Savoy should suffer ten thousand Sacks of Corn and other Provisions to be yearly bought in Piedmont for the use of Casal without paying any Duty or Imposition III. That all the Goods they had possessed themselves of on all sides should be restored in the Condition they were in IV. That the Duke of Mantua should be put in possession of the Dukedoms of Mantua and of Montferrat immediately after the Conclusion of the Treaty excepting what Places were to be resigned to the Duke of Savoy who should have possession of them assoon as the Emperour's Investiture for the Duke of Mantua was received V. That the Baron Galas should begin to conduct back again in good order towards Germany the Imperial Troops out of the States of Mantua and of Montferrat VI. That the Troops which were in the Venetian Territories should return likewise VII That on the 8th of April they should begin to withdraw and continue so to do without delay and disorder till the whole Army was retired except the Garrisons of Mantua of Porto and of Canetto VIII That on the same day Thoiras and Servien should begin to cause the Troops of his Gallick Majesty to march out of Italy through Savoy without causing any Damage or Disturbance but that they should leave Garrisons at Pignerol Briqueras Susa and Avilliana the Ways however remaining free without any quartering of Soldiers IX That on the same day the Duke of Savoy should evacuate Montecalvo and the other Places which he possessed in Montferrat except those which were consigned to him by this Treaty so that on the 20th of April all the Places taken by the Arms of the Emperour the King of France and the Duke of Savoy in the Dutchy of Mantua the State of the Venetians Montferrat Piedmont and Savoy should be restored to their own respective Masters except Mantua Porto Canetto Pignerol Briqueras Susa and Avilliana and on the 8th of May at the farthest the whole Imperial Army should be actually in Germany X. That Galas should with all speed by an Express acquaint the Emperour with this Treaty which being received his Imperial Majesty should give the Duke of Mantua the Investiture of the two Dukedoms of Mantua and of Montferrat with all Territories belonging to them except those which were assigned to the Duke of Savoy and those that might appertain to the Duke of Guastalla and that this Investiture should be brought into Italy in a Fortnight after the Date of this Treaty XI That after this they should begin to demolish the Fortifications for the space of fifteen days and that in case it was not over by that time the Places notwithstanding should be surrender'd XII That the Fortnight being expired on the 23d of May the Baron Galas should draw off the Garrison of Mantua and on the same Day the Mareschal de Thoiras should restore to the Duke of Savoy Pignerol Briqueras Susa and Avilliana XIII That at the same time the Baron Galas should retire with all his Troops out of the States Forts and Passes which he kept in the Country of the Swisses and in the Valteline all which Places should remain in the free Disposal of the Grisons as before XIV That for a Security of the Restitution of the Places Hostages should be given on both sides in the time of the Fortnight granted for demolishing to wit on the Emperour's part the Colonels Chiesa Picolomini and Visleben and on the side of the French King the Marquis of Tabanes Nerestan and Aiguebone and that these Hostages should be consigned into the hands of his Holiness who should promise to keep them safely and oblige himself to restore them to that Party which had observed the Treaty and to deliver up to them those of the other side which had not kept it These are the principal Articles of the Treaty of Querasque for I don't mention those which are not material to this History But besides this Treaty which was publish'd there was a secret Article by which it was provided that for a greater Security than that of the Hostages the Cittadels of Susa and Avilliana should be put into the hands of the Swissers equally Friends to the King of France and to the Duke of Savoy and that they should take an Oath to restore them to the Duke of Savoy assoon as they were certain of the Evacuation of the Forts by the Grisons but in case this Restitution should not be made at the prefixed time they should put again these Places into the hands of the Mareschal de Thoiras or of any other whom the King would be pleased to appoint There were yet two other Treaties for the Duke of Savoy in one of which were * See it in Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. Pag. 374. specified the Lands which the Duke of Savoy was to possess in Montferrat and the other †Signed the 30th of May Ibid. Pag. 383. was concerning the Restitution of Savoy and of the Places in Piedmont Some Difficulties arose afterwards in the Execution of the general Treaty but were accommodated ‡ The 19th of June Ibid. Pag. 387. some time after so that at last the Peace of Italy was concluded and the Treaty put in Execution in the Month of September at least in outward appearance The Swissers * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. Pag. 413. entred the Places remitted to them and the Pope received the Hostages who were kept under a strong Guard in the Cittadel of Ferrara The ' Emperour 's Investiture for the Duke of Nevers was remitted to the Bishop of Mantua and the Duke of Guastalla sent to the Emperour an Act by which he desisted from the opposition he had made against it The time specified in the last Treaty being at hand Savoy and Briqueras were restored to the Duke of Savoy and the Passes of the Valteline quitted by the Imperialists All the State of Mantua except Porto and Canetto was surrendred to the Duke of Mantua and the French withdrew from Piedmont from Montferrat and from Savoy while the Spaniards left the State of Venice of Mantua and of Montferrat On the 15th of September Susa and Avilliana were restored to the Duke of Savoy Porto and Canetto to the Duke of Mantua On the 23d the Germans departed out of Mantua and the French out of Pignerol at least it was thought so After which the Pope released the Hostages All things were seemingly in a perfect Peace when it appeared that on all sides they onely thought how to deceive one another Victor Amadeo had a long while ago design'd to make his Peace with France which had got already a considerable part of his State and Mazarine who was aware of it gave him to understand that if he desired to engage wholly this Crown in his Interest and to remove all Suspicions on his part he ought to give to His Majesty an assured Pledge of his Good Will such as Pignerol and that the King would not be wanting to Recompence him
obliged to bestow that Post upon Monsieur which he desired for himself Although they were now in a condition to beat the Enemies out of Picardy so soon as they pleased yet the Danger they had been in and the Affairs of Italy and Burgundy threw the King into so deep a Melancholy that he was displeased at every thing He was concerned that his Brother had the Command of the Army and that he lived in a good Understanding with the Count de Soissons He express'd a great Coldness towards the Cardinal for daring to censure his ill Humour and his want of Resolution He wou'd scarce be brought to see him and he contradicted him whenever he spake of any thing so that the Cardinal lost in a manner all his Courage and neglected to give the necessary Orders It was observed that contrary to his custom he shew'd a great deal of Civility to those people whom he had formerly slighted One day he publickly asked * Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. â— p. 441. St. Yval whom he hated extreamly because he was deeply engaged in the Party of the Count de Soissons what his Opinion was about an Affair of great consequence He invited him besides to sup with him and St. Yval was ravished with joy to see this haughty Spirit so humbled by his fear that the progress of the Enemy wou'd be the cause of his ruine †Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 8. p. 439. At last he found himself so weakned in Body and Mind that if Father Joseph to whom he discovered his most secret Infirmities had not encouraged him he was ready to throw up the Ministry and by that means to hasten his own Destruction which his Enemies had so long desired But this Capuchin having inspired him with fresh Resolution by his Discourses he determined to apply himself more than ever to Publick Affairs The first Thing he advised His Majesty in this Conjuncture was to perswade the States-General to make some Attempts upon the Territories of Spain The Prince of Orange was willing enough but those that promoted the Treaty hinder'd him from acting with necessary vigour However he gain'd his point of them at last and forbad the State 's Agent at Vienna to talk any more of a Truce He took the field with a considerable Army and was ready to make a Diversion in the Spanish Netherlands in case the Count de Feria approached the Frontiers of France 'T was at this time that Frederick-Henry received the Title of Highness which the Cardinal gave him instead of that of Excellence which he had till then enjoy'd The King concluded a new Treaty with the States by which he promised them a Million and half of Livers to be paid at Three several Payments in a year upon condition that all this Money should be employed in carrying on the War against Spain To encourage the Army by his Presence the King arrived there as I have already said at the beginning of September and having advanced as far as Senlis from whence he beheld one night the Flame of some Villages which the Croatians had set on fire before they left them he fell a Weeping at the Losses and Calamities of his People But the Spanish Army being utterly unable to oppose the progress of the Royal Forces thought of nothing now but retiring into the Low-Countries because they had not time enough to secure their Conquests Thus the Army of France came before Roye and after this Place had been Batter'd for a few days by Twelve Pieces of Canon they surrendred to Monsieur by Composition Afterwards it Marched to Block up Corbie for there was no hopes of taking it by force To effect this they undertook to environ it with Forts and Retrenchments for fear least the Spaniards should Relieve it but they were informed soon after that the Besieged wanted Corn and other Provisions This made the Cardinal resolve to propose the Attacking of the place hoping that the Garrison weakned by want and scarcity would be obliged to Capitulate The Mareschal de Chatillon was the first that proposed it in a Council and this Advice supported by the Authority of the Cardinal carried it from that of the Count de Soissons who believed it would be impossible to reduce this place by force at that time of the year They made Three Attacks and the Garrison finding themselves destitute of Victuals and no hopes of a Relief Capitulated on the 19th of November This good success made the Cardinal as courageous as ever and retrieved his Reputation which had suffer'd mightily by the progress the Spaniards made in Picardy However * Siri Mem. Râ—c T. 8. P. 442. People censured his Conduct for uniting the Duke of Orleans and the Count de Soissons in the Command of the same Army because as they were both his sworn Enemies so they might lay their heads together to destroy him The Minister was of opinion that the Count de Soissons who was of an imperious haughty temper would fall out with Monsieur and that their Domesticks whose Interests were different would take care to incense them one against another But it fell out quite contrary for these two Princes who had been Enemies of a long standing to his Eminence re-united more than ever to ruine him They were made to believe that if they still continued in their designs against the Minister they would draw to their party the Houses of Guise of Vendome of Bouillon of Espernon and of Rets whom he had scurvily used and who appeared to be very much dissatisfy'd with him So Monsieur and the Count being at Peronne they advised together about the properest ways to destroy the Cardinal Some were of opinion That His Majesty should be made acquainted with the Ill-conduct of this Minister who was the cause of all the Calamities the Nation groaned under and that he had engaged him in a War which he vainly imagined he was able to manage of himself though he was much fitter to raise a Cruel War in the State than to repel Foreigners Others advised to dispatch him out of the way for that would soon put an end to all these disorders This last expedient seemed the best and the two Princes being resolved to put it in execution trusted the Secret with four persons one of whom was a Domestick of Monsieur and the other three belonged to the Count de Soissons During the Siege of Corbie the King Lodged in a Castle near Amiens and never came to the City where the Cardinal lay but when he held a Council there after which he returned to this Castle So Monsieur and the Count resolved one day when they came to Council to carry a great number of the Officers of the Army along with them and that so soon as the King was returned to his Quarters to find some pretence or other to stop the Cardinal and cause him to be Murder'd by the Four Men who knew of the Affair With this design they
Pomerania after the Death of Duke Bogislaus the XIV since he was not in a condition to molest the Imperialists The second Prince that died this year was Charles Gonzaga Duke of Mantua While he lived in France as a †The 25th of September Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 478. Subject he had a great Reputation and passed for a Prince of equal bravery and prudence After he became a Soveraign he seemed to bend under the weight of Affairs and could not find any expedient to hinder the desolation of his Countrey either by the way of Arms or that of Negotiation He left his Dominions to Charles his Grandson born of the Duke of Rethel and Mary of Mantua who was his Guardian She was the Daughter of Vincent Duke of Mantua and Margaret of Savoy Daughter to Charles Emanuel The Third was Butos-Amadeo Duke of Savoy who died the 7th of October He was as much esteem'd as any Prince of his time for his Conduct both in Peace and War The onely thing he is blamed for was his weakness in suffering Mazarine to perswade him to deliver up Pignerol to France by which Surrendry he left his Territories on the other side the Mountains to their discretion and Mercy 'T is true he deceived Spain in doing so but at the same time he deceived himself infinitely more and onely kept the bare Title of a Soveraign Prince unless he had a mind to show the marks of his Soveraignty by causing his Country to be ruined by the French whose will he was otherwise obliged to follow Francis Hyacinth his Son succeeded him who dying soon after Charles Emanuel took his place an Infant Four years old The Duke his Father left Christina of France his Guardian and Regent who was owned in this quality by the Senates of Turin and Chambery and by all the Orders of Piedmont and Savoy The Death of this * Siri Ibid. p. 481. Prince was fatal to his Estates because he was engaged in an open War with Spain who now had a fair opportunity to invade them and would so much the sooner embrace it because the Regent being Sister to the King of France she would in all probability depend wholly upon him On the other side Maurice Cardinal of Savoy and Prince Thomas favoured Spain openly who might have a plausible pretence to come into Piedmont to put them in possession of the Guardianship and Regency to which they might pretend whenever they thought fit These considerations inclined Madam of Savoy and her Council to endeavour to make a Peace with Spain as soon as might be to hinder the ruine of her Country Besides she discover'd soon after the Death of the Duke her Husband how little she was to rely upon the Ministers of the King her Brother L'Emery Ambassador of France at Turin design'd with the assistance of the French Troops that were quarter'd about Verceil where the Duke died to seize upon the Person of the Dutchess and of the Princes her Sons under a pretence to prevent the designs of the Spaniards who would endeavour to engage this Princess in their Party or at least to observe a Neutrality The Ambassador proposed this enterprize to the Mareschal de Crequi but the Mareschal would not consent to be the Instrument of a violence of this nature against a Daughter of France and against Princes that were under the King's Protection However the Ambassador who was perfectly well acquainted with the Cardinal-Duke's Temper and knew that in matters of State abundance of things are approved of when done which would not be allowed to be done if leave was asked before-hand did not for all this desist from his Design But the Dutchess happening to be informed of it order'd the Marquiss de Ville with the Troops of Piedmont to enter into Verceil by night and caused the Gates to be shut to several French Officers that came thither under a pretence of Buying Victuals for their Souldiers By this means she frustrated this Design and the Troops of France had Orders to remove from Verceil The Marquiss de S. Maurice Ambassador of Savoy in France having received the News of the Death of the Duke his Master went to carry it to the King and Cardinal who promised to protect the young Duke and the Durchess with all the Forces of the Kingdom The Cardinal gave the Ambassador to understand who complain'd of Emery's design that the King had no hand in it and that he would go to assist his Sister in Person if it were necessary At the same time he advised the Dutchess to two things one of them was to put such Subjects of the Duke as she was well assured of into all the Strong Places of Piedmont and Savoy the other was To treat her Brother-in-Law with all the Civility imaginable but not to suffer them to come into the Dominions of the Duke her Son Upon this the Ambassador told him That the best way the Dutchess could take to live at peace with all the World would be to clap up a Peace with Spain To which the Cardinal answer'd That she might expect from the King her Brother every thing that was for the advantage of the House of Savoy even though it should be against the Interest of the Crown but that he did not see any security in a particular Peace The Cardinal afterwards made a Solemn Visit to the Ambassador where after the first Compliments were over he told him That he was surprized that Madam of Savoy had any suspicion of the French Troops since the Mareschal de Crequi had immediately drawn them off from about Verceil and conducted them to Casal that he had discover'd upon this occasion the inclination of some of her Counsellors that had advised her to send with all expedition into Spain which apparently tended to disengage her from France that he hoped a General Peace would be soon concluded but that if the Dutchess and her Council were too impatient the King would not hinder her from making a particular accommodation by her self but that his honour would not permit him to abandon his other Allies The Cardinal of * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. P. 485. Savoy was desirous at the same time to come into Piedmont to offer his Services to the young Duke and the Regent by word of Mouth but she desired him to let it alone for fear of giving any suspicion to France with whom he very well knew she was obliged to manage her self cautiously since neither her Brother nor her Husband could have drawn the Indignation of that Court down upon them without being considerable losers by the bargain She likewise received Compliments from Prince Thomas by the Marquiss Palavicini This Prince represented to her That the French under a show of protecting her might take the opportunity to seize upon Piedmont and Savoy and that if Spain was induced to bring the War thither for that reason the States of the House of Savoy would be inevitably ruin'd
temper'd the form of Government by mixing some appearance of an Aristocracy with it and by establishing Laws which they themselves were not allowed to violate that so the People might with greater chearfulness submit to their soveraign authority That for this end they had voluntarily submitted their own Edicts to the examination of the Parliament that so they might fully be inform'd whether they contain'd any thing contrary to the known Laws and Rules of Equity That their Conscience and true Interest engaged them to observe these Laws impartially and not to violate Justice That nevertheless in case they were of opinion that the Parliaments did not give them good counsel they were still at liberty to have recourse to their absolute power as it appeared by these terms in their Edicts For such is our good pleasure That Declarations are not addressed to the Parliaments out of pure formality which was wholly unnecessary but that the people might afterwards obey them without any repugnance That it had been the antient policy of the Kings of France to make all sorts of Graces depend upon themselves but to see Justice administred in the Soveraign Courts That this discharged the Kings from the Odium that might ensue upon the exercise of any severe act of Justice and besides disengaged them from the importunity of their Courtiers who without this might lead them to commit several injust things highly prejudicial to the Welfare of their States To return now to foreign affairs ever since the beginning of the foregoing year the Duke of Lorrain had demanded a Passport of the King to come to Court out of hopes he might obtain the possession of his Dominions by giving some satisfaction to his Majesty and it was at last * The 24 of Jan. 1639. Mem. of Aub. T. 2 p. 947. granted him in very advantageous terms Another was dispatched to him some * The 24 of August months after and yet he did not come to Court as was expected * Siri Mer. T. 1. lib. 2. p. 289. The Cardinal who by his natural inclination to invade the Rights of others without considering the ill consequences that might follow had seized upon the Dukedom of Lorrain some years before found by experience that this conduct had extremely sunk his Reputation but especially in Italy where there was not a Prince who did not with great Jealousy and Concern look upon this aggrandizing of France as fearing to be treated after the same manner as the Duke of Lorrain had been Upon this consideration he judged that after he sufficiently humbled him it would be the best way to re-establish him since he was not now in a condition to give any umbrage to France and that this would gain him the esteem of several Princes who might very eminently contribute in their respective stations towards the depressing of the House of Austria About this time the Duke of Lorrain falling passionately in Love with the Countess of Cantecroix had a mind to be divorced from his Dutchess Nicole but this is a point upon which we need enlarge no more 'T is sufficient to observe that the * Siri Ib. p. 291. Countess was very serviceable to the Cardinal to incline the Duke to make fresh Sollicitations for the favour of France which promised to procure a Divorce for him from Rome The ill condition of his own affairs did likewise oblige him to it since having no money to pay off the small Army he kept on foot he was constrain'd to allow the Soldiers to do what they pleased which set him in ill circumstances with the House of Austria upon whose Lands they had been quarter'd for a long time At last being entred into France he saw the Cardinal and arrived on the 10th of March at St. Germain where he was received with all imaginable respect Assoon as he appear'd before the King he immediately set one Knee upon the ground and told him that he came to humble himself before him and submit his fortune to his Majesty's Clemency The King offer'd thrice to raise him up but he protested that he would not quit that posture till his Majesty had forgiven him for all his past faults The King was then pleased to assure him that he had not the least remembrance of what was past and that he would assist him for the future The Duke got up and covered himself after which he went to see the Queen and the Duke of Orleans The Duke of Lorrain undertook this voyage to endeavour to regain at least one part of his Country to procure some money for the subsistence of his Troops and to engage the King to act at Rome in the favour of his Marriage with the Countess of Cantecroix If he obtain'd the two first Articles he would be able to make better conditions of agreement with the House of Austria in case he designed to embrace their party afresh or if he found it advantageous to him he might still continue linked to the Interests of France But what he most earnestly desired was the Confirmation of his Marriage and he had brought the Countess along with him into France if the King had not sent him word to leave her at Espinal The Cardinal had given his word to the Nuncio that he would in no manner support the Duke as to his Divorce from his Dutchess Nicole and that the Duke of Lorrain might not speak to him about him he spread a report abroad that the King was resolv'd to employ all his power with the Duke to prevail with him to be reconciled to his Wife When the Duke first heard of this pretended design of the King he was extremely mortified for he could not endure to hear the least mention of this Accommodation so that any one might perceive he took it for a great favour not to talk to him about it much less to pretend that they would lend him their assistance to break off his Marriage Thus he contented himself to talk with the Nuncio concerning it and since he found the King did not countenance his design he did not importune the Cardinal to favour him in a pretension so unjust as this really was Not to descend into the consequences of this private affair 't will be sufficient to observe that the King concluded the Treaty concerning the restitution of Lorrain on the 29th of May and swore to the observation of it the same day as well as the Duke in the Chappel of St. Germain * See the whole Treaty in Siri Mere. T. 1. lib. 2. p. 296. The King restored Lorrain to him and the Dutchy of Bar upon condition that he would do homage for the latter and that Clermont Stenay Jamets and Dun with all their dependencies should continue re-united to the Crown Nancy likewise was to continue as a pledge in the Kings hands till the end of the War Besides this the Duke was obliged to renounce all manner of correspondence with the House of Austria and
on all sides by the French and the Catalonians without any possibility of making his escape D. Pedro d' Arragon surrendred himself prisoner of War to la Mothe Houdancourt with about two thousand Horse Thus the principal Troops which Spain had for its own preservation were destroyed by the ill advice of the Count-Duke who engaged them in an enterprize which any one else would have found extremely difficult but was absolutely impossible for the Marquis de Povar to effect The French Generals immediately set the Portugueses at liberty because they were in war with Spain and all the rest were sent to Languedoc and Provence The Marquis de Leganez was accused to have advis'd the Count-Duke to send D. Pedro d' Arragon into Rousillon and perhaps he did it with a design to let the Spaniards see that he was not the only bad General that commanded their Armies and how difficult a matter it was to surprize the French In the mean time the Mareschal de la Meilleraye had made himself Master of the Town of Collioure and nothing now remain'd but the Castle situated upon a Rock which they despair'd to reduce by force But a Mine from which they expected scarce any effect because the Rock hindred them from carrying it far enough as it play'd fill'd up the pits of the Castle which was supplied with no other Water and obliged the Garrison to surrender when they the least thought of any such thing It capitulated on the 10th of April and the Castle of St. Elme which stands upon an inaccessible Rock above the Port was likewise comprehended in the capitulation altho it might have held out several days longer At last the Army march'd to Perpignan and his Majesty having receiv'd information that the place was but slenderly stored with provisions designed to reduce it by Famine rather than by Force Besides the scarcity of provisions which was confirm'd by all the Prisoners that were taken there was a powerful Garrison within and the Cittadel especially was so strong by its natural situation and by art that it was not possible to take it by force without losing a world of men D. Flores d' Avila was Governor of it and had for his Lieutenant D. Diego Cavalliero and they seem'd inclin'd to defend it to the last extremity However the King came thither in person and ordered the Lines of Circumvallation and Countervallation to be made which he marked out himself At this conjuncture Spain found it self in a great perplexity without Money the Sinews of War without a disciplin'd Army and without Generals to command it while on one side the Portugueses withdrew themselves from its Obedience and kept all the neighbourhood in perpetual alarms and on the other side France made continual inroads into Rousillon and Catalonia The Ministers of the Catholic King met every day but were not able to come to any conclusion some of them were of opinion that the King should go in person to the Kingdoms of Arragon and Valentia to assemble the States there that so he might at a nearer distance provide for the pressing neâ—essities of Catalonia The Count-Duke opposed this motion under-hand lest the King who saw nothing but by his Eyes should now of himself perceive what little care his Favorite had taken in all places to remedy the present disorders The Nobility and People did every where loudly complain that the Count-Duke made the King fruitlessly lose time in deliberations at the best season of the year altho the King of France had open'd the Campaign in person before the Winter was over The Count-Duke was by no means qualified to take any vigorous resolutions and much less to put them in execution with that speed which the present face of affairs required and thus the King began to be sensible somewhat of the latest for the Interest of Spain At last he resolved to go into Arragon notwithstanding all the artifices of his Favourite but he ought to have made this Journey the last year before so great a number of French Troops came into Catalonia and Rousillon The Mareschal de la Mothe having at the same time received a new reinforcement of men thought to prevent the King of Spain and with that design enter'd the Kingdom of Valentia But after he had besieg'd Tortose for several days and lost a great many of his Souldiers before the place he was constrain'd to raise the siege Soon after he took Tamarith and having broke into the Kingdom of Valentia he besieged Monzon and * The 5 of June Siri Mer. T. 2. l. 2. p. 683. forced the place to surrender by Capitulation In the mean time their provisions daily diminish'd at Perpignan and each Souldier receiv'd only a few ounces of Bread every day with a small quantity of Horse-flesh The Spanish Nation which is naturally sober and patient bore this way of living quietly enough and the Mareschal de la Meilleraye who was of advice that force should be employ'd against the besieged began to grow impatient and weary of this long blockade He maintain'd that by attacking the place the Governour would be oblig'd to distribute the victuals more liberally among the Souldiers to give them strength and courage But the King still continued in his first sentiments to spare the blood of his Subjects The Spaniards had got together the greatest body of men they were able and had already near Tarragone ten thousand men under the Marquis de Leganez and six thousand Foot and two thousand Horse under the Marquis de Torrecuse The last of these was to come by Sea to Roses and relieve Perpignan and the other was to fight the Mareschal de la Mothe The French being inform'd of these projects took all imaginable care to fortifie and guard all the posts by which Rousillon might be enter'd either by Sea or by Land and the Mareschal de la Mothe after he had put eight hundred men into Monzon that so he might always have an open passage to the Kingdom of Arragon return'd to Lerida to observe the Spaniards in Catalonia and to oppose their designs At last the Catholic King parted on the 24 of April with a very small train of Coaches and without any Troops The Count-Duke who ought to have taken care that some of the most experiencâ—d Officers in the Army should have attended on his Majesty and entertain'd him about the affairs of the Campaign provided him with a Company of Players in order to retard his Journey as much as was possible and in effect he spent the months of May and June to reach so far as the Frontiers of Valentia altho the Marquis de Leganez pressed him to draw near because his Army was unprovided of every thing and the people of this Kingdom would not contribute to the maintenance of it At last he advanced to Molina upon the Frontiers of Arragon Several Councils of War were held there and it was concluded that the Marquis de Torrecuse
they had hid themselves The Duke of Savoy gave notice to Duke Feria of the Articles he had Agreed upon with the French The Governour of Milan durst not disapprove wholly the Duke of Savoy's Conduct though he thought it would be highly prejudicial to Italy Thus the French appeared to re-enter into the Possession of Pignerol which they had not quitted and they afterwards engag'd the Duke of Savoy to yield it up wholly to them the Spaniards not perceiving at first the Trick which was put upon them As the Spanish Ministers in Italy were blamed for their want of Conduct so it was thought very strange that the Duke of Savoy for some Lands in Montferrat which France caused to be given him by the Treaty of Querasque should voluntarily tie up his own hands by parting with Pignerol The Duke of Mantua was reduc'd by this War to such Extremities that he depended wholly upon France and durst not contradict them in the least So that at the same time that the French were busie to secure Pignerol for themselves he was oblig'd to permit them to send a strong Garrison to the Cittadel of Casal for fear the Spaniards seeing the French in Pignerol should endeavour to make themselves Masters of it This business was likewise carried on with so much secrecy that they knew nothing of it in Italy till after Two French Regiments had got into Casal As soon as the Italian Princes who were jealous of the Power of Spain knew that the French were in Possession of these two Places notwithstanding the Treaty of Querasque they shewed in all parts how well they were pleased with it and especially the Venetians who were not in favour with the House of Austria and feared its Resentments The onely thing which remained for France to do for the perfect security of that Republick on that side was to seize on the Passes of the Valteline and indeed they made it their business to effect it soon after Towards the end of the same year the * The 27th of Novemb. 1631. See Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. P. 438. Duke of Savoy reconciled himself wholly with the Republick of Genoua by Restoring reciprocally what was taken from one side and the other during the Truce Zuccarello which was the occasion or the pretence of the War as I observed in another place remained to the Genouese upon condition that they should give One hundred and threescore Crowns of Gold to the Duke of Savoy who was to renounce all his Pretensions to this Marquisate year 1632 The King being at Metz the Duke of Lorrain came there and after some Negotiations he concluded his Treaty with France * See Aubery's Life of the Card. Lib. ◠Cap. 23. which was Sign'd at Vic on the 6th of January The Duke Promised to disengage himself from any Intelligence League and Association which he had made with any Prince or State whatsoever to the Prejudice of the King his Dominions and Countries under his Obedience or Protection and to the Detriment of the Alliance made by His Majesty with the King of Sweden and the Duke of Bavaria for the Defence of the German-Liberty and of the Catholick-League He oblig'd himself likewise to turn out of his Dominions all the King's Enemies and all his Subjects who had left the Kingdom without his Leave and to deny them for the future any Passage or Retreat A little while after the Deputies of the Parliament of Paris came to Metz where the King was †Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 7. Pag. 359. After they had stay'd there a Fortnight he gave them Audience and told them That for this time he forgave them but they ought to take care least they fell into the same Faults again for a Relapse would prove fatal to them That he loved his People better than they did that he took more care for the Glory and Greatness of the State and would maintain it better than they That he forbad them to busie themselves about any thing else but the Administration of Justice They Answered They had been brought up in a very good School where they had learned Obedience and Fidelity to His Majesty and the King Reply'd They had then soon forgot what they were Taught The Keeper of the Seals made them afterwards a long Remonstrance in which he Reproached them that they design'd to divide the Royal Authority with the King He told them nevertheless that His Majesty sent them back to the Exercise of their Offices except Five who were Suspended from their Places and ordered to follow the Court to serve for an Example Nevertheless as soon as the King was returned to St. Germain they were restor'd to their Employments Monsieur who was then at Nancy was oblig'd to withdraw and to retire to the Low-Countries and the French Army advanc'd to the Frontiers of Germany as if they would have favour'd Gustavus Adolphus though at the bottom France began to grow jealous of his Victories and to fear least the Emperour and the Catholick League should wholly sink under the power of his Arms. * Siri Mem. Rec T. 7. Pag. 475. The King of Sweden desired extreamly to have a Conference with Lewis XIII being used to manage his Negotiations himself and the King of France shew'd on his side a great Inclination to see Gustavus for fear of offending him But this Prince had quite other things in his Thoughts and durst not expose himself to an Interview which had turned wholly to the Honour of the King of Sweden to whom he was not to be compar'd for the Qualities either of Body or Mind So a little time after the King of Sweden was acquainted that the French King being indisposed was not in a condition to come to an Interview therefore it was propos'd to him that he would be pleased to meet Cardinal Richlieu who was more fit to treat with Gustavus than Lewis XIII who referr'd every thing to his Minister Gustavus who was of a hasty Temper answered he would send one of his Servants to confer with the Cardinal that he esteemed himself not inferiour to the French King and did not understand why he should decline to meet him that the Swedish Kings never truckled to those of France and that all Crowns were equal These Expressions of Gustavus besides that he was suspected of aspiring to no less than an Universal Monarchy cooled very much the Design which the French had to assist him and hinder'd the King at that time from declaring openly against the House of Austria Besides the Cardinal had some particular Reasons which kept him back from engaging himself in great Enterprises in which France might perhaps not always get the better The extreme Aversion of the Queen-Mother and of Monsieur towards him the hatred even of almost the whole Kingdom not to mention the Foreign Powers whom he had mightily offended and the little Certainty he had that the King upon whose Affection his Fortune was built would
remove them immediately of His own accord That the King being not ignorant how those bad Counsels which Monsieur had followed were suggested to him by Puilaurens this latter should sincerely give notice of all secret transactions that might be prejudicial to the State to the King's Interest and of those who had the honour to serve him faithfully and should declare that he would be held as guilty as he was before he received the King's most Gracious Pardon if he acted contrary to his Promise In a particular Article the Duke promised to cherish all those who served His Majesty and particularly Cardinal Richelieu whom he ever had esteemed as was said in this Act for his fidelity to His Person and to the Interest both of King and State The King on his side granted His Pardon to Monsieur and to his Domesticks and moreover to the Duke of Elbeuf whom he restored to his Estate and permitted to reside in one of his Houses that should be appointed by His Majesty Monsieur signed this Agreement at Besiers on the 29th of September and the King ratifi'd it by Letters Patents dated at Montpellier on the first of October After this Monsieur's Troops retir'd into Rousillon and he * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. p. 519. Wrote a Letter to the King and another to the Cardinal full of Complements wherein he disapproved the Declaration publish'd at his coming into the Kingdom against this Prelate as having been publish'd without his knowledge and having never seen it Lastly he desired the Cardinal to forget what was past and promis'd him his Friendship Puilaurens sent also an Act to the King written with his own hand in which he promis'd to perform whatever was desired of him * On the 4th of Octob. After this Monsieur and his Domesticks took their way to Tours where the King thought fit he should retire He wrote another Letter to the King wherein he earnestly desired him to forgive the Duke of Montmorency but to no purpose As soon as he was taken it was debated in a secret Council what to do with him and 't is confidently reported that care was taken already to incense the King against him by telling him That they had found about his Arm a Locket of Gold to which was tied the Picture of a certain Lady in Miniature for whom His Majesty had a great Kindness Pompone de Bilievre Intendant in Mareschal Schomberg's Army took it dexterously from him at his Examination and took the Picture from it but as this was done in presence of several persons notice was given to the Cardinal of it to exasperate the King against him So when the question was put If the King should use the Duke of Montmorency severely or forgive him it was no hard matter to incline him to a rigorous usage Nevertheless the Cardinal being willing to affect an appearance at least of Equity towards a Man to whom he was very much oblig'd he begun to deliver his Opinion * Siri Mem. Ree Tom. 7. p. 561. by saying That His Majesty might be moved for several Reasons to Pardon the Duke of Montmorency That Monsieur had offered to leave off all Correspondences that were displeasing to His Majesty and to return to his Duty upon condition that this Noble Lord should receive his Pardon otherwise the Duke of Orleans could never with Honour renew His Obedience to His Majesty for all his Domesticks advised him to hazard all things to save the Duke of Montmorency That if Monsieur retired into Spain he would induce the Spaniards to be very mischievous to France That if Monsieur was brought into Despair those who serv'd the King would not be in safety because those of the contrary Party would not think themselves safe till they had brought them to ruine That if Monsieur came once to leave off all Cabals and Practises contrary to the good of the State any thing might be afterwards undertaken against the Spaniards whereas while he was discontented they could not make use of any occasion though never so favourable After he had thus produc'd his Reasons in favour of the Duke of Montmorency the Cardinal turned the Tables and said That on the other side if they consider'd that the King was without Children and Monsieur look'd upon as Presumptive Heir to the Crown they would find that if those who followed his Party were not rigorously punish'd the first time the King fell Sick how inconsiderable soever his Sickness should be so many People would declare for the Duke of Orleans that the King would not be able to Master them That on the contrary if the Duke of Montmorency was brought to Deserved Punishment no body would dare to engage in such Attempts any more That not a sew Kings whom he named had maintained themselves in the declension of their Age only by Severity he cited some Examples and continued saying That if the Nobility and Commons should once know that the consideration which the King had for Monsieur was capable to hinder Seditious Persons from being punished with Death there would be still great Numbers of Persons who thinking their Lives in safety would venture their Estates and Fortunes for him in hopes of being gainers at the Expence of the Kingdom That turning Men out of their Offices in such an occasion signified nothing without taking their Lives away because Monsieur being consider'd as next Heir to the Crown those who should lose their Offices for taking up Arms for him would hope to recover them with usury as soon as this Prince ascended the Throne That Montmorency's Crime was not a Simple Rebellion in which Monsieur had engaged him but that he had Incited the Duke of Orleans to enter into France with Arms and raised up the Province by Summoning an Assembly of the States a thing that was never practised before That it would be very difficult and dangerous to keep him in Prison That in stead of extinguishing that Party it would be revived and gather more strength than before That Monsieur submitted himself to the King out of Necessity and not out of Inclination That the Spaniards would prove always the same and the Queen-Mother would still persist in her Anger That Puilaurens would have no less credit with Monsieur than before and that his Ambition and Intreaguing with the Lorrainers would always continue So that the danger being over the Duke of Orleans would hearken to bad Counsels again That if they thought fit to forsake the Hollanders and the Swedes the Rage of the Spaniards might perhaps cease and if they would Sacrifice to the Queen-Mother all those whom she hated and put the King in a total Dependance upon her her Animosity might likewise be at an end but if none of these things cou'd be done as really the King could do neither of them without undoing himself 't was certain that the more Monsieur 's Party subsisted in the Heads of it the greater the danger wou'd be by reason of their
and danger of being discover'd The Cardinal told the King in Council That Henry the 4th wou'd never have let slip such an occasion but that regard must be had to the time That the King was without Children and that Monsieur the Presumptive Heir of the Crown was in Flanders with the Queen-Mother That the King's Constitution was not strong enough to engage him in a War which wou'd exceedingly fatigue both his Body and Mind That upon this occasion the Court must of necessity be at a great distance from Paris That the King's Exchequer was exhausted That the zealous Catholicks wou'd exclaim more than ever that this War was carried on to favour the Hereticks That they wou'd be obliged at the same time to keep up Considerable Armies in Champagne and Italy because there was good reason to distrust the Dukes of Savoy and Lorrain That it was the Genius of the French Nation to be equally weary of War and Peace That if the King was once engaged in a War the Governours of the Provinces wou'd more easily declare for the Duke of Orleans That the least ill success as the loss of a Town or a Battel wou'd be enough to cause terrible Convulsions in the State That in case His Majesty happen'd to fall sick his Servants wou'd be lost to all intents and therefore though it was probable that some Advantages were to be got by a Rupture with Spain yet it wou'd be better to live in Peace and be content with assisting their Enemies that so they might not have them upon their hands That the Money which the Hollanders demanded to continue the War against the Spaniards was ready so that now nothing remain'd to doe but onely to take care to execute the Project they had propos'd which was that if the King wou'd send Six thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse before Dunkirk they wou'd send their Army and Fleet to Attack that place as also to take Graveline which they offered to deliver up to France That nevertheless great care was to be taken least these Troops should occasion an open Rupture and for that Reason it wou'd be better to send them by Sea than by Land The Baron de Charnace Ambassadour to the States-General offer'd them the Troops above-mention'd and the Continuation of a Million of Livres for a year The States made some difficulty at first to accept of these offers but not being able to adjust Affairs with the Spaniards they grew weary of so tedious and tiresome a Negotiation They gave certain Articles in Writing to which they demanded to have an Answer in Fifteen days and if this were not done they declared they wou'd hear no mention of a Truce Upon this the Agents of Spain desiring a longer time the States rather chose to receive two thirds of a Million in ready Money which Charnace offer'd them than to wait any longer for the uncertain Resolutions of the Spaniards Thus the Dutch Army took the Field and began the War afresh by the taking of Rimberg which Surrendred on the 4th of June In the mean time the Spaniards discover'd the Conspiracy that had been agitated by some of the Nobility in Flanders who kept a secret Correspondence with the French and by making Examples of some kept the rest in their Duty And now France properly speaking was neither in Peace nor Open War with the House of Austria and the Two Crowns were inclin'd to follow that side which carried the greatest Advantages with it All this while the Spaniards and French crossed one anothers Designs by turns as far as was possible But the Count-Duke who Govern'd Spain being nothing comparable in dexterity to the Cardinal-Duke who was as it were the Soul of all the Counsels of France the Affairs of Spain went every day worse and worse To prevent a Communication between the States of the House of Austria the Duke of Rohan who had Resided at Venice ever since the Peace was concluded with the Huguenots had Orders sent him to repair to the Country of the Grisons in quality of the King's Ambassadour with those People and of Lieutenant-General of the Troops that were design'd to be raised there in order to secure himself of all the Passes of the Valteline The Spaniards immediately complained of this Infraction as well as of several others and made a Proposal to France to enter into a Negotiation to prevent the dangerous consequences which a Misunderstanding might produce The Cardinal openly declar'd to the Spanish Ambassadour That France desired to see a General Peace establish'd upon sure foundations and to preserve that which they had at present with Spain He added That the King was extreamly glad to hear that the Ambassadour had full Power to Treat but the Ambassadour Answer'd That he had no Commission to Propose any thing but upon the Foot of the Treaties of Querasque and Ratisbone The Nuncio's vainly Interpos'd to Accommodate the Differences between the Two Crowns and soon perceiv'd that all these General Discourses of a Peace and a Good Understanding which they pretended on both sides were onely so many Discourses in the Air which were purposely Trumped-up to gain Time till they saw what Resolutions were to be taken The Spaniards pretended that the French in case they design'd to observe the Treatics of Querasque and Ratisbone ought to deliver up Pignerol to abandon Casal and the Passes of the Valteline to draw their Garrisons out of Treves and other places which they held in that Archbishoprick to restore those which they had taken from the Duke of Lorrain and to meddle no more with the Affairs of the Empire To this the French Answer'd That they were ready to recall the Troops they had in Montferrat and in the Country of the Grisons so soon as they were secured that the Governour of Milan wou'd not think any more either of seizing Cazal or the Passes of the Valteline That as for Pignerol they had immediately put the Treaty of Querasque into execution and that if the Duke of Savoy had since sold it to the Crown of France they cou'd not see what exceptions cou'd fairly be made against it since the Spaniards were allow'd to buy Final and Monaco and several other places which depended neither upon the Kingdom of Naples nor the Dutchy of Milan That Pignerol was one of the Dependencies of Dauphine and that since it was now reunited to the Crown the King wou'd never suffer it to be dismembred from it That some of the places in Lorrain likewise were sold to the King and others by way of caution intrusted in his hands for a certain time That the Duke had been an enemy to himself by desâ—gning a mischief to France which cou'd not otherwise preserve her self from him That as for what respected Triers and some other places in that Arch-bishoprick if they had not fallen into His Majesty's hands they must of necessity have fallen into those of the Swedes and that it was much better
both for the Catholick Religion as for several other Reasons that they shou'd be in the hands of France That the Elector had implored his Protection when he saw his States upon the point of being lost and the House of Austria cou'd not hinder it That the King was very much grieved to see Germany in the condition it was in at present but that it was the consequence of the Invasion which the Spaniards design'd to make in Italy and that nevertheless the King had interposed as a Mediator between the Swedes and the House of Austria if he had seen that House in a disposition to have kept the Peace elsewhere and not to make any Attempts against France These were the Reasons which the Ministers of France made use of to justifie the King's Conduct in this conjuncture and in the mean time they forgot nothing which might irritate the Enemies of the House of Austria against her They promised the States-General of the Vnited-Provinces to carry on the War and they sent Money to the Duke of Rohan to distribute among the Grisons who complained they were not paid and to make new I evies in order to secure the Passes They complain'd in France that the Duke of Lorrain made every day new Infractions of the Treaty of Liverdun It was said That he raised Troops and then disbanded them upon the Frontiers that so they might pass into the Imperial or Spanish service nay that he gave them leave to make Levies in his Dominions He had surprized Molseim and ravag'd the Territory about Strasburg Deuxponts and Sarbruck He had obtained Saverne and Dachstein for Payment as 't was pretended of an old Debt of Two hundred thousand Crowns but what offended the Cardinal the most was that it came to be known that ever since the preceding year Monsieur had consummated his Marriage with the Princess Margaret second Sister to the Duke which had been manag'd so secretly that not so much as his Domesticks knew any thing of the matter * The 10th of June The Count de Vaudemont and the Princess of Phaltsburg had made up this Match and it was a long while before it came to be discover'd Although the Duke of Lorrain had wholly left all Correspondences that displeased the King and especially that which he had formerly kept with the D. of Orleans yet he had all along maintain'd it in private and the Cardinal who was resolv'd to bring Monsieur to such a pass that he must intirely depend upon him and who looked upon him as the principal support of the Queen-Mother cou'd not pardon those that assisted him in any manner whatsoever Things were in this condition when the King sent †Aubery 's Life of the Card Lib. 4. Cap. 37. Guron to the Duke of Lorrain to reproach him with his Violations of the Treaty of Liverdun and to demand Satisfaction of him for it The Duke being inform'd of his coming conceal'd himself so well in Nancy where he made his Residence that no body cou'd tell Guron where he was So that this Envoy was obliged to return to Metz without delivering his Message But soon after repenting of this unpolitick Trick he sent Guron word That he might find him such a day at Luxeville however when the Envoy of France came thither he cou'd not bring him to any reasonable Terms This made the King resolve to Treat him like a Rebellious Vassal and to Confiscate his Dutchy of Bar because he had not done Homage to the Crown for it The Attorney-General after he had Assign'd this matter to the Parliament of Paris pursu'd this Confiscation which he obtain'd by a Decree on the 30th of July At this time the Neighbourhood of the Swedes furnished the Duke with a pretence to give out Commissions to raise Eight thousand Foot and Fifteen hundred Horse hoping to be powerfully assisted by an Army of the Duke of Feria who crossing the Country of Luxemburg had now joyn'd the Imperial Troops in Alsatia Soon after the Swedes intirely defeated the Lorrain Troops near d'Haguenau and the Duke affrighted at this Accident and the King's preparations who Marched towards Lorrain at the Head of His Army sent the Cardinal his Brother to meet His Majesty on the way and appease Him This Prince went as far as * The 19th of August Mem. Rec. T. 7. p. 66◠Chateau-Thierry where on the very Night of his arrival he waited upon the King and Queen Next day the Cardinal-Duke made him a Visit and gave him abundance of civil words but very small hopes as to the Affairs of the Duke his Brother It was to no purpose that the Cardinal of Lorrain represented to him That this Prince had an intention to keep the Treaty of Liverdun and as little did it signifie to excuse the Infractions they reproached him with The Minister of Lewis the XIII answer'd That they were heartily sorry to find that the Effects did not agree with his Promises and that the King being now upon a Journey was not in a condition to hear any Talk of Business That in a few days His Majesty wou'd arrive at Bar and that the Duke of Lorrain might inform him nearer at hand which of the two ways either that of Gentleness or that of Force he wou'd have employ'd against him that they might be secure of him for the future The Cardinal of Lorrain protested that the Duke was ready to surrender all the Places he held in Alsatia to the King but this was not sufficient and to satisfie them that he wou'd break his Word no more with them it was propos'd That a French Garrison shou'd be left in Nancy the most considerable Place in all his Dominions Nay the Cardinal his Brother offer'd to consent to the dissolution of the Marriage between his Sister and the Duke of Orleans and begg'd pardon for it But the Cardinal-Duke told him That this Reparation did not equal the Injury that had been done to the King and that His Majesty found himself oblig'd to put the Duke of Lorrain out of a condition of being worse than his Word for the future that for this end it was necessary the King shou'd have Nancy by way of Caution which the Duke should forfeit for ever that very moment he attempted any thing against France The Cardinal of Lorrain reply'd That this was all one as to propose to his Brother to lose the remainder of his Dominions because such sort of Pawns are very rarely Deliver'd That it wou'd be too mean-spirited a condescension in a Prince to stoop so low as voluntarily to strip himself of his Territories in the way of Negotiation that it was too severe a Mortification to lose ones Honour and ones Country at the same time and that let the War succeed never so ill it was impossible for him to be a greater Sufferer That Lorrain was the Half-way-House between France and the States of the House of Austria and that the Dukes of Lorrain were
the Party of the Princess Margaret whom they received as the Wife of the Duke of Orleans and for whom they had been at a great expence as well as for him But the Infanta happening to die at this * Tâ—e 1st of â—â—cem time obliged them to think of other things However it was perceived plainly enough that Monsieur was weary of Flanders and the Queen-Mother and Madam were afraid that this inconstant Prince wou'd abandon them at the first opportunity The Cardinal who was fully inform'd of all †Siri Mem. 〈◊〉 T. 7. 〈◊〉 7â—0 〈◊〉 1â—th of Dâ—câ—m Summon'd a Council before the King to Advise what Measures were to be taken in this conjuncture and whether the King ought to be reconcil'd to the Queen his Mother or to the Duke of Orleans This Minister according to his custom made a long Harangue to perswade His Majesty That it was his Interest to grant no satisfaction either to one or the other He told him That the Queen-Mother had appeared long ago ill-affected to the State That before she left France the King had offer'd her very reasonable Terms of Reconciliation as Places Governments and so forth by which she might easily perceive that he had no intention to use her with any Rigour That nevertheless she had fled to the declared Enemies of the Crown which she had never done but out of a Principle of Revenge and because she never design'd to come to any sort of Accommodation That she cou'd not be ignorant that her joyning with the Duke of Orleans wou'd displease the King and that all good Frenchmen must blame her for having recourse to the Spaniards That since she had broke through all these considerations it was a sure Indication that she had an implacable hatred to France That her Actions notoriously contradicted her words in which she protested that she had no design against the State but that she was full of Dissimulation as visibly appear'd in the whole Conduct of her Life That it wou'd be no advantage to the King to be Reconciled with her and call her home but that on the contrary several great Inconveniences might happen upon it because it wou'd be then a harder matter to perswade Monsieur to return That her falling out with him and his Domesticks was the most forcible Reason that induced Puilaurens to advise his Master to avoid those places where he might find the ill effects of the Mortal hatred of that Princess and therefore if she came into France Puilaurens wou'd have the less inclination to carry the Duke of Orleans thither That supposing Monsieur wou'd not upon this be unwilling to return yet they were likely to gain nothing by his coming home since it might easily so happen that the Queen and he wou'd joyn afresh together for the better execution of their wicked designs That the King wou'd find it a harder matter to Marry Monsieur again to whom he pleas'd and principally to the Princess Mary of Conzaga for whom the Queen-Mother had an invincible aversion That the Tranquillity of the Kingdom wou'd be more endanger'd since those that had harbour'd any ill designs wou'd certainly go and communicate them to the Queen-Mother whom they knew to be of a resolute and revengeful temper whereas they durst not repose any confidence in the Duke of Orleans who was known to be inconstant That the King wou'd not have the same Peace of Mind nor be in the same security as to his Person That he wou'd not be obey'd so punctually since the ill-affected wou'd hope to be supported by the Queen-Mother That the Lives of His Majesty's Servants wou'd be in greater danger because it wou'd be an easier matter to destroy them near at hand than afar off That though the Queen-Mother and Monsieur were both of them to morrow in France perfectly satisfy'd by the King as to both their particulars and a Misunderstanding still continu'd between them it was certain that in three Months time they would be discontented and wou'd as certainly reunite in their discontents whereas if Monsieur was in the Kingdom and the Queen out of it it wou'd be difficult for them to maintain any great correspondence together In this Advice we find the Cardinal's Interest confounded with that of the King and Kingdom but we must do him the Justice to allow his Reasonings to be solid enough if we set down the word Cardinal all â—long where he makes mention of France or of the King The design of it manifestly tended to keep the Queen-Mother at least out of the Kingdom but as it wou'd have been too odious to publish to all the World that her Son wou'd never be reconciled to her The Council in appearance concluded the contrary but at the bottom 't was the same thing because they knew well enough that this Princess wou'd not stoop so low as to do what they resolved to demand of her It was therefore pretended That if the Queen-Mother wou'd convince all People that she had no hand in the Assassinates which some of her Servants had projected by delivering the Authors of these Pernicious Counsels to Justice the King wou'd give her leave to return into France put her in full possession of her Jointure and permit her to live in any of her Houses that were at a distance from the Court. As for what related to Monsieur the Cardinal observ'd That this Prince's Absence was at present Advantageous to His Majesty but that the longer he tarried among the Spaniards with whom he daily contracted a greater Friendship the more it was to be feared that he wou'd one day destroy in a moment what had been doing for several years with no little difficulty for the welfare of the State That however these ills were at a distance whereas the Mischief which he might occasion if he lived in France and was ill-affected to it as he certainly was wou'd be felt presently That if Monsieur came back into France upon those Conditions the King had offer'd him which as they were honourable to himself so they were not prejudicial to France his return wou'd be advantageous to the Kingdom but that there was a great deal to fear and but little to hope if he came back upon those Terms which Puilaurens had insisted upon the last Summer viz. the Government of Auvergne and Macon to be the Residence of Monsieur and his Houshold because that then this Prince wou'd be in a condition to give the Spaniards an entrance at any time into the Kingdom who wou'd be glad of such an opportunity That if matters were so they must lay aside all thoughts of attacking any of their Neighbours either to enlarge the Kingdom or to assist the Confederates of the Crown because it was always to be fear'd that the Spaniards wou'd make some Irruption on that side and that though they did not break in upon them yet they wou'd cause so many alarms there that their hands wou'd be effectually
tied up without having any just pretence to complain of them That the disaffected wou'd take fresh courage and fall upon new designs In fine the Cardinal concluded that it wou'd be better to leave Monsieur where he was than to receive him upon those conditions which he demanded However he at last proposed Whether one might not in Justice and Equity nay with honour and advantage to the State Promise Puilaurens that Monsieur and he should reside at Macon in order to draw him into France and afterwards send this latter to Prison in stead of keeping their word with him As for the equity of the thing the Cardinal was of opinion it cou'd never be question'd since Puilaurens had been engag'd in such Mischievous Designs against the State but then he said His Majesty's Honour wou'd receive an irreparable loss if he broke his Word upon this occasion He added That such a procedure wou'd be so far from doing them any service or helping to counter-balance the detriment which the King's Reputation must necessarily suffer by breaking his Word that it wou'd draw after it several fatal consequences since if Puilaurens was Imprison'd they wou'd be oblig'd to apprehend Monsieur which was not practicable That if this Prince came to leave the Kingdom afresh he wou'd never return whatever Promises were made him after he had been once deceiv'd That then he wou'd reunite himself more firmly than ever with the Queen-Mother from whom Puilaurens kept him at as great a distance as he cou'd and that by her Inducements and Perswasions he wou'd become of an Irreconcileable temper That if it was alledg'd That upon the Imprisonment of Puilaurens Monsieur must be desired to keep within a certain place which shou'd be Assign'd him and from which they should take care that it wou'd not be possible for him to stir besides that this was infinitely easier to be said than done they wou'd gain no advantage by it for the present but run the risque of losing all for the future That at present the King desir'd Monsieur to break off his Marriage with the Princess Margaret of Lorrain and Marry the Princess of Mantua yet if this Prince were apprehended neither one nor the other cou'd be done since the World wou'd say with reason That he was not free That thus his Marriage with the former wou'd be confirmed by it in stead of being dissolved That for the future those that served His Majesty cou'd never hope to reconcile themselves to Monsieur from which no manner of good cou'd arrive to the Kingdom That His Majesty to the great Misfortune of France having been Married Eighteen years without any Children those Persons that believed he would never have any Issue would publickly exclaim That the King's Servants had a mind to destroy the Presumptive Heir of the Crown which might occasion several vexatious accidents The Cardinal concluded to leave the Duke of Orleans where he was if he would not return upon the Conditions the King had lately offered him which were to give him a considerable sum of Money to pay his Debts to re-establish him in all his Appanages and Good to give great Gratifications to Puilaurens and bestow the Government of Auvergne upon him with permission to reside there with his Guards If Monsieur refused to come back upon these Conditions the Cardinal thought it would be the best way to let him tarry in Flanders since any other means of bringing him home were neither honourable nor advantageous These Conditions having been proposed to the Queen-Mother and to Monsieur they equally rejected them The Queen-Mother could never consent to see her servants treated after a worse manner than those of her Son and the Duke of Orleans imagined that they would grant him more if he refused these first offers But the event shewed that both of them were mistaken and that they had better have adjusted matters in time than stand out against a Party which was infinitely stronger than their own And the Cardinal by this means arrived to the design he proposed to himself which was to keep the Queen-Mother and Monsieur but especially the former out of France as long as he was able year 1634 The space of three Months was now expired since the Treaty of Charmes and yet the Duke of Lorrain had not delivered the Princess Margaret his Sister to the King So that now the Court of France talked of nothing but of having the Marriage of Monsieur declared void by the Parliament of Paris and they founded it upon this reason that the Princes of Lorrain had stole the Duke of Orleans Thus they resolved to cite the Duke of Lorrain to appear before the Parliament of Paris to produce his Reasons for this pretended Rape His Brother the Cardinal endeavour'd to excuse him by saying He had done all that lay in his Power to get the Princess Margaret out of the hands of the Duke of Orleans but that this Prince would not part with her He desired the Cardinal-Duke to Intercede for him with the King that his Citation might be Suspended and declared That if they proceeded farther his Brother would not make his Appearance as being prejudicial to the Rights of a Soveraign Prince Richlieu maintained That as he was a Vassal of the Crown of France for the Dukedom of Bar he was obliged to come in Person thither which if he neglected to doe or was declared to be an Accomplice in the Rape they should be forced to proceed against him by the ways of Fact At the same time Orders were sent to the Parliament of Metz to Prohibit the Inhabitants of those Places that had been lately taken from the Duke of Lorrain as Dependencies upon the Bishopricks of Metz Thoul and Verdun to own the Duke for their Lord but onely the Bishops of these Cities and the King to be as it were their Protector They treated him after this manner to constrain him to be sincerely devoted to the Interests of France and to come himself to Paris to adjust these Differencies or to reduce him to such a condition that he could do them no Injury Thus they Mortified the Duke of Lorrain and now began to give New Vexations to the Queen-Mother by stopping and narrowly examining upon the Frontiers all the Carriages that came to her from France for her own use and that of her Servants though a Passport was allowed her This Princess sent Complaints of this Usage to the King and represented to him That it was to no purpose that the Cardinal employed these Rigours to bring her to his own Terms and that she would never humble her self before him Not long after the Attorney-General following the Instructions of the Court presented a Request to the Parliament to declare That the Duke of Orleans had been Stollen out of France by the Princes of Lorrain and consequently that his Marriage was null and void The Parliament demanded time to inform and deliberate upon an Affair of so great a Consequence
inconsiderable so that after they had vigorously opposed two Assaults of the Spaniards they were cut off at the third The Prince of Orange wou'd have fain got thither before the Enemy had thrown any more Men into the place and begg'd the French Mareschals to assist him but the Spaniards made such haste to supply it with Men and Provisions that he arrived too late and he judg'd it was impossible to reduce it by force So he undertook to make himself Master of the Fort by Famine and block'd it up almost a whole Year before it surrender'd Several Rencounters happen'd between the two Armies near this Fort but there was no decisive Action Afterwards the Cardinal-Infanta went to fortifie Genap by the means of which place he greatly incommoded the Garrisons of Venlo Ruremonde and Maestricht All the World was surprized that an Army of forty thousand Men as was that of the Prince of Orange and the Mareschals of France durst not attack that of the Cardinal-Infanta which had but half the number and was still disheartned by the Defeat of Avein †Siri Mem Rec. T. 8. P. 329. * Some ascribe it to Jealousie of State but others pretend that the Prince of Orange who was skilful at forming a Siege was afraid to run the risque of a Battel Nay some people add That if he had only lodged himself upon the Banks of the Rhine between Cleves and the Fort of Schenk he might have reduced it in ten days but he was so much afraid that the Spaniards wou'd oblige him to fight them that he came into the Betawe with his Army to cover them from any such Attempt 'T is true indeed he hinder'd the Spaniards at the same time from piercing too far into the Territories of the States which wou'd have caused a prodigious Disorder Cardinal Richlieu was now sensible that the Design of entring the Low-Countries by the way of Luxemburg which was the opinion of the two Mareschals was ill grounded by reason of the great distance of the Frontiers of France and that it had been much better to attack Dunkirk as the Prince of Orange had advised But now it was too late to remedy this fault The King who was made at first to expect Miracles from this great Enterprize was mightily concerned that it succeeded so ill although care was taken to conceal a great part of their Losses from him It so fell out that a Gentleman whom the Prince of Orange sent to him having informed him of the particulars he fell into an excessive passion against Bouthillier called him a Lyer and forbid him to open any Packet but in his presence This sate so hard upon him that his Minister fell sick upon it and the Cardinal himself appear'd very pensive about it At last they were ordered to save the rest of the Army as well as they cou'd but especially the Horse Charnacé who came from the Army to Paris was ordered to return into Holland to endeavour to conduct it from thence While the Cardinal thus treated with the States-General about the manner of attacking the Spaniards in the Low-Countries the President de Bellievre Ambassadour Extraordinary to the Princes of Italy formed a League with some of them to fall on the Milaneze and to defend the Liberty of Italy against the Spaniards The Dukes of Savoy of Mantua and Parma engaged themselves in this League for three years but the other Princes of Italy wou'd not be concerned in it Besides the Troops which the King kept on foot in the Valteline as we shall see in the series of the History * See the whâ—le Treaty in Siri Mem. Rec. T. â— â— 252. It was signed the 11th of July he obliged himself to send twelve thousand Foot and five thousand five hundred Horse against the Spaniards The Duke of Savoy promised six thousand Foot and two thousand two hundred Horse the Duke of Mantua three thousand Foot and three hundred Horse and the Duke of Parma four thousand Foot and five hundred Horse Every one was to maintain his own Troops till the End of the War and in case the Spaniards augmented the number of their Forces the Confederates were to raise a fourth part more than they had before It was concluded that the Duke of Savoy shou'd command the Army and in his Absence the General of the French Forces which Station was to be possessed by the Mareschal de Crequi They had likewise agreed about the Division of the Milaneze if it shou'd be conquered After this League was signed Siri ibid. p. 292. the Mareschal entred into the Territories of Spain on the 29th of August with the French Troops and having taken some inconsiderable Places he went to invest Valence upon the Po without any Orders from the King or the Duke of Savoy Edward Duke of Parma took the Field the next day assisted by an experienc'd French Captain whose name was de la Marne whom Mareschal de Crequi had sent to direct him He joyned him soon after after he had routed a small Body of Spaniards that pretended to oppose his March The Duke of Savoy made a longer stay before he came to the Rendezvouz and as the Siege of Valence was not as yet perfectly formed the Spaniards had an opportunity to throw four thousand Men into the Town commanded by the Marquiss de Celada to reinforce the Garrison Francis del Cardine was Governour of this place assisted by Captain Spadini a Man of great Courage and Conduct After this the Duke of Savoy sent his Troops to the Camp and the Mareschal began to carry on the Siege he imagined that he shou'd be able to carry the Place in a few days although the Besieged sallied out continually and added some new Works to the ancient Fortifications In the mean time the Duke of Parma's Men who had never been in any War before daily diminished and as for the Duke of Savoy he made some difficulty of going in Person to this Siege as being undertaken against his Advice and begun by another The Mareschal de Thoiras out of Envy to Crequi disswaded him from going thither but at last at the Instances of Emery Ambassadour of France at Turin he arrived at the Camp on the 13th of October and after he had visited the Works he was of opinion that the Siege wou'd come to nothing and in truth this unhappy Misunderstanding between them ruined all their Designs The Mareschal having received Advice that the Spanish Army commanded by Don Carlo Colonna was on their March to endeavour to raise the Siege sent to desire the Duke to order his Men to pass the Po that so they might fight the Enemy before they were intrenched at Frescarolo But the Troops of the Duke passed so slowly that they were forced to send them back the next day It was still believed that it wou'd be their best way to go and attack the Spaniards so the Army marched forward the Mareschal being in the Vanguard
he very successfully re-victuall'd Slech-stadt Colmar and Haguenaw After this he and the Duke of Weimar †In the Month of May. opposed the Enterprizes of the Imperialists in Alsatia to hinder them from coming into that Country and passing any farther At the same time the Cardinal procured an Army for the Prince of Conde whose Lieutenant the Marquiss de la Meilleraye was to enter into the Franche-Comté and endeavour to conquer it The Court complained of the Compeois that though they were obliged to preserve a Neutrality in any Wars that might happen between France and the Crown of Spain yet for all that they had supplied the Enemy with Provisions and harboured them in their Country as well as several French Malecontents They accused them of several other infractions besides which they took care to aggravate in the highest manner in the Diet of the Swisses for fear least they should undertake the protection of the Franche-Comté as being Guarrantees of the Treaty between the Crown and that Province The Prince of Conde having enter'd the Country and laid * The 28th of May. Siege to Dole the Swisses sent a Deputy to the King to desire him to discontinue the Siege but they put him off with the same pretences that had been insisted upon in the Diet and he was told that if he came from the Deputies of every Canton they wou'd consider what was to be done However a little sprinkling of Money among them appeased those that cryed out the loudest and so this Deputation went away in Smoke But the Inhabitants of Dole although they were attack'd with a great deal of Bravery defended themselves beyond Expectation and the place was in a Condition to hold out till the Imperialists and Spaniards could come to relieve it The Prince after he had got the outworks Foot by Foot and with a world of difficulty ordered a general assault to be made the 14th of June commanded by the Marquiss de Villeroy Mareschal de Camp but the French were repulsed with loss In the mean time the Duke of Lorrain and Lamboi entered the Franche-Comté with Eight Thousand Foor and as many Horse and encamped within a League of the French â—ines designing to attack them the next day But the Prince did not stay for their coming up but rais'd * The 15th of August the Siege immediately and retired into the Dutchy of Burgundy The Imperialists followed him and committed great ravages in Burgundy and Bress The Duke of Lorrain went afterwards to besiege St. Jean de Lône while Galas who had joyn'd him ravaged the Province at Pleasure and neither the Prince of Conde nor the Duke of Weimar nor the Cardinal de la Valette were able to hinder him But this place having at first made a Vigorous resistance and afterwards receiving a considerable relief commanded by Colonel Ranzau * the Duke was obliged to raise the Siege †The 2d of November Aubery's Life of the Cardnal and Galas withdrew into the Franche-Comté and from thence into Germany His Army consisted at first of Thirty thousand Men â—nd now was reduced to Eighteen Thousand having done nothing but pillaged a few Castles and some Villages The little Order they observed in their Designs the irresolution of their Generals and their greediness of Plunder made the Imperialists lose the fairest opportunity in the World of ruining France which had been otherways extreamly embarrass'd and now had the good luck to escape a terrible danger meerly through indiscretion and want of Conduct in her Enemies The Spaniards formed a design upon Bayonne which met with no better success There were scarce any Troops on the Frontiers and they * 〈◊〉 October See the Duke of Espernon's Life and Siri T. 8. p. 460. entred the Country of Labourt so unexpectedly that a general Fear having spread it self among the People every thing fled before them notwithstanding all that the Duke de la Valette cou'd doe who arrived there in great haste to assist his Father that was fallen sick at Bayomic The Admiral of Castile who commanded a Body of Six Thousand Foot and Two Thousand Horse made himself Master of the Field and at the same time of St. Jean de Luz and the Fort of Socoa within three Leagues of Bayonne But instead of advancing speedily to attack that City which was destitute of all manner of Provisions and cou'd not have held out above a few days he stopt short in the way contenting himself to keep what he had taken at first This over-sight gave the Duke de la Valette time enough to fortifie Bayonne to provide it with Victuals and to put the rest of the Province in a condition to defend it self The French on their side * Siri Ibid. p. 432. endeavour'd in Vain this Year to beat the Spaniards out of the Isles of Hieres by a Fleet of Thirty Eight Vessels that came from the Ocean under the command of the Count d' Harcourt the Arch-bishop of Bourdeaux and the Bishop of Nantes This Fleet happily arrived the 12th of August upon the Coasts of Provence but instead of falling upon Action immediately the Mareschal de Vitry Governour of the Province made this Army lose a Month being it seems incensed because the Court had not employ'd him in this Affair In the mean time the Fleet ill equipped and sorrily provided by the Bishop of Nantes who had been trusted with that Commission were able to keep the Sea no longer and that of the Spaniards consisting of Fifty Gallies came in Sight and threw a thousand Men with Victuals and Ammunition into these Islands which wholly broke the Design Ever since †Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 434. the beginning of the Year the States General of the United-Provinces weary of the War which they had for so many Years sustained against the Spaniards began to renew the Negotiation with them which had been interrupted France was no sooner aware of it but Orders were sent to the Mareschal de Brezé and to the Baron de Charnacé to endeavour to break off the Conferences which were begun in Brabant concerning this Affair who acquitted themselves so happily in this Affair that the States declared to the Spanish Agents that they would conclude nothing without the conent of France They assured the Mareschal de Brezé of this their Resolution in writing and made vast Preparations to continue the War They offered to France in case they resolved to attack the Spaniards by Sea to maintain one Third of the Fleet and to lend the King Thirty Men of War if he would give them Two Thousand and Livres a Month for each The Prince of Orange demanded Ten Thousand Foot and Twelve Companies of Horse for this Champaign but instead of listening to these Offers the other Designs which the Cardinal had on Foot and the good and bad success of which I I have related made him in all probability neglect the necessary Preparations on that
Cardinal-Duke gave out that he hoped a General Peace wou'd be soon concluded yet in order to it there was no prospect of a Treaty set a-foot and the Court of Rome whose Proceedings are always very slow did not leave its usual pace to perswade the Crowns to a Peace The Fancy which had possessed the Cardinal-Duke not to acknowledge Ferdinand III. for Emperour hinder'd them from entring into any Negotiation Therefore among several Orders that were sent to the Mareschal d' Estrees The 1st of Jâ—nuâ—ry Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 8. p. 542. relating to the manner he was to treat of a Peace or a Cessation of Arms at Rome he was ordered to find out a way to acquaint the Emperour's Ambassadour without letting him know that this Advice came from him that if a Negotiation was begun the Crown of France wou'd own Ferdinand III. Above all the Ambassadour was so to manage Matters that the Ministers of the House of Austria shou'd by no means perceive that the King had the least desire either for a Peace or a Truce lest any Advantage shou'd be made of such a Confession They seem'd to be mightily displeased with Count Ludovico Ambassadour of Savoy at Rome for that having proposed a Cessation of Arms in Italy he shou'd affirm that he knew it from very good hands that France wou'd not oppose it The Dutchess of Savoy * Aubery's Life of the Card. Lib. 6. Cap. 17. Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 8. p. 574. had one Father Monod a Jesuit for her Confessor who had a great Ascendant over the Mind of that Princess He seem'd to be mighty zealous for the House of Savoy and had been so far considered by Victor Amadeo that he concerned himself as much in Affairs of State as he did in those that regarded the Conscience It came into this Man's Head whether of his own proper Motion or by the Orders of Madam of Savoy to procure the Queen-Mother's Return into France For this end he took a Journey to Paris where he contracted an Acquaintance with Father Claussin the Jesuit and as he was a Man of extraordinary Address he engaged him easily in this Design They looked upon the Queen-Mother's Return to be as good as impossible so long as the Cardinal-Duke continued in favour and therefore they concerted Matters together to ruin his Reputation with the King To effect this Father Caussin as has been already observed began to insinuate into his Majesty that he cou'd not with a good Conscience suffer his Mother to be any longer out of the Kingdom The Cardinal coming to know that it was by Father Monod's Instigation that Father Caussin had embarked in this Affair after he had caused the former to be turned away endeavoured to remove Father Monod from the Dutchess of Savoy under a pretence that he secretly favoured the Spaniards The Cardinal caused d' Emery the Ambassadour to tell Madam of Savoy as from his Majesty that having several just Occasions to suspect Father Monod he desired her to dismiss him from Court The Dutchess having no reason to part with her Confessor whatever Stories were told against him wou'd by no means give her Consent to it and endeavour'd to disabuse the Cardinal But the latter who never hated any man by halves press'd her to turn him away with more Obstinacy than ever as if it had been impossible for the King to live peaceably with his Sister and to protect her so long as she kept this Jesuit about her Person He was so incens'd against him that he cou'd not forbear talking of him to the Ambassadour of Savoy though this Subject had no relation to the Discourse then in hand †Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 575. * As the latter was one day telling the Minister how zealous Madam of Savoy was for the Interests of the Crown and what care she took that the Spaniards might not be able to attempt any considerable Enterprize which carried the least probability of Success he afterwards added that if any thing had happen'd disadvantageous to the Crown as for instance the Taking of Ponzone it was through the fault of his Majesty's Ministers in Italy The Cardinal answer'd That the Negligence of the Mareschal de Crequi and d' Emery was not to be excused but that as long as the Dutchess kept Father Monod near her they must expect the like Disorders since the King distrusted him and consequently his Ministers cou'd speak of nothing to Her Royal Highness with any Confidence The Ambassadour replied That Father Monod's living at Turin had not hinder'd the King's Ministers from executing his Orders The Cardinal persisted That he told him nothing but the truth and that his Majesty cou'd communicate none of his Designs to Madam of Savoy for fear lest she should tell him of them again At last under a pretence that Father Monod favour'd Cardinal Maurice and Prince Thomas although the Dutchess had evident proofs of the contrary she was forc'd to give her consent to have him †About the End of the Year apprehended The Jesuit being inform'd of it endeavour'd to prevent this blow but was taken upon the Frontiers and put in Prison at Montmelian In the mean time the Spaniards and the Princes of Savoy sent word to the Dutchess that if she observed the Neutrality they wou'd not make the least Attempt upon Piedmont On the other hand France sollicited her to renew the Treaty of a League offensive and defensive made with Victor Amadco in 1635 and which was to expire in the Month of July 1638. Most People were of opinion that this Treaty was actually broke by the Death of the Duke who concluded it as well as that of the Duke of Mantua and by the Agreement which the Duke of Parma had lately made with Spain The Dutchess was willing enough to make a defensive League as the Treaty of Pignerol had been by which France was obliged to defend Piedmont in case it was invaded by the Spaniards Upon this several tedious Contests happen'd and all that the Dutchess said she cou'd consent to concerning the War they wou'd have her continue against the Spaniards came to this That she wou'd attack the Places that had been taken in Montferrat As for the rest the Council of Savoy was clearly of opinion that she ought to keep the Neutrality to preserve her own Country without disengaging her self however from France or making any new Treaty with other Princes But it was insisted upon in France that she should renew the Treaty of Rivoli without having any regard to the Welfare of her State or the Power of a Regent which does not go so far as to declare a War unless there be urgent necessity for it Although she represented all this by her Ambassadour yet it signified nothing and they daily talked of sending a considerable Army into Piedmont to attack the Milaneze and to defend Piedmont against the Designs of the Cardinal of Savoy and Prince Thomas It
good intentions of his Sister but desired her not to interpose in this Affair that he intended on his Side to give his Mother all reasonable Satisfaction but that she had ingag'd her Self in so many Cabals against him that he cou'd come to no other Resolution about her till a Peace was concluded that as for the Maintenance they demanded for her he was afraid she was abused by her own Evil Councellors as if there was no Medium between granting her all and refusing his Mother a Dowry which lawfully belonged to her and yet Lewis the Just refus'd it her Thus my Lord Jermyn's Negotiation came to nothing and though he offer'd in the Name of the King and Queen of England to ingage for the good Conduct of the Queen-Mother and promised every thing which cou'd in reason be expected yet they would talk of nothing less than sending this unfortunate Princess to Florence where they promised to settle an Appointment upon her which perhaps they wou'd have stopt afterwards No one durst speak a word to the King upon this occasion and the good Prince could not bethink himself of any middle Expedient between treating his Mother with this excessive Rigour only to please the Cardinal and restoring her to her first Authority He cou'd without jealousie behold his chief Minister assume a Power infinitely greater than the Queen-Mother had ever pretended to and abuse it in a more notorious manner and yet it never disturbed him but the Cardinal had gain'd that absolute Ascendant over him and had so far possessed him that without him both he and his Kingdom wou'd be intirely ruin'd and that none but he had honest intentions towards him that he perceived nothing of the Cardinal's Designs However to secure himself in some measure from the Inhumanity which the World wou'd be apt to charge him with in refusing to let the Queen-Mother return since she desir'd it with so much Submission he wou'd not declare his own Opinion in the Council upon this Affair But he ingag'd the other Ministers to give their Sentiments in Writing which he drew up for them himself and they afterwards sign'd They are still to be seen in the Memoirs of * Page 340. Montresor and they take two things for granted first that it was impossible for the Queen-Mother to come back without embroiling the Kingdom and that there was no other way to preserve it in Tranquility but by suffering her to want even Necessaries out of France unless she wou'd go to Tuscany Secondly that as Princes are design'd more for their State than for themselves so they are also more nearly related to that than to their Father or Mother and are not obliged to show them any marks of the respect they owe them but as far as they agree with a more publick and noble Duty According to these Slaves of the Cardinal France wou'd be undone if the King made any Provision for his Mother and this Action of the King resembled the Separation of Jesus Christ from the Virgin-Mary They gave this Advice to his Majesty in the Month of March and their Names that sign'd are as follow Leguier Bullion Bouthillier Chavigny and Sablet At the same time the Cardinal-Duke order'd a Process against the Duke de la Valette who had been received very honourably in England * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 781. According to the usual Forms it belonged to the Parliament of Paris to judge of it but according to a custom establish'd by this Minister the King nominated some Commissioners of Parliament and of the Privy-Council although the Parliament had remonstrated to him that it was an Infraction of their Privileges and that these Causes belonged to them The Duke de la Valette was accused of Cowardice and Treason besides that he had left France without Permission which he cou'd not do as being Colonel-General of the French Infantry Governour of Guienne and Duke and Peer of France The King order'd the Judges to come before him at St. Germains and commanding them to give their Opinions the chief President humbly begg'd of his Majesty to dispense with him from giving his Opinion in that place being obliged to give it in Parliament if the King wou'd be pleased to send back the Cause to be there tried conformable to the Laws as he was going to prove But the King took him up short and told him That the Councellors of Parliament started difficulties of their own making and had a mind to keep him in Tutelage but he wou'd have them know that he was their Master He addâ—d That it was a great mistake to say that he cou'd not order a process against a Peer of France after what Manner he saw most convenient and forbad them to speak of it The * So they call those Judges in France that make a Report of the Case to the Parliament Rapporteurs de la Posterie and Machaut concluded after a long reasoning that his Body was to be apprehended and then the King spoke to the rest to give their Opinion Pinon began his Harangue with observing that in all the Fifty Years he had been a Councellour of Parliament he never remembred a thing of so vast an importance to have come before them that he consider'd the Duke de la Valette as a Person that had the Honour to be married to the King 's Natural Sister and as a Duke and a Peer and that therefore his Judgment was That this Cause ought to be brought before the Parliament The King told him that this was not giving his Opinion and that he did not take it as such But Pinon answer'd That in the Order of Justice a Reference was a lawful Vote The King reply'd in great Anger That he wou'd have them give their opinion of the Merits of the Cause and Pinon made answer That since his Majesty commanded him he was of the same Opinion with the former The Presidents Nesmond and Leguier said the same thing seeing the King positively bent to have it so The President de Bailleal who had heard at his coming into the Hall that the Cardinal shou'd say That the King wou'd make the Duke de la Valette taste of his Mercy once more said that he approved of the Overture which the Cardinal had made but the latter reply'd That he needed only to cover himself with his Robe to give his Opinion so he was constrain'd by the King's Command to do as those before him had done The President de Meme thought of his Bonnet without saying a Word The President de Novion after a long Discourse wherein he remark'd that no mention was made neither of the Name nor Age of the Witnesses that swore against the Duke and that the process was against the usual Forms as the King himself confess'd declar'd that he thought the Duke ought personally to appear and besides that he cou'd not in Conscience give his Opinion in the place where he was He added that if
he had pâ—â—sessed himself of all the Avenues began to work upon his Lines of Circumvallation on the 25th of May and the Enemy did not put themselves in a readiness to hinder them or to stop the Convoys which arrived soon after Nevertheless General Bec coming to St. Venant which is upon the River Lie a little below Aire found means to throw five hundred men of the old Troops into the place which somewhat retarded the progress of the Besiegers Bec marched afterwards on the side of St. Omers and the Cardinal Infanta having joyned him they marched towards Aire as if they meant to attack the Lines of the French in the sight of whom their Army appear'd on the 22d of June and had some skirmishes with them The night following the Spaniards got a great quantity of Fascines to fill up the French Retrenchments and a boggy place over which they design'd to enter the City But having sounded the Morass and examin'd this place they found the Morass was too deep and the French Guard too strong to make any attack on that side which made the Cardinal Infanta change his Post and so he sent a small party into the Bolonois to make some diversion there In the mean time the place defended itself with a great deal of vigour divers works were taken and retaken several times and the Besiegers bought very dearly every foot of ground they got The Cardinal Infanta was resolv'd to succour the place assoon as General Lamboi whom he expected every moment with impatience had join'd him but the French being acquainted with his design prest their works with that braveâ—y and diligence that they made very great breaâ—hes with their Mines and reduced the Garrison and Burghers to * See the Capiâ—ulatio◠〈…〉 Mer T 1. l. 2. p. 420. capitulate on the 16th of July Not to give the Spaniards longer time to relieve this place the French Generals granted them very honourable conditions The Garrison marched out the next day with Drums beating Colours flying Match lighted Ball in Mouth in short with all the other Marks of Honour which are usually granted to those that have defended themselves well and yet don't stay till the last extremity before they surrender The same day that the Garrison of Aire marched out that of Genap capitulated after a Siege of about a months continuance The King had renewed this year the antient Treaties he had made with the States General and had promised to send them twelve hundred thousand Livres upon condition they would attempt some considerable enterprize In pursuance of this Treaty Frederic Henry attacqu'd Genap and after he had made himself Master of the Town reduced the Castle to capitulate at the time abovementioned The taking of Aire did so wonderfully provoke the Cardinal Infanta by reason of the lamentable consequences this Conquest might draw after it for the rest of Artois and for Flanders that he resolv'd to dislodge the Army of the Mareschal de la Meilleraye and attempt the Siege of this place * Siri lb. p 465. before they could furnish it with necessary provisions So Lamboi having join'd him with four thousand Foot and two thousand Horse the day after the reduction of the place he adventur'd to besiege the victorious Army and to hinder them from receiving victuals or other relief he made a Detachment out of his Army under the command of the Count de Salasar who took Lillers and the Fort of Ecluse between Doway and Cambray and defeated a Convoy which advanced to throw themselves into this latter Fort. The Spaniards made some new Forts between Terwen and St. Omers to hinder any provisions from coming that way On the 5th of Angust the Cardinal Infanta marched directly towards the Lines of the French whom he kept in breath with continual skirmishes but was not able to bring them to a battel till at last the Mareschal de la Meilleraye fearing that if he stay'd in this Post much longer scarcity of Provisions and Ammunition would destroy his Army as well as the place he had so lately taken retired by night on the 9th of the same month and marched in all haste to possess himself of the Pass of Terwin lest the Enemy should prevent him Before he parted he repair'd the Breaches as well as he could and fill'd up the greatest part of the Lines He put three thousand men into the place and gave the Government of it to Aigueberre with food enough for two or three months if rightly managed He could not leave them any more Powder which was absolutely necessary for them but he hoped to throw a Convoy shortly into the place Assoon as the Mareschal was dislodged the Cardinal Infanta enter'd his Lines and began the Siege of this place with a great deal of vigour and diligence but so as not to expose his men too much to the Enemy's shot As he knew it was not provided with every thing necessary he hoped soon to reduce the Garrison by Famine The Mareschal did what he could to throw some provisions into it but the Spaniards were so strongly upon their guard that all those that endeavor'd it were beaten back with loss By the 20th of August the Spaniards had already rais'd three Batteries the besieged not thinking it worth the while to incommode them by their Cannon because they had not Powder enough and were oblig'd to reserve the little they had till a time of necessity Soon after the Garrison disarm'd the Burghers and turn'd all unprositable Mouths out of the place However to oblige the Cardinal Infanta to abandon his design the Mareschal de Breze attacked Lens which he took and Meilleraye took la Bassee likewise and made inroads into Flanders where they burnt and ravaged ten or twelve leagues round the Country But the Spaniards still carried on the Siege which they had begun hoping the place would shortly fall into their hands through want of provisions The Prince of Orange importun'd by France enter'd Flanders at another â—â—de Siri Mer. T. 1. l. â—â— p. 514. wiâ—â— the Army of the States and design'd to attack le Sas de Gand but the Count de Fountains having got thither before him with seven thousand Foot and forty Companies of Horse obliged him to retire to Bergen op Zoom without doing any thing The French also did attempt in vain to make themselves Masters of Armentieres upon the Lis for some of Lamboi's Troops that were in Garrison there beat them back with loss But upon advice that the Spaniards had weaken'd all their Garrisons to form a small body of men in order to hinder the excursions they made into their Country the Mareschal de la Meilleraye attempted the Siege of Bapaume a place of great importance and difficult to be besieged by reason of the great scarcity of Water He began to besiege it in September and took it by Capitulation on the 18th of the same month The Garrison was to be conducted according to
suspected of High Treason in order to turn them out of their places which he either took into his own hands or conferr'd upon those that promised to maintain him in his Tyranny That he had ruin'd the best Families in the Kingdom to raise his own and had reduced several good Houses to misery to inrich persons of no merit birth and fortune That he drained France of its Money to send it in specie to foreign Countries and fill'd the Kingdom with Money of a base allay That he had bought at too excessive rates both of the Swedes and others places which he was not able to keep as Philipsburg or must when a Peace comes surrender without reimbursement as Brisac and others That he had indiscreetly squander'd away the Finances in Italy to acquire himself friends whom he afterwards ruin'd and thus render'd the protection which his Majesty had given to the Dukes of Mantua Parma and Savoy contemptible and of no effect That he had made some attempts in Spain which only tended to the dishonour of France and gain'd some Conquests in the Low Countries which were a charge to the State and only proper to render the War everlasting That he had burthen'd the Kingdom with an infinite number of Officers and dryed up the ordinary sources of the Finances by selling or engaging the Demeans and Aids to so high a price that a man could not make up his Money again without committing a great deal of injustice That he had forced several Orders to elect him for their General as the Cistercians the Clarevallenses and the Praemonstratenses by imprisoning abundance of the Religious who would not give him their Votes That as for the other Orders he had engag'd them by a thousand artifices to elect Vicar Generals in France that they might have no more communication with Rome and that he might make himself Head of the Gallican Church for Spirituals as well as Temporals That the King had no Allies that could assist him as being all a charge to his Majesty and only able to make feeble diversions at the expence of France That those whom the Cardinal thought capable to oppose his arbritary proceeding had been delivered into the hands of the Executioner after they had been condemned by wicked corrupt Commissioners of his own nomination or rotted in Prison or were banish'd the Court That he with inhuman ingratitude had turn'd out the Queen Mother and treated all the Princes and Noblemen of the Kingdom in a most arrogant manner That he had violated or annihilated all the Laws and all the Ordinances of the Kingdom under the specious pretence of the absolute will and authority of the King That he had robbed the Provinces and communities of their ancient Franchises and vacated the contracts they had made with former Kings That he had grosly abused the Princes Dukes Peers Mareschals of France and other Officers of the Crown That he had caused several innocent Noblemen to be Condemned by Commissioners dependant upon himself and imprison'd them without any form of process That some Bishops had been judg'd contrary to the known Laws of the Land other Ecclesiasties depriv'd of their Benefices and all of them obliged besides the ordinary tenths to pay prodigious sums and more than one third of their revenue to maintain a company of Pyrates at Sea that were commanded by an Archbishop and by Land an Army of sacrilegious Ruffians that pillag'd Churches and were set on by a Cardinal That he had treated in a most extreme ill manner the two Archbishops Presidents of the last Assembly of the Clergy for representing to him the miserable condition of the Ecclesiastics of France who had given five millions and a half above the ordinary Tenths That several Noblemen had been severely fined forced to the Arriere-ban and deprived of their employments meerly because they were not of his Faction That the Presidents and Counsellors of the Soveraign Courts had been suspended turn'd out and imprison'd when they spoke for the real advantage of the King and People or opposed his innovations which tended to the disgrace and ruin of the Kingdom That several Officers of Justice and the Finances had been undone by researches and new regulations That the City of Paris after all the extraordinary Aids they had given his Majesty had been severely taxed like other Towns and that its Burghers had been taxed at discretion under the pretty name of Benevolences That all the rest that had been exempt from such burthens were to pay so long as Cardinal Richlieu continued in the Ministry That great imposts were laid upon merchandise and that they levied the twentieth penny upon the most necessary things belonging to humane life That the Country was desolated by Soldiers and the keepers of Salt which reduced the poor Peasants to the â—â—od and hard lâ—dgings of Bâ—asts or forced them to dye of Famine or to take Arms or to â—â—g that agriculture was stopt which infinitely incommoded in Ecclesiastics the Nobility and the Burghers These were the complaints brought against Cardinal Richlieu the greatest part of which were without question very wâ—ll grounded The mischief was that the world believâ—d that if thâ—se who â—â—â—surâ—d his conduct with so much reâ—son had been to take his place they would have 〈◊〉 the same violâ—â—ces and yet had 〈…〉 capable to carry it oft with a quarter of that â—â—od management which the â—â—â—dinal discoverâ—d Lest these discountâ—â—â—d Princes and Loâ—ds should be branded for being 〈◊〉 to thâ—e 〈◊〉 they said that they had 〈…〉 that the Emperour and King of Spain should lay down their Arms along with them so soon as they could coâ—oâ—ntly obâ—â—ing sure and honour 〈…〉 they believed 〈…〉 had power to break it as he had 〈…〉 of Ratisbone and 〈…〉 every one 〈…〉 joy what of right 〈…〉 to him 〈…〉 up Arms with no other 〈…〉 peace which the Cardinal 〈…〉 to deâ—iâ—e but did not so in 〈…〉 natural they should defend themselves 〈…〉 as they were able against the violent and 〈…〉 proceedings of the Minisâ—â—â— In 〈…〉 the three Eâ—tates of the Kingdom to 〈…〉 satisfaction for 〈…〉 had done them 〈…〉 such as 〈…〉 The Paâ—◠〈…〉 the Mareschal de Chatillon enter'd into the Principality of Sedan before the Enemies were in a condition to take the Field without doing any thing remarkable there But Lamboi having joyn'd these Princes at the beginning of July they marched together on the 5th of that month with eight thousand Foot and two thousand Horse to fight the Mareschal who had a thousand Horse and a thousand Foot more than they had * Siri Mer. T. 1. l. 2. p. 418. The Relation of the Battel of Sedan in the Mem. of Montresor p. 398. The Mareschal had positive Orders not to hazard a Battel and he only propos'd to himself to hinder them from passing the Meuse and entering the Kingdom according to the instructions he had received But the Enemies having passed the River within a quarter of a
it to you but in whatever condition I am be assured that I am entirely yours The 6th of June 1642. The irresolute proceedings of D. Francisco de Mello deliver'd the Mareschal out of his apprehensions and this blow which rightly manag'd might have destroy'd the Cardinal himself did not shake his authority in the least At last the designs of the * Siri Mer. T. 2. l. 2. p. 880. Master of the Horse of which I shall speak immediately being discover'd and the Duke of Bouillon apprehended the Spaniards imagin'd that if they advanced towards Sedan the Dutchesses of Bouillon Mother and Wife to the Duke who was now a Prisoner would to revenge his quarrel open the Gates of this important place to them or at least grant them a free passage into Champagne But the Dutchesses considering that the Dukes life depended upon their good conduct absolutely refus'd it so that he retir'd to Mons where General Bec lay In the mean * In the month of August time D. Andre Cantelmo made an irruption with six thousand Foot and twelve hundred Horse into the Bolonnois where he seiz'd upon several Forts and important Posts between the Cities of Graveline Calais and Ardres But the Count d' Harcourt having immediately sent the Marquis de Seneterre with two thousand Foot and six hundred Horse he follow'd soon after himself and so they presently put a stop to the progress of Cantelmo The Count regain'd in the space of four and twenty hours and that with the greatest ease imaginable all that Cantelmo had been gaining with difficulty in six days The Country suffer'd exceedingly by this invasion of the Spamards however they did not divert the forces that were employ'd against them in Rousillon and Catalonia and attempted nothing more considerable in the Low Countries for the rest of the year Thus the ill conduct of the Count-Duke and of the other Ministers of Spain made that Crown lose the best opportunity they could have desired to humble France by carrying the War into the heart of the Kingdom as the French endeavour'd to do in relation to Spain One may remark upon this occasion as upon several more that the great incapacity of the Count-Duke made the conduct of the Cardinal-Duke to be so much admired which had frequently appear'd but very indifferent had he been to deal with people that had been Masters but of common prudence and discretion To come now to the affairs of Rousillon and Catalonia ever since the beginning of this year it had been resolved to undertake the Conquest of Rousillon which was absolutely necessary either to cover the Frontiers of France on that side or to support the Rebellion of the Catalonians to whom it would be a difficult matter to send relief if they were not in possession of Rousillon Besides France pretended to have a right to that Country which is the reason why she has not surrendred it since Over and above * Siri Mer. T. 2. l. 2. p. 566. these reasons of State the Cardinal who perceiv'd that the King was grown somewhat cold towards him was willing to engage him in some considerable enterprize which as long as it lay upon his hands he should not be in a condition to part with him This Prince who had began to fall into a languishing distemper of which he died some * The 14 of May 1643. months after the Cardinal was unwilling at first to make this Voyage as contrary to his health The Chief Physician was of the same opinion and the Master of the Horse seconded him in private before the King But the Cardinal so order'd matters that the Chief Physician soon after chang'd his discourse and his Majesty resolv'd to go thither It seems the Cardinal only design'd that the King should go to Languedoc * See the Kings Letter to the Chancellor in Aubery's Mem. T. 2. p. 842. without coming in person to the Siege of Perpignan at least he testified as much afterwards This resolution being taken the King order'd twenty two thousand effective men of the best Troops in the Kingdom to march on the side of Narbonne and these were to be joyn'd by the other forces that were already in Languedoc and Dauphine besides abundance of Volunteers In the mean time the Mareschal de Breze Vice-roy of Catalonia and La Mothe Houdancourt had orders to observe the Spaniards upon the Frontiers of Arragon to hinder them from sending any relief into Rousillon through Catalonia Before the King parted for Languedoc all possible care was taken for the security of the other Frontiers of the Kingdom during his Majesty's absence Orders were given to the Count de Guebriant who still commanded the remainder of the Duke of Weymar's Army not to stir from the Rhine near which he was posted in the Electorate of Colen lest the Armies of the House of Austria should attempt any thing against France on that side The P. of Orange sent him one party of his Horse at the earnest instances of the Cardinal who threaten'd the States to take away the Regiments from them which the King entertain'd in their Army if they would not assist the Count in this occasion where the Spaniards had sent fourscore Troops of Horse to act upon the Rhine Care was also taken to send three thousand men to Count d' Erlach in Alsatia for the defence of those places which he there held for France Du Hallier commanded in Lorrain and the Count de Grancey in Burgundy The Duke of Bouillon was to go and joyn the Army in Italy to command it with the Duke of Longueville and provision was made for Picardy Artois and Champagne as I have already observ'd All things being disposed after this manner the Cardinal advised the King to carry the Queen and Duke of Orleans along with him lest there should be any caballing against his Ministry in his absence He was of opinion too that the Children of France should be left at Bois de Vincennes under a good Guard where they could run no manner of danger These strange counsels which suppos'd that the State was in danger unless the persons that were most concern'd in its preservation were under the eyes or guard of the Minister gave his enemies an occasion to say that he endeavour'd to destroy the King and make himself Regent of the Kingdom Perhaps he had no such design in his head but his austere and haughty way of treating the most eminent persons at Court did every day increase the number of his Enemies and made them say some things which otherwise they had never spoken The Queen broke this design which the King had form'd to carry her with him by telling him all in tears that she could never endure to be separated from her Children and as it was not thought advisable to expose them to so tedious a Journey the King gave her leave to stay with him at St. Germains The Prince of Conde was left at Paris
got out of another Thus the Cardinal defeated this Conspiracy with great glory to himself and very advantageously for the Interest of France Altho those that envied his authority were not properly speaking enemies of the State yet as they could not destroy this Minister but by embroiling the Kingdom by the help of its real enemies they furnished the other party with a plausible pretence to accuse them with designing to betray their King and Country The Cardinal receiving the news of the death of Cinq-Mars and De Thou almost at the same time that advice was sent him of the reduction of Perpignan writ a Letter to the King which began after this manner Sir your arms are in Perpignan and your Enemies are dead In the compass of one month France got possession of two Places that were of the last importance to her particularly so long as she was engaged in a War with Spain Perpignan secured Rousillon and put her in a condition to preserve Catalonia in case she persisted in that resolution and Sedan hindred the Spaniards from entring France on that side whereas before if they gain'd the Duke of Bouillon over to their party which was no difficult matter they might easily enter it when ever they pleased On the other hand the affairs of Spain went every day worse and worse John IV. having been proclaimed King of Portugal not only resolved to preserve the Crown which was so lately put upon his head but likewise to regain all that it formerly possest in Afric America and the Indies The Government of the Castilians was become so odious every where where the Portugueses had formerly been that this design succeeded no less happily at a great distance from Spain that it had about the Tagus The Portugueses received with extraordinary Joy the News of the re-establishment of the Flouse of Braganze to which they generally submitted in spight of the Spaniards In the mean time the new King finding that the Castilians were unable to preserve their usurpations not only beat them out of the ancient bounds of Portugal but likewise enter'd into the dominions of the Catholick King and advanced as far as Salamanca He besieged several Towns in Gallicia Estramadura and Andalusia nay he had certainly made these Provinces the Theatre of the War by causing his Army to subsist there if there had been any strong places or such as were in a condition to be fortified to retire into in case of necessity Thus Spain was reduced to an extreme weakness thro the great indiscretion of the Count-Duke and the discontents of some Princes and several great Lords The Kingdoms of Valentia and Arragon that possest great privileges could not without a sensible regret see them daily infringed Catalonia which had so lately call'd in the French for that very reason furnished them with a very bad example and might perhaps influence them to do something of the like nature if things were not regulated in good time The Intrigues of the Duke de Medina Sidonia and of the Marquis d' Alamont put Andalusia into a tottering condition which Province was besides incensed at the change which had lately been made in the Money which after it had been made to go at an excessive high rate was at last cried down Those of Biscay had assassinated a Farmer who had been sent thither to introduce marked Paper against the Franchises of that Country and were exceedingly concern'd at the punishment of the principal Male-contents who had been wheedled to Madrid by the Count-Duke under a promise of being pardoned there and altho this had happen'd many years before yet they still deeply resented that perfidious usage In short the excessive poverty of Gallicia which besides was inviron'd almost on all sides by Portugal made it incapable to contribute much to the expence of the War Add to this that the Catholick King had sustain'd great losses in Catalonia without making any advances there thro the ill conduct of his Generals and that his America Fleet was destroyed so that he was forced to borrow Silver Plate of private persons to Coin it into Money The greatest Governments and Offices had for a long while beeâ— only bestow'd upon the Creatures of the Favorite without any regard to their capacity and merits and those that were best able to serve the State were turned out of Court because they could not submit to his imperious haughty temper In the mean time he caused forces to march from all parts at an incredible expence to endeavour the relief of Perpignan and 't is very observable that in six months time after he had used his greatest efforts he could bring no more than thirty thousand men into the field To compleat his misfortunes they arrived too late for the place which had long suffer'd the utmost extremities of Famine and which no one took any care to relieve was obliged to surrender on the 7th of September Don Flores d' Avela delivered it up to the Mareschal de la Meilleraye wholly destitute of Victuals but extremely well stored with Ammunition It had an Arsenal sufficient to arm twenty thousand Foot and Horse sixscore pieces of Cannon and three thousand pounds of Powder with all other things necessary for its defence The Mareschal gave the government of it to Varennes Mareschal de Camp till such time as the King should provide otherwise for the place This Conquest gave no little joy to the Court of France by reason of the mighty importance of the place which covered their Frontiers on that side and made them Masters of Rousillon On the contrary the King of Spain was exceedingly concern'd at it and could not dissemble his resentments while the Count-Duke affected a certain Gayety which surprized all the World He imagined by so doing to keep the King in heart who seemed to be strangely dejected and to put courage into the Army and People who were alarm'd at the progress of the Enemy He used all diligence to get together as great an Army as he could and the Grandees of Spain strove who should contribute the most towards the raising and maintenance of it in these urgent he cessiâ—ies of the State But instead of placing a General at the head of them who was able to raise the hopes of Spain he caused the Marquis de Leganez to be nominated to command them against the general expectation because this Marquis had not been able to obtain leave to come to Court but was as it were banished into Valentia by reason of the great complaints of the Allies and the Subjects of Spain against him but althâ— he was thus ill used in outward appearance the Count-Duke had given him private hopes that he should be suddenly advanced While he was putting himself in a posture to march Don Benito Henriquiz de Quirega surrendred Salse the Mareschals de Schamberg and Meilleraye on the 30th of September for want of provisions Part of the French Army which had been employ'd in the
experiment whether he knew more than the rest of his profession The same day he took some of his Water and Pills before dinner and seem'd to be somewhat the better for them however he continu'd to take his leave of those that were about him with a strong hearty voice and a serence countenance and appear'd not to have the least concern upon his mind The King came to see him again after dinner and exprest all imaginable marks of a real affection About five a clock having taken a new Pill he fancied himself to be much better and on the 4th of December in the morning after he had taken some Physick his Fever seem'd to be abated and his Friends thought him out of danger But in a few hours he sell into so great a weakness that they easily perceiv'd him to be now in his last agonies Then a certain Religious whose name was Pere Leon kneeling before his Bed asked him if being now in the last momâ—nts of his life when he was going to render an account to God of all his actions and was upon the brink of Eternity he would not receive the last Absolution The Cardinal giving a sign that he desired it the Religious replyed that while the delluxion took away the free use of his Tongue he ought to joyn in Spirit to what was said and for a sign of his sincere repentance he desir'd him to squeeze his hand which he did After this the usual Prayers for dying persons were said and they gave him every moment spoonfuls of Wine to support him In the mean time a cold sweat seized him and about noon as he repeated In manus tuas Domine he gave up the Ghost without any struggling or violence Thus died this great Minister in the fifty eighth year of his life the eighteenth of his Ministry and the ninth month of his sickness after a Fever of six days continuance He had made his Will at Narbonne on the 23d of May the several * Seâ— iâ— in Shir Mer. T. 2. l. 3. and at the end of his Life by Aubery Articles of which I shall not give my self the trouble to set down here I shalt only take notice that besides the Palais Cardinal and some other things which he had given the King by way of Contract he bequeathed to hâ—m eight suits of Tapistry and three Beds to serve as part of the Furniture for the principal Apartments of that Palace the Hotel before it which he design'd to have turn'd into a Square and what was more considerable the summ of fifteen hundred thousand Livres which he said had done him very good servive in the greatest affairs of State so that if he had not had that Money at his disposal some designs which succeeded happily would in all probability have miscarried for which reason he begg'd of his Majesty to keep such a summ always ready by him to employ it upon pressing occasions when he had no other Money in his Coffers He likewise desired that his Library might be kept entire and that the Sorbonne might name three persons out of which number the Dukes of Richlieu might choose one to be Bibliothecaire with a pension of a thousand Livres per annum Besides this he rewarded all those that had served him and with whom he was satisfied unless he had otherwise recompenced them when he was alive When a man compares his Legacies and his other Donations with those that abundance of Princes reward their Servants with he fancies he reads the Testament of a King when he reads his and that he sees the Wills of private persons when he reads those of some Princes Tho he left a prodigious wealth to Armand de Maille his Nephew and his other Heirs yet it may with justice be affirm'd that he did not drain the Royal Exchequer to enrich them that he scarce ever suffer'd the Kings Armies to want and that he neglected no favourable opportunity for want of being at some expence which are the ordinary faults that most Ministers of State may be charged with His Body being open'd the Doctors found two Imposthumes one of them had broke some time before and the other kill'd him in the breaking His Lungs were tainted but the rest of his Entrails were found Those that have writ the History of his Life have observed that the * Aubery Siri Organs of the Vnderstanding were found double or treble in him but don't tell us what parts of the Brain they take to be the Organs of the Understanding after which they add that people attributed the vivacity of his mind and the force of his Judgment to this I leave it to the Anatomists and Philosophers to pass their judgment upon this remark His Body lay exposed to publick view three or four days in his Cardinal's habit upon a Brocard Bed A Duke's Coronet lay at his feet on one side and on the other a Ducal Mantle At the Beds feet stood a Cross and several Silver Flambeaux adorn'd with lighted Tapers On the 13th of December his Body was carried to the Church of the Sorbonne upon a Chariot cover'd with a Pall of black Velvet crossed with white Sattin on which were his Arms. This Chariot was drawn by six Horses with coverings trailing on the ground of the same Stuff His Pages marched on his side with Tapers of white Wax in their hands An infinite number of people followed the Herse some in Coaches others on Horseback and on foot On the 28th of January a solemn service was celebrated for him at Notre-Dame to which the Soveraign Courts were invited The terms of the invitation were as follow Noble and devont persons pray for the Soul of the most high most powerful and most virtuous the most illustrious and eminent Lord ARMAND JOHN DU PLESSIS Cardinal of Richlieu Duke Peer Grand Master and Intendant of the Navigation and Commerce of France one of the Prelates and Commanders of the Order of the Holy Ghost Chief of the Council and Principal Minister of State to the King for whose Soul Services and Prayers shall be kept in the Church of Paris in which place next Monday after noon will be said the Vespers and Vigils of the Dead and on Tuesday the day following his solemn service will be celebrated at ten in the morning Pray to God that he would be merciful to his Soul On the fourteenth of February another grand Service was kept for him in the Church of the Sorbonne where Isaac Hubert a Divine of Notre-Dame and afterwards Bishop of Vabres made his Funeral Harangue Such was the Death and such was the Funeral of the Cardinal of Richlieu whose * Siri Aub. description both as to his body and mind is after this manner He had an agreeable air tho he was lean he was of a delicate stature and tall enough He was of a tender constitution and his unwearied application to business still made it weaker As for his Wit it was
to the House of Austria and on the other very much inclined to a Peace To satisfie these two inclinations he promis'd to humble that Crown so effectually that this should produce a lasting and secure Peace to France The King altho of a soft and peaceable disposition yet he was no enemy to what might obtain him a reputation in the world provided the undertaking would not give him too much trouble and the Cardinal took care to propose such projects to him as were proper to make a noise and engaged for the success of them Thus he made himself Master of the King's mind and did what he pleased under his name For his own glory he voluntarily engaged in mighty designs and as he was fortunate enough in his Wars so he lost no opportunity to make new Conquests and employ'd all sort of artifiees to accomplish them He laid the foundation of an Universal Monarchy and did not despair of compleating it by the ruin of Spain to which he gave two dangerous blows by supporting the Rebellion of the Catalonians and Portugueses To facilitate the execution of these vast projects it was necessary before all things to secure France from the invasions of her Neighbours and to put her in a condition to pour down her Forces where-ever she should see convenient This he began to perform with a great deal of success Paris lying too near the Frontiers of the Low Countries and having been terrified more than once by the incursions of the Enemy ever since the time of John de Worth the Cardinal endeavour'd to enlarge the Frontiers of the Kingdom on that side which he did by the Conquest of Artois and which he had continued by the reduction of several places which would have served as a Rampart to France if he had lived He colour'd these designs with a pretence of recovering what had formerly belonged to the Crown The same reason made him undertake the Conquest of Rousillon which if once in her hands would secure France on the side of the Pyrenees For the same consideration likewise he advised the King to get some place or other upon the Rhine whatever it cost him and this made France after the Death of the Duke of Weymar seize Brisac with that greediness And it was for this prospect also that the King could never be brought to surrender Pignerol that so he might be in a condition to act in Italy whenever he pleased for at that time he only made War there for the Reputation of his Crown and for the Support of his Sister and his Nephew against the Spaniards After he had employ'd Bellievre in vain to engage the Princes of Italy in a League against Spain he no longer thought of making any Conquests there for it was his opinion that such an enterprize could not succeed without the assistance of at least one half of those powers between whom Italy is divided A midst these projects relating to the Grandeur of the Crown and to satisfye his own Ambition he took care to provide himself a secure retreat in case any misfortune should oblige him to retire For this end he always kept a considerable summ at Havre de Grace to serve him in time of necessity nay he had purchased a Soveraignty upon the Meuse by buying Chateau-Renaud in the King's name and making himself Master of Charleville He likewise caused a Royal Fort to be built at some distance from Sedan upon a Mountain with a design to make himself Master of that City when time should serve and not incorporate it to the Crown For this reason he forbore to attack it with all the Forces of the Kingdom in the beginning of the troubles raised by the Duke of Bouillon as otherwise he might have done His design being to buy it for himself so soon as he found a favourable opportunity Setting this aside 't is certain that he made the King absolute Master of his dominions by changing the Governments which generally lasted for life before that so the respective Governours might not come to be too powerful and by punishing Rebellions severely whereas the method formerly was to grant the Malecontents some rewards in order to oblige them to lay down their arms Under his Ministry he made no Treaty by which any more was granted to those that had raised any commotions than a bare impunity but he never permitted them to have the least share in public affairs afterwards By a strong a steady and equal conduct he knew how to make the best advantage of all the occurrences of that time and turn'd the greatest tempests into calms where he peaceably enjoy'd the frâ—its of his labours In short after he had triumphed over his own private Enemies as well as those of the State he died in the highest pitch of glory and in an extraordinary esteem with his own Prince An INDEX of the principal matters contain'd in the Life of Cardinal Richlieu a. denotes the First Tome b. the Second A. DAglie Count Philip of offends the Cardinal b. 234. Put into Prison b. 274. Aire besieged and taken by the Marquis de la Meilleraye b. 293 c. Besieged afresh and retaken by the Spaniards Ib. 294 296. Albert. See Luines D'Aligre Chancellor loses the Seals a. 182. Almenas surprized by the Spaniards and regain'd by the French b. 305. Anire Mareschal his great favour under the Regence of Marie de Medicis a. 5. His House pillaged at Paris a. 13. His faults and his death a. 15. S. Andre Montbrun defends Privas in vain a. 313. S. Ange Baron of banish'd from Court b. 251. Angouleme A Treaty concluded with Marie de Medicis in that City a. 23. Angouleme the Duke of betrays Father Caussin b. 198. Ann of Austria ill used by the King her husband a. 192. Forced to take a tedious Journey with the Cardinal against her will b. 47. Coursely treated by the Cardinal b. 215. Ib. 251 c. Argeles taken by the French b. 302. Arragon Don Pedro of beaten and taken Prisoner by the Mareschal de la Mothe b. 334 c. Arras besieged and taken by the French b. 256 and 258. Astrology Judicial how those that are besotted with it use to defend it a. 292. Aubeterre Count of made Mareschal of France a. 50. Avein a Battel gain'd by the French near that place b. 148. B. BAgni Nicholas Guy Marquis of his Cowardice in the defence of the Valteline a. 98. Banier John the Swedish General reduced to extremity b. 141. Gains a victory ibid. Dies 306. Bapaume taken by the French b. 296. Bar the Dutchy of confiscated to the Crown of France b. 66. Baradas a Favourite of the King disgraced a. 195. Barberin Francis the Cardinal his Embassy into France a. 133 c. Ibid. 147 149. He retires Ibid. 151. He goes Legate into Spain ibid. 156 172. Barberines the violences they committed against the Duke of Parma to spoil him of Castro b. 306 c. Their Army runs away b. 364. They
Duke of Rohan b. 156 Ferrandine Duke of beaten by the Archbishop of Bourdeaux b. 300 303 Feuquiéres Marquis of attacks Thionville and is defeated by Piccolomini b. 239 240 Fleet Spanish beaten by the French b. 338 Frederic Henry Prince of Orange joyns the French Army b. 148. The Progress he made that Campagne b. 149 c. Does not agree with the French Generals Ib. 149 151. Will not hazard a Battel b. 150. Receives the Title of Highness b. 173. Takes Breda b. 189. Raises the Siege of Gueldre b. 209. Takes Gennep b. 294. Does a considerable Service to the Cardinal b. 368 Fontanet taken by the Duke of Savoy b. 163 Fontarabia besieg'd in vain by the French b. 210 Fontrailles his Negotiation in Spain b. 340 Force James Nompar de Caumon Marquis of Governour of Bearn a. 46. Defends Montauban ibid. 59. Is made Mareschal of France a. 65. Commands in Italy a. 344 c. Force Mareschal of in Lorrain b. 11. The difficulty he made of going against Monsieur b. 33. Goes into Lorrain ibid. 96. Into Germany b. 119 134 c. Into Lorrain b. 139 France The State of that Kingdom in 1627. a. 204 c. Franche-Comté attack'd by France b. 166 French submissive to the Arbitrary Authority of their Kings and Ministers a. 202 c. Francis Hyacinth Duke of Savoy b. 193 G. Gatas Matthias commands an Imperial Army in Germany b. 135. Takes Wormes ibid. 137. And Keyserslauter ibid. 139. Abandons the Siege of Deuxponts ibid. 140. Flies before the Duke of Weymar ibid. Afterwards pursues him b. 141. Ravages the Electorate of Triers and plunders Alsatia b. 145. Ravages Burgundy and retires ibid. 167 Gaston de Bourbon Duke of Anjou his Education a. 88. Is admitted into the Council ibid. 181. His endeavours in favour of the Mareschal d'Ornano ibid. 182 183 c. The mean Spirit of this Prince a. 184. Cabals against the Minister ibid. 185. Another instance of his mean Spirit a. 190. Marries Madamoiselle de Montpensier a. 192. Has a Daughter by her and loses her a. 211. Intriguing about his Second Marriage ibid. 212. His desire to command the Army of Rochelle a. 213 221. Falls passionately in love with Marie de Gonzaga a. 222. This Marriage is oppos'd a. 290 c. Goes for Dauphiné and returns to Paris a. 306 318. Retires to Joinville and from thence to Nancy a. 321. Complains highly of the Cardinal a. 322 c. Is reconciled and embroils himself a-fresh a. 365. Retires to Orleans a. 366. Goes out of the Kingdom ibid. 374. Complains to the Parliament of Paris 374 Gaston de Bourbon Duke of Orleans obliged to leave Nancy b. 25. Returns thither b. 27. Invades France in an hostile manner b. 32. The King issues out a Declaration against him b. 32 33. Intercedes in vain for the Duke of Montmorency b. 36 38. Makes his Peace b. 37. Complains that they had deceived him b. 51. Retires into the Low Countries b. 52. His Marriage with the Princess Margaret of Lorrain b. 66. The Queen-Mother and he do not agree b. 82. A Declaration concerning him b. 90. The Parliament perplexed about his Marriage b. 91. His Marriage judged valid by the Vniversity of Louvain b. 102. Makes a Treaty with the King of Spain b. 104. Refuses to accept any Arbitrators about his Marriage b. 106. Reconciles himself to the Queen-Mother b. 107. Treats with the King his Brother about his return b. 110. Comes into France b. 112. Will not hearken to the dissolution of his Marriage ibid. 112 113. The King puts out a Declaration in favour of him b. 114. His Civilities to the Spaniards b. 122. His Domesticks apprehended b. 124. Receives a new Council b. 126. Is made Generalissimo of the Army in Picardy b. 171. Combines with the Count de Soissons to ruine the Cardinal b. 174. Retires to Blois b. 176. What happened between the Court and him after this retreat ibid c. His reconciliation b. 181. Espouses the Party of the Master of the Horse b. 339. Confesses all they would have him b. 348 Gatta Charles of enters into Turin b. 271 Gave besieged and taken from the Genoueses a. 114 115 118 Genoua the Quarrels between the Duke of Savoy and that City a. 106. An Attempt made upon that City a. 110 c. 112 c. Relieved by the Spaniards a. 121. The Princes of Italy stickle for her a. 122. She takes Courage a. 124 127. And is wholly delivered from her fear a. 132 Gennep taken by the Hollanders b. 294 St. George Duke of mortally wounded under the Walls of Barcelona b. 298 St. Geran Mareschal of when raised to that Dignity a. 24 Gondi his Journey to the Low Countries and his Conversation with the Queen-Mother b. 108 c. Gregory XV Pope a. 55 Grisons abandoned by France a. 178 Grisons discontented at France a. 197 199 Grisons enter into a League with the House of Austria b. 189 190 Guiche Count of marries a Relation of the Cardinal b. 114. Beaten by the Spaniards b. 327. Comforted by the Cardinal b. 328 Guise Duke of the Broils he was concerned in under the Regency of Marie de Medicis a. 8 15. Makes War against the Rochellers a. 68. Being made Admiral of the Levant refuses to throw up that place to the Cardinal a. 362 Guise Duke of ill used and constrained to retire into Italy b. 8. Loses his Government of Provence b. 31. Is denied leave to come back into France b. 31 Guiton John of Mayor of Rochelle his Bravery a. 236. His remarkable Answers a. 250 Guebriant Count of commands part of the Troops of the Duke of Rohan b. 192. Is in the Duke of Weymar's Army b. 246. Commands it b. 255. Is made Mareschal of France b. 333. Defeats Lamboi b. 360. Takes several places in the Electorate of Cologne b. 361 Gustavus Adolphus enters Germany and makes an Alliance with France a. 344. Desires in vain to see the King of France b. 25. His Answer to a Proposal made him to confer with the Cardinal ibid. 25 Gustavus Adolphus slain b. 53 H. Hallier takes Carolet b. 209. Guards a Convoy to Arras b. 257 Halluyn Duke of raises the Siege of Leucate b. 186. Obtains a Mareschal's Staff b. 187 Harcourt Count of regains the Isles of St. Honorat and St. Margaret b. 186. Takes Quiers and beats the Spaniards b. 235. Returns to Carmagnole and beats Prince Thomas ibid. Raises the Siege of Casal b. 267. Besieges Turin b. 269. Takes it b. 273. Besieges Yvreé in vain b. 291. Takes several places ibid. 292. Regains what Cantelmo had taken in the Bolonnois b. 329 Hautefort Madam of loved by the King b. 251. Removed from Court b. 354 Hêdin attack'd and taken by the Marquis de la Milleraye b. 239 241 Henrietta Maria the Negotiations about her Marriage with the Prince of Wales a. 76 c. 86 Hugonots ill us'd in France a. 56. Make an Insurrection ibid. 57. War is made against them
La Mothe Houdancourt goes to command in Catalonia b. 300. What Progress he makes there b. 301. Blocks up Tarragon ib. c. Beats the Spaniards 302. Relieves Almenas b. 305. Is made a Mareschal of France b. 333. Beats D. Pedro d' Arragon and takes him Prisoner b. 334. Besieges Tortose in vain b. 336. And takes Monzon ib. Gives Battel to Leganez b. 357 c. Moyenvic taken from the Duke of Lorrain b. 12 N. Nancy surrendred to the King b. 74 Nari Bernardon sent by Urban VIII into France a. 102. His Negotiation about the Valteline ibid. Negropelisse put to the Sword a. 68 Nobility ruin'd under Lewis XIII a. 202 208 Norlingue a Battel lost near this City by the Swedes b. 118 Notables An Assembly of Notables at Fountainbleau a. 153. Another at Paris ib. 201 Novi taken by the Genoueses a. 114 O. Oleggio taken by the Mareschal de Crequi b. 162 Olivarez Count-Duke his ill Conduct 354 355. Disgraced 365 Orleans Duke of See Gaston Ornano Colonel Governour of Monsieur a. 89. Imprisoned and set at Liberty ib. 90. Made a Mareschal of France ib. 179. The cause of his disgrace ib. Imprisoned a. 181. His death at Bois de Vincennes ib. 193 Orval Count of defends Montauban a 59 Ossonville an over-sight of this Man b. 345 Ottagio The Spaniards and Genoueses defeated near that place a. 117 Oxenstiern Chancellour of Sweden comes to Paris b. 136 P. Papenheim beats the French in the Valteline a. 157 Parliament of Paris how far it concerned it self in the Government under the Regence of Mary de Medicis a. 8. Advises the King to make up matters with his Mother ib. 36. Is forced to enroll several Edicts ib. 64 Parliament of Paris refuses to enter a Declaration against Monsieur b. 1 2. Censur'd by the King ib. Refuses to confirm a Declaration for the setting up a Chamber of Justice b. 11. Mortified by the King b. 11 24 60 157 282 c. A Defence of the Rights of Parliament b. 283 284 Parma Edward Duke of enters into a League with France b. 152. Goes to Paris b. 160. Punished by the Spaniards for making a League against them ib. 161 164. Is reconciled to the Spaniards b. 184. Plundered of Castro by the Barbarians b. 306. Excommunicated b. 362. A League to defend him b. 363. Makes an Irruption into the Ecclesiastick State ibid. Passage taken by the French b. 210 Perez Michael defends Fontarabia b. 211. Perpignan besieged and taken by the French b. 335. Factions in the French Camp b. 342 Phaltsburg Princess of cunningly retires from Nancy b. 97 Philip IV. departs for Arragon b. 336. Deceived by false News b. 338 Philipsburg surprized by the Imperialists b. 133 Picardy over-run by the Spaniards b. 169 170 c. Piccolomini defeats Feuquieres b. 240. Attacks Monzon in vain ib. 241 Pignerol attacked and taken by the Cardinal a. 337 338 Pignerol the vast importance of this place in the Hands of France b. 16. A Stratagem to keep it by pretending to surrender it b. 18. Given up by agreement to the King of France b. 22 23 Du Plessis Besançon negotiates with the Catalonians b. 259. Beats the Spaniards near Barcelona b. 298 299 c. Du Plessis-Prâlain Governour of Turin b. 274 Plessis Alphonsus of Brother of the Cardinal is made Bishop of Luçon a. 2. Quits it to turn Carthusian ibid. 3. Archbishop of Lyons and Cardinal a. 330 Plessis Francis of Father to the Cardinal a. 2. His Children ibid. Plessis Armand John of his Birth and Education a. 2 3. Goes into Orders and is nominated to the Bishoprick of Luçon ibid. Sollicites his own Bulls himself and obtains them ib. 4. Betakes himself to preaching ib. And to the Mareschal d'Ancre ib. and 11. His Harangue before the States ib. 7. Is made Grand Almoner to the Queen ib. 11. Privy-Counsellor ib. Advises the Imprisonment of the Prince of Conde ib. 12. Made Secretary of State ib. 14. Obtains the Precedence before the other Secretaries ib. Disgraced after the death of the Marquiss d'Ancre ib. 16. Goes to Blois ib. 17. is ordered to retire into Anjou from whence he writes to the King ib. Banished to Avignon ib. 18. Writes Religious Treatises there ib. Is recalled ib. 22. His Conduct towards Marie de Medicis ib. 22 c. 29. The ill Counsel he gives that Princess ib. 41. Ruines her and yet by her means gets the King to demand a Cardinal's Cap for him ib. 44. The Enemies he had at Court ib. 47. Who secretly oppose his Promotion ib. 48. At last 't is asked heartily and then he obtains it 62 63 Plessis Armand John of Cardinal of Richlieu declared Privy-Counsellor a. 78. Receives the Ambassadours of England in his Bed a. 79. His opinion about the Marriage of Henrietta Maria ib. 83. The Discourses he had with Spada the Nuncio about it a. 84. And about the Valteline 95 102 103 134 136 140 148 150. With the Legate ib. 134 c. 149. His Discourse in the Assembly of Notables at Fontainbleau ib. 155 156. Thinks of making War against Spain a. 100. His Conversation with the Marquis de Mirabel ib. 100. Designs to destroy the Hugonots a. 167. Falsely accused to favour them ib. 171. Pretends to quit the Ministry a. 177. Endeavours to ruin the Mareschal d'Ornano ib. 179 c. Called The King of the King ib. 182. Feigns an inclination to retire a. 184. A Conspiracy against him ib. 185. Tricks the Messieurs de Vendôme a. 187. Obtains Guards for his security 195. Is made Admiral under another Name a. 209. His Government of Oleron and Broüage a. 213. Cheats the Hollanders and Spaniards a. 217. Sticks fast to the Blockade of Rochelle a. 219 221. Has the Title of Lieutenant-General ib. 220. What Orders he makes in the Army a. 239. Treats with the Rochellers ib. 241. Grants them such Capitulation as he pleases a. 248. Enters that City ib. 250 c. Plessis Armand John of superstitiously fond of Judicial Astrology a. 292. Advises the King to assist the Duke of Mantua and brings him over to it a. 302. Goes to Grenoble and from thence to Susa a. 307. Negotiates with the Prince of Piedmont ib. 308 310. Comes back into France and ruins the Hugonots to whom he gives a Peace at last a. 313 c. Reduces Montauban a. 316. Refuses to have any share in the Benefices of the Grand Prior a. 319. Will no longer depend upon the Queen-Mother a. 320. Ill received by that Princess a. 322. A Rupture between them a. 323 c. Declared Principal Minister of State a. 325. Lieutenant-General of the Army of Piedmont ib. 330. Departs for Dauphiné ib. Refuses to go to Pont de Beauvoisin to treat with the Prince of Piedmont a. 331. Treats with him near Susa a. 334. The Habits the Cardinal wore in Piedmont a. 336. His march to go to Rivoli ib. Goes to attack Pignerol and takes it a. 337 c. They try in vain to engage him