Clayton Kt. Borough of Rygate Sir John Parsons Kt. John Parsons Esq Borough of â—uilford Morgan Randyll Esq Foot Onslow Esq Borough of Gatton Sir John Thompson Bar. Thomas Turgis Esq Borough of Haslemere Geo. Rodeney Bridges Esq Denzill Onslow Esq Susser 20. Sir John Pelham Bar. Sir Will. Thomas Bar. City of Chichester Sir Thomas Miller Kt. Thomas May Esq Borough of Horsham John Machell Esq Thomas White Jun. Gent. Borough of Midhurst Sir William Morley Knight of the Bath John Lewkner Esq Borough of Lewes Thomas Pelham Esq Richard Bridger Esq Borough of Shoreham Sir Edward Hungerford Knight of the Bath John Pery Esq Borough of Bramber Nicholas Barbon Esq Dr. John Radcliffe Borough of Steyning Sir John Fagge Bar. Robert Fagge Esq Borough of East-Greensted The Honourable Thomas Sackvile Esq Sir Thomas Dyke Bar. Borough of Arundel William Morley Esq James Butler Esq Warwickshire 6. William Bromely Esq Andrew Archer Esq City of Coventry Richard Hopkins Esq John Stratford Esq Borough of Warwick The Right Honourable William Lord Digby William Colemore Esq Westmorland 4. The Right Honourable Sir John Lowther of Lowther Bar. Sir Christopher Musgrave of Musgrave Kt. and Bar. Borough of Appleby The Honourable William Cheyne Esq Charles Boyle Esq Wilthshire 34. The Right Honourable Edw. Viscount Cornbury Sir Walter S. John Bar. City of New Sarum Thomas Hoby Esq Thomas Pitt Esq Borough of Wilton Sir Richard Grubham How Kt. and Bar. Thomas Windham Esq Borough of Downton Sir Charles Raleigh Kt. Maurice Bockland Esq Borough of Hindon Robert Hide Esq Thomas Chaffyn Esq Borough of Westbury The Honourable Peregrine Bertie Esq Richard Lewys Esq Borough of Hytesbury William Ash Esq Will. Trenchard Esq Borough of Calne Henry Baynton Esq Henry Chivers Esq Borough of the Devizes Sir Tho. Fowles Kt. Walter Grubb Esq Borough of Chipenham Richard Kent Esq Alexander Popham Esq Borough of Malmesbury The Honourable Goodwin Wharton Esq Sir James Long Bar. Borough of Criclade Edmund Webb Esq Charles Fox Esq Borough of Great Bedwin The Right Honourable Anth. Viscount Falkland Sir Jonath Raymond Kt. Borough of Ludgersale Thomas Neale Esq John Deane Esq Borough of Old Sarum Sir Thomas Mompesson Kt. William Harvey Esq Borough of Wootton-Basset Henry St. John Esq John Wildman Jun. Esq Borough of Marlborough Sir John Ernle Kt. Sir George Willoughby Kt. Worcestershire 9. Sir John Packington Kt. Thomas Foley Esq City of Worcester Sir John Somers Kt. William Bromely Esq Borough of Droitwich The Right Honourableâ— Richard Earl of Bellemont â—hilip Foley Esq Borough of Evesham Sir James Rushout Bar. Edward Rudge Esq Borough of Bewdley Henry Herbert Esq Yorkshire 30. The Right Honourable Thomas Lord Fairfax Sir Joyn Kay Bar. City of York Robert Waller Esq Henry Thompson Esq Town of Kingston upon Hull John Ramsden Esq Charles Osborne Esq Borough of Knaresborough William Stockdale Esq Thomas Fawkes Esq Borough of Scareborough Will. Thompson Esq Francis Thompson Esq Borough of Rippon Sir Edm. Jenings Kt. Sir Jonath Jenings Kt. Borough of Richmond Sir Mark Milbanck Bar. Theodore Bathurst Esq Borough of Heydon Henry Guy Esq Matth. Appleyard Esq Borough of Boroughbrig Sir Henry Goodrick Kt. and Bar. Sir Bryan Stapleton Borough of Malton Sir William Strickland Bar. William Palmes Esq Borough of Thriske Thomas Frankland Esq Richard Staines Esq Borough of Aldborough Sir Mich. Wentworth Kt. Christopher Tancred Esq Borough of Beverly Sir Michael Wharton Kt. William Gee Esq Borough of North-Allerton Sir William Robinson Bar. Thomas Lascells Esq Borough of Pontefract The Honourable Henry Dawney Esq Sir John Bland Bar. BARONS of the Cinque-Ports 16. Port of Hastings The Honourable John Beaumont Esq Peter Gott Esq Town of Winchelsea Sir Robert Austin Bar. Samuel Western Esq Town of Rye Sir John Austen Bar. Sir John Darrel Kt. Port of New Rumney Sir Charles Sidley Kt. John Brewer Esq Port of Hythe Sir Philip Butler Bar. Will. Brockman Esq Port of Dover Thomas Papillon Esq James Chadwick Esq Port of Sandwich John Thurbarne Serjeant at Law Edward Brent Esq Port of Seaford William Campion Esq Henry Pelham Esq WALES 24. Anglesey 2. The Right Honourable Rich. Viscount Bulkely Town of Beaumaris Thomas Bulkely Esq Brecon 2. Sir Rowland Gwyn Kt. Town of Brecon Jeossery Jeffreys Esq Cardigan 2. Sir Carbety Price Bar. Town of Cardigan Hector Philips Esq Carmarthen 2. Sir Rice Rudd Bar. Town of Carmarthen Richard Vaughan Esq Carnarvan 2. Sir Wil. Williams of Vaynal Bar. Town of Carnarvan Sir Robert Owen Kt. Denby 2. Sir Richard Middleton Bar. Town of Denby Edward Brereton Esq Flint 2. Sir Roger Puleston Kt. Town of Flint Thomas Whitley Esq Glamorgan 2. Bussey Mansel Esq Town of Cardiffe Thomas Mansell Esq Merioneth 1. Sir John Wynne Kt. and Bar. Montgomery 2. Edward Vaughan Esq Town of Montgomery Charles Herbert Esq Pembroke 3. Sir Hugh Owen Kt. Town of Haverford-west Sir William Wogan Kt. Town of Pembroke Arthur Owen Esq Radnor 2. Richard Williams Esq Town of New Radnor Robert Harley Esq In all 513. A List of the Lords and others of His Majesties most Honourable Privy Council with the Clerks of the Council HIS Royal Highness Prince George Thomas Marquess of Camarthen Lord President Henry Duke of Norfolk Earl Marshal Charles Duke of Bolton Robert Earl of Lindsey Lord Great Chamberlain of England William Earl of Devonshire Lord Steward Charles Earl of Dorset Lord Chamberlain Aubrey Earl of Oxford William Earl of Bedford Thomas Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery John Earl of Bath Charles Earl of Macclesfield Daniel Earl of Nottingham Secretary of State William Earl of Portland Thomas Earl of Faulconberg Charles Earl of Monmouth John Earl of Marlborough Richard Earl of Scarborough Henry Earl of Warrington Ralph Earl of Montague Henry Viscount Sidney Henry Lord Bishop of London Francis Lord Newport Marquess of Winchester Lord Chief Justice Holt. Sir Robert Howard Sir Henry Capel Sir Henry Goodrick Sir John Lowther Vice-Chamberlain Richard Hampden Esq Hugh Boscawen Esq Thomas Wharton Esq Comptroller of the King's Houshold Edward Russel Esq William Harbord Esq Henry Powle Esq Master of the Rolls Lords Commissioners of the Privy Seal William Cheyne Esq Sir John Knatchbull Bar. Sir William Palteney Kt. The Clerks of the Council Sir John Nicholas Kt. Mr. Blathwait Mr. Mountague Mr. Coleing A List of the Lords Commissioners and other Officers of the Court of Chancery The Lords Commissioners Sir John Trevor Knight Sir William Rawlinson Knight Sir Geo. Hutchins Knight Masters of Chancery Henry Powle Esq Master of the Rolls whose Sâ—cretary is Mr. John Rawlinson Sir William Child Sir John Hoskins Sir John Franklyn Sir Adam Oatley Sir Robert Legar Sir John Edgeburg Sir James Astrey Sir Miles Cook Roger Meredith Esq John Methwyn Esq Samuel Keck Esq The Six Clerks in Chancery Sir Rob. Marsham Kt. Sir W. Perkins Kr. â—hem Bridges Esq Littleton Powel Esq Rich. Garth Esq Basil Herne Esq The Cursitors Mr. Abraham Nelson Principal Mr. Mich. Terry Assistants Mr. Geo. Davies Assistants For Suffolk and
claim to do Services at the King's Coronation and to receive the accustomed Fees and Allowances In the Procession on the Coronation-Day 't is he that carries the King's Crown The Right Honourable the Earl of Devonshire was honoured with this great Office in the last Coronation Upon the Trial of a Peer he sits under a Cloth of State and his Commission is to proceed secundum Legem Consuetudinem Angliae He is not Sworn nor the Lords who are the Tryers of the Peer arraigned and tho he call all the Judges of the Land to assist him yet he is the sole Judge Next to the Lord High Steward is the Lord High Chancellour who in Civil Affairs now there is no High Steward is the highest Person in the Kingdom next to the Royal Family as the Arch-bishop of Canterbury is in Ecclesiastical His Oath is to do Right to all manner of People rich and poor after the Laws and Customs of the Realm truly to counsel the King and keep secret the King's Counsel to stand for the Rights of the Crown c. The Great Seal of England is in his Custody He is the Judge of the Court of Chancery otherwise called the Court of Equity where he is to judge not according to the Rigour and Letter of the Law but with Equity and Conscience He also bestow's all Ecclesiastical Benefices in the King's Gift under 20 l. a Year in the King's Books Since the Reign of Henry VII this great Office has been commonly executed by Lawyers whereas formerly Bishops and other Clergy-men learned in the Civil Laws were usually intrusted with it The Lord High Chancellour holds his Place but durante Regis Beneplacito during the King's Pleasure And his Place is counted to be worth 8000 l. a Year Anciently he had sometimes a Vice-Chancellour commonly called Keeper of the Great Seal But of later Times they differ only in Name For the late Kings have always beflowed the Great Seal either with the Title of Lord Keeper or of Lord Chancellour but still with the same Power and Right of Precedence Only the Lord Chancellour receives a Patent from the King for his Office which the Lord Keeper do's not and by the Title of Chancellour he is lookt upon as in greater favour with the King But his present Majesty since his Accession to the Crown thought fit to have this Office managed by Commissioners and accordingly it has been hitherto managed by three Lords Commissioners The third Great Officer of the Crown is the Lord High Treasurer who has the Charge and Government of all the King's Revenue kept in the Exchequer He has the Gift of all Customers Comptrolers and Searchers in all the Ports of England and the Nomination of all Escheators in every County He has also the Check of all the Officers imploy'd in collecting all the Revenues of the Crown He has power either by himself or with others joyned in Commission with him to let Leases of all the Crown-Lands And it is he that gives Warrants to certain Persons of Quality to have their Wine Custom-free Anciently he received this Office and Dignity by the delivery of the golden Keys of the Treasury which is now done by delivery of a white Staff to him by the King His Oath do's not differ much from that of the Lord Chancellour and he holds his Place as he do's during his Majesties Pleasure His Place is also reckoned to be worth 8000 l. per ann But this great Office is now executed by four Persons called the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury Next is the Lord President of the King 's Privy Council an Officer as ancient as King John's Time made by the King's Letters Patent under the Great Seal durante Beneplacito His Office is to manage the Debates in Council to propose Matters from the King and report the Transactions to his Majesty In the late Reigns this Office was often supplied by the Chancellour Next to the Lord President is the Lord Privy Seal whose Office is of great Trust and Skill He is so called from the Privy Seal which is in his custody All Charters and Grants of the King and all Pardon 's signed by the King pass through his hands before they come to the Great Seal of England And hâ—â— ought not to put this Seal to any Grant withâ— out good Warrant under the King 's Privy Signet nor with Warrant if it be againsâ— Law or Custom until the King be first acquainted He manages also divers other Matters of less concernment which do not pass the Great Seal He is by his Place of the King 's Privy Council and takes his Oath accordingly besides a particular Oath as Lord Privy Seal Wheâ— there is a Court of Requests he is the chieâ— Judge of it His Place is also during the King's Pleasure 〈◊〉 and his Salary is 1500 l. per annum The sixth Great Officer of the Crown iâ— the Lord Great Chamberlain of England an Officer of State and of great Antiquity whose chief Business is on the Coronation-Day For it is his Office that Day to bring the King his Shirt Coyf and Wearing Cloaths before his Majesty rises and to carry at the Coronation the Coyf Gloves and Linnen to be used by the King upon that Occasion In the Church where the King is Crowned he undresses and attires his Majesty with Robes Royal and giveâ— Him the Gold which is offered by Him at the Altar Before and after Dinner he serves the King with Water to wash his hands For this Service he has 40 Ells of Criâ—â—son Velver for-his own Robes the King 's Beâ— and all the Furniture of his Bed-Chamber all the King's Night-Apparel and the Basoâ— and Towels used at Dinner for his Fees He has also Livery and Lodging in the King's Court certain â—ees from all Peers of the Realm at their Creation and from each Arch-Bishop or Bishop when they do their Hoâ—â—age or Fealty to the King To him belongs the Care of providing all Things in the House of Lords in Parliament-Time and therefore has an Apartment allowed him near the House of Lords This Office is Hereditary and belongs to the Earls of Lindsey The Lord High Constable is another great Officer but of too great Authority and Power to be continued and therefore is only created for the Solemnity of the King's Coronation The Duke of Ormond was High Constable in the last The next is the Earl Marshal of England an Officer of great Antiquity and anciently of great Power His proper Office is to summon the Nobility to the King's Coronation with such Directions for State and publick Appearance as becomes that Solemnity He also takes Cognizance of Matters of War and Arms out of the reach of the Common Law and in these Matters he is commonly guided by the Civil Law Neither can any obtain a Coat of Arms but he must first apply himself to the Earl Marshal to whom the Heralds Colledge is subordinate The last is the Lord
constant Attendance upon the King As for Home Concerns whether publick oâ— private both the Secretaries do equally receive and dispatch whatever is brought to them But for forein Affairs each has his distinct Province receiving all Letters and Addresse from and making all Dispatches to the severaâ— Princes and States in his Province They keep each of them his Office called the Secretaries Office at Whitehall Where they have also Lodgings for their own Accommodation and those that attend upon it whâ— a liberal Diet at the Kings Charge or Board wages in lieu of it Their settled Allowancâ— is little less than 2000 l. a Year to each 〈◊〉 them besides Perquisites The Secretaries and Clerks they imploy uâ—der them are wholly at their own choice anâ— have no Dependance upon any other Lastly they have the Custody of the Signet one of the Kings Seals To which belongs the Signet-Office where four Clerks wait Monthly by turns preparing such Things as are to pass the Signet in order to the Privy Seal or Great Seal He that is in waiting is always to attend the Court wheresoever it removes and to prepare such Bills or Letters for the King to sign not being Matter of Law as by Warrant from the King or Secretaries of State or Lords of the Council he is directed to prepare And to this Office all Grants prepared by themselves or the Kings Learned Council at Law for the Kings hand are returned when signed and there transcribed again The Transcription is carried to one of the Principal Secretaties of State to be sealed with the Signet This done it is directed to the Lord Privy Seal and is his Warrant for issuing out a Privy Seal upon it But then it must be first transcribed by the Clerks of the Seal who are also four in Number and when it has the Privy Seal affixt 't is sufficient for the Payment of any Monies out of the Exchequer and for several other Uses If the Grant requires the passing the Great Seal as several Grants do the Privy Seal is a Warrant to the Lord Chancellour or the Lords Commissioners to pass it as the Signet was to the Lord Privy Seal But here also a new Transcription must be made of the Grant The Reason why a Grant must go through so many Hands and Seals before it can be perfected is that it may be duly considered and all Objections cleared before it take its effect The Paper-Office at Whitehall is also depending on the Secretaries of State Where all the Papers and Dispatches that pass through their Offices as Matters of State and Council Letters Intelligences and Negotiations of forein Ministers here or of the Kings Ministers abroad are from time to time transmitted and there remain disposed by way of Library The Keeper whereof has a yearly Salary of 160 l. payable out of the Exchequer To conclude the Lords of the Privy Council have always been of such high value and esteem that if a Man did but strike another in a Privy Counsellors House or elsewhere in his presence he was fined for the same To conspire the Death of any of them was Felony in any of the Kings Servants and to kill one of them was High Treason A Privy Counsellour though but a Gentleman has precedence of all Knights Baronets and younger Sons of all Barons and Viscounts And a Secretary of State has this special Honour that if he be a Baron he takes place as such of all other Barons So honourable an Imployment it is that in the late Reign the Earl of Sunderland was both principal Secretary of State and Lord President of the Privy Council CHAP. III. Of the High Court of Chancery otherwise called the Court of Equity I come now to the Courts of Judicature held at Westminster viz. the Courts of Chancery Kings Bench Common Plâ—as Exchequer and Dutchy of Lancaster whereof the three first are held at Westminster Hall the Common-Pleas near the Gate the Chancery and Kings Bench at the further end of the Hall All the fore-mentioned Courts are opened four times a Year called the four Terms Viz. Easter Trinity Michaelmas and Hilary Term. Easter-Term begins always the 17th Day after Easter and lasteth 27 Days Trinity or Midsummer Term begins the fifth Day after Trinity Sunday and lasteth 20 Days Michaelmas-Term begins the 23th of October and lasteth 37 Days And Hilary-Term so called from S. Hilary a Bishop beginneth the 23 of January and lasteth 21 Days Next to the Parliament of England and the Kings Privy Council by whose Influences the Nation is chiefly governed under the King the High Court of Chancery is the chief and the most ancient Court of Judicature Otherwise called the Court of Equity in opposition to other inferiour Courts the Judges whereof are tied to the Letter of the Law Whereas this is a Court of Mercy in which the Rigour of the Law is tempered with Equity And therefore the Kings of England would have this Court Superiour to the other Tribunals as well as for being the Original of all other Courts and the Fountain of all our Proceedings in Law For as Sir Edward Coke says this Court is Officina Justitiae out of which all Original Writs and all Commissions which pass under the Great Seal go forth which Great Seal is Clavis Regni the Key of the Kingdom and for those ends this Court is always open In the Chancery are two Courts one Ordinary and the other Extraordinary In the first the Proceedings are in Latine Secundum Legem Consuetudinem Angliae according to the Laws and Statutes of the Realm In the second by English Bill Secundum aequum bonum according to Equity The Manner of Proceeding is much like that in the Courts of the Civil Law the Actions by Bill or Plaint the Witnesses examined in private and the Decrees in English or Latin not in French No Jury of twelve Men but all Sentences given by the Judge of the Court. The Judge is the Lord Chancellour or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal the highest Dignity that a Lay-man is capable of in England and held of the King durante Beneplacito But now this Office is executed by three Lords Commissioners Next to whom there are twelve Assistants called Masters of the Chancery who are Civilians Their Salary is each 100 Pound paid out of the Exchequer quarterly besides Robe-mony Three of these at a time sit in the Chancery Court in Term-time and two out of Term when the Chancellour sits to hear Causes at his own House Who often refers to them the further hearing of Causes c. These Masters have a publick Office where one or more of them do constantly attend to take Affidavits c. The chief of them is the Master of the Rolls whose Place is both very honourable and beneficial The same is in the King's Gift either Life or during his Majesties Pleasure And he is called Master of the Rolls as having the Custody of all Charters Patents
HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE XXX RR IE MAINTIENDRAI THE NEW STATE OF ENGLAND BRITANNIA I Sturt Sculp in ye Old Change THE New State OF ENGLAND Under Their MAJESTIES K. William and Q. Mary In THREE PARTS CONTAINING I. A Geographical Description of England in General and of every County in Particular with Usefull and Curious Remarks II. An Account of the Inhabitants their Original Genius Customs Laws Religion and Government of Their Present Majesties Their Court Power Revenues c. III. A Description of the several Courts of Judicature Viz. the High Court of Parliament Privy Council and all other Courts With a Catalogue of the present Officers in Church and State By G. M. LONDON Printed by H.C. for Ionathan Robinson at the Golden Lion in St. Paul's Church-yard 1691. To the Most Honourable THOMAS Marquess of CAERMARTHEN Earl of DANBY Viscount LATIMER Baron OSBORN OF KIVETON Lord President of His Majesties Most Honourable PRIVY-COUNCIL And Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter This New State of England is humbly Dedicated by the Author TO THE READER 'T IS the late Revolution that has given birth to this new Piece of Work a New Face of Things required a New State of England And of all the Changes this Kingdom has gone through as this was the most sudden so it is the most wonderfull To see Popery in so few days crowing upon the Throne and groaning under its Ruins but t'other day upon the Pinnacle and now stunned with its sudden Fall is such a Change as may deserve the Admiration of this and future Ages In short such is our present Settlement upon Their Majesties happy Accession to the Crown that the Popish Party may assoon see a Protestant Pope of Rome as a Popish King of England Now to make this Work the more acceptable and usefull to the Publick I have divided it into three several Parts In the First you have a particular Description of ENGLAND in its several Counties of every County-Town with the Distance and the common Road to it from London the Metropolis and of all other Places of note in each County Here you have particularly a List of the Market-Towns in every Shire with the Days pointed when their Markets are kept also an account of most other Remarkable Things either of Nature or Art Besides the Honours or Noblemens Titles from Counties Cities Towns Mannors c. And the Number of Men each City or Borough sends to serve in Parliament I conclude this Part with a particular Description of London Oxford and Camidge London as the Capital City of England the Seat of its Monarchs and the Center of Trade Oxford and Cambridge as being the two famous Vniversities of the Land and the glorious Seats of the Muses The Second Part treats of the INHABITANTS of England their Complexion Temper Genius Language c. Of the English Way of Living Commerce Laws Religion and Government Of the King of England and the Royal Family particularly of the present King WILLIAM and Queen MARY with a brief Relation of their Accession to the Crown and the Vnreasonableness of the Disaffected Party under their Government Of Their Majesties Court Forces and Revenues Of the Queen Dowager the Prince and the Princess of Denmark Of the Nobility Gentry and Commonalty Of the Episcopal Dignify'd and Inferiour Clergy And lastly of Women Children and Servants All of them with their respective Priviledges The Third and last Part is about the COURTS of JUDICATURE Viz. The High Court of Parliament with a large Account of their Proceedings Orders Debates Passing of Bills and Acts c. Of the Privy-Council and there particularly of the Principal Secretaries of State Of the Chancery Kings-Bench Common Pleas Exchequer Dutchy of Lancaster and all other Courts To which is annexed a Catalogue of the chief Persons of the Realm both in Church and State Magistrates and Officers Civil and Military Who being subject to Change though the Offices continue the same I thought it improper to mix Certainties and Vncertainties together Therefore I chose rather to place the Officers together by themselves as I have done here than to have them dispersed where I speak of their Offices And from this Method you will reap this Conveniency that by Interleaving of the Catalogue only you may fill up Vacancies as they become void Thus you have as it were a Scheme of the whole Drift of this Book The Foundation whereof is that Ingenious Piece De Republica Anglorum written in Latin by Sir Thomas Smith Improved as you see and fitted to the present Times The Matter of it self is of a general Vse both for English and Foreiners and the Variety so great that it cannot but be Pleasant and Vsefull to the Reader THE TABLE For the First PART This Table contains the Names of the Towns and Cities Hills Islands Meers and Rivers and other Curiosities mentioned in the first Part of this Book And for such as desire only to know what County any of them lies in the Table it self will give them that Satisfaction without any further Trouble it being so contrived that it is in a manner a Geographical Dictionary for England A ABberforth in Yorks 259 Abbey-holm in Cumb 49 Abbey of Westminster 317 Abbots-bury in Dors 67 Abergavenny in Mon. 148 149 Advantages of England 7 Agmundesham in Buck. 30 Ailesbury in Buck. 30 31 Air of England 13 Alborough in Suffolk 204 208 Aldborough in Yorks 273 Aldermen of London 324 Alford in Lincolns 136 140 Alfreton in Derbysh 57 Alisford in Hampsh 95 Almondbury in Yorks 264 Alnewick in Northumb 168 170 Alney-Isle in Gloc. 87 Alston-Moor in Cumb. 49 Altrincham in Chesh 39 Ambleside in Westm 238 Amersbury in Wilts 246 247 Ampthill in Bedf. 27 28 Andover in Hamps 95 96 Antiquity of Oxf. and Cambr. 350 Appleby in Westm 238 Appledore in Kent 112 Are a Yorks River 256 Arrow a River of Heref. 103 Artillery Company in London 329 Arun a Sussex River 224 Arundel in Sussex 225 227 Ashbourn in Derbysh 57 Ashburton in Devonsh 61 Ashby in Leicest 131 Ashford in Kent 112 Aspley in Bedf. 28 Atherston in Warw. 234 235 Attlebury in Norf. 153 Auburn in Wiltsh 246 Aukland in the Bishoprick of Durham 76 77 Aulcester in Warw. 234 Avon the Name of several Rivers 85 92 c. Axebridge in Somers 192 194 Axholm an Isle in Lincolns 139 Axminster in Dev. 61 B BAkewell in Derbysh 57 Baldock in Hartf 100 Bampton in Oxf. 178 179 Banbury in Oxf. 178 179 Banquetting House at Whitehall 316 Barkin in Essex 81 BARKSHIRE 22 Barnesly in Yorks 259 Barnet in Hartf 100 102 Barnstaple in Dev. 61 63 Barnwel in Linc. 136 Barristers in Lond. 304 Barton in Linc. 136 139 Barwick in Northumb. 168 Basingstoke in Hamps 95 96 Bath in Somers 189 Battel in Sussex 225 228 Battersea in Surrey 221 Bautrey in Yorks 259 Beaconfield in Buck. 30 32 Beckles in Suffolk 204 209 Bedal in Yorks 273 Bedford 26
the Garter 219 Knights Baronets 223 Knights of the Bath 224 Knights Batchelours Ibid. Knights Banerets 229 L. LAnd-Forces 177 Language of the English 12 English Laws 59 Lent-Preachers 171 The Lord Lieutenant's Power 179 Way of Living among the English 31 M. MAritime Power 181 Earl Marshal of England 131 Master of the Horse 161 Master of the Houshold 149 150 Master of the Wardrobe 160 Master of the Robes 162 Master of the Revels 163 Master of the Ceremonies 164 Maundy Thursday the Ceremony of that Day 173 English Measures 53 Merchants 229 Militia 178 Millenarians 70 Mint-Officers 51 N. ENglish Names 21 Nobility of England their Creation and Distinction 210 c Their Priviledges 215 Noble Women 258 O ORder of the Garter 219 Ordination of Priests and Deacons 251 Ordnance its Office and Officers 194 c. Original of the English 1 c. Oxford Regiment 168 P. PArsons 250 Patrons of Churches 252 Pledging the Original of it 43 Post-Office 47 Poverty a description thereof 230 Power of the King by Sea and Land 113 Prebendaries 248 Prerogative of the King 109 Presbyterians 68 President of the Council 129 Prince of Wales 122 Prince George 208 Princess Ann ibid. Privy Purse 162 Privy Seal 129 Proclamation of the King 98 Pursuivants 163 Q. QVakers 70 Sovereign Queen of England 121 Queen Mary's Character 143 Queen Consort 122 Queen Dowager 122 The present Queen Dowager 207 R. ENglish Recreations 39 Recusants 71 Reformation of the Church of England 63 Regency 117 Religion of England 61 Religion alters the Temper of Men 71 Revenues of the King of England 115 Revenues of the present King Queen 199 Revenues of the Clergy 253 Revenues of the Bishops 244 Rural Deans 249 S. SCotlands Union with England 85 c. Sergeants at Arms 163 Servants 266 Act of Settlement 119 Sextons 257 Ship-yards and their Officers 190 Sidesmen 257 Marks of Sovereignty 94 High Steward of England 126 Lord Steward of the King's Houshold 148 Succession to the Crown 118 T. TEmper of the English 4 Tenure in Villenage 268 Title of the King to the Crown of France 89 Tobacco the Benefits of it 38 The great Trade of England 55 Train-Bands see Militia The English way of Travelling 46 The Lord High-Treasurer 128 Treasurer of the King's House 150 V. S. VAlentines Day 45 Vestry 258 Vicars 253 The Vnreasonableness of the present disaffected Party 144 W. WAles its Union with England 84 Wardrobes of the King 160 Weights used in England 52 Women 258 Laws concerning them 260 261 Y. YAchts 186 Yeomen 228 Yeomen of the Gard 167 The Table FOR THE THIRD PART A ALdermen 73 Alienation Office 53 Apprentices Laws concerning them 112 Aâ—â—zes 80 Attachment 95 B. BAyliffs 74 Benefit of the Clergy 58 C. CHancery see Court Circuâ—ts 80 Clerk of the Market 72 Commission of Assize 81 Commission of Nisi-prius ib. Commission of Peace 82 Commission of Oyer Terminer ib. Commission of Gaol-delivery ib. Committees 30 c. Common Pleas see Court Constables 77 Convocation 96 Coroners 71 Privy Council 43 County Court 68 Court of Chancery 49 Court of King's Bench 55 Court of Common Pleas 59 Court of Exchequer 62 Court of Dutchy of Lancaster 66 Court of Admiralty 91 Court of Marshalsea 94 Court of Requests 94 Court Martial 91 215 Court Leet 75 Court Baron 76 Courts of Conscience 94 Prerogative Court 102 Court of Arches 100 Court of Audience 102 Court of Delegates 103 Court of Peculiars 104 Court of the Lord Mayor of London 106 Court of Aldermen at Lond. 107 Court of Common Council 108 Court of Goal-Delivery 110 Court of the London Sheriffs 111 Court of the Chamberlain ib. Court of the Orphans 114 Cursitors Office 52 H. HEadboroughs 77 House of Lords 11 House of Commons 12 Hustings 109 J. GRand Jury 70 L. A List of the Kings Houshold Officers and Servants 135 A List of the Gentlemen of the King's Bedchamber 144 A List of the Genâ—l Pensioners 152 A List of the Yeomen of the Guard Officers 153 A List of the Officers of the four Troops of Horse ib. A List of the Officers of the Oxford Regim 158 A List of the Officers of the Foot-guards 159 A List of the Chappel Royal 161 A List of the Queens Houshold 163 A List of the Nobility 168 A List of the Bishops 174 A List of the House of Commons 175 A List of the Privy Council 191 A List of the Lords Commissioners and Officers of the Court of Chancery 193 A List of the Judges and Officers of the C. of Kings Bench 19â— A List of the Judges and Officers of the C. of Common Pleas 200 A List of the Judges and Officers of the C. of Exchequer 203 A List of the Judges and Officers of the Dutchy of Lancast 206 A List of the Attorney aâ—â— Solicitor General Sergeants and Council at Law ib. A List of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury 208 A List of the Officers of the Custom 209 A List of the Officers of the Excise 210 A List of the Officers of the General Post-Office 211 A List of the Officers of the Mint 212 A List of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty 213 A List of the Admirals 214 A List of the Commissioners other Officers belonging to the Navy ib. A List of the Officers of the Martial Court 215 A List of the Lords Lieutenants 216 A List of the Governours of Foregn Plantations 219 A List of the Consuls in Foreign Parts 220 A List of the Foreign Ministers residing here ibid. A List of the Knights of the Garter 221 A List of the Knights made by K. William 222 A List of the Deans in England Wales 225 A List of the Colledge of Civilians 226 A List of the Colledge of Physicians 230 A List of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of London 232 A List of the Lieutenancy of London 234 A List of the Governours of the Charterhouse 236 A List of the Chancellor Vice-Chancellor Heads of Colledges and Halls Proctors Orator and Professors in Oxford University 237 A List of the Chancellor Vice-Chancellor Heads of Colledges and Halls Proctors Orator and Professors in Cambridge 239 M. MAster 's of Chancery 50 Master of the Rolls 51 Mayors 73 P. PAper-Office 47 Parliament of England 1 Pie-powder Court 96 Privy Council 43 Q. QVarter Sessions 70 S. SEcretaries of State 45 Sheriffs 67 Sheriffs Turn 68 Signet-Office 47 Speaker of the House of Lords 10 Speaker of the House of Commons 14 Stewards 75 Subpoena Office 53 Swainmote 95 T. TRial of Malefactors 83 W. WArden of the Fleet 54 ERRATA PART I. Page 4. line 12. read Wiltshire p. 7. l. 10. dele of and l. 12. r. third p. 29. l. 5. r. Lincoln p. 81. in the list 1. Burntwood p. 89. l. 11. r. be p. 116. l. 10. r. Rockingham p. 291. l. 25. r. 1209. p. 302. r. only Grocer's Hall p. 324. l. 6. r. 25. p. 329. l. 13. r. 9000. p. 331. l. 16. r. manner p. 341.
l. 13. r. some were afterwards p. 355. l. 11. r. certain it is PART II. p. 66. l. 5. dele but. p. 68. l. 35. r. in p. 99. l. 33. r. us PART III. p. 2. l. 10. r. be p. 79. l. 35. r. assisted p. 63. l. 22. r. sit on p. 71. l. 14. r. whose p. 213. l. 18. dele of p. 180. l. 15. r. John Howe Esq p. 224. l. 17. r. 1689. p. 232. l. 27. r. Sir Edward Clark and Sir Francis Child THE FIRST PART OF THE New State OF ENGLAND Under Their MAJESTIES K. William and Q. Mary CONTAINING A Geographical Description of England in General and of every County in Particular with Useful and Curious Remarks London Printed in the Year 1691. THE NEW STATE OF ENGLAND PART I. CHAP. I. Treating of ENGLAND in general and of every County in particular England ENGLAND is the best and largest Part of the greatest Island of Europe An Island anciently called Albion from its white chalky Cliffs but since better known by the Name of Great Britain Great for the vast Extent of â—t reaching as it does in Length from North to South about 600 Miles Britain that is a Country Inhabited by Painted Men as formerly they were wont to be At this time 't is principally divided into three Parts England Scotland and Wales the first two being two distinct Kingdoms the last a Principality but all of them happily united under one Head ENGLAND takes up the South Parts of the Island being parted from Scotland Northward by the River Tweede from Wales Westward in part by the River Dee and from the rest of the World by the Ocean Thus it contains in Length from North to South as from Barwick to Portsmouth 320 miles and in breadth from East to West as from Dover to the Lands End 270. But such is the Variety of its Breadth that in the South Parts which face the Channel 't is three times the Breadth of the North. And all along the Sea-Coast in general there are so many Creeks and Inlets some greater and some lesser that England and indeed the whole Island delineated as it is in Globes and Maps makes but an odd kind of Figure However in this Spot of Ground not exceeding one third Part of France there are reckoned 30 millions of Acres In reference to the Globe it lies between the 50 and 57 Degree of North Latitude the longest Day in the most Northern Parts being 17 hours 30 minutes and the shortest in the most Southern almost eight hours long The name of ENGLAND it took from the Angles an ancient People of Jutland in Denmark who joyning with their Neighbours the Saxons went under their Name in the Conquest of Britain And this Name was given it by a special Edict of Egbert the first sole Monarch of England since the Heptarchy Who being descended from those Angles and having reduced the whole Country from a divided State into one intire Body called it with the Concurrence of the States of the Realm then convened at Winchester Anno 819. by the Name of Engle-lond since turned into ENGLAND From whence the Nation and Language came to be called English When the Romans were possessed of this Country they made but two Parts of it and another of Wales Called Britannia Prima Containing the South of England Britannia Secunda Containing Wales Maxima Caesariensis Containing the North of England Their particular Divisions were not of the Country it self but of the Inhabitants As the Atrebatii Belgae Brigantes Catieuchlani and ten Nations more they reckoned only in England In the time of the Anglo-Saxons England alone was divided into seven Kingdoms Viz. The Kingdom of Kent Containing the County of that Name The Kingdom of South-Saxons Containing Sussex and Surrey The Kingdom of West-Saxons Containing Cornwal Devon Somerset Dorset Wiltshire Barkshire and Hampshire The Kingdom of East-Saxons Containing Middlesex Essex and part of Hartfordshire The Kingdom of East-Angles Containing Norfolk Suffolk Cambridgshire The Kingdom of Mercia Containing Glocester Worcester Hereford Shropshire Cheshire Stafford Darby Nottingham Leicester Rutland Lincoln Huntington Northampton Warwick Salop Oxon Buckingham Bedford and the rest of Hartfordshire The Kingdom of Northumberland Containing York Lancashire Durham Westmorland Cumberland Northumberland and the South Parts of Scotland as far as Edinburg But England's Division into Shires or Counties did not begin till the Reign of Alfred about 800 Years ago Afterwards every Shin was subdivided into Hundreds and Hundred into Tythings a Hundred containing teâ— Tythings and a Tything ten Families The Shires or Counties are either Maritime or Inland in all 40 in number The Maritime Counties I mean such as be watered by the Ocean are these Viz. Cornwal Devonshire Somersetshire Dorsetshire Hampshire Sussex Kent Essex Suffolk Norfolk Lincolnshire Yorkshire Durham Northumberland Cumberland Westmorland Lancashire Cheshire Whereof the first seven Counties take up the most Southern Parts and lye all along the Channel which parts England from France the next seven run from Kent and Sussex Northward bounded on the East by the German Ocean and the last fourâ—ly North-West bounded by the Irish Seas The Inland Counties are Nottinghamshire Derbyshire Staffordshire Shropshire Worcestershire Herefordshire Monmouthshire Glocestershire Wiltshire Barkshire Buckinghamshire Surrey Middlesex Hartfordshire Cambridgeshire Huntingtonshire Bedfordshire Oxfordshire Warwickshire Northamptonshire Rutland Leicestershire Amongst all which Counties 't is Observable that some of them take their Names from the old Inhabitants as Cumberland from the Cyntbri or ancient Britains Essex and Sussex from the East and South Saxons who setled here after their Conquest Some from their Situation as Northumberland Norfolk Suffolk and Middlesex To which add Kent in Latine Cantium because it lies in a Canton or Corner of the Island Others from their Form or Figure as Cornwal from the figure of a Horn called Kere by the old Britains And indeed this County growing from East to West smaller and smaller is not unlike a Horn besides that in many places it shoots forth into the Sea with little Promontories like unto so many Horns Whereas Devonshire took its Denomination from the British Devinam signifying low Valleys of which this County does very much consist Others again from some Accidents therein As Barkshire from Beroc a certain place wherein grew good store of Box Rutland q. d. Red Land from the Redness of its Soil But the most part from the principal Town of the County as Glocestershire from Glocester Oxfordshire from Oxford Cambridgeshire from Cambridge c. As of all the Counties of England Yorkshire is the biggest beyond all compare so iâ— Rutland the least Out of the first which iâ— counted as big as the Seven United Provinces 70000 Men may be raised for present Service Whereas the Extent of the last is so inconsiderable that one may skip it over in lesâ— than half a day In point of Situation Darbyshire may bâ— look'd upon as the middle Province of thâ— Kingdom Besides the former Division of
England into Counties there is a common way of dividing it but into Two Parts North and South that is all the Counties on the North and South-side of the River Trent Which way is followed by the Justices in Eyre of the Forest and likewise by the Kings at Arms. Another Division there is relating to the publick Administration of Justice by the Itinerant of Judges And that is into Six Circuits of which I shall give a particular Account in my second Part. Lastly for the Church Government England is divided first into two Provinces or Archbishopricks namely Canterbury and York and these two Provinces into 22 Diocesses or Bishopricks these into Archdeaconries Archdeaconries into Rural Deanries and these last into Parishes The Number whereof setting aside the 12 Counties of Wales amounts to near Ten Thousand CHAP. II. The Advantages of ENGLAND from its Situation in opposition to Inland Countries The natural Beauty of it A Description of its principal Rivers OF all the States of Europe there 's none more happy than ENGLAND whether we consider the Advantages of its Situation the Temperateness of its Air the Richness of its Soil the happy temper of its Inhabitants or the Blessed Constitution of its Government especially under their present Majesties As it is in a manner surrounded by the Sea it injoys Two great Advantages the One in Relation to foreign Trade and the Other in point of Security from forein Invasion In relation to forein Trade it lies open to all Parts of the World that are adjacent to the Sea either for the Exportation of home-bred or the Importation of foreign Commodities To which purpose as Nature has fenced its Sea-Coasts from the Irruptions and Inundations of the Sea with high Cliffs so she has furnished it with abundance of safe and capacious Harbours for the security of Ships As for a forein Invasion 't is certain that Islands of any great Importance are by Nature the most defensible Places and the least open to Conquests The Sea that fluid Element which surrounds them is such a Bar to their Enemies Attempts the Winds that govern it so fickle and uncertain the Charges of a Fleet and Land Army so vast the Preparations such as cannot be carried on with that speed and secrecy as for an Invasion by Land and the Difficulty of Landing so great in case of Opposition 'T is true no Continent perhaps was oftener Conquered than ENGLAND first by the Romans then by the Saxons afterwards by the Danes and last of all by the Normans But how was it done always by the help of some discontented or corrupted Party in the Island Thus Bericus a noble but disgusted Britain incouraged Claudius the Roman Emperour to stretch his Empire hither And Vortiger an Usurper of the British Throne called in the Saxons to his help who having got a footing here could not be so easily expelled as brought in In short it may be said England was never and can scarce be Conquered but by England especially since its happy Conjunction with Scotland and the Annexion of Wales As to the late Revolution 't is self evident that the chief Part of the Nation had a hand in it and as it proved we may justly call it not an Invasion as King James affected to do but a wonderful and signal Deliverance To those Two great Advantages of Trade and Security which England does injoy from its Situation near the Sea let us add the Prospect it has from the Sea-Coast of the wonderful Ocean one of the three great Antiquities of the World and the plentiful Variety of Fish and Sea-Fowl c. it affords to this Island But that which raises my Admiration of ENGLAND is the Beauty of it being generally a flat and open Country not overgrown with wild and unwholsom Forests nor dreadful high Mountains What Hills it has are generally very gentle and pleasant and raised as it were to give a charming Prospect to the Eye as its Forests seem only contrived for Variety and the pleasure of Hunting But one Thing there is which adds much to the Beauty of it and that is its excellent Verdure Which by reason of the mildness of the Air even in the Winter-Season exceeds in duration of Time the most fruitful Places of Europe To which add the Concourse of so many Rivers which glide through this Country and strive to make it agreeable and fruitful They are reckoned in all 325 the chief whereof are these following Viz. The Thames The Medway The Severn The Ouse The Trent The Humber The Tees The Tine The Twede The Thames is a Compound of the Thame and Isis two Rivers the first whereof rises in Buckinghamshire the other near Cirencester in Glocestershire both joyning together into one Stream by Dorcester in Oxfordshire where it parts that County from Barkshire From whence taking its course Eastward with many Windings and Turnings it parts Buckinghamshire from Barkshire Middlesex from Surrey and Essex from Kent Where being swelled with the Influx of several lesser Rivers it discharges it self into the Sea watering by the way amongst other Towns Reading and Windsor in Barkshire Kingston and Southwark in Surrey London in Middlesex Barking in Essex and Gravesend in Kent A River the Water whereof is extraordinary wholsom the Stream exceeding gentle and the Tides very commodious for Navigation For the Sea flows gently up this River about 80 Miles almost as far as Kingston being 12 Miles by Land and 20 by Water above London The Medway is a Kentish River not so remarkable for the length of its Course as for the Depth of its Channel and therefore made use of for harbouring the Royal Navy It runs thorough Maidstone Rochester and Chatham a few Miles from whence it empties it self in the Mouth of the Thames This River loses it self under Ground and rises again at Loose not far from Cox-Heath The Severn rises in Montgomeryshire a County of North-Wales From whence it runs through Shropshire Worcestershire and Glocestershire where it does so expatiate it self that the Mouth of it is more like an Arm of the Sea than any part of a River It waters in its course Shrewsbury Worcester and Glocester the chief Towns of the foresaid three Counties and takes in by the way several Rivers of good note two Avons the Temd the Wye and the Vsk The Ouse has its source in the South-Borders of Northamptonshire From whence it runs through the Counties of Bucks Bedford Huntington Cambridge and Norfolk where it discharges it self into the Ocean watering in its Course Buckingham Bedford Huntington Ely and the Sea-Port of Lyn in Norfolk The River that runs through York has also the Name of Ouse being a Compound chiefly of these three Yorkshire Rivers the Swale the Youre and the Warfe And between Norfolk and Suffolk you will find the little Ouse which parting these Two Counties runs at last into the great Ouse The Trent which divides England into Two Parts North and South has its Rise
is watered Among which the Iddie which empty's it self Northward into the Dun is the most considerable As for the Air 't is counted as good here especially in the sandy Parts as any where else in England Nottingham the Shire-Town from whence the whole County takes its Denomination is 94 miles from London to the North-West Viz. from London to Leicester 78 miles the Particulars whereof you may see in Leicestershire from thence to Loughborow 8 and to Nottingham 8 more 'T is seated about a mile on the North-side of the River Trent upon a Hill which overlooks it Over this River it has a fair Stone-bridge and another over the Lean a small River besides two other Bridges over two Ponds called the Cheney Bridges The Town is large containing 3 Parish Churches for Buildings fair Streets and a spacious Market-Place not yielding to many Cities But of most fame for its Castle which for strength stateliness and prospect did formerly challenge the precedency of most Castles in England Honoured besides with the Title of an Earldom at this time injoy'd by the Right Honourable Daniel Finch Earl of Nottingham and principal Secretary of State Descended to him from his Father Heneage Finch Lord High Chancellour of England in the Reign of King Charles II and by him created Earl of Nottingham Baron Finch of Daventry c. Which hapned soon after the Death of the Lord Charles Howard who dying without Issue male was the last of that Family which injoy'd that Title In short Nottingham is a Town well inhabited and frequented this being the Place where the County-Goal is and where the Assizes are held and injoy's as good a Trade as most Inland Towns For Provisions it has 3 Markets a Week Wednesdays Fridays and Saturdays this last the most considerable The other Market Towns are Southwell Sat. Redford Sat. Tuxford Mund. Newark Wedn. Worksop Wedn Mansfield Thu. Bingham Thu. Blith Thu. Southwell is seated on a Rivulet that falls not far off from hence into the Trent 'T is an ancient Town and has a Collegiate Church Redford is situate on the River Iddel Not far from which is Littleburg on the Trent noted for its Ferry much resorted unto for a Passage into Lincolnshire Tuxford from its Clay-Ground called Tuxford upon Clay has nothing remarkable in it but its Church and Steeple both very neat and pretty though in a dirty Soil For the Conveniency of Travellers this being a Road-Town to and from the North is accommodated with two very good Inns lately built Newark the Place of most note in this County next to Nottingham ly's in the high Road to York on the Banks of the River Trent where it divides it self into two Branches and makes up an Island before the Town This is a good large Town otherwise Inconsiderable but for its Market Place it s Church and Steeple and the Ruins of a stately Castle which are still to be seen 'T is true it gives the Title of Viscount to the Earl of Kingston Mansfield and Worksop are both in the Forest of Sherwood The first a good large Town graced with well-built Houses well inhabited and having a good Trade for Malt and other Provisions The other of chief note for the great store it yields of the best Licorish in all the Northern Parts As for Ringham and Blith they are but indifferent Towns and their Markets accordingly To conclude this County now in the Diocese of York was part of the ancient Kingdom of Mercia and its Inhabitants part of the Câ—ritani as the Romans called them Out of it are elected besides the two Knights of the Shire but six Members to serve in Parliament Viz. Two by Nottingham two by Newark and two more by Eastretford Oxfordshire OXFORDSHIRE another Inland County is bounded on the East by Buckinghamshire from which it is divided in part by the Chiltern-Hills on the West by Glocestershire on the North by the Counties of Warwick and Northampton on the South by the Thames which parts it from Parkshire It contains in Length from North to South about 40 Miles in Breadth from East to West 26. The Whole divided into 14 Hundreds 280 Parishes and 15 Market-Towns The Air of this County is mightily commended for its sweetness and temperateness as the Soil is for its fruitfulness Both which make this Country so much inhabited as it is by Gentry And that which adds much to it is the pleasantness of its Hills here well doathed with Wood and stored as well as the Downs with Variety of Game both for the Hawk and Hound Besides the Thames which waters the South Parts of it here 's the Tame and the Isis which make up the Thames the Cherwell the Windrush and the Evenlode So that this County is as well Irrigated as most are in the Kingdom Oxford the principal Place in this Shire from whence it takes its Name bears from London West-North-West and is distant therefrom 47 Miles thus From London to Vxbridge 15 to Beaconfield 7 more thence to High Wickam 5 to Stoken-Church 5 more from thence to Wheatly-Bride 9 and to Oxford 6 more A Place of that Importance especially in relation to the Muses that it deserves a particular Description for which I refer you together with that of London and Cambridge to the Conclusion of this Part. So I proceed to The other Market-Towns of this County Burford Sat. Deddington Sat. Watlington Sat. Woodstock Tame Bampton Wed. Chipping-Norton Wed. Banbury Thu. Henly Thu. Witney Thu. Burcester Frid. Fairford Bistow Coleford Among which Burford seated on an Ascent near the River Windrush in the West of Oxfordshire is a Town of good Antiquity Remarkable heretofore for a great Battle fought near it about the Year 750. between Cuthbert a Tributary King of the West-Saxons and Ethelbald the Mercian King whose insupportable Exactions Cuthbert could not indure In this Fight Cuthbert had the fortune to overthrow the Mercian King and to win his Banner wherein was depicted a golden Dragon The Memory whereof has continued for several Ages in the Custom used here of making a Dragon yearly and carrying it about the Town in great Jollity on Midsummer Eve with the addition of a Giant to it At present Burford is a famons Place for Saddles and something advantaged besides by the neighbouring Downs much resorted unto by the Gentry for Horse races Of late become of further note by giving the Title of Earl to the Duke of St. Albans Woodstock a well-compacted Borough-Town is pleasantly seated near a small River on a rising Ground with a large Park near it surrounded with a Wall and said to be the first inclosed Park In which was once a Royal House called Woodstock Bower built by King Henry I and inlarged by Henry II but demolished in the long Civil Wars In this House was born Edward the black Prince and in the Labyrinth that belonged to it the beautifull Rosamond King Henry the Second's Mistress catched her Death by the poysonous
their Degrees respectively Here is as in Oxford a Chancellor a Vice-Chancellor two Prectors and a Register But the Chancellor is not so durante Vita for he may be elected every three years or continue in the same Office durante tacito Consensu Senatus Cantabr He has under him a Commissary who holds a Court of Record of Civil Causes for all priviledged Persons and Scholars under the Degree of Master of Arts where all Causes are try'd and determined by the Civil and Statute-Law and by the Customs of the University The Vice-Chancellor is a high Officer chosen every Year on the 3d of Nov. by the Senate out of two Persons nominated by the Heads of the several Colledges and Halls Together with the two Proctors chosen as at Oxford there are two Taxers chosen who with the Proctors look to the Weights and Measures as Clerks of the Market Here are also three Esquire-Beadles but only one Yeoman-Beadle The Mayor of the Town is like that of Oxford subject to the University and takes a solemn Oath at the Entrance into his Office to observe and conserve the Priviledges Liberties and Customs thereof And on Friday before St. Simon and Jude he brings with him to St. Maries Church allotted for the Assembly of the whole University two Aldermen four Burgesses and two of every Parish to take their Oaths before the Vice-Chancellor for the due search of Vagabonds and suspected Persons c. At the same time are sworn 14 Persons for the University and 14 for the Town to look to the Cleansing and Paving of the Streets The University has also a Court-Leet held twice every Year wherein are presented all Nusances c. What remains is the Question about the Antiquity of Cambridge as a Place of Learning in opposition to Oxford To me it appears to be in that respect of an older date than Oxford For Cambridge in the time of the Romans among whom it was known by the Name of Camboritum or as some Copies have it Camboricum was a Roman Colony mentioned in the best Copies among the 28 Cities of Britain And the Roman Colonies had their Schools of Learning wherein the several Professors of Arts and Sciences did instruct both the Roman and British Youth In the Bull of Pope Honorius the first bearing date Febr. 20. 624 mention is made of Priviledges granted to the University of Cambridge The Bull says by Eleutherius the 12th Bishop of Rome who lived about the latter end of the second Century but King Arthur's Diploma says by Lucius a British King the first Christian King in Europe and Contemporary with the said Eleutherius Which Diploma says that King Lucius was converted by the preaching of the Doctors of Cambridge for which reason he gave Priviledges to that University which were confirmed by King Arthur Whether the Diploma be counterfeit or not or whether the aforesaid Priviledges were granted by King Lucius or Pope Eleutherius is a Question by it self Certain is that both the Diploma and the Bull agree in point of Time So that here is Proof enough to make it at least probable that in the time of King Lucius and Pope Eleutherius there might be a sufficient Number of learned Men in Cambridge to have instructed King Lucius in the Christian Faith and that Eluanus and Medwinus who were sent by that King to Rome for his fuller Satisfaction in that point might be of that Number Upon these Grounds it must be granted that Cambridge is a Place long since dedicated unto Learning and I doubt much whether Oxford as great a Respect as I have for it can pretend to so great an Antiquity But Dr. Heylin an Oxonian alledges a notable Reason for the Precedency of Oxford before Cambridge Viz. the Resolution of the Commons in the first Parliament held under King James I. For says he when the Clerk of that House had put the Name of Cambridge before Oxford they taking disdainfully that Hysteron-Proteron commanded the Antiquities of both Universities to be searched and after search made gave place to Oxford To clear this Point we must take notice that both Oxford and Cambridge since their first Foundation lay for several Ages forlorn and discontinued during the long Wars of the Saxons and Danes in this Island Till Oxford had the happiness to be first restored by King Alfred towards the latter end of the Ninth Century Which from that time grew into such esteem as to be counted one of the four principal Universities of Europe the other three being Paris in France Bononia now Bologna in Italy and Salamanca in Spain Whereas Cambridge did not begin to flourish again till the Reign of Henry I for his Learning surnamed Beau-Clerc that is in the beginning of the Twelfth Century So that in point of Restauration 't is plain that Oxford has got the start of Cambridge But let us leave this Speculation of Cambridge as an Academy and look upon it as a Title of Honour In this Point we shall find Cambridge to have the Preeminency For it has been Dignify'd not only with the Title of an Earldom in several eminent Persons but also with the Title of a Dukedom in four Sons of the late King James when Duke of York Three of them by the first Dutchess Charles James and Edgar who all died very young and the fourth by the last Dutchess Charles by Name the short Hopes of the Popish Faction Who being born Nov. 7. 1677. died Dec. 12. following and so lived but five Weeks Thus I have done with OXFORD and CAMBRIDGE those two great Fountains of Learning both seated at almost an equal Distance from London the one West and the other North. From whence are yearly sent forth a great Number of Divines Civilians Physicians c. to serve all Parts of this Kingdom For a constant Supply whereof there are several Colledges and famous Schools in England the principal Winchester Eaton Westminster St. Pauls Merchant-Taylors and Charter-House all richly Indowed to maintain Masters Ushers and a certain Number of Scholars So that a Child once admitted into any of these Schools may by his Capacity be preferred to be a Scholar or Fellow in some Colledge of one of these Universities Where having a good Allowance he will want little or no help from his Parents all his Life-time after The End of the First Part. THE SECOND PART OF THE New State OF ENGLAND Under Their MAJESTIES K. William and Q. Mary CONTAINING An Account of the Inhabitants their Original Genius Customs Religion and Government of Their Present Majesties their Court Power Revenues c. London Printed in the Year 1691. THE NEW STATE OF ENGLAND PART II. CHAP. I. Of the Inhabitants of ENGLAND And first of their Complexion Temper Genius Language with an Account of the most famous Men of this Nation either for Souldiery or Learning THAT the Britains were the ancient Inhabitants of England is a Thing agreed by all But whether they â—ere the Aborigines that is
the Night at Sun-set which is according to the old Babylonian Account The Old Style is used in England as in most Protestant States and the New Style in all Popish States According to this Style these reckon ten Days before us regularly as to the beginning of Months and all fixt Festivals but for all moveable Feasts the Account proves various The Old Style is otherwise called the Julian Account from Julius Caesar who 43 Years before our Saviours Birth ordained the Year to consist of 365 Days and 6 â—ours And as these 6 hours at 4 Years end make up 24 hours therefore a Day is then added to the Month of February and that Year called Leap Year or Bissextile Year from the Latine Bissextilis The New Style is otherwise termed the Gregorian Account from Pope Gregory XIII who above 100 Years ago undertook to correct the Calendar by the advice and direction of Antonius Lilius and other excellent Mathematicians For tho the Julian Account for many Ages seemed to have no sensible Errour yet it was at last discovered to be not altogether agreeable with the natural Motion of the Sun In short it was made out that the Julian Year exceeded the true Solar Year by 10 Minutes and 48 Seconds whereby the Equinoxes and Solstices yearly changed their places and flew back so many minutes and seconds Therefore Pope Gregory ordered the Year to consist of 365 Days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds And that the Vernal Equinox which then was on the 11th of March might be reduced to the 21th as it was at the time of the first Nicene Council he commanded ten Days in October to be left out by calling the fifth Day thereof the fifteenth To find Easter the Church of England observes still the Cycle found out and finished in the sixth Century by that worthy Roman Dionysius Exiguus or Abas Whereas the Roman Church having invented new Rules about Easter it happens sometimes that their Easter is full five Weeks before ours sometimes with but never after ours CHAP. III. Of the English Way of Living as to Lodging Fewel Food Raiment Exercise Recreations and some particular Customs WHen I compare the Modern English Way of Building with the Old Way I cannot but wonder at the Genius of old Times Nothing is more delightful and convenient than Light nothing more agreeable to health than a free Air. And yet of old they used to dwell in Houses most with a blind Stair-case low Cielings and dark Windows the Rooms built at random often with Steps from one to another So that one would think the Men of former Ages were afraid of Light and good Air or loved to play at Hide and Seek Whereas the Genius of our time is altogether for lightsom Stair-Cases fine Sash-Windows and lofty Cielings And such has been of late our Builders Industry in point of Compactness and Uniformity that a House after the new Way will afford upon the same Quantity of Ground as many more Conveniences The Contrivance of Closets in most Rooms and the painted Wainscotting now so much used are also two great Improvements the one for Conveniency the other for Cleanness and Health And indeed for so damp a Country as England is nothing could be better contrived than Wainscot to keep off the ill Impression of damp Walls In short for handsom Accommodations and Neatness of Lodgings London undoubtedly has got the preeminence The greatest Objection against the London-Houses being for the most part Brick is their Slightness occasioned by the Fines exacted by the Landlords So that few Houses at the common rate of Building last longer than the Ground-Lease that is about 50 or 60 Years In the mean time if there happens to be a long fit of excessive Heat in Summer or Cold in Winter the Walls being but thin become at last so penetrated with the Air that the Tenant must needs be uneasy with it But those Extreams happen but seldom And this Way of Building is wonderful beneficial to all Trades relating to it for they never want Work in so great a City where Houses here and there are always repairing or building up again The plaistered Cielings so much used in England beyond all other Countries make by their Whiteness the Rooms so much lightsomer and are excellent against a raging Fire They stop the passage of Dust and lessen the Noise over-head In Summer-time the Air of the Room is something the cooler for 't and the warmer in Winter The Use of Stoves so common in Northern Countries as Germany Denmark Sueden Poland and Moscovy and even so far Southward as Swisserland is in a manner unknown in this Country And indeed its Temperateness does no way require it Therefore the English use no outward Remedy against Cold Weather but a Chimney-Fire which is both comfortable to the Body and chearful to the Sight 'T is true there is a double Conveniency in Stoves First in point of Savingness for once heating of a Stove in the Morning keeps the Room warm a whole Day Secondly in Point of Warmth the Room being so warm with it that all Places in it feel the benefit thereof But those two Conveniences are more than over-ballanced by one Inconveniency viz. the aptness of Stoves to gather and foment all the noisom Smells of a Room for want of Vent which must needs be very unwholsom whereas a Chimney-fire draws 'em to it and there they find vent with the Smoak To that Inconveniency we may add the chilling Impressions of a cold and sharp Air upon ones coming into it out of so warm a Room as commonly Stove-rooms are Besides the Cumbersomness of Stoves in Summer-time when being altogether useless they take up a great deal of room to no purpose As for Fewel England affords three Sorts Wood Coals and Turves but Coals is the most common in London especially where they have 'em by Sea from Newcastle and Sunderland A lasting sort of Fewel being a mixture of small and round Coals together which by their aptness to cake is the most durable of any and for Kitchin Use far beyond Wood it self as yielding not only a more even but more piercing Heat The Smoak of it is indeed grosser and of a corrosive nature but yet nothing so offensive to the Eye whatever it is to the Lungs as some pretend it to be In many Parts of the Country they have Pit-coals which is a cleaner and more chearful Fewel but not so durable as Sea-coals But the Cheapness of these at London in Time of Peace is worth taking notice where for so small a matter as two or three pence a Day one may keep a constant moderate Fire from Morning till Bed-time Which is a mighty Advantage to so vast and populous a Place especially considering it comes 300 miles by Sea And whatever the Parisians can say to the praise of their Wood-fires I dare say the common sort of People there would be glad could they compass it to change in
the better in troubled Waters Yet whatever have been the Effects of it hitherto God has wonderfully defeated their Designs Insomuch that this Church formerly scattered and eclipsed in the Reign of Charles I restored but afterwards undermined by Charles II and lately threatned with utter Ruin by his immediate Successor is now by the special Providence of God in a Hourishing Condition under the happy Influence of our present King William the Restorer of our Laws Religion and Liberties As for the Spirit of Persecution which the Church of England has been charged with in relation to Dissenters it cannot be justly laid to her Charge For whatever has been done in that Case was but according to Law and the Penal Laws were made as all Statute-Laws in a regular Manner by the Votes of Parliament the Representatives of the People as well Dissenters as others 'T is true the Church-Party proved the most predominant And yet in point of Execution the sober part of the Church were always very tender and none but hot Men amongst them ready for Execution Influenced thereto by the Court which far from designing the Dissenters Union with the Church used the Rigour of the Law to create an implacable Hatred betwixt the afflicting Church and the suffering Body of the Dissenters Which had a sutable Effect For these imbittered what with Fines what with Imprisonments tho according to Law failed not to clamour on all sides against the persecuting Spirit of the Church of England and against those bloudy Laws as they used to call ' em The Sense of their present state made them forget what they had done when they usurped the Regal Power and how busy they were to imprison to banish to sequester With Grief I rake up these old Sores and nothing but a just Desire of righting both Parties could have extorted this from me But now the Dissenters have got Liberty of Conscience by a late Act of Parliament with the ready Concurrence of the Church-Party in both Houses I hope there 's no Ground left for Animosities between the Church and Them And if the Presbyterians who are the nearest to the Church of England and the greatest Party among Dissenters now they have seen so much of her incomparable Learning and invincible Stedfastness to the Protestant Religion and Interest would but shake off their groundless Prejudices and prefer the happiness of a Reunion before the Danger of a Schism what a Blessing it would prove to this Nation is almost unconceivable 'T is not long since the Church was their Sanctuary when they expected no Mercy from a late King who came to the Throne full of Resentment and Indignation against them Tho afterwards to compass his own Ends he tacked about and killed them almost with Kindness And why they should now separate from a Church which was so lately their Refuge when they crowded the very Church-Men out of Church it is past my Understanding For the Church of England is the same still Were they but so well-minded as to make the least step towards a Reunion I am assured the Church of England would be very forward to meet them Rather than they should continue their Separation and be Accountable to Gods Tribunal for it I am more than confident she would readily part with such Ceremonies as give 'em most offence But it is feared they would not be satisfied with those small Condescensions They are for more substantial Things which for Peace sake I shall forbear to name and leave for the Reader to guess The main Points wherein they differ from the Church of England is the Church Government and the publick Worship They hold that the Church was governed in the beginning by Presbyters or Elders and that it should be so governed still not by Bishops upon which account they got the Name of Presbyterians They except both against the latitude of the Bishops Power and the largeness of their Revenues as if neither of them could be used by the Clergy with Christian Moderation But it is more probable the unshaken fidelity of Bishops to Monarchy which many of the Dissenters were never very fond of sticks most in their Stomack For publick Worship they use no Liturgy wherein they differ from the Protestanâ— Churches beyond Sea They look upon Seâ— Forms as dead Prayers and delight only oâ— Extemporal Therefore the Lord's Prayer iâ— in a manner exploded by the rigid Sort oâ— them Yet one would think when their Minister prays before the Congregation his Prayer â—s a set Form to such as pray with him The Surplice the Sign of the Cross the bowing â—t the Name of Jesus and the kneeling at the Communion are to them so many Sins They deal plainly with God at least in outward appearance and are resolved as far as 〈◊〉 see to serve him without Ceremony Great Predestinarians many of 'em are and very strict Observers of the Sabbath In short their apparent Soberness in Conversation and Zeal in their Devotion has so increased their Number that they are lookt upon as the chief Party amongst all the Dissenters Next to whom both in their Opinions and Number are the Independents or Congregationalists So called for that they will have every particular Congregation to be ruled by their own Laws without dependence upon any other in Church-Matters For they prefer their own Gathered Churches in private Places to the publick Congregations in Churches which in contempt they call by the name of â—ceeple-Houses In most Things else they â—â—mp with the Presbyterians Except those particular Tenets some of 'em have intertainâ—d which for brevities sake I forbear to enumerate The riged sort of 'em called Brownists â—efuse to Communicate with any of the Reformed Churches The Anabaptists are so called from Rebaptiâ—ing those who coming to their Communion â—ere baptized in their Infancy For one of their chief Tenets is against Pedobaptism or baptizing of Children They hold besides â—hat Lay-people may preach As for those blaspheâ—ous Opinions their Fore-fathers have been charged with I hope few of the modern And baptists in England are guilty of them The Millenarians or Fifth-Monarchy-Men are so called from their Expectation of Christ's temporal Kingdom here on Earth for a thousand Years And this they ground upon several Places of Scripture which from a Spiritual they wrest into a Carnal Sense The Quakers are a sort of Enthusiasts so called because they use to quake and groan when they wait for the Spirit Whereas the Spirit of God is a Spirit of Peace and Quietness not to be found in Fire Earth-quakes and Whirl-winds but in the soft and still Voice They reject all Ministerial Ordinances and rail against premeditated Preaching oâ— Praying The Holy Scripture is no Rule for 'em to go by but Inspiration and the Light they pretend to is all in all with them So that any Man or Woman in their Meetings that fancies first to be seized with the Spirit is free to stand up for a Teacher to the
Estates to his own caused the whole united Body to be called Engel-lond since turned into England in a Parliament or Council held at Winchester in the Year aforesaid And by that Name he was then crowned in the presence of his Nobles and the rest of his Subjects Though the Truth is King Alfred a Grandchild of Egbert was he who totally united the Saxon Heptarchy into one Estate Thus from the Time of Egbert to this present Time England has continued a Monarchy above 870 Year First under 15 Kings of the Saxon Bace then under 3 Danish Kings and next to them under Edward the Confessour and Harold II two Kings of the Saxon Blood Who were succeeded by four Norman Kings And after Stephen the last of the Four the Saxon Blood was again restored in the Person of King Henry II Anno 1155 in whose Blood the Crown has continued ever since Now the English Monarchy is none of those Despotical Monarchies where the Subjects like Slaves are at the Arbitrary Power and Will of their Sovereign An unnatural sort of Government and directly contrary to the true end of Government which is the Preservation Welfare and Happiness of the People And what Happiness can a People propose to themselves when instead of being protected they may be plundered and murdered at the will of their Prince Men had as good live in a state of Anarchy as ly at some Princes Mercy whose unlimited Power serves only to make them furious and outragious And where lies the Advantage when the King proves a cruel Tyrant to be Robbed or Murdered by a Royal or a common Robber The Government of England Thanks be to God is better Constituted 'T is a Monarchy but not with that Dominion which a Master has over his Slave For then the King might lawfully sell all his Subjects like so many Head of Cattel and make Mony of his whole Stock when he pleases Here the Legislative Power is divided betwixt the King and his People but the Executive Power is lodged solely in the King Here the King has his Prerogative which is the Support of the Crown and the People their Priviledges which assert their Liberty If the King stretches his Prerogative so far beyond its Bounds as to overthrow the Liberty of the Subject he unhinges the Government and the Government being dissolved He and the Nation are to seek as in the late King's Case If any part of the Subjects incroach upon his Prerogative they undergo the lash of the Law which is no less tender of the Kings Prerogative than of the Subjects Liberty But the Question is in case of a Difference betwixt the King and his People who is a competent Judge To answer this Objection I shall make use of the Inquiry into the Measures of Submission to the Supream Authority 'T is to be considered says the Learned and Judicious Author that some Points are justly disputable and doubtful and others so manifest that any Objections made against them are rather forced Pretences than so much as plausible Colours If the Case be doubtful the Interest of the publick Peace and Order ought to carry it But the Case is quite different when the Invasions that are made upon Liberty and Property are plain and visible to all that consider them But upon such an Invasion how can the Subjects of England take up Arms against their King when the Militia is by several express Laws lodged singly in the King and those Laws have been put in the form of an Oath which all that have born any Imployment either in Church or State have sworn So that though the Subjects have a Right to their Property by many positive Laws yet they seem now to have no Right or Means left to preserve it And here seems to be a Contradiction in the English Government viz. a publick Liberty challenged by the Nation and grounded upon Law and yet a Renouncing of all Resistance when that Liberty is invaded and that also grounded upon Law This is indeed the main Difficulty But in Answer to it this we must take for a general Rule when there seems to be a Contradiction between two Articles in the Constitution That we ought to examine which of the two is the most evident and the most important and so fix upon it then we must give such an accommodating sense to that which seems to contradict it that so we may reconcile 'em together 'T is plain that our Liberty is only a Thing that we injoy at the Kings Discretion and during his Pleasure if the other against all Resistance is to be understood according to the utmost extent of the Words Therefore since the chief Design of our whole Law and of all the several Rules of our Constitution is to secure and maintain our Liberty we ought to lay that down for a Conclusion that it is both the most plain and the most important of the two And the other Article against Resistance ought to be so softened as that it do not destroy us If the Law never designed to lodge the Legislative Power in the King as it is self-evident 't is plain it did not intend to secure him in it in case he should go about to assume it Therefore the not resisting the King can only be applied to the Executive Power that so upon no pretence of ill Administrations in the Execution of the Law it should be lawful to resist him Another Proof that the Law only designed to secure the King in the Executive Power is the Words of the Oath which makes it unlawful to bear Arms against the King or any Commissionated by him For if the Commission be not according to Law 't is no Commission and consequently those who act by virtue of it are not Commissionated by the King in the sense of the Law Besides all general Words how comprehensive soever are still supposed to have a tacit Exception and Reserve in them if the matter seem to require it Thus Children are commanded to obey their Parents in all Things and Wives are declared by the Scripture to be subject to their Husbands in all Things as the Church is unto Christ For odious Things ought not to be suspected and therefore not named upon such Occasions but when they fall out they carry still their own force with them So by our Form of Marriage the Parties swear to one another till Death them do part and yet few doubt but that this Bond is dissolved by Adultery though it is not named In short when a King of England strikes at the very Foundations of the Government as the late King did and that his Maleversations are not only the effect of Humane Frailty of Ignorance Inadvertencies or Passions to which all Princes may be subject as well as other Men in such Cases that King may fall from his Power or at least from the Exercise of it and such his Attempts in the very Judgement of the greatest Assertors of Monarchy naturally
divest him of his whole Authority To this purpose we have still fresh before us the Example of the late King of Portugal who for a few Acts of Rage fatal to very few Persons was put under a Guardianship and kept a Prisoner till he died and his Brother the present King made Regent in his place Which it seems was at least secretly approved by most of the Crowned Heads of Europe and even our Court gave the first Countenance to it Though of all others King Charles II. had the least Reason to do it since it justified a Younger Brother's supplanting the Elder But the Evidence of the Thing carried it even against Interest These are my Authors Arguments which I thought fit to insist upon to justify the Nations taking up Arms for the Defence of their Laws Religion and Property against the late King 's actual and bare-faced Subverting the whole Frame of this most happy and blessed Government A Government which has made many Kings glorious beyond the Great Nimrod of France and their People happy beyond all other Nations A Government which allows enough to a King that cares not to be a Tyrant and enough to the People to keep them from Slavery When the King's Prerogative do's not interfere with the Liberty of the People or the Peoples Liberty with the Kings Prerogative that is when both King and People keep within their own Sphere there is no better framed Government under the Sun Here is Monarchy without Slavery a great King and yet a free People And the Legislative-Power being lodged in the King Lords and Commons joyntly 't is such a Monarchy as has the main Advantages of an Aristocracy in the Lords and of a Democracy in the Commons without the Disadvantages or Evils of either The Government of England being thus constitued I see no Ground there is for passive Obedience where the Kings Commands are visibly contrary to Law and destructive of the Constitution The Measures of Power and consequently of Obedience must be taken from the express Laws of the State or from Immemorial Customs or from particular Oaths which the Subjects swear to their Princes And in all Disputes between Power and Liberty Power must always be proved for Liberty proves it self that being founded only upon a Positive Law this upon the Law of Nature Now 't is plain the Law of Nature has put no Difference or Subordination amongst Men except it be that of Children to their Parents or of Wives to their Husbands So that with relation to the Law of Nature all Men are born Free and this Liberty must be still supposed intire unless so far as it is limited by Contracts Provisions and Laws And as a private Person can bind himself to another Man by different Degrees either as a common Servant for Wages or as an Apprentice appropriate for a longer Time or as a Slave by a total giving himself up to another so may several Bodies of Men give themselves upon different Terms and Degrees to the Conduct of others And as in those Cases the general Name of Master may be equally used tho the degrees of his Power are to be judged by the nature of the Contract so in these all may carry the same Name of King and yet every ones Power is to be taken from the Measures of that Authority which is lodged in him and not from any general Speculations founded on some equivocal Terms such as King Sovereign or Supream But this has been of late so learnedly argued that I shall wave any further Discussion of this Matter This only I shall add that the King of England is by the moderate Assertors of this Monarchy called Pater Patriae and Sponsus Regni By which Metaphorical Characters the King and his Subjects come within the Relation of a Father and Children or within that of a Husband and Wife which is proper enough to represent the Nature and Mildness of the English Government Others make King and Subject to be no other Relation than that of Gardian and Ward Ad tutelam namque says Fortescue Legis Subditorum ac eorum Corporum Bonorum Rex hujusmodi erectus est the King being ordained for the Defence or Gardianship of the Laws of his Subjects and of their Bodies and Goods I have done and now I proceed to a further Description of this Monarchy 'T is Free and Independent that is not holden of any Earthly Potentate or any ways obliged to do Homage for the same as the Kingdom of Naples holden of the Pope by the King of Spain and that of Scotlund which held in Capite of the Crown of England Whereas the Kingdom of England owns no Superiour upon Earth A Monarchy that justly challenges a Freedom from all Subjection to the Emperour or Laws of the Empire For tho the Roman Emperors were anciently possessed of this Country and got by force of Arms the Possession of it yet upon their quitting the same the Right by the Law of Nations returned to the former Owners pro Derelicto as the Civilians speak The same is also free from all manner of Subjection to the Pope of Rome and consequently from those several Inconveniencies and Burdens which ly upon Popish Kingdoms As Taxes paid to that Bishop Provisions and Dispensations in several Cases to be procured from the Court of Rome and Appeals thither in Ecclesiastical Suits 'T is an Hereditary Monarchy and such as allow's of no Interregnum free therefore from those Mischiefs and Inconveniencies which frequently attend such Kingdoms as are Elective Though it is granted at least it seems apparent by History that England has been an Elective Kingdom especially in the Time of the Saxons When upon the King's Death those Persons of the Realm that composed the then Parliament assembled in order to the chusing of another And tho one or other of the Royal Bloud was always chosen yet the next in lineal Succession was often set aside as is evident from the Genealogies of the Saxon Kings But however it was in those and after Times certain it is that ever since King Henry VII the Crown has run in a course of lineal Succession by Right of Inheritance Till the late King having forsaken the Government and abdicated the Kingdom the Crown with the general Consent of the Nation was set upon the Head of the Prince of Orange our present King joyntly with the Princess the next Heir to King James and the Succession settled as will appear afterwards And upon William and Mary our Gracious King and Queen may the Crown long flourish To conclude whatever be the Bent and Inclination of some Men amongst us for a Commonwealth the Generality of the Nation is so much for Monarchy that it is like so to continue as long as the World indures In that Eclipse of Monarchy which hapned before the Restauration of King Charles II how busy then the Commonwealth Party was to provide against its Return and to settle here
Defenders of the Faith Which last Title was given by Pope Leo X to King Henry VIII for a Book written by him against Luther in Defence of some Points of the Romish Religion and afterwards confirmed by Act of Parliament for Defence of the ancient Catholick and Apostolick Faith as it is now professed by the Church of England Whereas the King of France is called Most Christian and the King of Spain Most Catholick The Title of Majesty came not into use in England till the Reign of Henry VIII Instead whereof the Title of Grace now appropriated to the Dukes and the two Archbishops was given to former Kings and that of Highness to the foresaid King Henry till the Word Majesty prevailed When we speak to the King the Word Sir is often used besides Your Majesty according to the French Sire which is likewise applied â—o that King For the King's Arms or Ensigns Armorial He â—ears in the first place for the Regal Arms of â—rance Azure 3 Flower de luces Or quarterâ—d with the Arms of England which are Gules 〈◊〉 Lions passant Gardant in pale Or. In the seâ—ond place for the Royal Arms of Scotland a â—ion rampant Gules within a double Tressure â—unter flowred de luce Or. In the third place or Ireland Azure an Irish Harp Or stringed â—rgent In the fourth place as in the first To which has been added since the present King's â—ccession to the Crown another Lion in the â—iddle thus blazoned Azure a Lion rampant â—r between an Earl of Billets Or. And all this within the Garter the chief Enâ—gn of that Order above which is an Helmet â—swerable to his Majesties Sovereign Jurisâ—iction and upon this a Mantle The Mantle 〈◊〉 Cloth of Gold doubled Ermin adorned with 〈◊〉 Imperial Crown and surmounted for a Crest 〈◊〉 a Lyon Passant Gardant Crowned with the â—â—ke The Supporters a Lyon Rampant Gardant 〈◊〉 Crowned as the former and an Vnicorn Arâ—â—t Gorged with a Crown thereto a Chain afâ—ed passing between his Fore-legs and reâ—xed over his Back Or. Both standing upon Compartment placed underneath and in the â—ce of the Compartment this Royal Motto â—en mon Droit that is God and my Right â—hich Motto was taken up by Edward the â—ird when he first claimed the Kingdom of â—ance Who also gave the Motto upon the â—â—ter Honi soit qui mal y pense that is Shame to him that evil thereof thinketh The Arms of France are placed first as being the greater Kingdom and perhaps thereby to induce the French the more easily to owâ— the English Title The Ensigns of Royalty such as Crowns Scepters Purple-Robe Golden-Globe and Holy Vnction the King of England has them all And so he has all the Marks of Sovereignty As the Power of making Treaties and League with forein States of making Peace or Waâ— of sending and receiving Ambassadours Creating of Magistrates Convening the Parliament of Adjourning Proroguing and Dissolving the same when he thinks fit of conferring Title of Honour of pardoning some Criminals oâ— Coyning c. All which Marks of Sovereignty are by Law lodged in the Crown Accordingly the King of England without the Concurrence of his Parliament levies Meâ— and Arms for Sea and Land-Service and may if need require press Men for that purpose He has alone the Choice and Nomination of aâ—â— Commanders and Officers the principal Direction and Command of his Armies and thâ— Disposal of all Magazines Ammunition Castles Forts Ports Havens Ships of War The Militia is likewise wholly at his Command And though he cannot of himself raise Mony upon his Subjects without his Parliament yet he haâ— the sole Disposal of publick Moneys In the Parliament He has a Negative Voice that is he may without giving any Reason for it refuse to give his Royal Assent to anâ— Bill though passed by both Houses of Parliâ—ment and without his Assent such a Bill 〈◊〉 but like a Body without Soul He may at 〈◊〉 pleasure increase the Number of the House 〈◊〉 Peers by creating more Barons or summoning thither whom he thinks fit by Writ and of the House of Commons by bestowing Priviledges on any other Town to send Burgesses to Parliament He has the Choice and Nomination of all Counsellours and Officers of State of all the Judges Bishops and other high Dignities in the Church In short the King is the Fountain of Honour Justice and Mercy None but the King has the Sovereign Power in the Administration of Justice and no Subject has here as in France Haute Moyenne basse Jurisdiction that is High Mean or Low Jurisdiction So that the King only is Judge in his own Cause though he deliver his Judgement by the Mouth of his Judges By Him is appointed the Metal Weight Purity and Value of Coyn and by his Proclamation he may make any forein Coyn to be lawful Mony of England So tender is the Law for the Preservation of his Sacred Person that without any overt Act the very Imagining or intending the Death of the King is High Treason by Law And though by Law an Idiot or Lunatick Non Compos Mentis cannot commit Felony nor any sort of Treason yet if during his Idiocy or Lunacy he shall Kill or go about to Kill the King he shall be punished as a Traytor In point of Physick by an ancient Record it is declared That no Physick ought to be administred to the King without a Warrant signed by the Privy Council by no other Physician but what is mentioned in the Warrant and the Physicians to prepare it themselves with their own hands If there be occasion for a Surgeon he must be likewise authorized by a Warrant And such is the Honour and Respect the King of England receives from his Subjects that 〈◊〉 Prince in Christendom receives more Homage Not only all Persons stand bare in his presence but even in his absence where he has a Chaiâ— of State All People at their first Address kneel to him and he is at all times served upon the Knee 'T is true the King of England is not free to act contrary to or to dispense with the known established Laws Neither can he of himself repeal a Law or make any new Law without the Concurrence of both Houses of Parliament A happy Impotency both to King and People For whilst the King keeps within the Bounds of the Law he can do no Wrong and the People can receive no Harm Had the late King but acted accordingly he might have been a most glorious Monarch instead of being now a general Object of Pity Far from being necessitated to creep under the shelter of a Proud Monarch he might have been a Curb to his Pride and the Refuge of many Nations that suffered Fire and Sword to advance what he called his Glory Three Crowns at once are too great a Sacrifice not to God but to a Mercenary Crew of Priests and Jesuits Tantum Religio potuit suadere Malorum As to the Rank and Reputation
Right of Patronage called Patronage Paramount Insomuch that if the mean Patron or the Ordinary or the Metropolitan present not in due time the Right of Presentation comes at at last to the King As for the Bishopricks the King only has the Patronage of them For none can be chosen Bishop but whom he nominates in his Conge d'Estire and a Bishop Elect cannot be Consecrated or take possession of the Revenues of the Bishoprick without the King 's special Writ or Assent In short as the King is the only Sovereign and Supream Head both in Church and State so there lies no Appeal from Him as from some other States and Kingdoms beyond Sea either to the Pope of Rome or to the Emperor But indeed the greatest and safest of the Kings Prerogatives is as the present King wrote in a late Letter to his Council of Scotland to Rule according to Law and with Moderation The Dispensing Power so much contended for in the late Reign by the Court-Party as a Branch of the Kings Prerogative and as vigorously opposed by some true Patriots is â—ow quite out of Doors by the Act of Settlement which makes it plainly Illegal And as to that divine Prerogative which the Kings of England claimed as a Thing de Jure divino I mean the Curing of the King 's Evil only by the King 's laying his hands on the Sick assisted with a short Form of Divine Service it is now laid aside as a Traditional Errour at least a Doctrine not fit to be trusted â—o So that the French King is at this time the only Monarch that pretends to this Miraculous Priviledge Our Historians derived it here from King Edward the Confessour who lived so holy a Life that as they say he received Power from above Intailed to his Royal Successors for ever to cure this stubborn Disease But now 'c is lookt upon as a Doctrine not so fit for Protestants as bigotted Papists to whom no Miracle is amiss I come now to the King's Power with relation to forein Parts Which I shall describe as near as I can first as Defensive secondly as Offensive In the first Sense England if well united is of all the States in Europe the least subject to an Invasion especially since the Conjunction of Scotland The whole Island is naturally so well senced with the Ocean and when Occasion requires so well garded by those moving Castles the King's Ships of War the strongest and best built in the whole World The Kingdom besides is so abundantly furnished with Men and Horses with Provisions and Ammunition and Mony the Sinews of War that nothing but our intestine Divisions can make us a Prey to the greatest Potentates of Europe tho united together As for the King's Power abroad not only our Neighbours but the most remote Places have sufficiently felt it and this at a time when Scotland and Ireland were usually at enmity with Him 'T is true since the Reign of Qâ— Elizabeth what with our Distractions at home and the Weakness or Effeminacy of some of one Kings England has either been Idle or taken up with Intestine Broils Only in Cromwel's Time we humbled the Hollanders scowred the Algerines kept the French and the Pope in aw and took Jamaica from Spain Our greatest Exploits were upon our own selves when being unhappily involved in Civil Wars for several Years together we destroy'd one another with a fatal Courage Then were computed about two hundred thousand Foot and fifty thousand Horse to be in Arms on both sides which had they been imploy'd abroad might have shaken the greatest part of Europe And here I cannot but with an aking heart apply the Words of Lucan Heu quantum potuit Coeli Pelagique parari Hoc quem Civiles fuderunt Sanguine Dextrae In English thus How much both Sea and Land might have been gained By their dear Bloud which Civil Wars have drained Of so martial Spirit the English are and their fear of Death so little that as Dr. Chamberlain has well observed no Neighbourâ—â—ation scarce durst ever abide Battle with â—hem either by Sea or Land upon equal Terms â—nd now we are ingaged in a just War both with Ireland and France under a Prince of â—o great Conduct and Courage incouraged by â—â—s Parliament assisted and faithfully served by the greatest General now in Europe I cannot but hope well from our Armies both by Seu and Land if our provoked God do not fight against us The next Thing that offers it self to our Consideration is the King of England's Court which for State Greatness and good Order besides the constant Concourse of Nobility and Gentry resorting thither when there is no Jealousy between the King and his People is one of the chief Courts of Europe It is as an Author says a Monarchy within a Monarchy consisting of Ecclesiastical Civil and Military Persons the two last under their proper Government To support the Grandure of this Court and the other Charges of the Crown in time of Peace the Kings of England have always had competent Revenues Which never were raised by any of those sordid Ways used in other Countries but consist chiefly in Domains or Lands belonging to the Crown in Customs and Excise Anciently the very Domains of the Crown and Fee-Farm Rents were so considerable that they were almost sufficient to discharge all the ordinary Expences of the Crown without any Tax or Impost upon the Subject Then there was scarce a County in England but the King had in it a Royal Castle a Forest and a Park to Receive and Divert Him in his Royal Progresses A piece of Grandure which no King else could boast of But upon the Restauration of King Charles the Crown Revenues being found much Impaired and the Crown Charges increasing upon the growing Greatness of our Neighbours the French and Dutch the Parliament settled upon the King a Yearly Revenue of Twelve Hundred Thousand Pounds by several Imposts besides the Domains and other Profits arising to the Crown in Tenths and First-Fruits in Reliefs Fines Amerciaments and Confiscations And the whole Revenue improved to that degree that in the late Reign it was judged to amount to near two Millions Which is a Fair Revenue in Time of Peace In Time of War the Parliament supplies the King according to his Occasions by such Taxes to be raised upon the Nation as they think most convenient CHAP. X. Of the Government of England by Regency Also of the Succession to the Crown THere are three Cases wherein the Kingdom of England is not immediately governed by the King but by a Substitute Regent And those are the Kings Minority Absence or Incapacity The King is by Law under Age when he is under twelve Years old And till he has attained to that Age the Kingdom is governed by a Regent Protector or Gardian appointed either by the King his Predecessor or for want of such Appointment by the Three States assembled in the Name of the Infant
High Admiral of England an Office held by Patent and of so great a Trust that it has usually been given to Princes of the Royal Bloud For the Lord High Admiral is Intrusted with no less than the Management of all Maritime Affairs with the Government of the King's Navy with Power of Decision in all Causes Maritime aswell Civil as Criminal of all Things done upon or beyond the Sea in any Part of the World in all Ports and Havens upon the Sea-Coasts and all Rivers below the first Bridge next towards the Sea In short the Admiralty being in a manner a separate Kingdom from the rest the Lord High Admiral may be reputed at least the Viceroy thereof A Multitude of Officers high and low are under him both at Sea and Land some of a Military others of a Civil Capacity some Judicial others Ministerial And under him is held the High Court of Admiralty the Places and Offices whereof are in his Gift The last High Admiral of England was the late King when Duke of York For since he came to the Crown the Office was executed by Seven Lords Commissioners as it is to this day CHAP. XIII Of Their present Majesties King WILLIAM and Queen MARY With a brief Account of Their Accession to the Crown KING WILLIAM our present Monarch is the only Issue of the late Illustrious Prince William of Nassaw Prince of Orange and of the Deceased Princess Royal Mary eldest Daughter to King Charles I who was wedded to the foresaid Prince in the Year 1641. His Majesty was born in Holland Nov. 4th 1650 ten days after his Fathers Death and was Christened by the Names of William Henry William being his Fathers Name and Henry his Grandfathers The House of Nassaw is an Ancient and most Illustrious Family so called from Nassaw a Town and County in Weteravia a Province of Germany That Branch of it from whence the King is descended had their usual Seat at Dillenburg not far from Nassaw before they settled in the Low-Countries whence for Distinctions sake they were named the Earls of Nassaw of the House of Dillenburg Otho of Nassaw who died Anno 1190 was the Founder of the present Family of the Princes of Orange out of which descended Adolph Earl of Nassaw who was chosen Emperour in the Year 1292. By the Marriage of Engelbert the seventh Earl of this House with Mary Daughter and Heir of Philip Lord of Breda in Brabant that Town and Barony with many other fair Estates in the Netherlands was added to the Family And by the Marriage of Henry the tenth Earl of Nassaw Anno 1515. with Claude of Chalons Sister and Heir of Philibert Prince of Orange this Principality bordering upon Provence and Dauphene within the Dominions of France accrued to the Family So much the worse for having so ill an Neighbour as the present French King who has long since rapaciously seized upon it but left however what he could not take away the King 's just Title to it In short our Gracious King William is the 18th Earl of Nassaw beginning with Otho aforesaid and the 7th Prince of Orange of his Family beginning with Rene of Nassaw Son of Henry and Claude who succeeded Philibert his Uncle in the Principality of Orange A Family as much honoured for the personal Merit of the Princes of it as any other in Europe and to which the States of Holland ow the Liberty and Greatness they injoy All the World knows how great a Patron and Assertor of the Belgick Liberties against the Spaniard was the most noble and generous Prince William of Nassaw one of his Majestieâ— Ancestors And to pass by the generous Exploits of his noble Successors till the present King William 't is well known what his Majestly has done to rescue not only his Native Country but the best Part of Europe from its Oppressors It has been of late Years both at home and abroad the Maxim of some Princes to outvy each other in preying upon and destroying not only their Neighbours but their own Protestant Subjects by all Methods of Perfidiousness and Cruelty To establish or maintain their Tyranny they went about to introduce a general Ignorance For where Subjects part with their Reason 't is easy for them to part with their Liberty witness those miserable Inslaved Countries where Popery domineers On the contrary the House of Orange has always appeared against that ravenous and inhumane Principle And as if Providence had appointed them for a Check to Tyranny God has been pleased accordingly to bless their just Indeavours Never the Liberty of England and the Protestant Interest in general lay more at stake than it did in the late Reign 'T is plain there was a general Design to extirpate Herely in a Popish Sense and to inslave all Europe The Plot was laid in the Reign of blessed King Charles who with a shew of Proteslantism made the Way smooth for Popery At last when all Things were finely prepared to the hand of his next Heir King Charles go's off the Stage and his Brother to play the last Act enters and ascends the Throne No Prince more Courteous more Obliging or more Promising at first than He was to his new Subjects The Church of England Triumphed in his Exaltation and Addressed Him from all Parts of the Kingdom as their Tutelaâ— Angel The People in general look'd upon him as an Incomparable Hero who would quickly make it his Business to pull down the Hector of France and to carry the Glory of England beyond all his Predecessors In short so great were the Hopes of this King that Edward III and Henry V the most glorious Monarchs of England were upon his Account to be hissed out of our English Chronicles No body dreamed of a Popish Catechism to be the first step to this Glory nor of an Army to be raised for the defence of it Under whose shelter besides a secret League with France the Prerogative began presently to swell above its Banks the Laws to be Overwhelmed the Liberty and Property of the Subject Invaded the Church of England Crushed that had raised the King to the Throne Popery crowing over all the Nation and to crown all their Hopes presto a Prince of Wales In short to speak in terms of War the Miner was fix'd and we must either Surrender or be Stormed This was our Condition when the Prince of Orange our present King undertook our Deliverance and effected it under God in a miraculous manner Upon whose Approach our Mass-Hero fled left us to shift for our selves and the Popish Party to the mercy of the Rabble This hapned Dec. 11th 1688 a fatal Year in this and the foregoing Age to Popery iâ— England In that state of Anarchy what could the Nation do less than provide for a Settlement under the gracious Influences of the Prince Which was accordingly done in as regular 〈◊〉 Way as the present state of Affairs would â—ow King James having thus deserted the
Four Daily Waiters each 150 00 00    Eight Quarter-Waiters each 50 00 00    Four Grooms each 20 00 00 53 00 00 To the Presence Chamber Four Gentlemen Vshers Daily Waiters each 20 00 00 130 00 00 Eight Gentlemen Vshers Quarter-Waiters each 10 00 00 140 00 00 Two Barbers each 20 00 00 180 00 00 Four Pages each 02 00 00 23 00 00 Amongst which the Gentlemen Vshers Daily Waiters attend next to the King's Person and after the Lord Chamberlain and the Vice-Chamberlain they order all Affairs The chief of them is called the Black-Rod from a black Staff which he bears in his hand Of whom I shall speak more at large in another place To the Great Chamber  Per Annum  Wages Board-wages Fourteen Grooms or Messengers each 40 00 00    As to the Bed-Chamber 'T is under the peculiar Direction and Conduct of the Groom of the Stole so called from the Latine Stola a Robe of State or long Robe His Office is to put on the Kings first Garment or Shirt every Morning and to order the Things of the Bed-Chamber His Wages are 33 06 08 Board-Wages 966 13 04 In all 1000 00 00 He is the first Gentleman of the Bed-Chamber whereof there are nine in all Their Wages each 1000 00 00 They are usually of the prime Nobility And their Office in general is to wait each of them in his turn one Week of nine in the King's Bed-Chamber where they ly by the King on a Pallet-Bed all night They also wait upon the King when he eats in private for then the Cup-bearers Carvers and Sewers do not wait Next to the Gentlemen of the Bed-Chamber are  Per Annum  Wages Board wages Seven Grooms each 500 00 00  And Six Pages each 02 13 04 77 06 08 Amongst the other Officers and Servants of the King's House are also reckoned Two Secretaries of State one at 730 l. Board-Wages the other at 292 l. Who have each his vnder-Vnder-Secretary and several Clerks As to their Office I shall explain it when I come to speak of the Privy Council in my Third Part. Four Clerks of the Signet each at 30 l. Board Wages The Master of the Great Wardrobe a Superiour and Independent Officer whose Sâ—â—ry is 2000 l. per Annum This is a great Office made by King James I. a Corporation or Body Politick for ever An Office which furnishes the Court and foreign Embassadors Houses at their first Arrival here with Beds Hangings and other Necessaries that makes Provisions for Coronations Marriages and Funerals that provides Presents for foreign Princes and Ambassadors Cloths of Estate and other Furniture for the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and all his Majesties Ambassadors abroad This is the Office which provides all Robes for forein Knights of the Garter for the Officers of the Garter Coats for Heralds and Pursuivants at Arms and Livories for His Majesties Servants The King has also out of this Office all the Linnen and Lace that he wears The Master of this Wardrobe Kept in York-Buildings since the Fire has under him several Officers and sworn Servants to the King The principal whereof is a Deputy at 200 a Year Saâ—ary and a Clerk whose Place is worth 300 l. a Year But besides this Great Wardrobe there are divers standing Wardrobes at Whitehall Windfor Hampton-Court the Tower of London Greenwich and other Places whereof there are fivers Officers all under the Lord Chamberlain â—nd to the Keeper of the Standing Wardrobe where the King shall reside there is an Allowâ—ce of 127 l. 15. shill per Annum Lastly there is the Removing Wardrobe which â—ways attends upon the Person of the King â—een and their Children upon Ambassadors â—hristenings Masques Plays c. Whose Offiâ—ers are also at the Lord Chamberlain's Comâ—and Viz.  Per Annum A Yeoman 230 00 00 A Clerk 160 00 00 Two Grooms each 130 00 00 Three Pages each 100 00 00 To the foresaid Officers add The Master of the Robes who has the Charge of all His Majesties Robes and wearing Apparel He has under him a Clerk whose Salary is 100 l. a Yeoman 100 l. two Grooms each 50 a Brusher 40 l. and a Page 30. Master of the Jewel-house who has 400 l. Board-Wages Treasurer of the Chamber Privy Purse Master of the Ceremonies An Office instituted by King James I for the Reception of Ambassadors and Strangers of quality with a Salary of 200 l. a Year He has under him aâ— Assistant and Marshal A Knight Marshal 26 l. per Annum Five Vnder-Marshals at 20 l. each per Annum Three Kings of Arms the first called Garter the second Clarencieux the third Norroy The Garter's Office is chiefly to attend and direct those Ceremonies and Solemnities that concert the most noble Order of the Garter to marshaâ— the Solemn Funerals of the Knights of that Oâ—der and other Peers of the Realm and to give Directions in all other Things relating to Arâ— and appertaining to Peerage Clarencieux hiâ— Province is in the Counties that ly in the South of Trent where he properly directs all Thing relating to Arms. And Norroy does the fame iâ— the North Parts of Trent To those three Kings of Arms six Herald four Pursuivants and nine Sergeants at Arms are Subordinate who give attendance with them at all publick Solemnities Each Sergeant's Salary is 100 l. per Annum A Groom Porter Whose Office is to see the King's Lodgings furnished as they ought to be to find Cards c. when the King or Queen plays and to decide differences arising at any Game His Yearly Fee is 2 l. 13. s. 4. d. and his Board-wages 127 l. 15 sh A Knight Harbinger The Keeper of the standing Wardrobe A Body-Laundress whose Salary is 20 l. and Board-Wages 199 l. per Annum A Master of the Revels Who is to order all Things concerning Comedies Balls and Masques at Coutt He has a Yeoman under him whose Fee is 46 l. 11 s. 8 d. A Keeper of the Kings private Armory whose Fee is 13 l. 6 s. 8 d. besides his Board Wages 26 l. 13 s. 4. d. A Surveyor of the Chamber and Dresser at the yearly Salary of 11 l. 8 s. 1½ House-Keeper at Whitehall at 650 l. a Year Theater-Keeper at Whitehall at 30 l. a Year Two Gallery-Keepers each at 3 sh a Day Forty Messenger in Ordinary who attend the Council and Secretaries of State at 40 l. each per Annum Master of the Barges at 50 l. a Year Master of the Tennis Courts There is also  Per Annum A Master Faulconer 1500 00 00 A Serjeant of the Hawks 136 00 00 Master of the Hart and Buck-hounds who for himself and the Huntsmen is allowed 2341 l. per Annum Ranger of S. James's Park Ranger of Hide-Park For the King's Diversion there is moreover A fine Set of Musick consisting of 40 Musicians in ordinary And Two Play-Houses with a great many Servants
Date The Pay of each Captain is 20 shill a Day of a Lieutenant 15 of a Cornet 14 of a Guidon 12 of each Exempt 12 of a Brigadier 10 of an Adjutant and Sub-Brigadier twelve pence above the Pay of a private Trooper The Chaplain's Pay is 6 shill 8 Pence a Day the Surgeon's 6 shill and two more for his Chest-Horse the Trumpeter's and Kettle-Drumâ—er's 5 shill According to the Muster-Roll the Chaplain 〈◊〉 listed next to the Guidon and the Surgeon â—ext to the Chaplain Next to the Surgeon he Exempts and Brigadiers then the Audjment and Sub-Brigadiers To each Troop of the Horse Gards there haâ— been added few Years since a Company of Horse-Granadiers Which consists of 60 Men besides Officers all under the Command of the Captain of the Troop of Gards to whom they belong And their Pay is 2 shill 6 pence a Day Their proper Commanders are 2 Lieutenants 2 Sergeants and 2 Corporals the Pay of a Lieucenant being 8 shill a Day of a Sergeanâ— 4 and of a Corporal 3. In each Troop of Granadiers there is 4 Hâ—boys and 2 Drummers their Pay being each a shill 6 pence a Day Next to the four Troops of Horse-Gards there is a Regiment of Horse commonly called the Oxford Regiment because Commanded by the Earl of Oxford It consists of Nine Troops of 50 Men in each Troop And the Colonâ— hereof has Precedencys next to the Captains oâ— the Gards before all other Colonels of Horse whatsoever Change may be of the Colonel and all the Officers thereof In every Troop of this Regiment there is besides the Captain but one Lieutenant a Cornet a Quarter-Master two Corporals and two Trunpeters A Captain 's Pay is 14 sh a Day a Lieutenants 10 a Cornet's 9 a Quarter-Master's 6â— a Corporals 3 and each Trumpeter's 2 sh 8 p. Thâ— Troopers have but 2 shill 6 pence each Lastly there are three Regiments of Foot-Garâ— two English and one Dutch the first and 〈◊〉 consisting of above 2000 Men each divided iâ— 4 Battalions each Battalion into seven Coâ—â—nies of 80 Men each besides Ossicers Whereas the second Regiment consists only of â—3 Companies which make up 1000 Men. The Colonel's Pay as Colonel is 12 sh a Day the Lieut. Colonel's as such 7 shill the Major's as Major 5 the Adjutant's 5 a Captain 's 8 a Lieutenant's 4 an Ensign's 3 〈◊〉 Sergeant's 1 sh 6 pence a Corporal 's and Drummer's 1 sh a common Souldier's 10 pence â—nd out of London but 8. To each Battalion of the foresaid Regiments â—elongs a Company of Foot Granadiers of 80 â—en each and the Dutch Regiment has beâ—â—des a Company of Cadets or young French Gentlemen So much for the Civil and Military Part of â—heir Majesties Court which concerns the â—ody I come now to the Ecclesiastick Part â—hich properly do's regard the Soul and â—heir future Happiness In order to which there is a Royal Chappel besides the Kings Closet or private Oratory â—r God's Servico and Worship Where Prayers â—e read thrice a Day two Sermons preached very Sunday besides other particular Times â—e Communion administred every first Sunday 〈◊〉 the Month throughout the Year besides â—e great Festivals and all Things performed â—th great Decency and Order For the doing whereof there is first a â—an of the Royal Chappel who is usually some â—ave learned Prelate chosen by the King and â—o as Dean owns no Superiour but the â—ng For as the Royal Pallace is exempt â—m all inferiour Temporal Jurisdiction so is 〈◊〉 Chappel from all Spiritual 'T is a Regal Peculiar reserved to the Kings Visitation and immediate Government who is Supreme Ordinary and as it were Prime Bishop over all the Churches and Bishops of England Under the Dean there is a Sub-Dean or Pracentor Capellae and next to him 12 Priests Whereof ones peculiar Office is to read the first Morning Prayers to the Kings Houshold to visit the Sick to examine and prepare Communicants and to do all other Duties-proper for his Station Next to the Priests there are 20 Gentlemen commonly called the Gentlemen or Clerks of the Chappel who with the aforesaid Priests perform in the Chappel the Office of Divine Service in Praying Singing c. And three of these are chosen to be Organists To whom upon Sundays and Holy-Days is joyned a Consort of the Kings Musick Moreover for the Service of the Chappel there are 12 Children in Ordinary who make up the Musical Choir These are instructed in the Rules and Art of Musick by one of the ablest Clerks who is allowed considerably for their Board and his Teaching Here are also attending the Chappel four Officers called Vergers from the Silver Rods which they carry in their Hands The chief whereof is called a Sergeant the next two Yeâ—men and the fourth Groom of the Chappel For the Preaching part the King has no less than 48 Chaplains in Ordinary who are usually eminent Doctors in Divinity and most Deans or Prebends These are under the particular Charge and Direction of the Lord Chamberlain who appoints them the Time for their Service at Court being to wait four of them together Monthly But besides those 48 there are always Supernumeraries some whereof wait by appointment in lieu of those who by reason of Sickness or otherwise can't give their attendance And as Lent is a particular Time of the Year for Devotion tho it is not observed in England with that Strictness and Superstition as it is in the Roman States so the Royal Chappel shews an excellent Example at that time especially to all other Churches and Chappels of England In order to which the Lord Chamberlain some time before Lent do's appoint the Lent-Preachers and causes a List of them to be printed with their respective Times for Preaching during Lent Then the Sermon-Days are Wednesdays Fridays and Sundays Weekly The first Wednesday being Ash-Wednesday is fixt for the Dean of the Chappel to preach before the King and the Friday after for the Dean of S. Paul's Each Wednesday after one of the Kings Chaplains is appointed to preach every Friday the Dean of some Cathedral or Collegiate Church and on Good Friday the Dean of Westminster Every Sunday a Bishop on Palm-Sunday an Arch-Bishop and Easter-Day the Lord Almoner Upon Christmas Easter and Whitsunday the King and. Queen do usually receive the Holy Sacrament only with some of the Royal Family and two or three of the principal Bishops Those are three Days of twelve in the Year on which Their Majesties attended with the principal Nobility adorned with their Collaâ—s of the Garter together with some of the Heralds in their rich Coats make in a grave sodemn manner their Offering of Gold at the Altar which by the Dean of the Chappel is distributed afterwards among the Poor The same is a Sum of Gold to this day called the Besant or the Bizantine from Bizantium the old Name of Constantinople where the piece of Gold was coined which anciently was Offered by
short home some Ships wanting and others halting with part of what Men they had left alive half starved or sick to death as if they had come from Terra Incognita But the Paris Gazette made amends which celebrated this Expedition at that rate that one would have thought the Venetians Victory over the Turks in the Gulf of Lepanto fell short of this paultry one And to raise the Credit of the great Exploit at Tingmouth there Tingmouth was represented as a flourishing Harbour crowded with Men of War and Merchant Ships richly laden of which a Sacrifice was made to the new French Neptune Thus by a false and pompous Relation which indeed sounded much to the glory of a Hamlet the French Court designed to amuse the World to raise on the one side the Spirits of the drooping French and at the same time strike an Aw amongst the Confederates Which shews what shifts the French are put to in this Juncture of Time to support their Reputation What remains is to give an Account of Their Majesties Office of Ordnance relating to their Forces both by Sea and Land and Kept within the Tower of London Which Office concerns all the principal Preparatives and Instruments of War for the Defence and Safety of the Kingdom and has the ordering and disposing of all the Magazines as well for Sea as Land The principal of these Magazines is the Tower where there are Arms for 60000 Men and a fine Train of Artillery Kept with all stores proportionable This and all other Magazines in the Kingdom as those of Portsmouth Plimouth Windsor-Castle c. are under the Master-General of the Ordnance a Place of great Trust and of a general Influence over all the Kingdom Under whom there are Six principal Officers and others subordinate all holding their Places by Patent under the great Seal The principal Officers are The Lieutenant General The Surveyor The Clerk of the Ordnance The Keeper of the Stores The Clerk of the Deliveries The Treasurer or Pay-Master The Lieutenant of the Ordinance receives at the Board with the rest of the principal Officers all Orders from the Master General and is to see them duly executed In the Master General 's Absence he may make Orders upon Occasion for Things that are not of that high Importance as to require the King's or the Lord High Admiral 's Warrants He is to see the Train of Artillery and all its Equipage fitted for Motion upon any Occasion And from him â—ssue Orders for the discharging the great Guns when required upon Coronation-Days Festivals Triumphs and the like The Surveyor's Office is to survey all Their Majesties Ordnance and Stores in the Store-Keeper's Custody and to see them placed to the best advantage He is likewise to Keep Checque upon all Labourers and Artificers Works to see that all Stores brought in be good and serviceable and to allow all Bills of Debt The Clerk of the Ordnance records all Patents and Grants relating to the Office with the Names of all concerned therein Also all Instructions and Orders sent from the King to the Office or from the Office abroad with such Letters Instructions Commissions Deputations and Contracts as are for His Majesties Service He draws all Estimates for Provisions and Supplies to be made makes all Bills of Imprest and Debenturs for Work done or Provisions received and Keeps Quarter-Books for the Salaries and Allowances of all Persons belonging to the Office He likewise Keeps Journals of the Receipts Delivery and Returns of the King's Stores which serves as a Checque between the two Accompts of the Office the one for Mony and the other for Stores The Keeper of the Stores has in his particular Charge all the Ordnance and Stores For the safe Keeping whereof and giving a true Account from time to time he must give good Security He is to see that all the Kings Store-houses be well Accommodated and Kept iâ— good Repair and the Stores kept in such Oâ—der and Lustre as becomes the Service and Honour of His Majesty He is bound not to receive any Provisions but such as have been 〈◊〉 Surveyed by the Surveyor and proved by thâ— Proof-Masters Nor is he to issue any part of the Ordnance Munition or Stores but what is agreed upon and signed by the Officers according to the appointment of the Master of the Ordnance by the Kings Order or six of the Privy Council and if it be for the Use of the Navy by the Lord Admiral 's or the Commissioner's Warrant Neither is he to receive back any Stores formerly issued till they have been reviewed by the Surveyor and registred in the Book of the Remains The Clerk of the Deliveries draws up all Orders and Proportions for delivering any Stores or Provisions at any of Their Majesties Magazines and is to see the same duly executed And for the better discharging of the Store-Keeper he is by Indenture or Receipt to charge the particular Receiver of the Stores and to register both the Warrants for Deliveries and the Proportions delivered The Treasurer or Pay-Master makes the Payments of all the Salaries and Bills of Debt but so that no Mony is to be by him allowed to any Person without being listed or appointed to be paid by the Master General under his hand So that except Salaries all the Mony of the whole Office goes towards Building Buying in of Stores Fortifications and the like and all this Mony runs through the Pay-Master's hands Amongst the Subordinate Officers we may reckon in the first place the Master Gunner ef England Who is to shew the best of his Skill to all that are imploy'd in Gunnery in Their Majesties Service and at each ones Admittance to administer unto him an Oath which binds him not to serve any forein Prince or State without Leave and not to teach any Man the Art of Gunnery but what has taken the said Oath And before any one can be actually imployed as Their Majesties Gunner the said Master must be so well satisfied with his Skill as to Certify to the Master of the Ordnance his Sufficiency and Ability to discharge the Duty of a Gunner Here is also a Principal Engineer to whom are subordinate all the King 's other Engineers Most of whom have their Salaries and Allowances out of this Office from whence they receive their particular Orders and Instructions according to the King's Pleasure signified unto them by the Master of the Ordnance The Keeper of the small Guns is another Officer relating hereunto Who has the Charge and Custody of their Majesties small Guns as Musquets Carabines Pistols c. with their Furnitures I pass by a great Number of inferiour Men imploy'd in this Office as the Under-Clerks the Proof-Masters Messenger and great many Artificers such as the Master Gun-smith the Furbisher the Master Smith the Master Carpenter Master Wheel-Wright and others CHAP. XVII Of Their Majesties present Revenues and the Management thereof THE present publick Revenues of the King
the Fee He is free to consent to Marriage and may by Will dispose of Goods and Chattels At the Age of 15 he ought to be Sworn to his Allegiance to the King at 21 he is said to be of full Age. Then he is free to make any Contracts and to pass by Will both Goods and Lands which in other Countries may not be done till the Age of 25 called Annus Consistentiae A Daughter at the Age of 7 Years may consent to Marriage but at 12 she is free to retract or confirm it If she confirms it then the Marriage is good and she may make a Will of Goods and Chattels At 21 she may Contract or Alienate her Lands by Will or otherwise Servants in England are either tied to a certain Number of Years or only by the Year these being free to quit their Service at such a Warning as is agreed upon between the Master or the Mistris and the Servant By those that are tied to a certain Number of Years I mean Apprentices the usual Time for their Apprentiship being 7 Years This is the most Servile Condition in England considering the Lash they ly under together with their long and strict Confinement under Articles And whereas other Servants receive Wages for their Service these commonly do pay a Sum of Mony to their Masters for their Prenticeship The Condition of other Servants is much easier all over England For besides that few undergo the Hardship that Prentices do they may be free at the Years end giving 3 Months Warning and if a Servant do not like one Master he may go to another where perhaps he may find more favour or advantage But before a Person ventures upon such a Servant 't is civil first to get his former Masters Leave and prudential to have from him a testimony of his faithfulness and diligence Now there are so many Degrees of Serâ—ants in England that if some live meanly there are others who live genteely and some of these so splendidly as to keep Servants of their own In great Families where a Person of quality makes a proper Figure and has a sutable Attendance there is a necessary Subordination of Servants so that the Inferiour Servants may be at the beck of their Superiour Officers to answer the several parts of their respective Duties Thus a great Man lives like a Prince and Keeps a Court of his own In general it may be said no Country is more favourable than England to Servants who generally live here with more ease and less Subjection and have larger Salaries than any where else The truth is if we consider the nature of a Servant how by going to Service he devests himself of what is dearest to Mankind his Liberty and Subjects his Will to another who sometimes proves magget-headed cruel or tyrannical I think it but reasonable to have a tender Regard for good Servants For this amongst other Things was that great Man of Spain Cardinal Ximenes so noted in his time who proved so bountiful and so generous a Master to his Servants that History to this day does admire him for it As for stubborn and unruly Servants the Law of England gives Masters and Mistresses Power to correct them and Resistance in a Servant is punished with severe Penalty But for a Servant to Kill his Master or Mistris is so high a Crime that it is counted Petty Treason or a Crime next to High Treason Since Christianity prevailed here England admits of no forein Slaves In forein Plantations indeed the English as other Nations buy and sell Negro's as Slaves But a forein Slave brought over into England is upon Landing ipso facto free from Slavery though not from ordinary Service 'T is true there has been a sort of Tenure here called a Tenure in Villenage and the Tenant Villain who was in effect a Bond-man to the Lord of the Land For the Lord might take Redemption of him to marry his Daughter and to make him free He might put him out of his Lands and Tenements Goods and Chattels at his Will and might beat and chastise but not maim him Now such Villains are out of date though the Law concerning them stands unrepealed to this day Servorum Nativorum says Spelman apud nos sublata est Conditio quas ideo possidebant Terras vel Praedia hodie libere tenent sub antiquae Servitutis Consuetudinibus And Sir Edward Coke out of Fortescue has this Note Impius Crudelis judicandus qui Libertati non favet for which he gives this as the Reason of it Anglia Jura in omni Casu dant favorem Libertati the Laws of England in all Cases stand for Liberty The End of the Second Part. THE THIRD PART OF THE New State OF ENGLAND Under Their MAJESTIES K. William and Q. Mary CONTAINING A Description of the several Courts of Judicature Viz. The highest Court of Parliament Privy Council and all other Courts with a Catalogue of the present Officers in Church and State London Printed in the Year 1691. THE NEW STATE OF ENGLAND PART III. Of the Courts of Judicature CHAP. I. Of the Parliament of England THE High Court of Parliament being the Great Council of England the Supreme Court of Judicature and One of the most August Assemblies the World is the Court that I am to speak in the first place It came to be called Parliament from the French Parlement and this from their Verb Parler to speak or talk together The same is taken in a two-fold Sense First as it includes the Legislative Power of England as when we say an Act of Parliament In which Acceptation it includes the King Lords and Commons each of which have a Negative Voice in making Laws so that without their joynt Consent no Law can by either abrogated or made Secondly in a Vulgar Sense as when we say the King and Parliament or the King has called a Parliament by which is meant the Two Houses viz. the House of Lords and the House of Commons This Court is a Body Corporate consisting according to the first Acceptation of the Word of the Three Estates of the Realm And though the Name Parliament by which it is now called be not probably older than the Conquest by William Duke of Normandy yet 't is made plain by ancient Records and Precedents that the former Kings of England even in the Saxons-time had from time to time great National Councils much of the same nature as our Parliaments In the Saxons Time says Lambard the great Council of the Nation consisted of the King Lords and Commons It is most apparent says Prinn by all the old Precedents before the Conquest that all our ancienâ— Councils were nothing else but Parliaments called by different Names in several Ages till at lasâ— that of Parliament was fixed upon them and that our Kings Nobles Senators Aldermen Wisemen Knights and Commons were usuall present and voted there as Members and Judge The same is averred
of the House or to speak irreverently of the Court of Parliament in Time of Parliament several have been sent for by the Sergeant to answer it to the House and Committed Dec. 1641. it was Resolved that the setting of any Gards about this House without the Consent of the House is a Breach of the Priviledge of this House and that therefore such Gards ought to be dismissed Which Resolve was followed by three others Nemine Contradicente The first that the Priviledges of Parliament were broken by his Majesties taking notice of the Bill for suppressing of Souldiers being in agitation in both Houses and not agreed on The second that his Majesty in propounding a Limitation and provisional Clause to be added to the Bill before it was presented to Him by the Consent of both Houses was a Breach of the Priviledge of Parliament The third that His Majesty expressing his Displeasure against some Persons for Matters moved in the Parliament during the Debate and preparation of that Bill was a Breach of the Priviledge of Parliament And whereas in January following the King did come to the House of Commons in a warlike manner with armed Men some posted at the very Door of the House and others in other Places and Passages near it to the Disturbance of the Members then fitting and treating in a peaceable and orderly manner of the great Affairs of the Kingdoms of England and Ireland and His Majesty having placed himself in the Speakers Chair did demand the Persons of divers Members of the House to be delivered unto him It was thereupon declared by the House that the same is a high Breach of the Rights and Priviledges of Parliament and inconsistent with the Liberty and Freedom thereof and therefore the House doth conceive they could not with safety of their own Persons or the Indemnities of the Rights and Priviledges of Parliament sit there any longer without a full Vindication of so high a Breach of Priviledge and a sufficient Gard wherein they might conside Lastly both Houses of Parliament are the proper Judges of their respective Priviledges and the inferiour Courts have nothing to do with it CHAP. II. Of the King's Privy Council NEXT to the Court of Parliament which is the great Wheel that gives motion to the rest is the Kings Privy Council A Court of great Honour and Antiquity Incorporated as it were to the King Himself and bearing part of his Cares in the great Bufiness of the Government Insomuch that upon their Wisdom Care and Watchfulness depends the Honour and Welfare of His Majesties Dominions in all Parts of the World For according to their Oath they are chiefly to Advise the King upon all Emergencies to the best of their Judgment with all the Fidelity and Secrecy that becomes their Station And as the King has the sole Nomination of them so 't is his main Interest to make choice of such eminent Persons as are best able with their Wisdom Experience and Integrity to â—nswer those great Ends they are appointed for They ought to be Persons of several Capacities that nothing be wanting for good Counsel and Advice in a Court from whence in a great measure depends the Safety Honour and Welfare of the King and Kingdom Generally they are pickt out amongst the Nobility and for Things that relate to Church Affairs the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London use to be Members thereof In the late Kings Reign not only Popish Lords were admitted contrary to Law but in defiance as it were of the Nation a Traytor by the Law and the worst of Counsellours a mercurial hot-headed Jesuit whose pernicious Counsels and Influences proved accordingly fatal to King James and all the Popish Party As for the Number of Privy Counsellours 't is at His Majesties pleasure Anciently they used to be but twelve or thereabouts but since their Number has increased sometimes to forty The Privy Council is kept in the Kings Court or Pallace and the King himself do's commonly sit with them The usual Days for their sitting is Wednesdays and Fridays in the Morning out of Parliament or Term-time and in the Afternoon in Parliament or Term-time But upon extraordinary Occasions the King calls them together at any time Accordingly they wait on His Majesty in the Council-Chamber and fit at the Council Board in their Order bare-headed when the King presides To whom His Majesty declares what He thinks fit and desires their Advice in it At all Debates the lowest Counsellour delivers his Opinion first that so he may be the more free and the King last of all by declaring his Judgment determines the Matter 'T is with the Advice of the Privy Council that the King puts out Proclamations Orders and Declarations which being grounded upon Statute or Common Law are binding to the subject And upon any sudden Emergency â—herein the publick Safety may be Indangered â—or want of speedy Redress the King and Council may take a latitude of Power sutable 〈◊〉 the Occasion Formerly the Council heard and determiâ—ed Causes between Party and Party But of â—te lest private Causes should hinder the Publick they seldom meddle with them but leave â—em to the Kings Courts of Justice There are two distinct and important Offices â—longing to this Court. The first is the Lord Presidents who is one of the Nine Great officers of the Crown He is called Lord Preâ—â—dent of the Privy Council because by his office he is in a manner the Director of it â—Tis he that reports to the King when His â—ajesty has been absent from the Council the â—ate of the Businesses transacted there The other Great Office is that of Secretary â—mmonly called a Secretary of State which â—rmerly was single till about the end of Henry III. his Reign Who considering the Imâ—rtance of this great and weighty Office â—ought fit to have it discharged by two Perâ—â—ns of equal Authority and therefore both â—ed Principal Secretaries of State In those Days and some while after says 〈◊〉 Chamberlain they sat not at Council-board 〈◊〉 having prepared their Business in a Room joyning to the Council-Chamber they came 〈◊〉 and stood on either hand of the King â—d nothing was debated at the Table until 〈◊〉 Secretaries had gone through with their Proposals Which Method afterwards was altered in Q. Elizabeths Reign who seldom coming to Council ordered the two Secretaries to take their places as Privy Counsellours which has continued ever since And a Council is seldom or never held without the presence of one of them at the least Besides the publick Concerns of the Nation most of which pass through their hands they are also concerned with Grants Pardons Dispensations c. relating to private Persons For in their hands are lodged most of the Subjects Requests to be represented to the King whereupon they make Dispatches according to His Majesties Directions In short so great is their Trust and their Imployment of that great latitude that it requires their