest that they would be present at the Solemnity of the Coronation and possess their due rank and place which belonged to them and if his Holiness should think fit to restrain them by force from giving their attendance there they would counsel their Masters to recal them and never send others to perform the Embassies of Obedience For answer hereunto the Pope made no great matter of hesitation or doubt but immediately determined in favour of the Ambassadours Though this indifference and coldness of the Pope to the Barberins was a great mortification to them yet they were more sensibly touched so soon as Cardinal Antonio was informed by the French Ambassadour how ill his matter was satisfied with the late actions of his Family in resentment of which he had Orders to require from him the Commission which constituted him Protectour of the French Nation and consequently to take down the Arms of France from the Portal of his Gate declaring that his unfaithfulness to his Majesty was the cause of his displeasure for that in the late Conclave he had been an active Instrument in the promotion of Pamfilio to the Papal Dignity whom he knew to be an Enemy to him and entirely dedicated to the interest of Spain The two Cardinals Barberins finding themselves thus abandoned by France made their supplications to the Ambassadours of Spain for protection but here also they found their way obstructed by the Cardinal de Medicis who gave the Cardinal Albornos and the Spanish Ambassadour to understand that both he and his Nephew the Grand Duke should be forced to abandon the Interest and Service of Spain in case they should think fit to espouse the quarrel of the Barberins and receive them into the protection of the Catholick King And thus being forsaken by these two powerful Crowns they were desirous to cast themselves into the Arms of the Pope as their last refuge and Sanctuary to gain which they proposed a Marriage between the Daughter of the Prefect and Don Camillo the Son of Donna Olympia offering to give her in Dowry all the Lands of Montelibreto which they had purchased from the Vrsini for a million of Livers together with a Revenue of thirty thousand Crowns of yearly Pension to be raised out of the Benefices which they held from the Church besides such a sum of ready Money as his Holiness should reasonably require And though Donna Olympia was well enough pleased with these Propositions yet the Project was crossed by the French Ambassadour who having represented unto the Pope the ill satisfaction his Master would receive from this Alliance quite broke off the Match the Pope declaring that he had too much consideration for his Majesty to be overborn by any Interest which might be displeasing or inconsistent with that of France and farther to take of all suspition and jealousies of this Match and to put it almost into a state of impossibility he created Don Camillo Cardinal to the great trouble and disappointment of the Barberins who being now without Friends or protection remained exposed to the scorn and injury of the People and to the covetous desires of the Pope who now casting off all considerations to the Family of the Barberins in despight of the Obligations he had to them sought for a pretence or colour to seize thâ—â—r Estates and enrich his own Family The Barberins esteeming their condition desperate unless they could regain the Protection and favour of France adventured to try their antient Friend Cardinal Mazarine to whom they dispatched a Courier Express with a Letter representing their case to the Court of France The Cardinal who was a dexterous Minister and soon hit that point of Interest which concerned his Master did with a most quick and piercing judgment consider that the Court of Rome was then for the most part composed of a Faction entirely devoted to the House of Austria and the Grand Duke and of which the Pope himself was Chief and that to counterpoise so prevailing a Party it might be adviseable to support and make use of the Barberins who having still some Confidents and Adherenrs of their own might be able upon the credit of France to keep the Cardinal Pamfilio formerly Don Camillo the Spaniards and Florentines within some tolerable terms of modesty and moderation This Proposal being debated in the Council of France was judged reasonable and agreed that the Barberins should be received into Protection and favour provided that as pledges of their future Fidelity they should oblige themselves to purchase Lands and Demesnes within the Dominions of France The unexpected news of the restoration of the Barberins to the favour of the French King was strangely surprizing at Rome and much changed the Scene of Affairs for the Commonalty converting their hatred into compassion did much lament the persecutions which the Barberins undeservedly sustained but the Pope and his Party being highly incensed against Cardinal Mazarine by whose sole contrivance a Pardon was granted to the Barberins laboured underhand with the Duke of Orleans against him moving him by a thousand ill suggestions to destroy the Cardinal and for his encouragement and reward promised to advance his Confident the Abbat de la Riviere to the degree of Cardinal but all these Artifices produced little effect for Cardinal Antonio without taking leave of the Pope secretly departing from Rome arrived at Paris where casting himself at the feet of the King was upon his submission received to Pardon and favour And now the restoration of the Barberins
but finding that by the Articles of this hasty Peace a great part of the Ecclesiastical Revenue was remitted and many Benefices of the Church abandoned to the disposal and possession of Enemies to the Roman Sea did in a solemn manner protest against this Peace remonstrating all the damages and losses which did thereby accrue to the Apostolical Chair And so well and with such Art did Chigi manage this and other Affairs that at his return to Rome he was promoted by this Pope to the degree of Cardinal and afterwards had the good fortune to succeed him in the Papal Throne At Osnaburgh almost at the same time was the agreement of the German Peace concluded without the intervention of the Spaniards by which means the Swedes gained the French Assent to the Capitulations but the Princes and Free-States of the Empire having little to ask besides the exercise of their Religion rested satisfied with the enjoyment thereof and liberty of Conscience to serve God after their own fashion which so angred Chigi the Nuntio that he tore the papers about the Peace resolving never more to interpose therein During these transactions abroad the Pope continued in his persecutions against the Barberins to the utmost severity and yet being in conversation with Cardinal Barberin he would with much tenderness weep and lament the unhappy fate of their House terming his tears effects of compassion which he had always ready to vent which others called tears of joy to see the poor Cardinal at his feet reduced by him to the utmost extremity of Fortune All which ill treatment was against the former pretensions and Promises of the Pope who had given faithful assurances to the Marquis de Fontenay Ambassadour of France that in case this Cardinal would return to Rome so as that he might have one hours discourse with him he would forget and pardon all the late quarrels and would enter into as strict Friendship with him and his Family as he had ever entertained with them before he was Pope but contrary to this faith given the Cardinal was entertained with all the contempt and scorn imaginable notwithstanding that France had declared it self engaged in the quarrel and resented all the Affronts given to that House in the same manner as offered to their own natural Subjects or to any Family of highest quality and esteem with that Court. Notwithstanding which it had been the ultimate consummation of all the joys which could have happened to the Pope could he have onely allured the Cardinal Antonio by promises and persuasions to Rome for then in despight of all his Vows and Engagements he would have sacrificed his Family his Reputation and his very triple Crown in satisfaction of his Revenge and for destruction of that person whom Cardinal Mazarine excepted he hated above all things in the World Never was the Interest of France in that low ebb in Rome as it was in this year when the Civil Wars and distractions of that Kingdom rendered its Power less formidable abroad And so the Pope presuming on the ill state of those Affairs little esteemed the character of Ambassadour which the Bailly of Valency maintained at Rome for the Crown of France suffering him to receive many Affronts from his Soldiers without redress or satisfaction for which cause the Ambassadour retired to Tivoli whilest the Pope contrived to dispossess him of the Palace of the Barberins which he inhabited at Rome telling the Ambassadour of Venice that whensoever a reconciliation should be made between him and France the first Article should be that the French Ambassadour should quit that Palace The Bailly of Valency being sensible of all these matters made his complaints to the King his Master upon which he received Orders to expose and lay before the Pope all the ill usage and scornful treatment which his Majesty had received from him since his assumption to the Papal Chair and accordingly being admitted to Audience he represented That all those Cardinals whom Lewis XIII his Father of glorious memory had gained to his Party and allied by his friendship were now become the only mortal Enemies of his Holiness some of which he had exiled from Rome and others whom he had permitted to remain in the City he had rendered so uneasie in their Habitations that banishment was much more desireable than the liberty he gave them to reside and breath within the precincts and air of his Court. Witness the Cardinals Brichi Grimaldi Antonio and Mazarine all which received such daily affronts and discountenances for devoting themselves to the Crown of France that it was a capital crime so much as to own a concernment for that Party That he had made Medicis the Protectour of Spain but Barberin retained no more than a shadow of it for France In short he omitted no instances whereby he might make known the injustices done to the House of Barberin and the Affronts offered to the King and particularly by the succours given to Naples and Portolongone to the prejudice of France But the Pope returned no solid Answer hereunto but broke out into passion and a hundred exclamations which after his manner he accompanied with tears and in fine complained of the Cardinals devoted to the French Interest to be persons in whom he could not confide nor receive satisfaction in their Society or correspondence The Pope being in this manner disturbed and tormented with the continual importunities of the French in behalf of the Barberins entered into consultation with his most intimate Confidents of the Spanish Faction concerning the means whereby he might ease himself and throw off these daily vexations This matter being considered an Expedient was projected to draw off the Barberins totally from the French Interest and having joined them by the Pamfilian and Spanish Party the Faction of France would be inconsiderable in the Conclave and to give a beginning hereunto the Pope would often smile and cast a gratious Eye on Cardinal Barberin so often as he saw him in the Consistory seeming as it were to entertain some thoughts of entire reconciliation with his Family The Spaniards also to instil this Opinion and make it to be swallowed more glibly down offered some advantageous Propositions of Marriage for the Princess Palestrina with a considerable Person of their Country not that the Spaniards had any such real intentions but onely by this Overture to give occasion unto Barberin to write unto Cardinal Mazarine and Cardinal Antonio giving them to understand that since the Spaniards had offered a convenient Match for his Niece it was not reasonable to neglect that Proposal unless they resolved to provide more honourably for her in France where she was deposited as a Pawn for the fidelity of her Family with the Queen Regent The Ambassadour at Rome observing by these passages that Barberin was staggering in his adherence to the French Interest signified his thoughts thereupon to the Count de Brienne principal Secretary advising it as absolutely necessary
give a Bull of Jus Patronatus Perpetui to the House of Este of the Abby of Pomposa and Bondeno to which the Popes shall never pretend Right or Title That the Cardinal Nephew shall be sent Legat into France where at his first publick Audience with the King he shall repeat these very words That his Holiness is extreamly sorry for the late barbarous outrage committed against the Person of the Duke of Crequi his Majesties Ambassadour in which matter he prays his Majesty to believe that neither he nor any of his Family was concerned or was culpable the truth of which he shall Attest unto his Majesty with all the assurances of respect and reverence for the Person of his Majesty That Cardinal Imperiale be dispeeded into France to justifie himself in regard his Majesty is pleased to grant him liberty so to do and will accept of his submission That his Holiness shall restore Cardinal Maldachino to his pristine State and condition and free him of all damage and interest and for better security shall send a Brief to the King of such Tenour That so soon as the Ratification of this Treaty shall arrive at Rome Don Mario shall immediately depart from thence and shall by a Writing under his hand and upon the faith of a Gentleman declare that he was no ways concerned in the late Riot of the Corsi the which shall be confirmed by a Brief of the Pope avouching and giving assurance of his innocence of that Fact And that he shall not return to Rome until such time that his justification being carried to the King by the hand of the Legate his Majesty shall declare his pleasure therein That Don Augustino shall upon approach of the Duke of Crequi to Rome go forth to meet him as far as St. Quirico in case he comes by way of Toscany if by Sea then he shall meet him at Civita-vecchia if by Romagna then at Narni and shall there make known to him the great trouble which the Pope hath conceived for the late accident That Donna Beronice and the Princess Farnese shall go and meet the Lady Ambassadress as far as Ponte Molle where they shall both testifie the extraordinary sorrow they conceived for the late misfortune which caused her departure and the joy they have for her return and happy understanding of all matters That his Holiness shall in a most effectual manner instruct his Ministers to make known unto the Ambassadour the high esteem he hath for a personage of his Quality who represents the Person of so great a King who is eldest Son of the Church That the Duke of Cesarini shall be restored to the possession and enjoyment of his Goods and Estate That the like shall be observed and practised towards all Persons who have had any concernment in the late matter That the whole Nation of the Corsi shall be declared uncapable to serve not onely in Rome but in any other part of the Ecclesiastical State And that the Captain of the Guards in Rome shall be cashiered from his Office That a Pyramid shall be erected in Rome over against the place where the Corsi held their Corps of Guard with an Inscription declaring the Crime for which they were banished from the Ecclesiastical State That so soon as the Cardinal-Legat should arrive at Paris and the former particulars were accomplished that then the King would again restore Avignon to the Pope It being agreed that neither any of the Inhabitants Strangers or Sojourners there living shall be troubled or questioned for any thing they said or acted in in the revolt of that City which happened on the twentieth of August 1662. or for any thing which passed on this occasion from that time until the day that his Majesty restored it to the Pope These Particulars thus agreed and signed by the Plenipotentiaries were sent to Rome and Paris to be ratified and confirmed and in the mean time the Pope laboured to excuse the banishment of Don Mario and the sending of Cardinal Chigi in quality of his Legat into France but neither the one nor the other would be dispensed with Wherefore Don Mario retired to Sora in the Kingdom of Naples and Cardinal Chigi began his Journey with a noble Equipage and Attendance of Prelates and Gentlemen amongst which was Monsignor Colonna appointed to reside at Avignon in quality of Legat for the Pope The Cardinal being entered into France was received in all places with great honour and splendid entertainment and being conducted to Fontainbleau where the Court then resided he had his first Audience with the King all things passing to the mutual satisfaction of both Parties Some days after Cardinal Imperiale arrived at Paris to accomplish another Article of the Treaty where having justified himself according to agreement the King accepted his submission and returned him with testimonials signifying the entire satisfaction he received by his Address The other Points in the Articles being to be executed at Rome by the Duke of Crequi the Cardinals d' Este and Maldachino arrived there and were received by the Pope and the Court according to the formalities agreed And the Duke being likewise mollified by the Addresses which the Queen of Sweden made to him as also by the Application made to him by the Cardinals Corrado and Azzolino who always spake loud and boldly against the French all Animosities were appeased and these troubles ended which had administred great vexation and unquietness to the spirit of the Pope during three years that they had continued The Controversies of France being thus happily composed Don Mario had licence to return again to Rome and the Pope had time to inspect the turbulencies in Spain which were growing into dangerous consequences upon Disputes raised concerning the Immaculate conception of the Blessed Virgin The Dominicans violently maintained the contrary Tenent in opposition to the Jesuits in which the Disciples of both sides became so concerned that what could not be determined by a Moderator in the Schools was in danger to be decided in the Fields or Streets by the Sword To prevent which the King sent the Bishop of Piacenza to the Pope desiring his Sentence and determination of the question as being the Oracle to whom they were to have recourse for solution in all difficulties of this nature The Pope who was a great Favourer of the Jesuits and their Doctrines consulted the question with such who were inclined to that Opinion and after some days consideration he determined for the Immaculate Conception which though he would not enter or enumerate amongst the Doctrines of Faith yet he published a Bull denouncing several Penalties and Censures against those who should either publickly or privately maintain the contrary And in the same year he canonized Francis Sales Bishop and Prince of Geneva who by his Treatise called an Introduction to a Holy Life hath given sufficient testimony of a devout and spiritual Soul This year also the Sorbonists at Paris undertook to
produced for those Cities and Fortresses which in other times had valiantly stood out for many months against the Sieges and storms of their Enemies did now shamefully yield so soon as they discovered the French Banners displayed before their Walls To this success the surprise of the action did much contribute for had the King deferred this enterprise until the Summer 't is more than probable that he might have encountred a greater opposition by the union of the German Princes who in a season fit for Armies to take the Field would scarce have suffered so considerable a part as the Franch Compte to be lopped off and dismembred from the Body of the Empire This sudden and unexpected success begat a jealousie in the neighbouring Princes and was the first moving Cause which gave beginning to the Triple League between England the Vnited Provinces and Sweden leaving a door open to other Princes to be comprehended as they should see cause in the same Agreement This Sacred Alliance became the common discourse of all Europe and many happy effects were expected as consequences thereof In which conjuncture our Clement IX renewing his former sollicitations for Peace procured a suspension of Arms and though he desired that Rome or Venice should be the places appointed for this Treaty yet Aquisgrane being esteemed a place more convenient for the Electoral Princes who were much concerned in this Accommodation it was by common consent ordained for the onely place of Treaty And now France at the instant pressures of so many powerful Princes inclining to hearken unto Propositions of Peace and the King calling to remembrance his Articles with the King of Portugal not to make a Peace with Spain in exclusion of him he immediately sent his Advices to Lisbon advising that King to dispatch his Plenipotentiary to Aquisgrane which was appointed for the place of Treaty This intimation being given to the Court of Portugal the Count Olivarez Son of the late Favourite being then a Prisoner at Lisbon taken at the Battel of Canal began to propose several Conditions in order to a Peace for which afterwards receiving a Commission from Madrid a Treaty was separately set on foot without concerning France in it At this time the Earl of Sandwich resided at the Court of Spain in quality of Ambassadour from his Majesty of Great Britain a Person so well affected by both Courts that by mutual consent of both Parties he was in the place of the King his Master chosen Umpire of the Peace between the two Kingdoms This Overture being acceptable to our gratious King he sent his Orders and Instructions to the Earl of Sandwich to remove from Madrid to Lisbon there to be Arbitrator of the Peace and in order thereunto to perform all the good Offices of Mediation The Plenipotentiaries being accordingly assembled at Lisbon after some few Conferences between the Earl of Sandwich and Count Olivarez a Peace was concluded and published in the month of March without any respect or consideration to the agreement contracted the year before with France or the endeavours of the Abbat of St. Romain to the contrary And indeed the People were grown so weary of a War which had continued for the space of twenty eight years that they were ready to have broken out into a common mutiny had the least interruption been given thereunto the Commonalty scarce tempering their rage against the French Minister for labouring to disappoint that happiness they had so long desired Some few days after the Peace was proclaimed a Sentence of Divorce declaring the Marriage void between the King Alphonso and the Queen was published grounded on the suppos'd impotency of the King her Husband whereby the Matrimonial knot was dissolved and both Parties freed and stated in a lawful separation with power to dispose of their own Persons The confirmation of this act of Divorce was a subject of serious consideration to the Pope but afterwards when it was to extend so far as to make the Prince lawful possessour of his Brother's Wife and Dominions it was so much the more weighty and worthy consideration but at length reasons of State and conveniences of that Kingdom overswayed the strict Rules and Canons of the Church But in the first place we must understand that this Divorce was the consequence of a general revolt of the People from their King for they being guided by a prevailing Party in opposition to the Conde de Cassel Meglior Chief Minister of State murmured against the Government and perhaps not without some cause for the King himself being given to Wine practised such extravagancies as were intolerable and which did not pass without some reflections on the Favourite though as to himself he managed all things with prudence and good conduct Moreover the Conde opposing the Peace with Castile on other terms than such as were agreeable to the method and Articles concluded with France became so displeasing to the People that he was displaced from his Office and the Prince admitted to the sole management and direction of Affairs But the Conspiracy stopped not its course at this period for the Queen hereupon retiring into a Monastery and declaring the dissatisfaction she had to the King her Husband demanded the justice of the Country upon the causes given to dissolve the Matrimonial knot by a sentence of lawful Divorce The People at this news were stirred with great commotions and being naturally enclined to Novelty joined with the Prince's Party to chuse him Governour of the Kingdom committing the Person of the King to safe custody until the States of Portugal should otherwise provide in cases of this great emergency The States being assembled about the beginning of the year approved the reasons for deposing the King and confirmed the Regency on the Prince and upon hearing the Cause between the King and Queen the Marriage was found void and null and accordingly an Instrument of Divorce was formed and published and license given to the Prince to take the Queen for his Wife on supposition that she was still a Virgin and unknown to his Brother The case though strange to scrupulous Ears and Consciences was not yet without former examples For in Poland John Casimiro succeeded to the Crown and to the Wife of his Brother Vladislaus And in former Histories of Portugal it is recorded that the Nobility desired John III. to match with the Queen Fâ—â—â—â—ora relict of King Emanuel his Father and therefore this case was not without a Precedent which after dissolution of the Marriage and publication of the Queen's divorce from Alfonso VI. might confirm and make lawful the espousals with the Prince his Brother A particular account of all these Occurrences being given at Paris by the Sicur Verius who then resided at Lisbon for the Crown of France The Cardinal Vandosme then Legat à Latere from the Pope to the most Christian King immediately dispatched a Brief of dispensation into Portugal in the name and by the Authority
displeasing to Innocent whose anger was the more encreased on the score of other abuses introduced into Rome by pretended priviledges of forein Ministers who assumed to themselves a jurisdiction as we have said within certain limits which they chalked out to themselves to make a Sanctuary or place of refuge for Criminals and out-lawed persons And considering by how much more the Franchises and priviledges of publick Representatives encreased in Rome by so much was the Pope's Authority diminished and abated he therefore grievously took occasion to complain in the Consistory of the ill use which Ambassadours and other Ministers made of their priviledges to the great scandal and reproach of the Government that he had long expected that the Princes themselves should have renounced such irregular pretences and out of love to justice have become instrumental to bring wicked men to punishment rather than to be Protectours of Assassinates and out-lawed persons but seeing that his expectations and patience was all in vain he was now resolved for discharge of his Duty and Conscience to provide for the security of his own People Howsoever he could not without some sad reflections on the indiscreet and unreasonable importunities of some forein Ministers find himself constrained to take such measures in his Affairs as would prove displeasing to them for that it was unreasonable whilst his mind was employed in cares and contrivances for the propagation of the faith for reformation of the Ecclesiastical Discipline for the establishment of Peace and Concord between Christian Princes and other matters conducing to the good and benefit of the Commonweal of all Christendom he should be disturbed and interrupted in these proceedings by the very Ministers of those Princes for whose welfare and for the peace of whose People he was in continual care and labour wherefore not being able longer to support such impertinences he was resolved to become Master in Rome as other Princes were in their own Dominions and in pursuance thereof he published an Edict forbidding all persons whatsoever to affix the Arms of any great personage over his Shop it being a mark that that Family had renounced the Authority of their Prince the Pope and put themselves under the protection of that Ambassadour or Prince or Nobleman whose Arms they had affixed over the Portal of the House or entrance to the Shop This resolute Act much surprized the minds of those whom it concerned and especially the Spaniards who made a false judgment of the temper of Odescalchi conceiving him to be so wary and cautious in his actions that he would never engulf himself in the same circumstances of Affairs which had given a disturbance to his Predecessour during the whole course of his Pontificate Howsoever the Pope continuing firm and constant in his resolution the Spaniards remitted something of the stiffness of their pride for considering that the circumstances of their present Affairs would not admit of a disunion with Rome the Ambassadour desired to have Audience of the Pope the which was refused to him until the Nuntio had received Audience at Naples and that the King of Spain by special Letters under his own hand had desired that his Ambassadour might be heard on some emergencies and urgent occasions upon which and at the persuasions of the Cardinals Barberino and Cibo the Ambassadour was admitted to Audience which having produced a true and right understanding between both Parties the Ambassadour departed with ample satisfaction acquiescing in the late proceedings of the Court The Thorns which have ever been most prickly and pungent in the sides of Popes were their Contests with Kings or crowned Heads or when the Spiritual or Ecclesiastical Authority contended with the Temporal as may appear by that notable Controversie between Paul V. and the Republick of Venice and in other matters of smaller moment between Kings and Popes both before and since that time The point of the Regalia hath been an antient Dispute for many Ages in France the which was in some sort determined in the year 1431. by the Council of Basil where it was ordained that Cathedral Churches and others should have a freedom of Elections This afterwards was confirmed by a great Assembly of French Clergy gathered at Bourges and addressed to the King Charles the 7th desiring him to undertake the protection of that Council At that time the Council of Basil sent to the King an abstract of their Decrees consisting of thirty seven Articles by which Decennial Councils and the Authority of Councils above the Pope was established c. together with an abstract of the Decree they had made concerning Elections All which were considered at that Assembly where the Dauphin and the chief Nobility of France were present and by their advice the famous Pragmatick Sanction was made in confirmation of those Articles which was observed during the Reign of Charles the 7th but Lewis the eleventh esteeming it the Interest of France to maintain a good correspondence with the Papacy was inclinable to wave the advantage of this Sanction In the beginning of the Reign of Charles the 8th an Assembly of States being called at Tours the third Estate petitioned that the Pragmatick Sanction might be again renewed and confirmed calling those who were preferred by the Court to be Court-Bishops so it was again put into force and practice much to the displeasure of the Pope notwithstanding which Lewis the 12th made a perpetual Edict in confirmation of it Francis the first succeeding to the Crown and having vast designs in Italy thought it not his interest to stand at a distance with the Pope and therefore was willing to treat with him about the abolition of the Pragmatick Sanction on such terms as might reconcile his own prerogative with the Pope's Authority This design occasioned an Interview between the King and the Pope at Bologna and thence the Concordat was produced which was afterwards put into the form of a Bull and confirmed by the Council at Lateran The sum of which was this the King and the Pope agreed to divide the Promotions to all Prelacies between them for the King was to nominate the Person within six months after a vacancy and the Pope was to confirm him if no lawful exception did lie against him All which is so fully and learnedly treated by Dr. Burnet in his History of the Regale or Rights of Princes in disposing of Ecclesiastical Benefices and Church Lands and deduced down to this present time that there is no place left for our enlargement thereupon unless we add some few and short remarks on the behaviour of this Innocent XI towards his most Christian Majesty on this occasion It is manifest by History that when the Emperours flourished with great Power and Riches they created Popes or at least they had the confirmation of them and when Emperours were low and were oppressed by adverse Fortune the Popes forced them to be beholding to the extensive reach of the Ecclesiastical jurisdiction
of Pope Clement IX confirming the former Sentence given by the States and Justitiaries of that Kingdom leaving this example to the World that there may be a Case wherein a younger Brother may lawfully usurp the Dominion of his Elder and righteously possess himself of his Wife and of his Crown But the Prince Don Pedro not satisfied with the single dispensation of the Cardinal Vandosme who for the space of two months only was commissionated to be Legat à Latere at Paris to assist at the Baptism of the Dolfin in behalf of the Pope did for better assurance dispatch Father Villa a Jesuit the Queens Confessour unto Rome to procure a more authentick dispensation from the Pope himself The Case being new and strange and difficult to find a way how to make this matter with its present circumstances to become legal the Pope troubled within himself proposed the case in publick Consistory where after long debates on both sides the question still remained dubious and undecided until it was averred that the Queen was several months gone with Child the which circumstance altered the case and then the convenience of the Marriage was not farther alledged but the necessity thereof urged both for the reputation of the Queen and safety of that Kingdom which could not otherwise be setled but by the Pope's definitive Sentence confirming the legality of the Divorce and though the Pope hereupon granted his Bull dispensing both with the Marriage and translation of the Power yet the minds of the contrary Party were not so quieted but that several Conspiracies were contrived against the life of the Prince and particularly a certain Priest was apprehended with a Dagger in his Pocket and confessed that he designed therewith to stab the Prince judging it an action meritorious and pleasing to God to destroy a person guilty of Rebellion and Incest who had usurped the Kingdom and ravished away the Wife of his Brother Wherefore the Prince was in a manner constrained for his own security and for settlement of himself in the Administration of Affairs to remove the King from the Eyes of the people and accordingly he was transported into the Islands of Teraeras The French as we have said having gained their point by the Conquest of the Franch Comte the Spaniards having concluded a Peace with Portugal and the triple League being well formed and concluded the conjuncture of Affairs seemed propitious and tending towards the calm of Peace to improve which the Pope laboured with incessant sollicitations between both Kings to commence that Treaty which was once proposed to be held at Aquisgrana and now more instantly desired by him not only in relation to his Office of Mediator between Christian Princes but in zeal to the Christian Cause which then suffered in the City of Candia which with the whole Island was then in danger and ready to yield to the Arms of the Turks hoping that upon conclusion of the Peace the force of Christendom would be converted from itself and employed against the common Enemy as we may believe But the Intercession and good Offices of the Pope did not so effectually operate towards the conclusion of Peace as the Negotiations of the triple League were available by means of which the Peace was projected first on the 15th of April at St. Germans and afterwards concluded between both Crowns on the 27th of April at Aquisgrana otherwise called by the French Aux la Chappelle in form following That for the future and ever hereafter a good firm and inviolable Peace and a perpetual League and mutual friendship shall be established between the two Kings their Heirs and Successours and that as good Brothers they shall mutually to the utmost of their Power be assisting unto the welfare honour and reputation of each other and shall faithfully as far as is possible avoid every thing which may tend to the hurt loss or damage of each other That so soon as the Articles of this Treaty shall be exchanged and ratified the Peace shall be published and then all Acts of War and hostility shall cease and both Parties shall attend to the performance of the Covenants by surrender of Towns and Fortresses and release of Prisoners without delay Ransom or any charges whatsoever That the most Christian King and his Successours shall for ever hereafter remain lawfully possessed and Masters of Charles Stadt Binch Aeth Doway Scarp Fort Tornay Audemont Lille Armentiers Cotray Berguen Fuernes with all the Royalties Guards Castles Territories dependencies and Subjects with all the rights and immunities both Ecclesiastical and secular thereunto appertaining in the same form Title and plenary possession as they were formerly enjoyed claimed and possessed by his Catholick Majesty On the other side the most Christian King shall speedily after publication of the Peace withdraw all his Forces from the French Comte and shall really effectually entirely and faithfully restore and surrender to his Catholick Majesty all that Country without delay and without reserving any part or parcel thereof unto himself That all other places taken or to be taken until publication of the Peace shall in like manner be mutually restored and surrendred That the Treaty of the Pyreneans shall remain in its full force and Virtue excepting that part onely so far as concerns the Kingdom of Portugal with which Spain hath already concluded a Peace but as to all other matters and things nor expressed in this Treaty reference shall be had to the Pyrenean Peace That those Kings and Princes who are desirous to enter into the Guarantie for the Peace may respectively give their Instruments of Promise and Obligation to each King for maintenance and execution of whatsoever is contained and agreed in the aforesaid Treaty That this Treaty agreed and covenanted by the Plenipotentiaries shall be ratified by their Majesties respectively and registred in the Councils and Chambers or Courts of Justice in such manner as was observed in the Pyrenean Treaty and that Orders be accordingly issued within the space of three months after publication of this present Peace This was the substance of matters agreed at Aix la Chappelle so called by the French but antiently Aquisgrana from Grano as some think the Brother of Nero who for the convenience of some hot Waters arising near thereunto built a Town and a Fortress to which he gave his own name with the adjunction of Aqua in reference to the Waters it is now an Imperial Town situate between the Mosel and the Rhine famous for being the place where the Roman Emperours were first Crowned and Inaugurated and where Charles the Great was interred whose Monument is there to be seen But now having touched on the Treaty concluded at this place so far as concerned Clement IX who was a promoter thereof it will be impertinent to this History to recount the Councils the successes and proceedings which issued thereupon Nor will it be to our purpose to rehearse the Instrument by which the Triple League