Savoy should suffer ten thousand Sacks of Corn and other Provisions to be yearly bought in Piedmont for the use of Casal without paying any Duty or Imposition III. That all the Goods they had possessed themselves of on all sides should be restored in the Condition they were in IV. That the Duke of Mantua should be put in possession of the Dukedoms of Mantua and of Montferrat immediately after the Conclusion of the Treaty excepting what Places were to be resigned to the Duke of Savoy who should have possession of them assoon as the Emperour's Investiture for the Duke of Mantua was received V. That the Baron Galas should begin to conduct back again in good order towards Germany the Imperial Troops out of the States of Mantua and of Montferrat VI. That the Troops which were in the Venetian Territories should return likewise VII That on the 8th of April they should begin to withdraw and continue so to do without delay and disorder till the whole Army was retired except the Garrisons of Mantua of Porto and of Canetto VIII That on the same day Thoiras and Servien should begin to cause the Troops of his Gallick Majesty to march out of Italy through Savoy without causing any Damage or Disturbance but that they should leave Garrisons at Pignerol Briqueras Susa and Avilliana the Ways however remaining free without any quartering of Soldiers IX That on the same day the Duke of Savoy should evacuate Montecalvo and the other Places which he possessed in Montferrat except those which were consigned to him by this Treaty so that on the 20th of April all the Places taken by the Arms of the Emperour the King of France and the Duke of Savoy in the Dutchy of Mantua the State of the Venetians Montferrat Piedmont and Savoy should be restored to their own respective Masters except Mantua Porto Canetto Pignerol Briqueras Susa and Avilliana and on the 8th of May at the farthest the whole Imperial Army should be actually in Germany X. That Galas should with all speed by an Express acquaint the Emperour with this Treaty which being received his Imperial Majesty should give the Duke of Mantua the Investiture of the two Dukedoms of Mantua and of Montferrat with all Territories belonging to them except those which were assigned to the Duke of Savoy and those that might appertain to the Duke of Guastalla and that this Investiture should be brought into Italy in a Fortnight after the Date of this Treaty XI That after this they should begin to demolish the Fortifications for the space of fifteen days and that in case it was not over by that time the Places notwithstanding should be surrender'd XII That the Fortnight being expired on the 23d of May the Baron Galas should draw off the Garrison of Mantua and on the same Day the Mareschal de Thoiras should restore to the Duke of Savoy Pignerol Briqueras Susa and Avilliana XIII That at the same time the Baron Galas should retire with all his Troops out of the States Forts and Passes which he kept in the Country of the Swisses and in the Valteline all which Places should remain in the free Disposal of the Grisons as before XIV That for a Security of the Restitution of the Places Hostages should be given on both sides in the time of the Fortnight granted for demolishing to wit on the Emperour's part the Colonels Chiesa Picolomini and Visleben and on the side of the French King the Marquis of Tabanes Nerestan and Aiguebone and that these Hostages should be consigned into the hands of his Holiness who should promise to keep them safely and oblige himself to restore them to that Party which had observed the Treaty and to deliver up to them those of the other side which had not kept it These are the principal Articles of the Treaty of Querasque for I don't mention those which are not material to this History But besides this Treaty which was publish'd there was a secret Article by which it was provided that for a greater Security than that of the Hostages the Cittadels of Susa and Avilliana should be put into the hands of the Swissers equally Friends to the King of France and to the Duke of Savoy and that they should take an Oath to restore them to the Duke of Savoy assoon as they were certain of the Evacuation of the Forts by the Grisons but in case this Restitution should not be made at the prefixed time they should put again these Places into the hands of the Mareschal de Thoiras or of any other whom the King would be pleased to appoint There were yet two other Treaties for the Duke of Savoy in one of which were * See it in Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. Pag. 374. specified the Lands which the Duke of Savoy was to possess in Montferrat and the other †Signed the 30th of May Ibid. Pag. 383. was concerning the Restitution of Savoy and of the Places in Piedmont Some Difficulties arose afterwards in the Execution of the general Treaty but were accommodated ‡ The 19th of June Ibid. Pag. 387. some time after so that at last the Peace of Italy was concluded and the Treaty put in Execution in the Month of September at least in outward appearance The Swissers * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. Pag. 413. entred the Places remitted to them and the Pope received the Hostages who were kept under a strong Guard in the Cittadel of Ferrara The ' Emperour 's Investiture for the Duke of Nevers was remitted to the Bishop of Mantua and the Duke of Guastalla sent to the Emperour an Act by which he desisted from the opposition he had made against it The time specified in the last Treaty being at hand Savoy and Briqueras were restored to the Duke of Savoy and the Passes of the Valteline quitted by the Imperialists All the State of Mantua except Porto and Canetto was surrendred to the Duke of Mantua and the French withdrew from Piedmont from Montferrat and from Savoy while the Spaniards left the State of Venice of Mantua and of Montferrat On the 15th of September Susa and Avilliana were restored to the Duke of Savoy Porto and Canetto to the Duke of Mantua On the 23d the Germans departed out of Mantua and the French out of Pignerol at least it was thought so After which the Pope released the Hostages All things were seemingly in a perfect Peace when it appeared that on all sides they onely thought how to deceive one another Victor Amadeo had a long while ago design'd to make his Peace with France which had got already a considerable part of his State and Mazarine who was aware of it gave him to understand that if he desired to engage wholly this Crown in his Interest and to remove all Suspicions on his part he ought to give to His Majesty an assured Pledge of his Good Will such as Pignerol and that the King would not be wanting to Recompence him
who were at the Gate had an Order to let no body in except one Page of the Count of Verrue to entertain them in the opinion that there was no body in the Cittadel This business lasted Two and thirty days during which the hidden Souldiers did not want Provisions for they were abundantly provided before Now it was necessary to draw these Souldiers out of their holes and to perswade the World That they were got in again in spight of the Duke of Savoy Therefore they onely look'd for a Pretence which would not have been so easie a thing to find if the Duke of Feria Governour of Milan had been more quick in executing the Treaty of Querasque who fearing least the French would not answer his honest and fair Dealing retained Two German Regiments in the State of Milan and some Neapolitan Cavalry whom he had Promised to dismiss The French being informed of it begun immediately to complain highly of it and to say That Count Merode threatned again to invade the Passes of the Valteline The Great Sums of Money which Spain was accused to furnish the Queen-Mother with did not help a little to heighten these Complaints and they were carried to the Duke of Feria by Cardinal Mazarine in very high words purposely to exasperate the Spaniards to some Infraction or other which might give occasion to the French to say That they were constrained by the Duke's Contraventions to Possess themselves again of Pignerol On his side Feria begun likewise to complain of the French because the Garrisons of Mantua and of Casal were full of Souldiers of their Nation and the Grisons Fortified the Passage of Steich against the Treaty of Monzon He Publish'd a Writing in which he expos'd at length the Infractions which he thought the French had made against that of Querasque and said That they might be followed with greater Inconveniencies The Ministers of France who sought after a Quarrel took up these words as if the Duke of Feria had meant That as soon as the French Troops were gone out of Italy he would Revenge himself of those Infractions he imputed to them Furthermore they had notice that the Emperour at the Instance of Spain had declared void the Investiture sent to the Duke of Mantua unless the Treaty of Ratisbon should be exactly observed and thereupon the French gave out That the Spaniards had a Design to Invade a-new the States of the Duke of Mantua Upon this they dispersed a Manifesto with the Consent of the Duke of Savoy though they complained of him in publick in which after great Complaints against the Unfair Dealings of the Spaniards and their Allies and especially of the Duke of Savoy to carry on their Trick more secretly they declared that the King was resolved to secure the Peace of Italy and to protect his Allies there For this purpose Servien ask'd the Duke of Savoy to deliver back several Places in Piedmont and amongst others Pignerol for the Reception of the French Army which was to pass thither again The Ministers of France protested before God and Men that it was not out of any Ambitious Motive or to disturb the Peace of Italy that the King their Master demanded these Places but on the contrary to make it more firm and to give the Allies that Peace which they desired so earnestly to enjoy The Duke of Savoy so carried himself as if he thought this Demand very strange and told Servien the Reasons he had to deny it but Servien replied That if he would not grant of his own free accord what the King desired the Army which was in Dauphine and in Provence should repass the Mountains by force for the Security of his Allies He allowed the Duke Three Days to consider of it after which he threatned him in case of Denial with the Invasion both of Piedmont and Savoy In the mean while this Prince sent to acquaint the Duke of Feria with the Pretensions of the French and to Ask Succours of him to oppose this Intended Invasion The Governour of Milan offered him all the Assistance which was in his Power When they came to the Particulars this Prince Ask'd for the Defence of Savoy Ten thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse and half that number for Piedmont besides his own Troops He thought this would suffice for the present since Winter was so near He desired also that Spain should immediately Pay him off all the Arrears due to him which His Catholick Majesty had Promised him after which they might at leasure Discourse of what was Necessary to be done for the future The Duke of Savoy knew that it was impossible for the Governour of Milan to satisfie his Demands and he made them on purpose that they should not think it strange if he delivered Pignerol to the French seeing they were not in a condition to Protect him against them The Governour of Milan Answered That he would immediately supply him with what Help he could and that as soon as the New Levies were made in the State of Milan he would send them with all speed to him In the mean while the Spaniards offered to enter into Negotiation with the French upon this matter but Servien would not hearken to it before the Duke of Savoy had Answered his Demands Lastly To deceive the Spaniards effectually the Duke Assembled * The 19th of October his Council in which it was Concluded That since he could not hope to receive from them the Succours he wanted to defend himself against the French it was better to come to an Agreement and of two Evils to choose the least The Dutchess of Savoy feigned likewise to interpose with her Brother for the Moderation of the Demands which Servien had made They agreed afterwards upon these Articles That the Duke of Savoy should neither directly nor indirectly help those who would endeavour to cause any Disturbance in France during the Absence of the Queen-Mother and of the Duke of Orleans That he should grant free Passage to the French Troops in case there should be a necessity to send them again into Montferrat or the Peace came to be disturbed on the side of the Grisons or of Mantua That to give a Pledge to the French King that he would keep his Word he should deposite the Town and Cittadel of Pignerol with the Three Forts of Perusa in the hands of the Swisses who were intrusted before with Susa That the same Swisses should take an Oath That they would faithfully keep these Three Places during Six Months at the end of which they should restore them to the Duke of Savoy unless the Prince should think fit in case the same Conjunctures happened to have their Trust further prolonged Nevertheless that His Majesty might put a Governour into the Place who should take the same Oath Afterwards with the consent of the Duke a French Garrison was exchang'd with that of the Swisses and the Three hundred Souldiers came out of the places where
Pomerania after the Death of Duke Bogislaus the XIV since he was not in a condition to molest the Imperialists The second Prince that died this year was Charles Gonzaga Duke of Mantua While he lived in France as a †The 25th of September Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 478. Subject he had a great Reputation and passed for a Prince of equal bravery and prudence After he became a Soveraign he seemed to bend under the weight of Affairs and could not find any expedient to hinder the desolation of his Countrey either by the way of Arms or that of Negotiation He left his Dominions to Charles his Grandson born of the Duke of Rethel and Mary of Mantua who was his Guardian She was the Daughter of Vincent Duke of Mantua and Margaret of Savoy Daughter to Charles Emanuel The Third was Butos-Amadeo Duke of Savoy who died the 7th of October He was as much esteem'd as any Prince of his time for his Conduct both in Peace and War The onely thing he is blamed for was his weakness in suffering Mazarine to perswade him to deliver up Pignerol to France by which Surrendry he left his Territories on the other side the Mountains to their discretion and Mercy 'T is true he deceived Spain in doing so but at the same time he deceived himself infinitely more and onely kept the bare Title of a Soveraign Prince unless he had a mind to show the marks of his Soveraignty by causing his Country to be ruined by the French whose will he was otherwise obliged to follow Francis Hyacinth his Son succeeded him who dying soon after Charles Emanuel took his place an Infant Four years old The Duke his Father left Christina of France his Guardian and Regent who was owned in this quality by the Senates of Turin and Chambery and by all the Orders of Piedmont and Savoy The Death of this * Siri Ibid. p. 481. Prince was fatal to his Estates because he was engaged in an open War with Spain who now had a fair opportunity to invade them and would so much the sooner embrace it because the Regent being Sister to the King of France she would in all probability depend wholly upon him On the other side Maurice Cardinal of Savoy and Prince Thomas favoured Spain openly who might have a plausible pretence to come into Piedmont to put them in possession of the Guardianship and Regency to which they might pretend whenever they thought fit These considerations inclined Madam of Savoy and her Council to endeavour to make a Peace with Spain as soon as might be to hinder the ruine of her Country Besides she discover'd soon after the Death of the Duke her Husband how little she was to rely upon the Ministers of the King her Brother L'Emery Ambassador of France at Turin design'd with the assistance of the French Troops that were quarter'd about Verceil where the Duke died to seize upon the Person of the Dutchess and of the Princes her Sons under a pretence to prevent the designs of the Spaniards who would endeavour to engage this Princess in their Party or at least to observe a Neutrality The Ambassador proposed this enterprize to the Mareschal de Crequi but the Mareschal would not consent to be the Instrument of a violence of this nature against a Daughter of France and against Princes that were under the King's Protection However the Ambassador who was perfectly well acquainted with the cardinal-Cardinal-Duke's Temper and knew that in matters of State abundance of things are approved of when done which would not be allowed to be done if leave was asked before-hand did not for all this desist from his Design But the Dutchess happening to be informed of it order'd the Marquiss de Ville with the Troops of Piedmont to enter into Verceil by night and caused the Gates to be shut to several French Officers that came thither under a pretence of Buying Victuals for their Souldiers By this means she frustrated this Design and the Troops of France had Orders to remove from Verceil The Marquiss de S. Maurice Ambassador of Savoy in France having received the News of the Death of the Duke his Master went to carry it to the King and Cardinal who promised to protect the young Duke and the Durchess with all the Forces of the Kingdom The Cardinal gave the Ambassador to understand who complain'd of Emery's design that the King had no hand in it and that he would go to assist his Sister in Person if it were necessary At the same time he advised the Dutchess to two things one of them was to put such Subjects of the Duke as she was well assured of into all the Strong Places of Piedmont and Savoy the other was To treat her Brother-in-Law with all the Civility imaginable but not to suffer them to come into the Dominions of the Duke her Son Upon this the Ambassador told him That the best way the Dutchess could take to live at peace with all the World would be to clap up a Peace with Spain To which the Cardinal answer'd That she might expect from the King her Brother every thing that was for the advantage of the House of Savoy even though it should be against the Interest of the Crown but that he did not see any security in a particular Peace The Cardinal afterwards made a Solemn Visit to the Ambassador where after the first Compliments were over he told him That he was surprized that Madam of Savoy had any suspicion of the French Troops since the Mareschal de Crequi had immediately drawn them off from about Verceil and conducted them to Casal that he had discover'd upon this occasion the inclination of some of her Counsellors that had advised her to send with all expedition into Spain which apparently tended to disengage her from France that he hoped a General Peace would be soon concluded but that if the Dutchess and her Council were too impatient the King would not hinder her from making a particular accommodation by her self but that his honour would not permit him to abandon his other Allies The Cardinal of * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. P. 485. Savoy was desirous at the same time to come into Piedmont to offer his Services to the young Duke and the Regent by word of Mouth but she desired him to let it alone for fear of giving any suspicion to France with whom he very well knew she was obliged to manage her self cautiously since neither her Brother nor her Husband could have drawn the Indignation of that Court down upon them without being considerable losers by the bargain She likewise received Compliments from Prince Thomas by the Marquiss Palavicini This Prince represented to her That the French under a show of protecting her might take the opportunity to seize upon Piedmont and Savoy and that if Spain was induced to bring the War thither for that reason the States of the House of Savoy would be inevitably ruin'd
resolution of the Confederate Princes ceased to threaten as at first they had done those that opposed their designs and pretended that they were desirous to end this affair by the way of negotiation France employ'd it self to pacify these commotions at least in appâ—arance but the Duke of Parma perceiving that the Barberines only endeavour'd to gain time took the Field on the 10th of September with about four thousand Horse which the Mareschal d Estrees commanded under him in quality of Lieutenant General His design was to go and attack the Pope's Army commanded by Don Tadeo Barberini and in case he defeated him to march strait to the walls of Rome but if he was repulsed to retire into his own Territories covered by the forces of Modâ—na and the Troops of the Confederate Princes That if it so happen'd that the Army of the Barberines kept within their Camp it would be easy for him to go up to Rome without any opposition because being inferiour to him in Horse it would not be possible for them to follow him The Pope's General being acquainted with the Duke's design ordered the greatest part of his Troops to encamp near the Castle of St. John to be in a condition to oppose the Enemy's maâ—ch However neither he nor those that commanâ—ed under him could imagine that the Duke of Parâ—a durst strike so hardy a blow as to enter the Territory of Bologne by leaving Fort Vrban behind him and venturing himself between that City and the Popeâ—s Army Being thus lull'd asleep they were extremely surpriz'd at the Duke's boldness when they were not in a condition to oppose him Their Troops were seized â—â—â—h terror and as soon as those of Parma appeared they fled on all sides Thus this Army which had given the Alarm to all Italy was in a short time made unable to oppose a small body of Horse without Artillery and supported by no Foot On the other hand the Duke of Parma's Army advanced as far as Castiglione del Lago in Romagnia and struck a terror into Rome At this time the * Ib. T. 2. l. 3. Negotiations were set on foot afresh the Duke offering to withdraw provided that Castro was put into the hands of the Confederates with a promise to deliver it up to him in a short time The Barberines being in a great fright had recourse to the Ministers of France and desired them to interpose the authority of the King to bring this affair to some accommodation Altho they were not sorry in France to see these disorders and broils in Italy yet they were afraid lest the Confederate Princes seeing the happy success of the Duke of Parma's enterprize might form some designs disadvantageous to the rest of Italy For this reason they were glad of any opportunity to stop the progress of the League and they did it effectually by beginning to negotiate afresh The Ministers of several Princes and those of the Pope met at Castel Georgio for this purpose but after abundance of proposals on both sides nothing was concluded upon and yet the Duke of Parma withdrew his Troops out of the Ecclesiastic State This was the only thing which the Barberines desired and perhaps the other Powers helped them to deceive the Confederate Princes However 't is certain that during these divisions Prince Thomas of Savoy General of the French Troops in Italy took Nice de la Paille from the King of Spain by composition dated the 3d of September On the 20th of the following month the Marquis de Pianezza re-took Verrue the taking of which places was of consequence for the time to come and Prince Thomas made himself master of the City of Tortone at the beginning of October and of the Castle on the 25th of November The King to recompence the services or this Prince made him a present of this Town and the Territory belonging to it and after this manner the Campaign ended The Spaniards had in vain attempted to relieve it but could not hinder the taking of it 〈◊〉 and the succours which they threw into the Castâ—e did not defend it with more success Thus the projects of France were almost every where fortunate under the Conduct of the Cardinal-Duke while the Count-Duke saw the King of Spain come by the worst in all places through his want of dexterity Another misfortune happen'd to him about the end of the year as he endeavour'd to make some attempt before he return'd to Castile The Catholic King sent some Troops to reduce the City of Monzon which the French possessed upon the frontiers of Arragon and from whence they made frequent excursions into the most fertile part of that Kingdom but a furious tempest happenâ—d which broke down the Bridge of Fragues over which they must pass and entirely dissipated that small remainder of men which the Spaniards had And soon after the King who was provoked to see that nothing but ill success attended all his undertakings disgraced the Count-Duke after he had been fully convinced that this Favourite was in no respect to be compared with the Chief Minister of Lewis XIII To return now to the Cardinal and represent the last Scene of so busie a life altho he had taken all imaginable care to recover his health yet he continued in a languishing condition ever since his return from Rousillon The King being at Fontainâ—blâ—au * The 17. Siri Mere. T. 2. l. 3. in October the Minister went to visit him there altho he had still a pain in his Arm and felt some approaches of an Ague From thence he went to Pariâ— where having summon'd the Privy Councellors to wait upon him at his house he fell upon several projects for the ensuing Campaign Some were of advice to make a vigorous irruption into the Kingdom of Arragon which might easily be effected since the dissipation of the Army commanded by the Marquis de Leganez But to this others objected that it was to no purpose to advance so far because the first Treaty of Peace would oblige them to surrender up all that they had conquer'd on that side and besides that this Country being at too great a distance from the heart of France and the presence of the King which is so necessary to animate and give lifâ— to all great undertakings it would be impossible to perâ—orm any considerable action there Others gave their opinion to make the chief effort on the side of the Low Countries but then it was objected that there were too many strong places on that quarter and that experience had made them see that they must spend a whole Campaign to take one Town so that the advantage they got by any Conquest did by no means ballance the expence they were at to obtain it Some proposed Italy but before it would be safe for them to advance thither they must destroy the League and principally disengage the Venetians from it who seem'd to be the most zealous for the repose of their
Duke of Rohan b. 156 Ferrandine Duke of beaten by the Archbishop of Bourdeaux b. 300 303 Feuquiéres Marquis of attacks Thionville and is defeated by Piccolomini b. 239 240 Fleet Spanish beaten by the French b. 338 Frederic Henry Prince of Orange joyns the French Army b. 148. The Progress he made that Campagne b. 149 c. Does not agree with the French Generals Ib. 149 151. Will not hazard a Battel b. 150. Receives the Title of Highness b. 173. Takes Breda b. 189. Raises the Siege of Gueldre b. 209. Takes Gennep b. 294. Does a considerable Service to the Cardinal b. 368 Fontanet taken by the Duke of Savoy b. 163 Fontarabia besieg'd in vain by the French b. 210 Fontrailles his Negotiation in Spain b. 340 Force James Nompar de Caumon Marquis of Governour of Bearn a. 46. Defends Montauban ibid. 59. Is made Mareschal of France a. 65. Commands in Italy a. 344 c. Force Mareschal of in Lorrain b. 11. The difficulty he made of going against Monsieur b. 33. Goes into Lorrain ibid. 96. Into Germany b. 119 134 c. Into Lorrain b. 139 France The State of that Kingdom in 1627. a. 204 c. Franche-Comté attack'd by France b. 166 French submissive to the Arbitrary Authority of their Kings and Ministers a. 202 c. Francis Hyacinth Duke of Savoy b. 193 G. Gatas Matthias commands an Imperial Army in Germany b. 135. Takes Wormes ibid. 137. And Keyserslauter ibid. 139. Abandons the Siege of Deuxponts ibid. 140. Flies before the Duke of Weymar ibid. Afterwards pursues him b. 141. Ravages the Electorate of Triers and plunders Alsatia b. 145. Ravages Burgundy and retires ibid. 167 Gaston de Bourbon Duke of Anjou his Education a. 88. Is admitted into the Council ibid. 181. His endeavours in favour of the Mareschal d'Ornano ibid. 182 183 c. The mean Spirit of this Prince a. 184. Cabals against the Minister ibid. 185. Another instance of his mean Spirit a. 190. Marries Madamoiselle de Montpensier a. 192. Has a Daughter by her and loses her a. 211. Intriguing about his Second Marriage ibid. 212. His desire to command the Army of Rochelle a. 213 221. Falls passionately in love with Marie de Gonzaga a. 222. This Marriage is oppos'd a. 290 c. Goes for Dauphiné and returns to Paris a. 306 318. Retires to Joinville and from thence to Nancy a. 321. Complains highly of the Cardinal a. 322 c. Is reconciled and embroils himself a-fresh a. 365. Retires to Orleans a. 366. Goes out of the Kingdom ibid. 374. Complains to the Parliament of Paris 374 Gaston de Bourbon Duke of Orleans obliged to leave Nancy b. 25. Returns thither b. 27. Invades France in an hostile manner b. 32. The King issues out a Declaration against him b. 32 33. Intercedes in vain for the Duke of Montmorency b. 36 38. Makes his Peace b. 37. Complains that they had deceived him b. 51. Retires into the Low Countries b. 52. His Marriage with the Princess Margaret of Lorrain b. 66. The Queen-Mother and he do not agree b. 82. A Declaration concerning him b. 90. The Parliament perplexed about his Marriage b. 91. His Marriage judged valid by the Vniversity of Louvain b. 102. Makes a Treaty with the King of Spain b. 104. Refuses to accept any Arbitrators about his Marriage b. 106. Reconciles himself to the Queen-Mother b. 107. Treats with the King his Brother about his return b. 110. Comes into France b. 112. Will not hearken to the dissolution of his Marriage ibid. 112 113. The King puts out a Declaration in favour of him b. 114. His Civilities to the Spaniards b. 122. His Domesticks apprehended b. 124. Receives a new Council b. 126. Is made Generalissimo of the Army in Picardy b. 171. Combines with the Count de Soissons to ruine the Cardinal b. 174. Retires to Blois b. 176. What happened between the Court and him after this retreat ibid c. His reconciliation b. 181. Espouses the Party of the Master of the Horse b. 339. Confesses all they would have him b. 348 Gatta Charles of enters into Turin b. 271 Gave besieged and taken from the Genoueses a. 114 115 118 Genoua the Quarrels between the Duke of Savoy and that City a. 106. An Attempt made upon that City a. 110 c. 112 c. Relieved by the Spaniards a. 121. The Princes of Italy stickle for her a. 122. She takes Courage a. 124 127. And is wholly delivered from her fear a. 132 Gennep taken by the Hollanders b. 294 St. George Duke of mortally wounded under the Walls of Barcelona b. 298 St. Geran Mareschal of when raised to that Dignity a. 24 Gondi his Journey to the Low Countries and his Conversation with the Queen-Mother b. 108 c. Gregory XV Pope a. 55 Grisons abandoned by France a. 178 Grisons discontented at France a. 197 199 Grisons enter into a League with the House of Austria b. 189 190 Guiche Count of marries a Relation of the Cardinal b. 114. Beaten by the Spaniards b. 327. Comforted by the Cardinal b. 328 Guise Duke of the Broils he was concerned in under the Regency of Marie de Medicis a. 8 15. Makes War against the Rochellers a. 68. Being made Admiral of the Levant refuses to throw up that place to the Cardinal a. 362 Guise Duke of ill used and constrained to retire into Italy b. 8. Loses his Government of Provence b. 31. Is denied leave to come back into France b. 31 Guiton John of Mayor of Rochelle his Bravery a. 236. His remarkable Answers a. 250 Guebriant Count of commands part of the Troops of the Duke of Rohan b. 192. Is in the Duke of Weymar's Army b. 246. Commands it b. 255. Is made Mareschal of France b. 333. Defeats Lamboi b. 360. Takes several places in the Electorate of Cologne b. 361 Gustavus Adolphus enters Germany and makes an Alliance with France a. 344. Desires in vain to see the King of France b. 25. His Answer to a Proposal made him to confer with the Cardinal ibid. 25 Gustavus Adolphus slain b. 53 H. Hallier takes Carolet b. 209. Guards a Convoy to Arras b. 257 Halluyn Duke of raises the Siege of Leucate b. 186. Obtains a Mareschal's Staff b. 187 Harcourt Count of regains the Isles of St. Honorat and St. Margaret b. 186. Takes Quiers and beats the Spaniards b. 235. Returns to Carmagnole and beats Prince Thomas ibid. Raises the Siege of Casal b. 267. Besieges Turin b. 269. Takes it b. 273. Besieges Yvreé in vain b. 291. Takes several places ibid. 292. Regains what Cantelmo had taken in the Bolonnois b. 329 Hautefort Madam of loved by the King b. 251. Removed from Court b. 354 Hêdin attack'd and taken by the Marquis de la Milleraye b. 239 241 Henrietta Maria the Negotiations about her Marriage with the Prince of Wales a. 76 c. 86 Hugonots ill us'd in France a. 56. Make an Insurrection ibid. 57. War is made against them
they had hid themselves The Duke of Savoy gave notice to Duke Feria of the Articles he had Agreed upon with the French The Governour of Milan durst not disapprove wholly the Duke of Savoy's Conduct though he thought it would be highly prejudicial to Italy Thus the French appeared to re-enter into the Possession of Pignerol which they had not quitted and they afterwards engag'd the Duke of Savoy to yield it up wholly to them the Spaniards not perceiving at first the Trick which was put upon them As the Spanish Ministers in Italy were blamed for their want of Conduct so it was thought very strange that the Duke of Savoy for some Lands in Montferrat which France caused to be given him by the Treaty of Querasque should voluntarily tie up his own hands by parting with Pignerol The Duke of Mantua was reduc'd by this War to such Extremities that he depended wholly upon France and durst not contradict them in the least So that at the same time that the French were busie to secure Pignerol for themselves he was oblig'd to permit them to send a strong Garrison to the Cittadel of Casal for fear the Spaniards seeing the French in Pignerol should endeavour to make themselves Masters of it This business was likewise carried on with so much secrecy that they knew nothing of it in Italy till after Two French Regiments had got into Casal As soon as the Italian Princes who were jealous of the Power of Spain knew that the French were in Possession of these two Places notwithstanding the Treaty of Querasque they shewed in all parts how well they were pleased with it and especially the Venetians who were not in favour with the House of Austria and feared its Resentments The onely thing which remained for France to do for the perfect security of that Republick on that side was to seize on the Passes of the Valteline and indeed they made it their business to effect it soon after Towards the end of the same year the * The 27th of Novemb. 1631. See Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. P. 438. Duke of Savoy reconciled himself wholly with the Republick of Genoua by Restoring reciprocally what was taken from one side and the other during the Truce Zuccarello which was the occasion or the pretence of the War as I observed in another place remained to the Genouese upon condition that they should give One hundred and threescore Crowns of Gold to the Duke of Savoy who was to renounce all his Pretensions to this Marquisate year 1632 The King being at Metz the Duke of Lorrain came there and after some Negotiations he concluded his Treaty with France * See Aubery's Life of the Card. Lib. ◠Cap. 23. which was Sign'd at Vic on the 6th of January The Duke Promised to disengage himself from any Intelligence League and Association which he had made with any Prince or State whatsoever to the Prejudice of the King his Dominions and Countries under his Obedience or Protection and to the Detriment of the Alliance made by His Majesty with the King of Sweden and the Duke of Bavaria for the Defence of the German-Liberty and of the Catholick-League He oblig'd himself likewise to turn out of his Dominions all the King's Enemies and all his Subjects who had left the Kingdom without his Leave and to deny them for the future any Passage or Retreat A little while after the Deputies of the Parliament of Paris came to Metz where the King was †Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 7. Pag. 359. After they had stay'd there a Fortnight he gave them Audience and told them That for this time he forgave them but they ought to take care least they fell into the same Faults again for a Relapse would prove fatal to them That he loved his People better than they did that he took more care for the Glory and Greatness of the State and would maintain it better than they That he forbad them to busie themselves about any thing else but the Administration of Justice They Answered They had been brought up in a very good School where they had learned Obedience and Fidelity to His Majesty and the King Reply'd They had then soon forgot what they were Taught The Keeper of the Seals made them afterwards a long Remonstrance in which he Reproached them that they design'd to divide the Royal Authority with the King He told them nevertheless that His Majesty sent them back to the Exercise of their Offices except Five who were Suspended from their Places and ordered to follow the Court to serve for an Example Nevertheless as soon as the King was returned to St. Germain they were restor'd to their Employments Monsieur who was then at Nancy was oblig'd to withdraw and to retire to the Low-Countries and the French Army advanc'd to the Frontiers of Germany as if they would have favour'd Gustavus Adolphus though at the bottom France began to grow jealous of his Victories and to fear least the Emperour and the Catholick League should wholly sink under the power of his Arms. * Siri Mem. Rec T. 7. Pag. 475. The King of Sweden desired extreamly to have a Conference with Lewis XIII being used to manage his Negotiations himself and the King of France shew'd on his side a great Inclination to see Gustavus for fear of offending him But this Prince had quite other things in his Thoughts and durst not expose himself to an Interview which had turned wholly to the Honour of the King of Sweden to whom he was not to be compar'd for the Qualities either of Body or Mind So a little time after the King of Sweden was acquainted that the French King being indisposed was not in a condition to come to an Interview therefore it was propos'd to him that he would be pleased to meet Cardinal Richlieu who was more fit to treat with Gustavus than Lewis XIII who referr'd every thing to his Minister Gustavus who was of a hasty Temper answered he would send one of his Servants to confer with the Cardinal that he esteemed himself not inferiour to the French King and did not understand why he should decline to meet him that the Swedish Kings never truckled to those of France and that all Crowns were equal These Expressions of Gustavus besides that he was suspected of aspiring to no less than an Universal Monarchy cooled very much the Design which the French had to assist him and hinder'd the King at that time from declaring openly against the House of Austria Besides the Cardinal had some particular Reasons which kept him back from engaging himself in great Enterprises in which France might perhaps not always get the better The extreme Aversion of the Queen-Mother and of Monsieur towards him the hatred even of almost the whole Kingdom not to mention the Foreign Powers whom he had mightily offended and the little Certainty he had that the King upon whose Affection his Fortune was built would
Treaty Signed the 5th of May 1632. To return to the Duke of Orleans * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. Pag. 551. Ambery Lib. 4. cap. 27. who was the most dangerous Enemy the Cardinal had as soon as it was known that he intended to enter into France with some Troops that he had gathered frâ—â— several parts the Cardinal signifi'd to the Spaniards That if they gave Assistance to Monsieur in any thing it would be taken for an Infraction of the Peace of Vervins Nevertheless least they should take this business in hand not caring to break openly the Cardinal Promised to the States-General of the Vnited-Provinces what they Ask'd of him upon condition that they should make neither Peace nor Truce with Spain to keep them employ'd on that side Monsieur †The 8th of June Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 7. p. 551 Aubery Lib. 4. cap. 27. entred into France by the way of Bassigny with two Thousand or Fifteen hundred Horse and fell upon Burgundy He Published at the same time a Declaration wherein he call'd the Cardinal a Tyrant an Usurper an Enemy to the King and to the Royal Family saying He had taken up Arms for no other intent but to open the eyes of His Majesty and to shew him plainly how his Minister deceiv'd him Monsieur took upon himself the Title of Lieutenant-General for the King to Redress the Abuses and to Repress the Violences of the Cardinal He pass'd with his Troops hard by Dijon which Place having refused to Furnish his Army with Provisions saw for this Reason one of their Suburbs reduc'd into Ashes From thence he pass'd to Auvergne where he Raised Three thousand Foot not making there any Devastation because Noailles Lieutenant for the King in that Province was there in Person In the mean while the King thought it convenient to go to Paris in order to be Present at the Parliament and make them Confirm his Declaration against the Male-contents * The 11th of August He went thither with the Cardinal and the Keeper of the Seals made an Apology for this Minister which he concluded with saying That Seditious Men never ceased to Discredit those Persons that were concerned in the Government Afterwards a Declaration †See it in Aubery Vbi supra of the King was Registred wherein His Majesty gave a Compendious Account of what the Duke of Orleans had done tending to the Destruction of the State Although by his Libel of the 13th of June as 't was said in the Declaration he Declares That what he did was for the safety and wellfare of France which he represented in a Deplorable Condition in Terms extreamly prejudicial to the honour of his Majesty laying the fault of all upon the Cardinal Richlicu though it might be justly said that the Kingdom was never so powerful nor in so great reputation before and that the Cardinal's Fidelity and Zeal and the Merits of his Services were so well known to all the World that none but those who were envious both of the Glory of his Majesty and of his Prosperity would offer to say any thing to the contrary Lastly the King declared afresh those who should joyn with Monsieur or abert him in any manner whatsoever Rebels and guilty of High Treason and commanded they should be proceeded against with all the Severity of the Laws As for the Duke of Orleans himself he gave him six Weeks time to return to his Allegiance In the mean while an Army was sent against Monsieur in two Bodies one of which was commanded by the Mareschal de la Force and the other by Mareschal Schomberg They advanced two different ways to endeavour to get between them the Troops of Monsieur who were not in a condition to make any great resistance * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. Pag. 553. Though they had obeyed the King yet it was with very much reluctance that they accepted the Command upon this Occasion and especially the Mareschal de la Force did what lay in his power to be excused It seemed to him that it was too great a Boldness in a Subject to go and attack the King 's only Brother and presumptive Heir to the Crown his Majesty being not present It might happen that in the heat of Battel the Duke of Orleans might be kill'd and the Fault then would be laid on the Mareschal which would be enough to ruin him under another Administration And therefore that he might act with greater Safety he desired that the King would give him precise Orders what he was to do and the King declared that as to his Brother's Person he would not have him come by any harm and that they ought to treat him with respect Upon this the Mareschal observed that in a Fight it would not be possible perhaps to distinguish him and since this Inconvenience could not well be avoided and would cause the Armies to act but weakly against Monsieur in the King's Absence his Majesty resolved at last to go personally with them Monsieur found none of the Provinces in his March disposed to declare for him because the Governour who knew his Temper knew likewise that he had neither Conduct nor Experience nor Constancy enough to protect those that should declare for him Only the Duke of Montmorency promised to favour him to revenge the Wrong which he thought the Cardinal had done him He had formerly surrender'd his Office of Admiral at his Sollicitation who instead of suppressing it as he had pretended before appropriated it to himself under another Title 'T was said that he gave the Duke of Montmorency great hope of having the Office of High Constable which was more considerable and had been possessed by his Father and Grandfather but he caused both the Title and the Donations of that great Post to be abolish'd so that the Duke having ask'd for the Office of Mareschal General of the King's Armies which was the same Thing under another Name he met with an absolute Denial Yet notwithstanding these and other Occasions of Dissatisfaction he still remained in the Interests of the Cardinal till the time of the King's Sickness at Lions But whether he grew weary to live under the Authority of a Minister who would not have Friends but Slaves or that Marie Felice des Vrsins his Lady who was related to the Queen-Mother had drawn him to the Party of this Princess he engaged his Word to Monsieur since this Prince's Departure from Court Ar first he looked for some Pretence or other to make Levies without giving suspicion to the Court but at last having * Pontis Mem. T. 2. P. 34. declared himself he brought things to that pass that the States of Languedoc by their Deliberation on the 22d of July called in the Duke of Orleans to protect them promising him Money for his Troops and protesting they would stand by him with their Lives and Fortunes †Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. P. 552. The Duke of Montmorency was
remove them immediately of His own accord That the King being not ignorant how those bad Counsels which Monsieur had followed were suggested to him by Puilaurens this latter should sincerely give notice of all secret transactions that might be prejudicial to the State to the King's Interest and of those who had the honour to serve him faithfully and should declare that he would be held as guilty as he was before he received the King's most Gracious Pardon if he acted contrary to his Promise In a particular Article the Duke promised to cherish all those who served His Majesty and particularly Cardinal Richelieu whom he ever had esteemed as was said in this Act for his fidelity to His Person and to the Interest both of King and State The King on his side granted His Pardon to Monsieur and to his Domesticks and moreover to the Duke of Elbeuf whom he restored to his Estate and permitted to reside in one of his Houses that should be appointed by His Majesty Monsieur signed this Agreement at Besiers on the 29th of September and the King ratifi'd it by Letters Patents dated at Montpellier on the first of October After this Monsieur's Troops retir'd into Rousillon and he * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. p. 519. Wrote a Letter to the King and another to the Cardinal full of Complements wherein he disapproved the Declaration publish'd at his coming into the Kingdom against this Prelate as having been publish'd without his knowledge and having never seen it Lastly he desired the Cardinal to forget what was past and promis'd him his Friendship Puilaurens sent also an Act to the King written with his own hand in which he promis'd to perform whatever was desired of him * On the 4th of Octob. After this Monsieur and his Domesticks took their way to Tours where the King thought fit he should retire He wrote another Letter to the King wherein he earnestly desired him to forgive the Duke of Montmorency but to no purpose As soon as he was taken it was debated in a secret Council what to do with him and 't is confidently reported that care was taken already to incense the King against him by telling him That they had found about his Arm a Locket of Gold to which was tied the Picture of a certain Lady in Miniature for whom His Majesty had a great Kindness Pompone de Bilievre Intendant in Mareschal Schomberg's Army took it dexterously from him at his Examination and took the Picture from it but as this was done in presence of several persons notice was given to the Cardinal of it to exasperate the King against him So when the question was put If the King should use the Duke of Montmorency severely or forgive him it was no hard matter to incline him to a rigorous usage Nevertheless the Cardinal being willing to affect an appearance at least of Equity towards a Man to whom he was very much oblig'd he begun to deliver his Opinion * Siri Mem. Ree Tom. 7. p. 561. by saying That His Majesty might be moved for several Reasons to Pardon the Duke of Montmorency That Monsieur had offered to leave off all Correspondences that were displeasing to His Majesty and to return to his Duty upon condition that this Noble Lord should receive his Pardon otherwise the Duke of Orleans could never with Honour renew His Obedience to His Majesty for all his Domesticks advised him to hazard all things to save the Duke of Montmorency That if Monsieur retired into Spain he would induce the Spaniards to be very mischievous to France That if Monsieur was brought into Despair those who serv'd the King would not be in safety because those of the contrary Party would not think themselves safe till they had brought them to ruine That if Monsieur came once to leave off all Cabals and Practises contrary to the good of the State any thing might be afterwards undertaken against the Spaniards whereas while he was discontented they could not make use of any occasion though never so favourable After he had thus produc'd his Reasons in favour of the Duke of Montmorency the Cardinal turned the Tables and said That on the other side if they consider'd that the King was without Children and Monsieur look'd upon as Presumptive Heir to the Crown they would find that if those who followed his Party were not rigorously punish'd the first time the King fell Sick how inconsiderable soever his Sickness should be so many People would declare for the Duke of Orleans that the King would not be able to Master them That on the contrary if the Duke of Montmorency was brought to Deserved Punishment no body would dare to engage in such Attempts any more That not a sew Kings whom he named had maintained themselves in the declension of their Age only by Severity he cited some Examples and continued saying That if the Nobility and Commons should once know that the consideration which the King had for Monsieur was capable to hinder Seditious Persons from being punished with Death there would be still great Numbers of Persons who thinking their Lives in safety would venture their Estates and Fortunes for him in hopes of being gainers at the Expence of the Kingdom That turning Men out of their Offices in such an occasion signified nothing without taking their Lives away because Monsieur being consider'd as next Heir to the Crown those who should lose their Offices for taking up Arms for him would hope to recover them with usury as soon as this Prince ascended the Throne That Montmorency's Crime was not a Simple Rebellion in which Monsieur had engaged him but that he had Incited the Duke of Orleans to enter into France with Arms and raised up the Province by Summoning an Assembly of the States a thing that was never practised before That it would be very difficult and dangerous to keep him in Prison That in stead of extinguishing that Party it would be revived and gather more strength than before That Monsieur submitted himself to the King out of Necessity and not out of Inclination That the Spaniards would prove always the same and the Queen-Mother would still persist in her Anger That Puilaurens would have no less credit with Monsieur than before and that his Ambition and Intreaguing with the Lorrainers would always continue So that the danger being over the Duke of Orleans would hearken to bad Counsels again That if they thought fit to forsake the Hollanders and the Swedes the Rage of the Spaniards might perhaps cease and if they would Sacrifice to the Queen-Mother all those whom she hated and put the King in a total Dependance upon her her Animosity might likewise be at an end but if none of these things cou'd be done as really the King could do neither of them without undoing himself 't was certain that the more Monsieur 's Party subsisted in the Heads of it the greater the danger wou'd be by reason of their
continual Cabals and because the danger when it was once over was reckon'd for nothing That the Duke of Montmorency being Punished his Party would fall in Languedoc and that of Monsieur all over France whereas if he was kept a Prisoner though never so many besides were Executed he would have always secret Friends and so much the more true to him that they should have no other hopes but in his re-stablishment which consequently they would endeavour to procure by all ways whatsoever Afterwards the Cardinal begun to Confute the Reasons he had at first proposed to favour the Pardon which Mensieur demanded for the Duke of Montmorency He said That the Promises which Monsieur made to obtain what he desired wou'd be indeed considerable had he not broken his word three times though he had been very kindly used by the King and seen all his Houshold rewarded with extraordinary Favours but after this it would be imprudently done to trust him That if Monsieur could not save the Duke of Montmorency's Life he would find fewer People ready to serve him than if he saved him and that this Reason alone was sufficient for to have him Punished That Monsieur being not able to procure his Pardon would not ruine himself because of his Death and that the necessity of leaving him to the Severity of his Sentence wou'd secure his Reputation since it is better at last to have an Arm cut off than to lose ones Life That suppose Monsieur should pass into Spain uppon the Duke of Montmorency's being Punished yet his Power would be so much Clipp'd that he would never be able to set up another Party That indeed the Ministers who declar'd for Severity in this occasion expos'd themselves very much but when the Service of King and State were called in question they ought not to have any regard to their particular Interest Lastly The Cardinal concluded That to grant the Duke of Montmorency's Life to Monsieur's Request would strengthen his Party and weaken that of the King nevertheless the King might Grant it out of His meer Bounty and not being oblig'd to it by a Treaty but there was more danger in the doing than in not doing of it The whole Council yielded to the Cardinal's Advice which no body ever contradicted Unpunished in Affairs of any moment The King who naturally was inclined to Severity and to whom Generosity was almost an unknown Vertue embraced in this occasion as in all others the most Rigorous Party †Aubery 's Life of Cardinal Rich. Lib. 4. Cap. 34. After this Council the King presided Personally at the States of Languedoc whom he Assembled at Besiers and the Cardinal was there present It was onely done with a design to lay a Censure upon the States for suffering themselves to be seduced by the Duke of Montmorency and to give order for the punishing of some Bishops and Gentlemen who had declared for him From thence the Court repaired to Toulouse where the Parliament took in hand the Trial of the Duke of Montmorency though it belonged by Right to that of Paris The Cardinal who did not love delays especially when the Ruine of his Enemies was to be effected moved the King to nominate this Parliament to be the Judges in this Cause Chateauneuf formerly Page to Constable Montmorency Father to the Prisoner and Six Masters of the Requests came thither to Preside at this Judgment and forasmuch as the Duke of Montmorency was taken in Arms against His Majesty and declared Guilty of High-Treason after Examination and a free Confession on his part he was Condemned to * The 30th of Octob. Death During these Proceedings and even after Sentence given all the Duke's Friends who were very numerous Interceeded for him in vain †Pontis Mem. T. 2. P. 36. Francis of Tussac Lord of Saint Breuil Captain of the Guards who took him Prisoner went to Beg his Life of the King in presence of the Cardinal which was thought very absurd there being so many other Persons of greater Quality that could have interceeded for him without his Interposing therefore the King Laughed at him for it and the Cardinal Reprimanded him after his manner Saint Breuil if the King would do you Justice he would put your head where your feet are As if it had been a Crime for such a Man as he was to Intercede for a Criminal of State * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. p. 565. Nevertheless the Cardinal would sometimes feign himself Afflicted in Publick and wou'd desire several Persons of the First Rank to apply themselves to the King for Mercy He sent Biche the Nuncio and Cardinal de la Valette upon this Message but the King was too much prepossessed to hearken to them S. Simon a Relation of the Duke's endeavouring to move the King to Mercy the Cardinal made as if he took part in his Affliction and in appearance joyned with him to incline the King to Compassion by excusing the Criminal But at the same time he own'd that His Majesty after he had overcome the Huguenots and extinguish'd a Dangerous Faction in His Dominions found himself oblig'd to make an Example of the Duke of Montmorency to keep the Grandees in their Duty and Allegiance The Princess of Conde Sister to this Lord went and cast her self all in Tears at the Cardinal's feet Conjuring him to Intercede for her Brother but the Artificious Prelate in stead of lifting her up fell himself upon his knees before her and begun to Act the Afflicted Man for not being able to Appease the King The Duke of Espernon Governour of Guienna †Hist of the Duke of Espernon in the year 1632. p. 473. who had been suspected of favouring Monsieur's Party but had always kept firm to his Duty though he was a particular Friend to the Duke of Montmorency went immediately to Toulouse and took upon himself to go and speak to the King in the Name of all the Relations and Friends of the Duke of Montmorency He kneeled down before him and the King having bid him rise up the Duke of Espernon after having Acknowledg'd the Criminal's Fault told him amongst other things That he was so much the more embolden'd to beg His Majesty's most Gracious Pardon that himself having received the like Favour from his Bounty in an occasion almost like this he esteemed himself very happy that he had given no occasion to His Majesty to Repent of it That he was not the onely Man amongst His Subjects that lay under the same obligations That Cardinal Richlieu had as great a share in it as himself that both of them had sided with the Queen-Mother at a time when the King's Name was contrary to them though they had no other intention than to serve him and that if he had then abandoned them to the severity of the Laws and of Justice he would have deprived himself both of the most profitable Services of the one and of the grateful Acknowledgments of
and danger of being discover'd The Cardinal told the King in Council That Henry the 4th wou'd never have let slip such an occasion but that regard must be had to the time That the King was without Children and that Monsieur the Presumptive Heir of the Crown was in Flanders with the Queen-Mother That the King's Constitution was not strong enough to engage him in a War which wou'd exceedingly fatigue both his Body and Mind That upon this occasion the Court must of necessity be at a great distance from Paris That the King's Exchequer was exhausted That the zealous Catholicks wou'd exclaim more than ever that this War was carried on to favour the Hereticks That they wou'd be obliged at the same time to keep up Considerable Armies in Champagne and Italy because there was good reason to distrust the Dukes of Savoy and Lorrain That it was the Genius of the French Nation to be equally weary of War and Peace That if the King was once engaged in a War the Governours of the Provinces wou'd more easily declare for the Duke of Orleans That the least ill success as the loss of a Town or a Battel wou'd be enough to cause terrible Convulsions in the State That in case His Majesty happen'd to fall sick his Servants wou'd be lost to all intents and therefore though it was probable that some Advantages were to be got by a Rupture with Spain yet it wou'd be better to live in Peace and be content with assisting their Enemies that so they might not have them upon their hands That the Money which the Hollanders demanded to continue the War against the Spaniards was ready so that now nothing remain'd to doe but onely to take care to execute the Project they had propos'd which was that if the King wou'd send Six thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse before Dunkirk they wou'd send their Army and Fleet to Attack that place as also to take Graveline which they offered to deliver up to France That nevertheless great care was to be taken least these Troops should occasion an open Rupture and for that Reason it wou'd be better to send them by Sea than by Land The Baron de Charnace Ambassadour to the States-General offer'd them the Troops above-mention'd and the Continuation of a Million of Livres for a year The States made some difficulty at first to accept of these offers but not being able to adjust Affairs with the Spaniards they grew weary of so tedious and tiresome a Negotiation They gave certain Articles in Writing to which they demanded to have an Answer in Fifteen days and if this were not done they declared they wou'd hear no mention of a Truce Upon this the Agents of Spain desiring a longer time the States rather chose to receive two thirds of a Million in ready Money which Charnace offer'd them than to wait any longer for the uncertain Resolutions of the Spaniards Thus the Dutch Army took the Field and began the War afresh by the taking of Rimberg which Surrendred on the 4th of June In the mean time the Spaniards discover'd the Conspiracy that had been agitated by some of the Nobility in Flanders who kept a secret Correspondence with the French and by making Examples of some kept the rest in their Duty And now France properly speaking was neither in Peace nor Open War with the House of Austria and the Two Crowns were inclin'd to follow that side which carried the greatest Advantages with it All this while the Spaniards and French crossed one anothers Designs by turns as far as was possible But the count-Count-Duke who Govern'd Spain being nothing comparable in dexterity to the cardinal-Cardinal-Duke who was as it were the Soul of all the Counsels of France the Affairs of Spain went every day worse and worse To prevent a Communication between the States of the House of Austria the Duke of Rohan who had Resided at Venice ever since the Peace was concluded with the Huguenots had Orders sent him to repair to the Country of the Grisons in quality of the King's Ambassadour with those People and of Lieutenant-General of the Troops that were design'd to be raised there in order to secure himself of all the Passes of the Valteline The Spaniards immediately complained of this Infraction as well as of several others and made a Proposal to France to enter into a Negotiation to prevent the dangerous consequences which a Misunderstanding might produce The Cardinal openly declar'd to the Spanish Ambassadour That France desired to see a General Peace establish'd upon sure foundations and to preserve that which they had at present with Spain He added That the King was extreamly glad to hear that the Ambassadour had full Power to Treat but the Ambassadour Answer'd That he had no Commission to Propose any thing but upon the Foot of the Treaties of Querasque and Ratisbone The Nuncio's vainly Interpos'd to Accommodate the Differences between the Two Crowns and soon perceiv'd that all these General Discourses of a Peace and a Good Understanding which they pretended on both sides were onely so many Discourses in the Air which were purposely Trumped-up to gain Time till they saw what Resolutions were to be taken The Spaniards pretended that the French in case they design'd to observe the Treatics of Querasque and Ratisbone ought to deliver up Pignerol to abandon Casal and the Passes of the Valteline to draw their Garrisons out of Treves and other places which they held in that Archbishoprick to restore those which they had taken from the Duke of Lorrain and to meddle no more with the Affairs of the Empire To this the French Answer'd That they were ready to recall the Troops they had in Montferrat and in the Country of the Grisons so soon as they were secured that the Governour of Milan wou'd not think any more either of seizing Cazal or the Passes of the Valteline That as for Pignerol they had immediately put the Treaty of Querasque into execution and that if the Duke of Savoy had since sold it to the Crown of France they cou'd not see what exceptions cou'd fairly be made against it since the Spaniards were allow'd to buy Final and Monaco and several other places which depended neither upon the Kingdom of Naples nor the Dutchy of Milan That Pignerol was one of the Dependencies of Dauphine and that since it was now reunited to the Crown the King wou'd never suffer it to be dismembred from it That some of the places in Lorrain likewise were sold to the King and others by way of caution intrusted in his hands for a certain time That the Duke had been an enemy to himself by desâ—gning a mischief to France which cou'd not otherwise preserve her self from him That as for what respected Triers and some other places in that Arch-bishoprick if they had not fallen into His Majesty's hands they must of necessity have fallen into those of the Swedes and that it was much better
the Party of the Princess Margaret whom they received as the Wife of the Duke of Orleans and for whom they had been at a great expence as well as for him But the Infanta happening to die at this * Tâ—e 1st of â—â—cem time obliged them to think of other things However it was perceived plainly enough that Monsieur was weary of Flanders and the Queen-Mother and Madam were afraid that this inconstant Prince wou'd abandon them at the first opportunity The Cardinal who was fully inform'd of all †Siri Mem. 〈◊〉 T. 7. 〈◊〉 7â—0 〈◊〉 1â—th of Dâ—câ—m Summon'd a Council before the King to Advise what Measures were to be taken in this conjuncture and whether the King ought to be reconcil'd to the Queen his Mother or to the Duke of Orleans This Minister according to his custom made a long Harangue to perswade His Majesty That it was his Interest to grant no satisfaction either to one or the other He told him That the Queen-Mother had appeared long ago ill-affected to the State That before she left France the King had offer'd her very reasonable Terms of Reconciliation as Places Governments and so forth by which she might easily perceive that he had no intention to use her with any Rigour That nevertheless she had fled to the declared Enemies of the Crown which she had never done but out of a Principle of Revenge and because she never design'd to come to any sort of Accommodation That she cou'd not be ignorant that her joyning with the Duke of Orleans wou'd displease the King and that all good Frenchmen must blame her for having recourse to the Spaniards That since she had broke through all these considerations it was a sure Indication that she had an implacable hatred to France That her Actions notoriously contradicted her words in which she protested that she had no design against the State but that she was full of Dissimulation as visibly appear'd in the whole Conduct of her Life That it wou'd be no advantage to the King to be Reconciled with her and call her home but that on the contrary several great Inconveniences might happen upon it because it wou'd be then a harder matter to perswade Monsieur to return That her falling out with him and his Domesticks was the most forcible Reason that induced Puilaurens to advise his Master to avoid those places where he might find the ill effects of the Mortal hatred of that Princess and therefore if she came into France Puilaurens wou'd have the less inclination to carry the Duke of Orleans thither That supposing Monsieur wou'd not upon this be unwilling to return yet they were likely to gain nothing by his coming home since it might easily so happen that the Queen and he wou'd joyn afresh together for the better execution of their wicked designs That the King wou'd find it a harder matter to Marry Monsieur again to whom he pleas'd and principally to the Princess Mary of Conzaga for whom the Queen-Mother had an invincible aversion That the Tranquillity of the Kingdom wou'd be more endanger'd since those that had harbour'd any ill designs wou'd certainly go and communicate them to the Queen-Mother whom they knew to be of a resolute and revengeful temper whereas they durst not repose any confidence in the Duke of Orleans who was known to be inconstant That the King wou'd not have the same Peace of Mind nor be in the same security as to his Person That he wou'd not be obey'd so punctually since the ill-affected wou'd hope to be supported by the Queen-Mother That the Lives of His Majesty's Servants wou'd be in greater danger because it wou'd be an easier matter to destroy them near at hand than afar off That though the Queen-Mother and Monsieur were both of them to morrow in France perfectly satisfy'd by the King as to both their particulars and a Misunderstanding still continu'd between them it was certain that in three Months time they would be discontented and wou'd as certainly reunite in their discontents whereas if Monsieur was in the Kingdom and the Queen out of it it wou'd be difficult for them to maintain any great correspondence together In this Advice we find the Cardinal's Interest confounded with that of the King and Kingdom but we must do him the Justice to allow his Reasonings to be solid enough if we set down the word Cardinal all â—long where he makes mention of France or of the King The design of it manifestly tended to keep the Queen-Mother at least out of the Kingdom but as it wou'd have been too odious to publish to all the World that her Son wou'd never be reconciled to her The Council in appearance concluded the contrary but at the bottom 't was the same thing because they knew well enough that this Princess wou'd not stoop so low as to do what they resolved to demand of her It was therefore pretended That if the Queen-Mother wou'd convince all People that she had no hand in the Assassinates which some of her Servants had projected by delivering the Authors of these Pernicious Counsels to Justice the King wou'd give her leave to return into France put her in full possession of her Jointure and permit her to live in any of her Houses that were at a distance from the Court. As for what related to Monsieur the Cardinal observ'd That this Prince's Absence was at present Advantageous to His Majesty but that the longer he tarried among the Spaniards with whom he daily contracted a greater Friendship the more it was to be feared that he wou'd one day destroy in a moment what had been doing for several years with no little difficulty for the welfare of the State That however these ills were at a distance whereas the Mischief which he might occasion if he lived in France and was ill-affected to it as he certainly was wou'd be felt presently That if Monsieur came back into France upon those Conditions the King had offer'd him which as they were honourable to himself so they were not prejudicial to France his return wou'd be advantageous to the Kingdom but that there was a great deal to fear and but little to hope if he came back upon those Terms which Puilaurens had insisted upon the last Summer viz. the Government of Auvergne and Macon to be the Residence of Monsieur and his Houshold because that then this Prince wou'd be in a condition to give the Spaniards an entrance at any time into the Kingdom who wou'd be glad of such an opportunity That if matters were so they must lay aside all thoughts of attacking any of their Neighbours either to enlarge the Kingdom or to assist the Confederates of the Crown because it was always to be fear'd that the Spaniards wou'd make some Irruption on that side and that though they did not break in upon them yet they wou'd cause so many alarms there that their hands wou'd be effectually
power to follow his Brother's Steps or not but that if he desired to live in peace he must take different measures He was demanded to explain himself upon this Head and that he would discover by his manner of acting what were his true Sentiments But above all it was desired of him that he wou'd disapprove the Marriage of his Sister and deliver the Original Papers of the Contract and the Dispensation for the Banns They gave Contrisson in Writing all that they required of his Master and told him that they expected an Answer to each Article in Writing also As the King neither liked nor disliked the Duke of Lorrain's Surrendry of his Dominions to his Brother the latter took upon him the Title of Duke and put himself in possession of the State belonging to his Family with the usual Solemnities that so he might convince the World there was no Collusion in this Matter between his Brother and him He had not as yet resign'd his Cardinal's Cap and therefore stiled himself the Cardinal-Duke of Lorrain Soon after he sent back Contrisson to the Court of France with an Answer to every Article in particular as also to demand Saverne which the Mareschal de la Force without alledging any Reason for so doing had taken from the Duke his Brother when there was no War between his Majesty and him and to complain that the King's Officers who commanded in those Places which his Majesty held in Trust hinder'd the Duke's Commissaries from levying upon the Inhabitants of those Cities the ordinary Taxes and to demand farther time in regard of the Homage he was to do for the Dutchy of Bar. Contrisson being arrived †The 14th of February at Paris acquitted himself the next Day of his Orders and went to carry his Letters of Credence to the Cardinal When he saw in the Subscription of the Letter Cardinal-Duke of Lorrain he said that this was a pleasant sort of a Quality by way of Contempt as if the Title of Cardinal-Duke had only belonged to Armand John du Plessis exclusively of all others After this he fell into an extraordinary Passion against the House of Lorrain and spoke of it in very despicable Terms as he was used to speak of all those that used the same Artifices against him which he employ'd against others Contrisson was so daunted that he scarce knew what to answer but at last he told him that after they had examined the Houses of all the Notaries of Nancy as the Count de Brassac Governour in that City for the King knew they could not find any Minutes of the Contract of Monsieur's Marriage and that in all probability there never were any having perhaps been written by the hand of the Duke of Orleans himself neither could they find the Dispensation for the Banns but that the Cardinal Duke of Lorrain offer'd to sign one in the same manner as the other had been That they cou'd not tell the Names of the Witnesses to the Marriage and that the Monk who had perform'd the Ceremony of the Espousals had left Lorrain To this the Cardinal of Richlieu replied in a great passion That now it plainly appeared that the Cardinal of Lorrain for he never vouchsafed to call him Duke would follow the Footsteps of his Brother That these Answers full of Dissimulation and very different from what he had promis'd by word of mouth did sufficiently discover his Design as they formerly found by what Spirit he acted when after he had denyed that he knew any thing of his Sister's Marriage it was now discovered that he had granted a Dispensation for the Banns That till then they had believed the Cardinal of Lorrain was a Prince of Honour and Sincerity whereas they found him at present to be the quite contrary That if he refused to send the Contract it was a Matter of no great Importance since they cou'd easily discover after what manner it was done That if they stisled the Original Papers it would be so much the easier to get the Marriage annull'd That they very well knew who were the Witnesses and that as for them and the Monk who had disappeared the King would let them see to their Cost that he had long Hands At last he concluded That whereas he had been formerly a Friend to the Cardinal of Lorrain he wou'd be his greatest Enemy if he continued to follow the Maxims of his Brother As for what concerned the Taking of Saverne the King according to the Cardinal was not obliged to make any Excuses for what had been done upon very just Grounds And he added That if the Cardinal of Lorrain had defended it they wou'd have taken it away from him by force That they wou'd consider what was to be done to the Governours of those Places which his Majesty held in trust who had hinder'd the Duke of Lorrain from raising his Duties That instead of allowing farther time for him to do Homage for the Dutchy of Bar he must expect every moment to see it declared lapsed to the King by the Duke's Felony and incorporated to the Crown and that the Principal might well follow the Accessary His meaning was that they might justly enough seize upon all Lorrain by vertue of a Decree of Parliament which wou'd be inflicted upon the Duke by way of Punishment for his stealing away Monsieur and for the Charges of War After this manner it was that the Cardinal-Duke pretended to oblige those that were weaker than himself to submit to his imperious Will under a Pretence of doing Justice to the King's Reputation All his Ministry was supported by the same Arrogance because he had to do with Persons of very ordinary Discretion and having full Power to oppose them with the Forces of the Kingdom and all the King's Authority he crushed and overwhelm'd them before they were in a condition to ward his Blows While the Discourse at Paris ran upon the Duke of Lorrain and every one imagined that he wou'd at last marry Madam de Combalet to appease her Unkle he * At Luneville the 16th of Fâ—b Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. p. 750. married Claude de Lorrain his Cousin and Sister to his Brother's Wife in the Presence of the Dutchess some Ladies and a Gentleman The Reason why he took this Resolution and put it so speedily in Execution was because he feared that the Mareschal de la Force who was at the Head of the King's Army not far from thence came with a Design to take these two Princesses and to send them into France which might furnish that Court with a plausible Occasion to justifie the Rights which they pretended to have upon Lorrain to the prejudice of the Princes of that House In Effect the Mareschal de la Force having received Advice of this Marriage caused Luneville to be * Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 7. p. 740. invested and conducted the new-married Couple with the Dutchess of Lorrain and the Princess of Phaltsburg
eight Divines of the Sorbone upon his Majesty's Scruples four of them made Answer that in the present conjuncture of Affairs his Majesty was obliged to continue to act upon the same foot to preserve Tranquillity in his Kingdom and that this sufficiently justified his Conduct Soon after the King began a-fresh to visit the Cardinal and did him the honour to come to the Castle of Chilly where this Minister then was to consult with him as formerly about the most important Affairs of the Crown The End of the Fourth Book THE HISTORY Of the FAMOUS Cardinal de RICHLIEV VOL. II. BOOK V. Containing the most material Passages of his Life from the Year 1635 to the Year 1638. year 1635 THE Duke of Orleans being now taken into Favour and Puilaurens his Consident seeing himself a Duke and Peer of France they imagined that they had nothing more to fear and that they might manage the Cardinal as they had formerly done * Siri Meâ—â— Rec. T. 8. P. 107. So this Minister having sent word to Puilaurens that if he cou'd perswade Monsieur to consent to have his Marriage annull'd they wou'd reward him with the Command of an Army and make him a Mareschal of France Puilaurens laughed at this proposal and thought he might railly the Cardinal safely enough Coudrai Montpensier who had the greatest credit with the Duke of Orleans next to Puilaurens was of the same humour and had as little Inclination to comply with the Minister's pleasure as the other The Cardinal fansied he was the Man that possessed Philaurens with these ambitious Thoughts so that he resolved to remove him Upon this he tells Puilaurens that since he had contracted so near an Alliance with him he was desirous to be united still more closely to him but that he cou'd not do it so long as he kept Company with Coudrai Montpensier and reckoned him one of his best Friends Whether Philaurens distrusted that the Cardinal had some Design upon him or else was resolved to pay no farther regard to this Minister instead of discarding him as he was desired he gave him the next Apartment to his own which procedure began to incense the Cardinal whom all the other Ministers obeyed at the first word and who cou'd not digest this Opposition from the Favourite of the Duke of Orleans whom he had so far honour'd as to give him one of his Relations in Marriage Monsieur generally resided at Blois and * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. P. 199 c. it happen'd while he was there that several Spaniards of Quality who travell'd from Flanders to Spain by Land came to Blois to pay their Respects to him who received them very courteously He frequently mention'd the Gentlemen of that Country with great esteem as if he intended to shew his Gratitude for the kind Reception he found among them and engage them to use Madam well who still continued in their Territories This made Don Cristoval Benavides the Spanish Ambassadour say That although Monsieur left the Low-Countries without taking his leave yet if he went thither a hundred times and came back as often after the same manner he should still find a hearty Welcome there This Conduct of Monsieur and the Discourses of the Spaniards gave the Ministers occasion to suspect that he still kept some private Intelligence with them or at least preserv'd an Affection to that Nation which might be prejudicial to France in the present posture of Affairs On the other hand the Duke of Orleans continually protested that if the King cou'd find any way to dissolve his Marriage legally he wou'd not oppose it but that he wou'd never go to tell the Parliament a Sham-story that he was forced to this Match by the Princes of Lorrain since he cou'd neither do it in Conscience nor in Honour He praised the Princess Margaret exceedingly and preferr'd her infinitely for her good Qualities to his first Wife He frequently writ to her and sent her Money Cloaths Liveries for her Servants two Coaches and five thousand Crowns a Month towards her Expence The Cardinal was of opinion that this inflexible steadiness of Monsieur cou'd only proceed from the Advice of Puilaurens nay he pretended that this shew'd him to be ill affected to the King's Person and that he desired to behold the Duke of Orleans upon the Throne that he might become chief Minister of State as if the Marriage of Monsieur had any relation to the King's Death Puilaurens was accused of being familiarly acquainted with one Vieux-Pont a Domestick of Monsieur who had spoken scandalously of His Majesty He was likewise charged with keeping a correspondence with the House of Lorrian and that the reason why he approved this Marriage was that this House might support the Prince in case the King happen'd to die Thus it was interpreted a Crime in the Duke of Orleans because he wou'd not depend upon the Discretion of the Minister for his Succession to the Crown and yet this Minister must be allow'd to take what Securities he pleas'd against the whole Royal Family and all the Princes of the Blood The Cardinal who had always taken great care to keep up that Jealousie which the King ever since his Infancy had entertain'd against his Brother easily perswaded him that all these Practices of Monsieur only tended to dethrone him and that there was no other way to prevent the Designs of his Domesticks but to destroy them So the King was resolved to apprehend Puilaurens and that he might exâ—â—ute it with more facility they were contâ—iving of means to draw him from Blois to Paris To effect this a Ball was proposed at the Carnaval where Monsieur and Puilaurens were invited to dance as well as the King They came to Paris upon this Occasion and Monsieur was mightily caress'd on all hands though they cou'd not prevail with him to make the least step towards the Dissolution of his Marriage The 14th of February was the Day agreed upon to apprehend Puilaurens and the Guards at the Louvre were order'd to be doubled This had like to have discovered their Plot for a Footman belonging to the Duke of Orleans having observed it went to his Master to bid him have a care of himself because the Court had some extraordinary Design on foot This Prince came to the Louvre about Two a clock in the Afternoon to practise the Ball before-hand when he received this Advice but as foresight was none of his Talents he neglected it and went to the King's Chamber where he stayed till the Cardinal came there They had sent to find him out at the Keeper of the Seals where he dined and carried the Marquiss Du Fargis and Coudrai Montpensier with him When he went away he took du Fargis to the Louvre along with him and gave Orders for the other to be apprehended when he offer'd to be gone which was accordingly executed Every thing was ready at the Louvre to begin the Ball and none of
* Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. p. 497. no care was taken to pay their Troops as they were promised At this time indeed it was impossible to do it by reason of the vast Expences in other Places some of which were as good as thrown away as particularly the great Charges they were at for equipping the Fleet in the Year 1636 occasion'd by the differences between the Officers and the Mareschal de Vitry Thus they were indebted upwards of a Million to the Troops of the Grisons who saw there was no probability of their being satisfied which disposed them to hearken to the Sollicitations of the House of Austria It unhappily fell out too that the Duke of Rohan who had a great Authority among them fell dangerously ill During his indisposition the Grisons resolved to break with France and they obliged one another by an Oath to take up Arms to beat the French out of their Territories The Three Leagues made a Treaty at Inspruck with the Marquiss de Leganez and the Arch-Duke Leopold for the execution of this Design On the day appointed for it the Grisons abandon'd the Posts which the Duke of Rohan had given them to keep One part of them entred into Coire to secure that City against the French and the rest positively refused to obey any other Officers but those that were nominated by the Leagues The Duke of Rohan finding himself somewhat better went to all places to appease them and by his repeated instances at last obtain'd of them to stay two Months to give the King time to satisfie them In the mean time the Spaniards put themselves in a posture to assist the Grisons if they shou'd have occasion for them and these two Months passed and two Months more and yet through the Cardinal's Negligence no Money came from France though the Duke of Rohan represented to him the great Danger he was in if some course was not taken to pay the Grisons what was due to them It seems the Cardinal had a Design to ruine the Duke of Rohan by suffering him to lose the Valteline and to throw the fault at last wholly upon him in case he did not perish there At last all the Country took up Arms on the 18th of March and some of them run to the place where the Duke was to apprehend him but he immediately retir'd to the Fort du Rhine not that it was in a Condition to defend it self but to avoid the fury of the People who were provoked to the highest Degree to see themselves paid with nothing but fair Words Nay though the Fort had been in a case of Defence yet the Duke of Rohan was not able to do any thing because it was kept by the Switzers who were fully resolved to deliver him up The Grisons insisted That the Duke should immediately give Orders for the French Troops to goe out of their Country but as he had no Commission from the Court to doe it he was afraid lest he should ruine himself if he consented to it However he was obliged speedily to come to some resolution or else to see the French that were dispersed in several places up and down the Country Murthered In this extremity he bethought himself of an Expedient which at the same time saved his own honour and the lives of his Souldiers And that was to promise That within Twenty days reckoning from that on which the Treaty was Signed he would Command them to quit the Valteline But the Grisons not being content with that proposal he offer'd to goe to Coire and there to stay as an Hostage till the entire accomplishmment of the Treaty By hazarding his Person thus the Duke saved his Army and gave the King time to send another General to the Valteline through the States of Venice if he thought it convenient or if the Court was minded to abandon this Country they might do it then with more honour than if the Duke had given Orders for his Troops to remove when the Grisons would have had him doe it In this conjuncture the Spaniards endeavour'd to perswade the Grisons to deliver up the Duke to them for fear he should make his escape but the Grisons would by no means consent to that but rather chose to keep him as a Prisoner of War but would not give him leave to converse with any body The term of Twenty days was expired and yet no Order came from Court the Cardinal being resolved to take no notice of the matter However the French Troops * The 5th of May. departed the Forts were consigned to the Grisons and the Duke set at liberty The principal Persons of the Country accompanied him as far as the Frontiers as it were to excuse themselves for the Violence that had been used towards him After he had crossed Switzerland and carried his Troops to the Province of Gex he left them in the hands of the Count de Guebriant Mareschal de Camp and retired to Geneva there to expect His Majesty's farther Orders This Conduct of the Duke of Rohan was extreamly censured at Court as if he had not been sensible that the Country would be infallibly lost if they did not speedily supply him with Money and as if he had not acquainted them with all that happen'd The Cardinal caused Two hundred thousand Livres to be sent to the Count de Guebriant with Orders not to obey the Duke but endeavour to re-enter into the Country out of which he came with his Troops in case the Venetians were willing to assist him But now it was too late and the Passes were two well Guarded so that these Troops consisting in all of about Six thousand Foot and Seven hundred Horse were ordered part to go into Italy and the rest for Burgundy to joyn the Duke of Longueville there From that time the War which France made in Italy was onely a slight diversion for the Forces of the House of Austria and it appeared by what followed that the Cardinal had no other design than that This year Three Princes of Europe died whose death it was to be feared would occasion great Disorders The first was the Emperour Ferdinand the II who died on the 14th of February His Son Ferdinand the III who had been already Elected King of the Romans succeeded him The Cardinal for what reason I don't know would not suffer France to own him either for the King of the Romans or for Emperour although every thing had been done in the accustomed forms and all the Catholick Princes and the greatest part of the Protestants had own'd him without any difficulty And therefore France which otherwise would have disobliged the Electors extreamly and several other Princes without any Necessity or the least prospect of an Advantage to be made by it soon after acknowledged Ferdinand the III as every one had done before them The Affairs of the Swedes went ill enough this year in Germany and Banier was content to put himself in possession of
the King constrain'd him he wou'd be of the most favourable Side because he wou'd not load his Conscience The President de Belliévre rising up said That in his Judgment this cause ought to be sent back to the Parliament but as the King obliged him to pass his Judgment upon the equity of the matter he made a short but handsom Discourse the substance of which was That he thought it was extremely strange that his Majesty shou'd interpose in the Trial of one of his Subjects that his Ancestors were accustomed to reserve their Graces to themselves and to remit Condemnations to the Tribunals of Justice that he did not believe that his Majesty had rigour enough in him to see a Man upon a Sledge to be dragg'd the next Hour after to a Gibbet that the sight of a King carried Acts of Clemency along with it that it took off Ecclesiastical Interdicts and that no one ought to depart from his Presence dissatisfied He afterwards took notice how inconvenient it was for them to deliver their Opinions before the King since they were not at liberty to speak their Thoughts freely The King after he had heard him with a great deal of Patience commanded him to speak positively to the matter in Hand Belliévre made answer That these were his Sentiments but the Chancellour still pressing him to give his Opinion he said That it was time lost to speak if he must say nothing but what the Chancellor approv'd of and so stuck still to his first Judgment The Premier President continued to insist upon a Reference but at last gave his Opinion that the Duke's Body was to be seized After the Presidents had done the Councellors declared their Sentiments and it was remarkable enough that le Bret alledged the Custom of the Persians and Turks and Leon Bralart the most violent Proceedings of Germany to serve as a Rule upon this Occasion After this the Dukes and Peers spoke and were follow'd by the Chancellour by the Cardinal and by the King At last the Court rose and the King calling the Presidents to him told them in a great Passion that they always made it their Business to disobey his Orders that he was extreamly ill satisfied with their Conduct and that he hated all those that were against his Trying a Duke and Peer out of Parliament that they were sorry ignorant Wretches unworthy of Places and that for all he knew he might put others in their room that he was resolv'd to be obey'd and that he wou'd make them see that all their Privileges were only founded upon an illegal Usage and lastly that he wou'd hear them argue no more about the Matter Thus the blindest of all Kings with whom the Arbitrary Courses of his Minister pass'd for Law and Policy violated all the Ordinances as if there had been no such thing as Justice in France before the Cardinal-Duke sate at the Helm and that all the ancient Customs ow'd their Original to Madmen and Fools It was too dangerous a point to endeavour to make him sensible of his Error not only by reason of the vast Authority of the Minister but his own natural Opiniatrete which was as great as his Knowledge and Insight into Things was small Thus he cou'd never have been brought to comprehend what might have been said to him concerning the beginning of Laws and the great Advantage which Princes as well as their Subjects find in seeing them carefully observ'd In consequence of the Result of this Assembly the Duke de la Valette was condemn'd by an Arrest of the * 〈◊〉 4th of 〈◊〉 â—â—â—uary Council of State to be sent to the Bastile to answer the Crimes he was accused of or to be adjourned to appear at Sound of Trumpet at a certain time and his Goods in the interim to be sequestred Afterwards they examined the Testimony of fifty as well Officers as Soldiers whom they thought most proper to make him seem guilty Their Depositions were read in full Council and the †â—â—â—e 24th â—â—â—ay Attorney-General concluded that the Duke de la Valette was condemn'd to have his Head cut off and his Goods confiscated for the Crimes of Cowardice and Treason The Presidents who saw it was to no purpose to make any Opposition approved of all these Conclusions except Belliévre who said it was a hundred Years ago since Francis I. had made an Order by which he ordain'd that in Civil Matters the Plaintiff shou'd not come to a conclusion under a pretence of Contumacy unless he cou'd justifie his Demand and that it was much more just to follow this method in Criminal Matters where the Honour and Life of the King's Subjects lay at stake That those that were attainted of Contumacy were not always guilty at bottom That the Duke de la Valette was accused of Treason and Disobedience to his General That in relation to the Treason it was hard to imagine that a French Gentleman and one that had so many Obligations to the King cou'd be guilty of so base a Thought That he had remark'd no proof of it in the Process and that the Attorney-General seem'd to be of the same Opinion since he had not pronounced the usual Sentence of Traitors which was to demolish their Houses to cut down their Woods and to declare their Posterity degraded from their Nobility That if the Duke de la Valette had en ertain'd any private Intelligences with the Enemy he wou'd never have discover'd it to a parcel of Scoundrâ—ls since this was the most effectual way to ruin his Designs That none of these Witnesses had deposed that he sent any Letters to the Enemy or received any from them or kept any Correspondence with them or their Adherents That consequently he judged him innocent in respect of this Allegation That as for his Disobedience to his General this was a point purely military the Cognizance whereof belonged to Gentlemen of that Profession and that if the Duke were present he might perhaps demonstrate the contrary That as to this Article the Witnesses deposed no more than that the Breach was reasonable and that if an Assault had been made immediately in all appearance the Place had been taken That it was a Matter of dangerous consequence to submit the Honour and Life of a General to the Judgment of thirty Soldiers That nevertheless tho' there was not any direct proof of these two Capital Points of which the Duke de la Valette was accused to condemn him to die yet he thought him to be so great a Criminal for leaving the Kingdom and not appearing to justifie himself even though he were in person that he was of opinion that he deserved to be banished for nine Years to be turn'd out of his Places and to pay a Fine of a hundred thousand Crowns Upon this the Chancellour replied That from whatever Principle it was that the Duke de la Valette had made the King lose the Opportunity of Taking
Fontarabia and disobey'd his General this Action was of such mighty prejudice to the State that he was satisfied the Attorney-General's Sentence was just The King throwing his Hat upon the Table began to tell them that having not been bred up in the Parliament he cou'd not deliver his Opinion so well as they cou'd That however to express himself after his own manner the Debate was not here of the Cowardice or Ill-sufficiency of the Duke de la Valette since he was satisfied he wanted neither Bravery nor Courage but that he had purposely and designedly lost Fontarabia After he had added a few Words of his ill Designs which he had discover'd upon other Occasions as well as this he concluded after the same rate as the Attorney-General had done At last the Court broke up without any other Formality and the Duke de la Valette was condemn'd by the whole Assembly except Belliévre cardinal- †The Duke de la Valette was re-established in his Estate and Henour by the Parliament of Paris after the Death of the cardinal-Cardinal-Duke The Council of State pronounced the Arrest which declared the Duke to be found guilty of High Treason for having basely and perfidiously abandon'd the King's Service at the Siege of Fontarabia and of Felony for departing out of the Kingdom contrary to his Majesty's Orders and for this condemn'd to have his Head struck off at the Greve if he were taken or in Effigie if they cou'd not Apprehend him to lose all his Offices and to have his Goods confiscated This was a thing without president till now that a King of France should as a Judge Condemn a Gentleman sitting at the upper end of a Table about which the Judges were placed What does still deserve to be remarked is that in the Choice of these Judges no new Commission was dispatched that some of them were justly to be excepted against that most of them had never served as Judges before that they observed no Formalities that they violated the Privileges of Dukes and Peers that an Arrest was issued out by the Counsel of State who had no Cognisance of the matter of Fact and who don 't use to concern themselves in such Affairs Thus the King who never did a good thing but with the greatest difficulty imaginable nay who often suffer'd the Cardinal to undoe it when he had passed his Promise to reward any one suffer'd himself without the least reluctance to doe a Crying Illegal Unpresidented Piece of Injustice to destroy a poor Nobleman who had behaved himself extreamly well upon several occasions and whose Father had served the Crown above 60 years The Cardinal de la Valette like a true trusty Slave as he was to the Cardinal-Duke Writ a Letter to him in the very Interval when he was employing all his Power to ruine his Brother wherein he assured him * See a Letter of the Cardinal de la Valette dated the 17th of January in the Coâ—â—ction which â—s at the end of the Miâ—â—se of the Cardâ—â—â— That since Monsieur de la Valette continued to live after such a manner as could by no means be agreeable to him he was obliged to tell him that for his failure in his Duty he the Cardinal de la Valette would be the first against him For 't is certain adds he that I should be the most ungrateful Man in the Would if I should not prefer your service not onely to his Interests but even to my own These mighty Obligations were that he had not ruin'd him as well as his Brother and that he had given him a Command in the Army tho' he was as unfit to make a General as he was to Govern his Bishoprick in good order In the mean time the D. of Espernon had Orders to retire to his House at Prassac and was deprived of his Government and all his Pensions This good old Man had yet another Misfortune which befel him at the beginning of this year and that was the death of the D. of Candalle his eldest Son who died at Casal The Cardinal-Duke had sustain'd a very considerable Loss some time before in the death of Father * See a Letter of Condoleance from the Cardinal de la Valette dated the 11th of January Joseph du Tremblay his Confident who died at the beginning of this Year This Capuchin whose Character I have drawn in another place was a mighty Assistant to the Cardinal whose Designs and Maxims he so perfectly well understood that he acted upon them without Order as if he had been the Minister himself For this reason he discharg'd the greatest part of the Foreign Affairs upon his Shoulders Father Monod having ever since the beginning of the Year been sent to Montmelian as I have already observed the Dutchess of Savoy in Answer to some Advice which the Cardinal had given her a few Weeks before writ a †Dated the 4th of January in the Collection added to the Ministry of the Card â— 7. Letter to him wherein she tells him that she had never been in so profound a Lethargy as not to know what she owed to his Merits and to the great desire she had of finding any occasion to oblige him She there speaks of the Marks she had always given of her unwearied Zeal for the Service of the King her Brother and adds how severe a Mortification it was to her that the bare Consideration of Father Monod shou'd hinder the good Correspondence which she promis'd her self to find from his Majesty In the Close she demands timely Assistance that so she might be in a posture to defend her self against her Enemies the next Campaign promising her Friendship to the Cardinal-Duke and desiring his for her self The Cardinal of Savoy and Prince Thomas who was arrived out of Flanders in Italy prepared to enâ—er Piedmont with a powerful Army with all imaginable speed and the Piedmontois expected them with great impatience the People much rather loving to be Commanded by those that were related to their own Princes than by Foreigners Nevertheless they endeavour'd at first to enter into some Accommodation with their Sister-in-Law and to obtain of her that they might come in safety to Piedmont but as she had all the reason in the World on her side to suspect that their design of coming to Turin was in order to make themselves Masters of the Place she would never consent to it and importun'd the Cardinal by frequent Letters to send her a timely and powerful relief She Writ likewise to the King but apply'd her self to the Minister in such a strain that it plainly appear'd she reposed little confidence in the languishing Friendship of her Brother if the * See the abovemention'd Collection p. 31 c. Cardinal did not recommend her condition to him with all his address She presses him all along after such a manner as supposes he had a greater hand in disposing the Forces of the Kingdom than the King
purpose for him directly to oppose the Kings pleasure did not show the least resentment at that time and so held a Council but took care that nothing of importance should be there proposed But the day following he represented to the King the ill effects such an innovation as this might produce and the great injury he did his own reputation as well as that of the Council if it should be said that nothing of any consequence could be debated there unless such a young man as the Master of the Horse was one of the number This remonstrance of the Cardinal made so deep an impression upon the King that he did not permit Cinq-Mars to come into the Council Chamber any more From that time the secret hatred which the Master of the Horse bore the Cardinal broke out in public and those occasions of discontent which this Minister lately gave him wrought a greater force upon the mind of an ambitious young man than all the services he had formerly done him However the King labour'd to reconcile them and outwardly they seem'd to be as hearty friends as ever But soon after they fell out and the occasion arose from the Favourite's desiring the King to make him a Duke and a Peer that he might marry the Princess Mary of Mantua who would not accept of him but upon that condition Having open'd this affair to the Cardinal who he foolishly imagin'd would comply with his desires this Minister tax'd him with imprudence and presumption setting before his eyes what he had done to raise his Father and himself from the simple rank of Gentlemen to the present degree of honour they enjoy'd Cinq-Mars who was of no less haughty a Spirit than the Cardinal could not hear him talk thus but with the greatest indignation and began to cabal with all his power to ruine his Patron and Benefactor He engag'd in his Interests Francis de Thou Son to the famous James Augustin de Thou * Siri Mer T. 2. p. 567. He was a most accomplish'd man in respect of all those qualities that are requir'd in a Gentleman of the Long Robe and being either a relation or a friend to several of those that resented the effects of the Cardinals hatred besides that this Minister had hinder'd him from being made one of the Councellors of State after he had for some time consider'd of the matter at last espoused the party of the Master of the Horse and engaged the Dukes of Orleans and Bouillon to countenance his designs There was the greater probability of succeeding because rhe King had expressed himself to be particularly desirous of a Peace to put an end to all those calamities and disorders which the private interests of his Minister had stirr'd up in the Kingdom The King had likewise frown'd upon several of the Cardinals creatures whom he did indeed esteem and fear but did not really love at the bottom As for Cinq-Mars he was now perfectly in the Kings favour and this brought abundance of persons over to his party In the mean time the Cardinal strengthen'd himseif by an alliance with the House of Conde by marrying Claire-Clemence de Maille Breze daughter to the Mareschal de Breze to the Duke of Enguien 'T is reported that the Prince of Conde who had at first rejected this match when it came to be propos'd to him suffered himself to be gain'd partly by the great fortune which the Cardinal bestow'd upon his Niece and partly out of fear lest the Cardinal should ruine him if he persisted any longer to despise an alliance with him * Siri Mer. T. 1. lib. 2. p. 231. The Marriage was celebrated on the 7th of February and a magnificent Ball was kept upon this occasion at the Cardinals Palace This Ballet represented the prosperity of the Arms of France and the Decorations of the Halls were changed five times as well as the habits of the Actors The first represented the Earth embellished with Forrests and Harmony supported upon a Cloud with abundance of Birds singing The second discover'd the Alps cloathed with Snow with Italy upon a Mountain and at a great distance Arras and Casal The third shew'd the Sea environed with Rocks and cover'd with Ships and Gallies with three Sirens The fourth an open Sky from whence the Nine Muses descended and the fifth the Earth adorn'd with Flowers with Concord upon a gilded Chariot The Theatre being changed into a magnificent Hall the Queen attended by all the Court went to place herself at the upper end of it and the Duke of Enguien taking her out to dance the Ball began and ended with a stately Collation of Sweet-meats The Nuptials were afterwards celebrated on the 11th of the same month with that magnificence which the Cardinal affected to show upon such occasions During the divertisements of this * Ibid. p. 232. Marriage the Minister contriv'd to mortifie the Parliament of Paris which had presumed more than once to make some opposition to his demands Some weeks after the King assembled all the several Chambers and came thither accompanied by the Princes of the Blood several Dukes and Peers and many eminent Lords of the Court He there caused a Declaration to be read which prohibited the Parliament to concern themselves with any affairs of State and commanded them to receive his Edicts not to disapprove but confirm them The King farther declared that he intended to take the absolute power into his hands of disposing of all the Offices of Parliament and to reward with them such as pleased him and at the same time deposed the President Barillon and the Councellors Scarron Salo and some others that had been banisht before He likewise ordained that the Parliament every three months should give the Chancellor an account of what they did and every year take out a permission from his Majesty to continue in their respective functions By this the King absolutely destroyed the authority of the Parliament of Paris as if they had abused their power by opposing the arbitrary proceedings of the Cardinal This Prince it seems imagined that only himself and his Minister were interested in the preservation of the Kingdom and thought nothing was just but what this imperious Prelate pretended to be so Those that had the Courage to defend the Rights of Parliament urged in vain that the persons that composed it had never pretended to be their Kings Tutors nor to arrogate a power superior or equal to theirs nor to set up for Tribunes of the People as their enemies injuriously accused them They own'd themselves to be the Kings Subjects and to derive their power from his Authority but then they said that a Secret of Policy lay concealed in the exercise of their Offices which the Flatterers at Court were not acquainted with That the ancient Kings of France being sensible that a pure Monarchy where all the Laws depend upon the Will of one single person were but of a short continuance had wisely
into some composition and seem'd to repent that he had provok'd so many people to despair who were really in a better case to make themselves be fear'd than he at first imagin'd Thus when the Ambassador of the States General spoke to the Cardinal of the Mediation of his Masters to accommodate this affair by reason of the interest which the Prince of Orange had in the Duke of Bouillon's preservation he was at first listned to by the Minister with great attention Another thing happen'd at this time which gave him a great deal of disturbance He learnt of the King that Bullion the Superintendant of the Finances had told him that all the Money for the Marine and the Artillery was spent The Cardinal was Intendant of the Marine and his Cousin the Mareschal de la Meilleraye Grand Master of the Artillery That the Cardinal was the Author of this War and only kept it up for his private ends That he knew not where to find any more Money to support it but that if he would be pleased to grant a few years Peace to his Kingdom he would take care to lay up such considerable summs that they should be sufficient to carry on any design whatever in which his Majesty had a mind to engage himself At last Bullion begg'd of his Majesty not to speak a syllable of this to his Eminence because if he came to know of it he would never suffer him to dye in his Bed The King gave him his promise and believing what he told him was true kept his word with him and said nothing of it to the Cardinal till the Superintendant was dead The haughty Minister answer'd the King That he was sorry his Majesty cited a dead Witness and the King replyed That he had forborn to speak of it while Bullion was alive because the latter told him that if the Cardinal knew of it he should certainly be destroy'd The Negotiation of the Ambassador of the States came to nothing not from the Cardinal 's being inflexible but because the Duke of Bouillon rejected the propositions which the Ambassador made Whether he was of opinion that it was to no purpose to reconcile himself to a man whose hatred was never extinguish'd but only in appearance or whether his vanity kept him from making any submissions to his Enemy as it was proposed to him he resolved to see whether he might not gain some advantage by force of arms before he made an Accommodation * See an Abridgm of the Gampagne of 1641. in Aubery's Mem. T 2. p. 135. The Mareschal de Chatillon went to put himself at the head of the Army of Champagne in May and the King advanced as far as Abbeville to be nearer Artois where he design'd to besiege Aire as we have already taken notice Here the King published a Declaration bearing date on the 8th of June * See it in the Mem. of Montresor p. 365. wherein after he had observ'd that the Princes who were at Sedan had committed several hostilities and joyned themselves to Spain he order'd all his Subjects to take them for declared Enemies if they did not within a month acknowledge their fault and submit themselves to his Majesty's Clemency In answer to this Declaration the Princes made a long Manifesto dated the 2d of July but it did not appear in public till after the Battel of Sedan which put an end to this Affair However as it was purposely contriv'd to serve as a Foundation for a longer War I will give the Reader an Abridgment of it before I proceed to the relation of that Battel It was entituled * Ib. 373. a Manifesto for the satisfaction of the Princes of the Peace tho the Count of Soissons only speaks After he had said that his Conscience obliged him to publish the ill designs of the Cardinal which he had so long forborn to do that his Majesty might have the entire Glory of chastising this imperious Minister who had assumed upon him the Royal authority he continues That it was four years since he had been obliged to retire to Sedan to live there in security and that he had refused to go any where else that he might not give the Cardinal an opportunity to accuse him of being an Enemy to France That nevertheless the Cardinal had sought all imaginable means to destroy him and to make himself master of Sedan altho the D. of Bouillon had not done any thing which ought to deprive him of his Majesty's protection That no ways had been left unattempted to acquaint the King with the ill conduct of his Minister but that this had produced no other effect but the imprisonment and ruin of those persons who had done it That consequently there was a necessity to employ the noise of arms that equity and reason might be heard That after several deliberations in concert with the Dukes of Guise and of Bouillon and several other Princes and Officers of the Crown he declared the Cardinal to be the greatest and most dangerous Enemy of the King and State That he had made himself master of the strongest places of the Kingdom and seized the Mouths of the principal Rivers Ports and Islands in the Ocean and in general all the securities of France That to maintain himself in this Usurpation he ruin'd the rest of the Kingdom by War to put the people out of a condition to recover what he had usurped That he designed to deliver the King into the hands of those to whom he was allied he means the Duke of Enguien who had lately married one of his Nieces and that he endeavour'd to approach the Crown altho it was the interest of France to keep him at a distance from it That if he could not accomplish this design he was in a condition to give his Relations the Keys of the Realm to open and shut the gates of Traffick and starve the great Cities when they pleased That the King and Monsieur perceived it well enough but durst not speak of it and that the Count of Soissons affirmed it in the name of the whole Royal Family That this design of his evidently appear'd in that he had made the best years of the Duke and Dutchess of Orleans barren That there was reason to fear that he design'd to secure himself from the power of his Majesty's Justice that so he might not give an account of his unjust misapplication of the Finances and the suppression of so many innocent people That he had rashly engaged the reputation of the King dissipated his Treasures prodigally thrown away the Blood of the Nobility and Souldiers and reduced the people to the last misery to satisfy his passions and carry on his own particular quarrels That the only reason why he had declar'd the War was to support his own authority which he thought he should never be able to preserve but in times of trouble That he had rendred all those whom he design'd to destroy
THE TRUE EFFIGIES of ARMAND JOHN du PLESSIS CARD DUKE of RICHLIEU THE LIFE Of the Famous cardinal-Cardinal-Duke De RICHLIEU Principal Minister of State TO LEWIS XIII King of France and Navarr VOL. II. LONDON Printed for Matth. Gillyflower Will. Freeman J. Walthoe and R. Parker 1695. THE HISTORY Of the FAMOUS Cardinal de RICHLIEV VOL. II. BOOK IV. Containing the most Remarkable Occurrences of his Life from the flight of the Queen Mother in 1631 to the Year 1634. year 1631 BEFORE the Queen-Mother went out of France as I have already observ'd in the preceding Book the King sent to the Parliament of Paris the same Declaration which he had caus'd to be Confirm'd in that of Dijon wherein he Declar'd all the Adherents of the Duke of Orleans to be guilty of High-Treason But the Parliament of Paris made some difficulty to confirm it without any foregoing Deliberation as the King desir'd them and this they grounded upon the following Reasons First This Declaration against all usual Forms had been laid before another Parliament besides that of Paris which alone is the Court of Peers and the first Parliament of the Kingdom Secondly It by Name declared a President to be guilty who by this means would be condemned by the Court without being heard Thirdly This Declaration might reach even the Person of the Duke of Orleans whose Interest had been always dear to the Parliament They came * The 25 of Ap. Aubery's Life of the Card. Lib. iv c. 17. Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. P. 358. therefore to a Deliberation and the Company divided instead of Voting the Confirmation which the King demanded Our Minister not able to endure that they should show the least consideration for his Enemies perswaded the King to go quickly to †The 12th of May. Paris to have his Declaration Confirmed and to give some Mortification to the Parliament The King being arriv'd at the Louvre sent Orders to the Parliament to come thither in a Body on foot The Parliament obeyed and were conducted to the Gallery which joyns the Tuilleries with the Louvre where they found the King under a Canopy raised up for that purpose The Lord Keeper Spoke first and after the first Ceremonies were over told the Parliament That their Power extended onely to the Affairs of private Men and not to matters of State the cognisance of which belonged to the Supreme Governour That where a Prince or Duke or any Officer of the Crown receives his Trial for any Misdemeanour in the Administration of the Treasury or of State-Affairs his Majesty is obliged either to direct a particular Commission to the Parliament to enable them to Act in such a case or else to be present himself Personally to Authorize these extraordinary Proceedings That it is true indeed that to Judge by a Commission required a previous knowledge of the Cause but that in the case of Ratifying a Declaration which always allows a certain time to those that are Guilty to return to their Duty there was no need of farther Deliberation This was as much as to say That the King was willing to make use of the Parliamentary Authority to destroy with more formality those who favoured his Brother but would not allow the Parliament the Power of Clearing them if they were innocent Chateaunouf's Discourse being ended the King Commanded the Register of the Parliament to be brought to him and the Leafe to be shewed where the Vote of Separation was Written and so tore it himself to pieces to have the Decree of the Council inserted in its place which Prohibited the Court of Parliament to Deliberate any more upon the Declarations concerning State-Affairs upon pain of Interdiction to the Counsellors and of something worse as the King should think fit 'T was likewise Ordered That for a Punishment of the Fault committed by the Parliament the Declaration sent to them should be drawn back and they Prohibited to take any knowledge of the Contents thereof For a Token of his Indignation the King Suspended from their Office and Exiled two Presidents of the Court of Inquest and a Counsellor who were nevertheless immediately after re-established The same day the Council pass'd another Sentence against the Duke of Orleans's Attorney who Presented the before-mentioned Petition and the King upon that issued out * The 26th of May. another Declaration upon the same Subject a few days after These Proceedings against the Duke of Orleans's Petition were the cause that the Queen's Request which was sent to the same Parliament Packed up with some other Papers was not onely broke open but the Pacquet it self was carried to the King So that the Complaints which this Princess and Monsieur made against the Cardinal onely ended in a few Printed Pamphlets which they took care to have thrown about the Streets or under-hand distributed but there was no Tribunal where they might make their Address for as to the King's Council which depended more upon the Minister than himself it was to no purpose to make their Application to it The King himself was beset with People devoted to the Cardinal whose continual business it was to entertain him in an Ill Humour against his nearest Friends and Relations and as he beheld nothing but by the Eyes of other People both his Mother and Brother appeared as Guilty before him as it pleased the Cardinal to represent them Sometime * The 12th of August See Aubery 's Life of the Card. Lib. 4. c. 18. after the withdrawing of the Queen-Mother the King issued out another Declaration in which he Defamed this Princess and the Duke of Orleans and on the contrary bestowed large Commendations on the Cardinal He said amongst other things That the Evil Counsellours of his Brother had moved him contrary to the Duty of his Birth and to that Respect he owed him to Write him Letters full of Calumnies and Seditious Lyes against the Government That against all Truth and Reason he had Accused his most Dear and Well-beloved Cousin the Cardinal of Richlieu of Infidelity and of harbouring Ill Designs against his Sacred Person that of the Queen and his own and against the State That the Queen-Mother had been wrought upon long ago by Ill Counsels and took more part in the Duke of Orleans's Designs than she ought being in all probability induced to it by the Ill Reports which some Persons professing Curious and Evil Sciences had spread abroad to give them some hopes of a sudden Revolution That having desired the Queen-Mother to assist him with her Advice as she had done before she had Answered him She was weary of meddling with Affairs and would have no more to do with them whereby she gave him sufficiently to understand that she was deeply ingag'd in the Duke's Designs That thereupon he had taken a Resolution to Separate himself from her for some time After this manner did the Cardinal speak of the Imprisonment of the Queen-Mother which he called a Separation
but a very short space was allowed them and the King came thither in Person on the 18th of January with the Cardinal to get a Declaration confirmed by which he restored the Duke of Orleans to his Estate and Honour provided that in Three Months he acknowledged his Fault and came to Reside in France He extended the same Favours to all his Domesticks except Coigneux Monsigot Vieville and some others The King also declar'd that he could not approve of the Marriage of Mensieur for the Reasons specified in His Declaration and ordered the Parliament to Judge of the Informations which had been taken against the Duke of Lorrain to Justifie that he had caused Monsiuer to be stollen and consequently to show that his Marriage was null The Cardinal likewise made a long Harangue in the Parliament full of Rhetorical strains which was afterwards * In the Jourral of Richlieu Part II. p. 148. Printed In it he praised the King and exaggerated the Victories which he had obtained in his Ministry rather in the Style of a Declaimer than that of a Minister of State He described in a very Hyperbolical manner His Majesty's kindness to the Queen-Mother and to Monsieur and particularly the Favours he designed to show that Prince He promised great ease to the People if these Perplexities which they gave the King were once over and added that for the present besides a Reduction of the Duties and a Revocation of a Hundred thousand Officers of new Creation the exemption of whom was a Vexation to those that bore the Burden of the Taxes he Remitted one Fourth of the Impost †Siri Mem. 〈◊〉 T. 7. P. â—â—0 But this Fourth was of New Imposition and it had been Raised for the Enterprize of Lorrain besides Nine Millions of Livres extraordinary The People did not rejoyce much at this small Satisfaction because they expected the quite contrary The Parliament was not a little perplexed about Monsieur's Marriage by reason of the ill Consequences which the Judgment they gave might draw after it since it concern'd the Heirs of a Prince who might one day sit upon the Throne The Duke of Lorrain was generally blamed for giving his Consent to this Match which as it displeased the Court so it had plunged him in very mortifying Circumstances Otherwise this Marriage was neither too unequal nor was it disadvantageous to the State and indeed nothing could be found fault in it but that it was done without the King's Approbation who might at last approve of it after he had testified his Dislike of it as in the Upshot he was obliged to do To revenge himself for this Affront he demanded Zore of the Duke of Lorrain which is a Place between Metz and Thionville to Fortifie it The Duke immediately granted it because he durst not do otherwise However the King promised to surrender it to him not by Letters Patent but by a private Letter of the Privy Seal to denote the King's Superiority He likewise demanded of the Duke the original Contract of the Marriage of the Duke of Orleans and all the Papers he had in his hands relating to that Affair He desired to know who were the Witnesses that had assisted at the Ceremony of the Espousals and to have the Priest who had officiated deliver'd up to him On the other hand to make the Duke sensible that in case he would submit himself he might expect a gentler Treatment Orders were sent to the Parliament of Metz to deferr the Prohibition which they had been commanded to issue out to the Inhabitants of the Lands depending upon the Bishopricks of Metz Thoul and Verdun not to own the Duke of Lorrain any longer for their Prince and they suffer'd him to gather his Revenues in the Dukedom of Bar without pressing him to come and do Homage for it * Siri Ibid. p. 742. Altho' this Prince was in a manner divested of his Territories yet he was so deeply provoked against France which had opprest him that he searched all Opportunities to retaliate the Injuries he received And therefore that he might be able to declare openly against her without Danger of being deprived of the Remainder of his Dominions he made on the 19th of January a Donation of his Seats to his Brother Nicholas Francis Cardinal of Lorrain under a pretence that the Person of this latter was more agreeable to the King than his own However the World was sensible that this Donation was only a Pretence because he performed several Acts of a Sovereign Prince after he had made it When this was over he retired with eight hundred Horse and two thousand Foot and joyn'd the Imperial Army The new Duke dispatched Contrisson immediately to the Court of France to acquaint the King and Cardinal with what had passed between his Brother and him and to promise that he wou'd observe the Treaty of Charmes As for his Brother he assur'd them that he did not know whither he was gone but this did not hinder the Parliament from carrying on the Process they had begun against him The Cardinal of Richlieu told Contrisson when he shew'd him the Surrendry which the Duke had made in favour of him That they had just Occasion to complain of the Duke for two Reasons the first was his Violation of the three several Treaties which he himself had concluded with the Duke and the other was the Rape of the Duke of Orleans whom he had forced to marry his Sister For the first the Duke's Dominions in the Opinion of this Minister were engaged to France and could not be restored to the Cardinal of Lorrain but upon the same Conditions by which his Brother held them And as for the second the Duke was not excused from the Guilt of it by absenting himself Besides this the Cardinal of Lorrain was his Accomplice in the Matter for he as Bishop of Thoul had granted a Dispensation not publishing the Banns as otherwise they ought to have done for the Marriage of Monsieur and the Princess Margaret and had authorized a Monk to say Mass upon this Occasion to the prejudice of the Curate that this Affair might be kept the more secret The Cardinal Duke reproached him of Lorrain with having abused the King's Passport to further his Sister's Escape out of Nancy and to send her to Brussels Thus the Princes of Lorrain found themselves engaged in very great Perplexities and were at a Loss how to appease France or how to defend themselves against her Nothing in all appearance but the Match proposed to the Cardinal's Neice could accommodate these Differences but several great Difficulties arose in that Affair as I have already observed On the other hand it was to be feared that if the Cardinal-Duke suspected that they had asked his Neice in Marriage only to amuse him he would revenge the Affront in a cruel manner Contrisson was sent back to the Cardinal of Lorrain with Orders to tell him that it was in his
Lib. 3. towards the end a Musquet-ball hit him full in the breast and kill'd him on the spot He was exceedingly lamented by all people for his good Qualities and for the eminent Services he had done the Kingdom The Cardinal never loved him because the King had expressed an Inclination to make him his Favourite and after he had sent him into Italy made the King jealous of him because two of his Brothers had been in Monsieur's Army at the Battel of Castelnaudarry Nor was this all for he got his Governments and Pensions to be taken from him and gave the King such a Character of him as he pleased and the Mareschal had not the means to defend himself Fontanct surrendred soon after and the Mareschal de Crequi joyn'd the Duke of Savoy without any opposition because the Spaniards had entirely abandoned all the places about the Tesin thinking that the French had a Design to pass the Tanare and afterwards the Po. The Duke and the Mareschal continued together upon the Banks of the Tesin one on one side and the other on the other till the 20th of this Month in consulting whether they should send the Duke of Parma back again to his Country The latter knew not himself what Measures to take but at last for fear an Army of his Friends shou'd ruine him as well as that of his Enemies he resolved to part incognito and in that manner to get into his own Dukedom through the Territories of Genoa As he had no Experience in Military Affairs he hop'd at first that within a few Months and without any great Expence the Confederate Army would over-run all the Milaneze but having seen the quite contrary happen and his own state in Danger to become the Theatre of the War he wholly alter'd his Opinion and became fearful very unseasonably as he had formerly suffered himself to be led away with ill grounded expectations At last the Confederate Army marched on the two Banks of the Tesin to fortifie some Post there which they should judge most advantageous to command that River and to make a Bridge over it In their march they received Advice that the Marquiss de Leganez was coming towards them on that side where Crequi was so that the Duke of Savoy set his Men to work all Night upon a Bridge which was †The 23d of June ready by the next Morning that he might joyn the Mareschal The Spaniards had Fourteen Thousand Foot Four Thousand Horse and Four Canon They charged the French in the Morning who sustained the Shock till the Duke of Savoy had passed the River The Fight was so resolutely maintain'd on both sides that it lasted till Night the Victory being uncertain all the Day and the two Armies return'd several times to the Charge and wou'd not give way But the Spaniards retir'd in the Night and the Duke of Savoy and the Mareschal endeavoured in Vain to begin the Fight afresh the next Day All the Advantage they got was the Field of Battle and the number of the Dead and Wounded on their Side was somewhat less In the mean time the Duke of Rohan forced several Passes above the Lake of Como but when he was at Lech he sent word to the Duke of Savoy that he cou'd not advance further than Gravedonne because the ways were impracticable Thus he was obliged to return to the Valteline and the Duke of Savoy abandon'd the Tesin and * The 23d of July went back to Turin From that time the French Army began to diminish considerably by perpetual desertions and on the Contrary the new Levies of the Milaneze and of the Kingdom of Naples daily augmented that of the Spaniards The Duke of Parma was no sooner returned to his Dominions but he saw a considerable Body of Spanish Troops under Duke Martin of Arragon who ravaged and plundered the greatest part of them He then repented that he had not accepted the Forces that were offer'd him for the preservation of his Country which he was afraid of burthening too much by receiving them and he sent to demand them again with great earnestness But the Spaniards being at that time Masters of the Field it was not an easie matter to relieve him To compleat his Misfortunes the Pope published a Monitory against the Duke by which he cited him to Rome and commanded him to recall the Troops which he had in the Territories of any other State Besides this the Pope pretended to have Security in Writing that he wou'd obey him in the space of Thirty Days otherwise he threatned to excommunicate him and give his Lands to the first Possessor People were so much the more surprized at these rigorous Proceedings because at that time the Duke had Soldiers no where but at Rome and the Spaniards ravaged his Country at Pleasure and kept Placentia blocked up The World was not then acquainted with the Mystery that there was a secret Treaty between the Spaniards and the Barberini's who desired to make themselves Masters of this Prince's Dominions under any pretence whatever and to put D. Taddeo Barberini prefect of Rome in possession of them The King sent orders to the Mareschal d' Estrees to complain highly of the Pope's Proceedings and hinder'd him from pushing on this Design any longer in publick He likewise ordered the Mareschal de Crequi to succour the Duke of Parma with all Expedition but the Passes being all shut up as well through the State of Genoa as through the Milaneze partly by the Troops that were posted there and partly by the Rains and badness of the Weather the Mareschal was not able to execute this Order so that the best course the Duke of Parma cou'd now take was to make his Peace with the Spaniards who being satisfied to see him humbled did offer very reasonable Conditions of which the Pope and the Grand Duke of Tuscany were to be the Guarrantees But the Vexation to be so soon reduced to beg Pardon of the Crown of Spain and the great promises of France occasion'd this Prince not to listen to those that advised him to accommodate matters with Spain although he was blocked up in Placentia and 't was now discoursed to besiege that Place in the usual Forms Thus this Champaign ended in Italy not so advantageously for France as it had begun and their Victories were scarce able to preserve their Allies The King was resolv'd to succour those places which he still held in Alsatia to secure them against the Imperialists who endeavour'd to retake them and hop'd to reduce them in a short time by reason of the great distance of the French The Cardinal de la Valette who had served his Apprenticeship the Year before in Germany * The 2d of January Aubery 's Life of the Cardinal lib. 5. c. 24. Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 457. undertook this Expedition They gave him Three Thousand Horse and the same number of Foot all choice Men and with this Body
Cardinal-Duke gave out that he hoped a General Peace wou'd be soon concluded yet in order to it there was no prospect of a Treaty set a-foot and the Court of Rome whose Proceedings are always very slow did not leave its usual pace to perswade the Crowns to a Peace The Fancy which had possessed the Cardinal-Duke not to acknowledge Ferdinand III. for Emperour hinder'd them from entring into any Negotiation Therefore among several Orders that were sent to the Mareschal d' Estrees The 1st of Jâ—nuâ—ry Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 8. p. 542. relating to the manner he was to treat of a Peace or a Cessation of Arms at Rome he was ordered to find out a way to acquaint the Emperour's Ambassadour without letting him know that this Advice came from him that if a Negotiation was begun the Crown of France wou'd own Ferdinand III. Above all the Ambassadour was so to manage Matters that the Ministers of the House of Austria shou'd by no means perceive that the King had the least desire either for a Peace or a Truce lest any Advantage shou'd be made of such a Confession They seem'd to be mightily displeased with Count Ludovico Ambassadour of Savoy at Rome for that having proposed a Cessation of Arms in Italy he shou'd affirm that he knew it from very good hands that France wou'd not oppose it The Dutchess of Savoy * Aubery's Life of the Card. Lib. 6. Cap. 17. Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 8. p. 574. had one Father Monod a Jesuit for her Confessor who had a great Ascendant over the Mind of that Princess He seem'd to be mighty zealous for the House of Savoy and had been so far considered by Victor Amadeo that he concerned himself as much in Affairs of State as he did in those that regarded the Conscience It came into this Man's Head whether of his own proper Motion or by the Orders of Madam of Savoy to procure the Queen-Mother's Return into France For this end he took a Journey to Paris where he contracted an Acquaintance with Father Claussin the Jesuit and as he was a Man of extraordinary Address he engaged him easily in this Design They looked upon the Queen-Mother's Return to be as good as impossible so long as the Cardinal-Duke continued in favour and therefore they concerted Matters together to ruin his Reputation with the King To effect this Father Caussin as has been already observed began to insinuate into his Majesty that he cou'd not with a good Conscience suffer his Mother to be any longer out of the Kingdom The Cardinal coming to know that it was by Father Monod's Instigation that Father Caussin had embarked in this Affair after he had caused the former to be turned away endeavoured to remove Father Monod from the Dutchess of Savoy under a pretence that he secretly favoured the Spaniards The Cardinal caused d' Emery the Ambassadour to tell Madam of Savoy as from his Majesty that having several just Occasions to suspect Father Monod he desired her to dismiss him from Court The Dutchess having no reason to part with her Confessor whatever Stories were told against him wou'd by no means give her Consent to it and endeavour'd to disabuse the Cardinal But the latter who never hated any man by halves press'd her to turn him away with more Obstinacy than ever as if it had been impossible for the King to live peaceably with his Sister and to protect her so long as she kept this Jesuit about her Person He was so incens'd against him that he cou'd not forbear talking of him to the Ambassadour of Savoy though this Subject had no relation to the Discourse then in hand †Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 575. * As the latter was one day telling the Minister how zealous Madam of Savoy was for the Interests of the Crown and what care she took that the Spaniards might not be able to attempt any considerable Enterprize which carried the least probability of Success he afterwards added that if any thing had happen'd disadvantageous to the Crown as for instance the Taking of Ponzone it was through the fault of his Majesty's Ministers in Italy The Cardinal answer'd That the Negligence of the Mareschal de Crequi and d' Emery was not to be excused but that as long as the Dutchess kept Father Monod near her they must expect the like Disorders since the King distrusted him and consequently his Ministers cou'd speak of nothing to Her Royal Highness with any Confidence The Ambassadour replied That Father Monod's living at Turin had not hinder'd the King's Ministers from executing his Orders The Cardinal persisted That he told him nothing but the truth and that his Majesty cou'd communicate none of his Designs to Madam of Savoy for fear lest she should tell him of them again At last under a pretence that Father Monod favour'd Cardinal Maurice and Prince Thomas although the Dutchess had evident proofs of the contrary she was forc'd to give her consent to have him †About the End of the Year apprehended The Jesuit being inform'd of it endeavour'd to prevent this blow but was taken upon the Frontiers and put in Prison at Montmelian In the mean time the Spaniards and the Princes of Savoy sent word to the Dutchess that if she observed the Neutrality they wou'd not make the least Attempt upon Piedmont On the other hand France sollicited her to renew the Treaty of a League offensive and defensive made with Victor Amadco in 1635 and which was to expire in the Month of July 1638. Most People were of opinion that this Treaty was actually broke by the Death of the Duke who concluded it as well as that of the Duke of Mantua and by the Agreement which the Duke of Parma had lately made with Spain The Dutchess was willing enough to make a defensive League as the Treaty of Pignerol had been by which France was obliged to defend Piedmont in case it was invaded by the Spaniards Upon this several tedious Contests happen'd and all that the Dutchess said she cou'd consent to concerning the War they wou'd have her continue against the Spaniards came to this That she wou'd attack the Places that had been taken in Montferrat As for the rest the Council of Savoy was clearly of opinion that she ought to keep the Neutrality to preserve her own Country without disengaging her self however from France or making any new Treaty with other Princes But it was insisted upon in France that she should renew the Treaty of Rivoli without having any regard to the Welfare of her State or the Power of a Regent which does not go so far as to declare a War unless there be urgent necessity for it Although she represented all this by her Ambassadour yet it signified nothing and they daily talked of sending a considerable Army into Piedmont to attack the Milaneze and to defend Piedmont against the Designs of the Cardinal of Savoy and Prince Thomas It
him the King would not be displeased at it but otherwise he would send to them an Heir of the last Kings into Portugal Whether these offers inspir'd the Portugueses with courage or noâ— 't is certain that after their insurrection the aforesaid St. Pe resided at Lisbon in quality of Consul of France with instructions containing two advices which he was ordered to present to the new King from the part of the Cardinal The first was that the Ambassador who was to be sent into France to communicate this Revolution to the King should have full power to treat about the assistance which should be demanded of his Majesty that so it might be sent without delay The second That D. Juan was not to sleep upon this happy success which he met with at first but make all necessary preparations out of hand to offer War to the Spaniards both by Sea and by Land and to support himself by Alliances with those that were inclin'd to favour his cause Ever since the beginning of the same year the * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 833. Princes of Savoy had made several Proposals of agreement with the Dutchess tho for all that the Hostilities ceased on neither side in Piedmont or even between the Cittadel and Town of Turin Feragelli the Pope's Secretary who was come to Turin to assist the Nuncio in perswading the different parties to a Peace did likewise propose a Truce for some years between France and the Milanese and altho the Marquis de Leganez seem'd disposed to accept of it yet he made great preparations to take the Field before the French recruits could pass the Mountains The French too on their side used all imaginable diligence and were not behind the Spaniards in talking of a Peace or a Truce All these discourses only tended to render themselves odious to one another and to lull one another asleep if it were possible The Cardinal was of opinion that Prince Thomas in particular only talked of an accommodation to ingratiate himself with the People of Piedmont who had this long while languished for a Peace and to make his Sister-in-law odious to them He sent therefore to acquaint her that this Prince kept a private correspondence with some Officers of her Houshold The Prince proposed to make a Treaty with her by herself without having regard to the Interests of France but she scornfully rejected this Proposal as she herself related the story to de la Cour adding that she was resolved to follow the Cardinal's advice altho he had treated her with a great deal of rigour at Grenoble and that she would not cease to love him as much as the King did and as much as so great and so excellent a Minister deserved Thus she communicated to him all the Proposals of Agreement made to her by Prince Thomas Assoon as he saw them he rejected them as impertinent and immediately dispatched the Abbot * In April See his Instructions lated the 20 of that Month in the Collection of Aubery T. 2. p. 313 Mondin to acquaint the Dutchess with his sentiments He had Orders to tell her that the King did not understand how any people durst be so bold as to engage her to sign such a Treaty as this was without consulting his Majesty who was her only Protector and wondered that she did not perceive that they aimed at nothing but her destruction That she ought to break off all these Negotiations and declare that she would not enter into any Treaty which was not equally secure and honourable to the Duke her Son and to herself That otherwise she would only destroy herself and ruine her State That in the Declaration she was to publish upon this occasion she must take care to incert all the most advantageous circumstances for herself which were to be found in any of her Negetiations with Prince Thomas and that whoever should mention this affair to her any more should be obliged to retire Besides this he was ordered to press the Dutchess to turn Father Monod out of Monâ—â—â—lian The * Ibid. p. 812. Cardinal writ to her much to the same purpose and remonstrated to her that her Brothers-in-law did only design to trepan her as she herself had observed In the beginning of his Letter he assured her that the King desired nothing more earnestly than to see her well re-established in her Dominions and maintain a good intelligence with her Brothers-in-law that his Majesty would be always ready to restore back the places which he held in Piedmont assoon as the Spaniards would fairly part with what they had in their possession so that the Dutchess might for the future remain absolute Mistress of them That nevertheless the security of her person and that of the Duke her Son being the principal cause which ought to be considered the King would never consent that either one or the other should fall into the hands of those persons whose interest obliged them to destroy both While the French were thus negotiating with the Dutchess of Savoy the Spaniards held a close correspondence with the Dutchess of Mantua and it was with her consent that the Marquis de Leganez attempted the Siege of Casal He began to invest this place on the 8th of April with fourteen thousand Foot and five thousand Horse at a juncture when the French were scarce able to defend the Cittadel of Turin against Prince Thomas who attack'd it on the side of the Town The Princes of Savoy did earnestly wish that he would have helped them to take this Cittadel because by the reducing of it they had effectually establish'd their authority in Piedmont which must needs be in a tottering condition so long as the Cittadel of the Capital City held out for the Duke their Nephew Besides this they could not behold Casal in the hands of the Spaniards without extreme regret But the very same reasons perswaded Leganez to undertake this Siege and push it on with all imaginable vigour because it was of the highest importance to Spain that these Princes should be still dependent upon that Crown and Casal was very proper to retain the people of Piedmont in their duty Nor was this all for he began to suspect these Princes for the frequent proposals of Accommodation they made to their Sister-in-law and was of opinion that the only reason why they so much desired to have the Cittadel of Turin in their hands was that they might compound more advantageously for themselves without having any consideration to the Interests of Spain These were the motives which engaged Leganez to undertake the Siege of Casal against the sentiments of the greatest part of the Officers of his Army who did not look upon him to be strong enough for such an attempt He mightily depended upon a secret intelligence he held in the place but it fell out unluckily for him that de la Tour the Governor of that City discovered it and put every thing in
suspected of High Treason in order to turn them out of their places which he either took into his own hands or conferr'd upon those that promised to maintain him in his Tyranny That he had ruin'd the best Families in the Kingdom to raise his own and had reduced several good Houses to misery to inrich persons of no merit birth and fortune That he drained France of its Money to send it in specie to foreign Countries and fill'd the Kingdom with Money of a base allay That he had bought at too excessive rates both of the Swedes and others places which he was not able to keep as Philipsburg or must when a Peace comes surrender without reimbursement as Brisac and others That he had indiscreetly squander'd away the Finances in Italy to acquire himself friends whom he afterwards ruin'd and thus render'd the protection which his Majesty had given to the Dukes of Mantua Parma and Savoy contemptible and of no effect That he had made some attempts in Spain which only tended to the dishonour of France and gain'd some Conquests in the Low Countries which were a charge to the State and only proper to render the War everlasting That he had burthen'd the Kingdom with an infinite number of Officers and dryed up the ordinary sources of the Finances by selling or engaging the Demeans and Aids to so high a price that a man could not make up his Money again without committing a great deal of injustice That he had forced several Orders to elect him for their General as the Cistercians the Clarevallenses and the Praemonstratenses by imprisoning abundance of the Religious who would not give him their Votes That as for the other Orders he had engag'd them by a thousand artifices to elect Vicar Generals in France that they might have no more communication with Rome and that he might make himself Head of the Gallican Church for Spirituals as well as Temporals That the King had no Allies that could assist him as being all a charge to his Majesty and only able to make feeble diversions at the expence of France That those whom the Cardinal thought capable to oppose his arbritary proceeding had been delivered into the hands of the Executioner after they had been condemned by wicked corrupt Commissioners of his own nomination or rotted in Prison or were banish'd the Court That he with inhuman ingratitude had turn'd out the Queen Mother and treated all the Princes and Noblemen of the Kingdom in a most arrogant manner That he had violated or annihilated all the Laws and all the Ordinances of the Kingdom under the specious pretence of the absolute will and authority of the King That he had robbed the Provinces and communities of their ancient Franchises and vacated the contracts they had made with former Kings That he had grosly abused the Princes Dukes Peers Mareschals of France and other Officers of the Crown That he had caused several innocent Noblemen to be Condemned by Commissioners dependant upon himself and imprison'd them without any form of process That some Bishops had been judg'd contrary to the known Laws of the Land other Ecclesiasties depriv'd of their Benefices and all of them obliged besides the ordinary tenths to pay prodigious sums and more than one third of their revenue to maintain a company of Pyrates at Sea that were commanded by an Archbishop and by Land an Army of sacrilegious Ruffians that pillag'd Churches and were set on by a Cardinal That he had treated in a most extreme ill manner the two Archbishops Presidents of the last Assembly of the Clergy for representing to him the miserable condition of the Ecclesiastics of France who had given five millions and a half above the ordinary Tenths That several Noblemen had been severely fined forced to the Arriere-ban and deprived of their employments meerly because they were not of his Faction That the Presidents and Counsellors of the Soveraign Courts had been suspended turn'd out and imprison'd when they spoke for the real advantage of the King and People or opposed his innovations which tended to the disgrace and ruin of the Kingdom That several Officers of Justice and the Finances had been undone by researches and new regulations That the City of Paris after all the extraordinary Aids they had given his Majesty had been severely taxed like other Towns and that its Burghers had been taxed at discretion under the pretty name of Benevolences That all the rest that had been exempt from such burthens were to pay so long as Cardinal Richlieu continued in the Ministry That great imposts were laid upon merchandise and that they levied the twentieth penny upon the most necessary things belonging to humane life That the Country was desolated by Soldiers and the keepers of Salt which reduced the poor Peasants to the â—â—od and hard lâ—dgings of Bâ—asts or forced them to dye of Famine or to take Arms or to â—â—g that agriculture was stopt which infinitely incommoded in Ecclesiastics the Nobility and the Burghers These were the complaints brought against Cardinal Richlieu the greatest part of which were without question very wâ—ll grounded The mischief was that the world believâ—d that if thâ—se who â—â—â—surâ—d his conduct with so much reâ—son had been to take his place they would have 〈◊〉 the same violâ—â—ces and yet had 〈…〉 capable to carry it oft with a quarter of that â—â—od management which the â—â—â—dinal discoverâ—d Lest these discountâ—â—â—d Princes and Loâ—ds should be branded for being 〈◊〉 to thâ—e 〈◊〉 they said that they had 〈…〉 that the Emperour and King of Spain should lay down their Arms along with them so soon as they could coâ—oâ—ntly obâ—â—ing sure and honour 〈…〉 they believed 〈…〉 had power to break it as he had 〈…〉 of Ratisbone and 〈…〉 every one 〈…〉 joy what of right 〈…〉 to him 〈…〉 up Arms with no other 〈…〉 peace which the Cardinal 〈…〉 to deâ—iâ—e but did not so in 〈…〉 natural they should defend themselves 〈…〉 as they were able against the violent and 〈…〉 proceedings of the Minisâ—â—â— In 〈…〉 the three Eâ—tates of the Kingdom to 〈…〉 satisfaction for 〈…〉 had done them 〈…〉 such as 〈…〉 The Paâ—◠〈…〉 the Mareschal de Chatillon enter'd into the Principality of Sedan before the Enemies were in a condition to take the Field without doing any thing remarkable there But Lamboi having joyn'd these Princes at the beginning of July they marched together on the 5th of that month with eight thousand Foot and two thousand Horse to fight the Mareschal who had a thousand Horse and a thousand Foot more than they had * Siri Mer. T. 1. l. 2. p. 418. The Relation of the Battel of Sedan in the Mem. of Montresor p. 398. The Mareschal had positive Orders not to hazard a Battel and he only propos'd to himself to hinder them from passing the Meuse and entering the Kingdom according to the instructions he had received But the Enemies having passed the River within a quarter of a
that were in Yvrce to march that way but afterwards Prince Thomas would not let them come in again The Cardinal of Savoy likewise turn'd Tuttavilla who commanded the Spanish Troops out of Nice making him embark by himself without suffering him to speak to any one in a Brigandine under pretence that they had received advice that he design'd to surprize the Castle of Villa Franca After this it was no difficult matter to turn out the Troops that were destitute of their Leader so that the Cardinal found himself in a condition to conclude with France and his Sister-in-Law without running any hazard He afterwards married his own Neice daughter to the Dutchess of Savoy altho there was a great disparity between their ages The Duke of Longueville was ordered to command the Army in Italy and Prince Thomas concerted measures with him to regain the places which the Spaniards still held in Piedmont and to attack the Milanese This they began to perform with great success while Italy was embroil'd in the War of the Barberines against the Duke of Parma as I shall hereafter observe The States General of the * Ib. 310. Vnited Provinces having resolved to act only upon the defensive this year the Spaniards had no occasion to oppose them with a considerable Body of men So they turned the whole forces of the Low Countries against France and attackt Lens on the 17th of April with an Army of twenty five thousand men commanded by D. Francisco de Mello Governor of the Low Countries D' Anisy who was Governor of the place acquitted himself so ill in his duty that the Enemy took part of the Out-works without any resistance and enter'd into it by composition on the 19th The Count d' Harcourt who commanded ten thousand men in Picardy being inform'd of his Cowardice condemn'd him by a Council of War to have his Head struck off if he could be taken or to be executed in Essigies in the Market-place at Peronne in case they could not apprehend him Upon the news of Lens being besieg'd * Antoine de Grammont who was made Mareschal of France the 22 of Sep. 1641. the Mareschal de Guiche with a small Army which he had to cover Champagne marcht to the relief of the place but when he heard it was surrender'd he went to Peronne which was the rendezvous of the Count d' Harcourt's Army whom he was to joyn A few days after the taking of Lens D. Francisco de Mello went to lay Siege to Bassee a small place well fortified by the French since it was in their hands The Spanish General needed not many Pioneers to work on the Circumvallation because it was cover'd by the River Lis and several Canals into which the Country is cut except on one side for the compass of a league where he made his Retrenchments so strong that it was impossible to force them The French sent fifteen thousand men to observe them but durst not attack them and altho the Siege went on slowly by reason of the brave resistance of the Garrison nevertheless the Spaniards carried the Outworks by little and little so that Bourdonne Governor of the place having no hopes to be relieved surrendred it on the 13th of May upon very honourable conditions The Garrison which had been at the beginning three thousand strong had not then above two thousand four hundred several of which were sick or wounded The Spanish Army stay'd within their Lines till the 24th of May after which they separated in two bodies to oblige the French who were weaker than they to do the same The Count d' Harcourt went to encamp near Hedin at the Abbey of Cercamp and the Mareschal de Guiche near Catelet at that of Honnecourt The latter had intrench'd himself slightly enough near a Wood which he thought to be impenetrable by an Army and therefore had not made any Retrenchments on that side Whether D. Francisco de Mello was inform'd of it or no he march'd directly to him with the greatest part of his Forces * The 26 of May. While they attackt the Retrenchments on one side on the other they entred the Wood by dislodging some of the French that were there and put themselves in Battel between the Wood and the Camp Altho the French fought with a great deal of Bravery and return'd several times to the Charge yet being much inferiour in number they were at last obliged to give way and fly They lost fifteen hundred men and left above two thousand Prisoners in the hands of the Spaniards who likewise gain'd the greatest part of the Colours and an hundred thousand Crowns in Money which was design'd for the payment of the Army They on their side lost but very few men and might almost have taken the whole French Army Prisoners if they had pursued them with more vigour The Mareschal grown desperate to see himself defeated stay'd a long time in the Abbey on purpose to be made a Prisoner and it was not without a great deal of difficulty that he was perswaded to leave it After the loss of this Battel Picardy which was destitute of forces sufficient to defend it expected to be pillaged in a few days because the King was then in Rousillon as I shall observe anon and could not put things in order there But the Spanish General instead of making the best advantage of his Victory stay'd a long time to deliberate whether he should march into Germany to fall upon the * The King made him Mareschal a Naibon as well as la Mo he Hauâ—ancourt Mareschal de Guebriant or else enter France to oblige the Armies which attackt Rousillon and Catalonia to come and defend their own Kingdom It was believed that D. Francisco de Mello would not fail to do the latter at least after he had reposed himself a few days but he did not resolve what measures to take pretending that he had receiv'd Orders from Madrid not to engage the Army in any considerable enterprize because cause the Court of Spain had thoughts to employ them upon another occasion which I shall mention anon but was already past and the Governor of the Low Countries knew nothing of it The Cardinal was at Frontignan when he receiv'd the news of the Mareschal's defeat who had married one of his Relations and how much he took it to heart So he writ him this Letter which I thought it not amiss to set down Men may do all that prudence and the present occasions suggest to them but the event is in the hand of God The best Captain in the world may lose a Battel and when such a misfortune befalls him he ought to comfort himself if he did all that he could and ought to do Take heart therefore my poor Count and omit nothing that lies in your power to hinder this accident which has happen'd to you from being attended with any ill consequences If I had a strong Arm I would offer
Book of Pufendorf Hist Rer. Suec Leonard Torstenson General of the Swedes defeated them twice in the course of this Campaign In Silesia he cut to pieces the Emperors Army commanded by Francis Albert Duke of Saxe-Lawenburg and took him Prisoner and he defeated the Arch-Duke Leopold near Leipsic He took several considerable places and got several other advantages â—ver the Imperialists The Count de Guebriant with some French Troops and the remainder of the Duke of Weymar's Army which he commanded ever since the departure of the Duke of Longueville contributed mightily to these Victories altho he was at a great distance from the Swedes because he obliged a considerable Body of the Imperial Troops to be upon the Rhine Towards the beginning of the year he * Siri Mer. T. 2. l. 1. p. 4 c. entered into the Archbishoprick of Colen with seven thousand Men and five pieces of Cannon The Count de Herbestein joyn'd him with four thousand men of the Troops of the Landgrave of Hesse and nine Field pieces They besieged Ordinguen together and took it by Capitulation altho Lamboi was within three Leagues of the Place with twelve thousand men But whether he believed the Town would hold out longer or that he was minded to stay till General Hazfeldt joyned him he made no movement The Count de Guebriant receiving advice that these two Generals designed to joyn one another resolved to attack Lamboi altho he was entrenched in a very advantageous place and was full as strong as himself that he might not have them both upon his hands at a time He divided his Arm into three Bodies one of which was composed of French commanded by himself the other of Hessians commanded by their own General and the third of the Troops of the Duke of Weymar under General Tubadel In this order he attacked the intrenchments of the Imperialists and after a long resistance beat them on three sides and put Lamboi to the rout notwithstanding all the efforts he made to rally his men This General grown desperate at the defeat of his Army return'd to the Charge with a small reserve and after he had given great proofs of his bravery was oblig'd to surrender himself Prisoner He lost three thousand men upon the spot besides fourteen hundred Prisoners among whom were the principal Officers as well as the Gâ—neral After this the Count de Gâ—â—briant * The 26 of January took the Town of Nuys and several other small places in the Electorate of Colen where he committed great ravages There was a hot discourse this year of a place of Congress to treat of a general Peace and Passports for the Ambassadors that were to meet there The * Siri Mâ—â— T. 2. l. 2. p. 1064. Spaniards for their particular desired to conclude a Truce for two years with France hoping in that time to make new preparations for carrying on the War but France was in too formidable a posture to consent to it and the Cardinal declared he would listen to nothing but a Peace by which he pretended to keep some places to make a descent upon Germany or Flanders whenever the King pleased The unnatural disorders in England still continued and the King being necessitated to declare War against his two Houses of Parliament engaged himself in those unfortunate Broils which he was never able to master and in the end proved fatal to him He was suspected in France to be inclined to Spain and in England to have a leaning towards France The Ambassador of this last Crown having addressed himself to the Parliament after the King had broke with them this Prince was extremely offended at it and sent great complaints of this procedure to the Court of France Lewis XIII answered that it was without his orders and to convince the English Envoy that it was so he promised to call this Ambassador home which was accordingly performed soon after However several persons were of opinion that he durst never have appeared in a matter of this consequence at least without an order from the Chief Minister who for his part was not sorry to have these disturbances last longer it being to be feared that England jealous of the Grandeur of France would declare for Spain as soon as their troubles were over The French Ambassador nevertheless protested to the King of England that he had done nothing but with a design to induce the Parliament to a Peace and it was said in France that it was not the Interest of that Crown to suffer the authority of the Parliament to encrease too much because that Calvinism would be then more strongly estabâ—ished in England and that this Religion might be of ill example to the Calvinists of France But after all nothing was done in favour of the King to support him against the Parliament and in the sequel France openly declared for Oliver Cromwel Protector of England for fear lest he should joyn with the Spaniards Italy which perhaps would have concerned it self one way or t'other and declared for the weakest side was still strangely disordered Notwithstanding the * Ib. l. 1. p. 178. intervention of most of the powers of Italy to accommodate the Duke of Parma with the Barberines the latter not only pretended to keep whâ—â— they had gotten into their hands but that the Duke should go to beg pardon of the Pope They caused him to be cited at Rome to make his appearance there at a certain time under pain of excommunication and as the Duke was better advised than to venture himself there the Pope brandished the Ecclesiastical Thunder against him on the 13th of January Nay they talked of putting his dominions under an Interdict but as they were sensible that all the Powers which had interceeded for that Prince would declare for him if things were carried to those extremities they laid aside that design In the mean time the Duke took all possible measures to secure himself of the fidelity of his Subjects as well of the Laity as the Church-men and continued to make preparations of War necessary for his defence The Pope did the same on his side and it was feared that he would soon swallow up the rest of the Duke of Parma's dominions At last * Ib. l. 2. 3. after several negotiations to no purpose the Republic of Venice the great Duke of Florence and the Duke of Modena made a defensive League with the Duke of Parma to oppose the progress of the Pope's Army in case he attempted any new conquests and to oblige him to surrender Castro to the Duke of Parma The Troops of Venice and Florence were ordered to advance towards the Dutchy of Parma the Modenois to move as the Popes Army should do and the Duke of Parma was ready to make an irruption into the Ecclesiastical State This was the face of affairs in Italy at the beginning of the Campaign in the year 1642. The Barberines being informed of the
experiment whether he knew more than the rest of his profession The same day he took some of his Water and Pills before dinner and seem'd to be somewhat the better for them however he continu'd to take his leave of those that were about him with a strong hearty voice and a serence countenance and appear'd not to have the least concern upon his mind The King came to see him again after dinner and exprest all imaginable marks of a real affection About five a clock having taken a new Pill he fancied himself to be much better and on the 4th of December in the morning after he had taken some Physick his Fever seem'd to be abated and his Friends thought him out of danger But in a few hours he sell into so great a weakness that they easily perceiv'd him to be now in his last agonies Then a certain Religious whose name was Pere Leon kneeling before his Bed asked him if being now in the last momâ—nts of his life when he was going to render an account to God of all his actions and was upon the brink of Eternity he would not receive the last Absolution The Cardinal giving a sign that he desired it the Religious replyed that while the delluxion took away the free use of his Tongue he ought to joyn in Spirit to what was said and for a sign of his sincere repentance he desir'd him to squeeze his hand which he did After this the usual Prayers for dying persons were said and they gave him every moment spoonfuls of Wine to support him In the mean time a cold sweat seized him and about noon as he repeated In manus tuas Domine he gave up the Ghost without any struggling or violence Thus died this great Minister in the fifty eighth year of his life the eighteenth of his Ministry and the ninth month of his sickness after a Fever of six days continuance He had made his Will at Narbonne on the 23d of May the several * Seâ— iâ— in Shir Mer. T. 2. l. 3. and at the end of his Life by Aubery Articles of which I shall not give my self the trouble to set down here I shalt only take notice that besides the Palais Cardinal and some other things which he had given the King by way of Contract he bequeathed to hâ—m eight suits of Tapistry and three Beds to serve as part of the Furniture for the principal Apartments of that Palace the Hotel before it which he design'd to have turn'd into a Square and what was more considerable the summ of fifteen hundred thousand Livres which he said had done him very good servive in the greatest affairs of State so that if he had not had that Money at his disposal some designs which succeeded happily would in all probability have miscarried for which reason he begg'd of his Majesty to keep such a summ always ready by him to employ it upon pressing occasions when he had no other Money in his Coffers He likewise desired that his Library might be kept entire and that the Sorbonne might name three persons out of which number the Dukes of Richlieu might choose one to be Bibliothecaire with a pension of a thousand Livres per annum Besides this he rewarded all those that had served him and with whom he was satisfied unless he had otherwise recompenced them when he was alive When a man compares his Legacies and his other Donations with those that abundance of Princes reward their Servants with he fancies he reads the Testament of a King when he reads his and that he sees the Wills of private persons when he reads those of some Princes Tho he left a prodigious wealth to Armand de Maille his Nephew and his other Heirs yet it may with justice be affirm'd that he did not drain the Royal Exchequer to enrich them that he scarce ever suffer'd the Kings Armies to want and that he neglected no favourable opportunity for want of being at some expence which are the ordinary faults that most Ministers of State may be charged with His Body being open'd the Doctors found two Imposthumes one of them had broke some time before and the other kill'd him in the breaking His Lungs were tainted but the rest of his Entrails were found Those that have writ the History of his Life have observed that the * Aubery Siri Organs of the Vnderstanding were found double or treble in him but don't tell us what parts of the Brain they take to be the Organs of the Understanding after which they add that people attributed the vivacity of his mind and the force of his Judgment to this I leave it to the Anatomists and Philosophers to pass their judgment upon this remark His Body lay exposed to publick view three or four days in his Cardinal's habit upon a Brocard Bed A Duke's Coronet lay at his feet on one side and on the other a Ducal Mantle At the Beds feet stood a Cross and several Silver Flambeaux adorn'd with lighted Tapers On the 13th of December his Body was carried to the Church of the Sorbonne upon a Chariot cover'd with a Pall of black Velvet crossed with white Sattin on which were his Arms. This Chariot was drawn by six Horses with coverings trailing on the ground of the same Stuff His Pages marched on his side with Tapers of white Wax in their hands An infinite number of people followed the Herse some in Coaches others on Horseback and on foot On the 28th of January a solemn service was celebrated for him at Notre-Dame to which the Soveraign Courts were invited The terms of the invitation were as follow Noble and devont persons pray for the Soul of the most high most powerful and most virtuous the most illustrious and eminent Lord ARMAND JOHN DU PLESSIS Cardinal of Richlieu Duke Peer Grand Master and Intendant of the Navigation and Commerce of France one of the Prelates and Commanders of the Order of the Holy Ghost Chief of the Council and Principal Minister of State to the King for whose Soul Services and Prayers shall be kept in the Church of Paris in which place next Monday after noon will be said the Vespers and Vigils of the Dead and on Tuesday the day following his solemn service will be celebrated at ten in the morning Pray to God that he would be merciful to his Soul On the fourteenth of February another grand Service was kept for him in the Church of the Sorbonne where Isaac Hubert a Divine of Notre-Dame and afterwards Bishop of Vabres made his Funeral Harangue Such was the Death and such was the Funeral of the Cardinal of Richlieu whose * Siri Aub. description both as to his body and mind is after this manner He had an agreeable air tho he was lean he was of a delicate stature and tall enough He was of a tender constitution and his unwearied application to business still made it weaker As for his Wit it was
deceive the Princes of Italy b. 306 365. Bassee taken by the French b. 295. And re-taken by the Spaniards b. 326. Bassompierre Francis of commands the Army of Campagne a. 36. Is made a Mareschal de Camp in the Army of Anjou Ib. 42. Made a Mareschal of France Ib. 67. His Embassy into Swisserland a. 162. His Embassy into England Ib. 195. Lieutenant General before Rochel a. 218. Of the Army of Susa Ib. 309. Refuses the Cardinal to secure the Swisses for him a. 356. Sent to the Bastile Ib. 373. Bearn The re-establishment of the Catholic Religion in that Country a. 50. Makes an insurrection and is reduced Ib. 55. Beaufort Duke of flies into England b. 352. Bellegarde Duke of sent to Anger 's to the Queen Mother a. 41. Ruins the affairs of that Princess by his delay Ib. 43. Comes back to Court to negotiate in the name of Monsieur a. 325. Belliévre Ambassadour of France in England b. 219. His Sentiments upon the Trial of the Duke de la Valette b. 225 Berule Peter of sent to Rome for the Marriage of Henrietta Maria a. 84. His Death a. 324. The Judgment the Cardinal pass'd upon it ibid. Biscay displeased at their Vsage from the Court of Madrid b. 355 Blainville sent to negotiate with the Queen-Mother a. 33 34 Ambassadour in England ibid. 162 c. Boizeaval Valet de Chambre to the King b. 218 Bologne the Country about destroy'd and ravag'd by Cantelmo b. 328 Bottero Prince of blocked up in Tarragon b. 303 Bouillon Mareschal of the Broils he was concerned in a. 5 6 8 12 13 Bouillon Duke of an Enemy to the Cardinal b. 309. Is reconciled to the King b. 323. Goes into Italy b. 340. Apprehended at Casal b. 345. Carried to Lions b. 346. Confesses b. 348. Loses the City of Sedan to save his Life b. 353 Bourdeaux Archbishop of Commands the French Fleet b. 168. Gains a Victory at Sea over the Spaniards b. 211. Chases their Fleet b. 300. Beats them before Tarragon b. 303. Is beaten and disgraced b. 304. Braganza Duke of made King of Portugal b. 261 Breme besieged and taken by Leganez b. 202 Breves Governour of the Duke of Anjou turned away a. 88 Brezé Marquis of made Mareschal of France b. 46. Commands the Army in the Low-Countries b. 147. The Mareschal de Brezé takes Sens b. 295. Is made Viceroy of Catalonia b. 306. Goes to Barcelona ibid. Brezé Marquis of attacks the Spanish Fleet b. 300 Brisac taken by the Duke of Weymar b. 208. Falls into the hands of France b. 249 Brulard See Puysieux Buckingham Duke of why he wou'd make a War upon France a. 210. Makes a Descent upon the Isle of Rhée a. 212. His Manifesto ib. 213. The Fault he committed ib. 215. Beaten out of the Island ib. 219. Kill'd at Plimouth a. 235 Buel Eugenius defends Arras b. 256 Bullion Ambassadour in Piedmont a. 197. Made Superintendant of the Finances b. 46. At his Death accuses the Cardinal with being the cause of the War b. 315 C. Caen the Citadel of that Town attack'd and taken a. 38 Campanella Thomas his Prediction that Gaston should never be King a. 292 Cantelmo d'André ravages the Country about Bologne b. 328 Capelle taken by the Spaniards b. 169. Retaken by the French b. 188 Caracciolo Mestre de Camp to the Spaniards beaten by the Duke of Savoy a. 117 Cardinal Infanta his Irruption into Picardy b. 169. Defeats Seven thousand Men belonging to the States b. 209. Raises the Siege of Gueldres ib. Tries in vain to relieve Arras b. 256. And to relieve Aire b. 293. Besieges it again b. 294. Dies b. 296 Carmail Count of sent to Prison b. 143 Casal vainly attack'd by Duke Gonzales de Cordova a. 295. By Spinola a. 343. Delivered a. 352 Casal receives a French Garrison that did not stir out of it b. 23 202 Castres a Hugonot City ill used by the Parliament of Toulouse a. 142 Catalonia rebels b. 258. Calls in the French b. 259 Yields it self up to France b. 299 Catelet taken by the Spaniards b. 169. Retaken by the French b. 209 Caussin a Jesuit Confessor to Lewis XIII in disgrace b. 196 c. Cengio taken by the Spaniards b. 224 Caesar de Gonzaga Duke of Guastalla pretends to the Dukedom of Mantua a. 225. Accommodates his Affairs b. 13 Chalais Henry de Tallerand Marquis of the History his Designs and of his Death a. 185 c. 189 S. Chamond Marquis of the King's Lieutenant in Provence b. 8 Chambers of Justice establish'd by the Cardinal a. 189. b. 11 28. For the trial of Cinq-mars b. 348 Chanteloube Father raises a Difference between the Queen-Mother and the Duke of Orleans b. 52. Injures the Queen's Affairs ibid. 56 76 c. 110 Charles I. King of England the ill Conduct of this King in relation to his Marriage a. 87 162. Begins to quarrel ibid. 165 210. And makes a Peace with France ibid. 312. Complains of France b. 361 Charles de Gonzaga Duke of Nevers comes to be Duke of Mantua a. 225. How he took possession of it ibid. c. 289. France favours him a. 293. The Spaniards and the Emperour endeavour to turn him out of it a. 294 297 300 305. Weakly assisted by France and the Venetians a. 297 299 301. Not able to support himself a. 304 343. Beaten out of his Dominions a. 343. Accommodates his Affairs b. 13. Dies b. 193 Charles Emanuel his Design upon Genoua a. 106. His Preparations for that end a. 110. Difference of Opinion between him and the Constable de Lesdeguieres about the attack of the Genouese ibid. 111. His Faults a. 112. Misunderstanding between him and the Constable ib. 118. A Fault he commits ib. 120. Projects against the Spaniards ibid. 130. Complains of the Treaty of Monzon ibid. 176. They endeavour to appease him ibid. 197. Enters into Montferrat a. 294 295 Charles Emanuel designs to amuse France a. 307. Is reconciled to her ib. 310. The Proposals he makes to the Cardinal a. 334. Escapes from Rivoli to Turin ibid. 336. Dies a. 345. His good and bad Qualities ib. Charles Emanuel Son to Victor Amadeo Duke of Savoy b. 224 Châteauneuf Ambassador at Venice and in the Valteline and in Switzerland a. 198. c. Made Keeper of the Seals 361. They are taken from him b. 58 Châtillon Count of made a Mareschal of France a. 66. Sent to command the Army in the Low-Countries b. 148. Takes Yvoix b. 188. Besieges St. Omers in vain ibid. 208. Is disgraced ibid. 209. Commands in Champaigne and observes the Motions of Piccolomini b. 240. Retakes Yvoix ibid. 241. Goes to besiege Arras b. 256. Commands the Army in Champaigne b. 316. Defeated by Lamboi b. 322 c. Chavigny the Conference he had with the Nuncio Scoti b. 237 Chevreuse Dutchess of beloved and ill used by the Cardinal a. 192 Christina of France Tutoress of the Children she had by Victor Amadeo b. 193 Christina the perplexity
Cardinal b. 309 310 311 Richlieu See Plessis la Richerie apprehended accuses several Persons b. 310 Riviere Abbot of an unfaithful Servant of Monsieur a. 184. Imprisoned and set at liberty b. 178 Rochelle Forts built about that City a. 68. Makes War against the King a. 101. Burns some French and Dutch Ships ib. 143. Their Fleet is beaten ib. 147. They obtain a Peace a. 158. The English promise to relieve them ib. 165 c. Treat afresh with the King ib. 168. Of what importance this Place is to England ib. 210. Block'd up by a Royal Army a. 219. Demands Assistance of England ib. 210 220 c. A Digue that shut up the Harbour ib. 227. Continuation of its Siege a. 230 c. Extreme scarcity in that City a. 232. Endeavours in vain to shut out the unprofitable Mouths a 232 236. The English endeavour in vain to relieve it a. 234 238 c. The City parlies a. 241. Capitulates and surrenders a. 248 Rohan Henry Duke of Chief of the Hugonots a. 57. Throws Relief into Montauban a. 59. Causes Montpellier to surrender a. 67. He begins the War afresh ib. 141. Rises a third time ib. 214 293. Treats with the King 314 Rohan Henry Duke of goes to the Grisons b. 64. His Progress and Victories in the Valteline b. 156. Tries in vain to join the Duke of Savoy b. 164. Oblig'd to abandon the Valteline b. 189 191. Goes to the Duke of Weymar b. 207. Dies ibid. Rome the manner of treating with that Court a. 106 Rossiglione a Defeat of the Genoueses near that Place a. 115 Roussillon a Design to conquer it b. 329 Roye taken by the Spaniards b. 170. Retaken by the French b. 173 S. Salces taken by the Prince of Condé b. 241. Retaken by the Marquis of Spinola b. 242 c. Surrenders to the French b. 256 Sardinia a Descent made by the French Fleet upon that Island b. 185 Savoy conquer'd by Lewis XIII a. 342 Savoy the Broils of the House of Savoy after the death of Victor Amadeo b. 193 c. 224 c. 228 236 288 Savoy Cardinal of his Designs upon Piedmont b. 326 c. Siezes upon Nice and Villa Franca b. 232. Adjusts his Differences with France and with his Sister-in-Law b. 325. Turns the Spanish Garrisons out of Nice and Villa Franca ibid. Schenck a Fort taken by the Spaniards b. 151 Schomberg Count of loses his Office of Superintendant of the Finances a. 69. Made a Mareschal of France a. 139. Relieves the Isle of Rhée ib. 218. Commands a Body of Men by himself in Italy a. 348. Goes to relieve Casal 351 Scoti the Nuncio his Conference with Chavigny b. 236. Ill us'd by the Court of France ib. 238 Seguier Peter made Chancellor of France b. 157. Goes to interrogate the Queen b. 216 217 Senecey Marchioness of remov'd from Court b. 250 Serbellon John trick'd by the Duke of Rethel a. 226. Beaten by the Duke of Rohan b. 156. Besieges Leucate and raises the Siege b. 186 187 Serignan enters into Catalonia b. 297 Serravalle an Overthrow of the Spaniards near that Place a. 115 Sillery Commandeur of recall'd from his Embassie at Rome a. 74 Sillery Chancellor depriv'd of the Seals a. 72 Silvio Emanuel de Savoy defends Yvrée b. 289 S. Simon a Favourite of the King a 195 Sirvela Count of Governour of Milan his Incapacity in War b. 290. Displeases Prince Thomas of Savoy b. 324 Socoa taken by the Spaniards b. 167. Abandon'd b. 296 Soissons Count of retires into Italy a. 193. Complains of the Cardinal ib. 223. Received by the Count de Bethune in spight of the Cardinal ib. 224 Soissons Count of a discourse of marrying him to Combalet b. 13 26. Mortified by the Cardinal ib. 132 144. Commands the Army in Picardy b. 170. Is Lieutenant-General of the Army of Picardy b. 171. Joins with Monsieur against the Cardinal b. 174. Flies away and retires to Sedan b. 176. Negotiations on foot to bring him back b. 177. His Reconciliation b. 179 183. His new Quarrels with the Cardinal b. 308 c. 312. His Manifesto against the Cardinal b. 317. Declar'd guilty of High-Treason by the Parliament b. 321. Is kill'd in the Battel of Sedan 322 c. Sondrio taken by the Marquis de Coeuvres a. 98 Soubise beaten out of the Isle of Rhée a. 64. Takes Six of the King's Vessels at Blavet ib. 102. He makes a Descent in several places ib. 141. Goes into England a. 146. How he was receiv'd there a. 164 Sourdis Cardinal of his Opinion in the Assembly of the Notables at Fontainbleau a. 155 Spada the Nuncio his Negotiations in the Court of France a. 81 84. concerning the Valteline a. 95 136. Offends the Cardinal ib. 153 Spain the Weakness of that Crown in 1642. b. 335 354 Spain over-sighted in the Conduct of the Spaniards a. 128 Spaniards complain in the Year 1633. of the French b. 64. The Answer of the latter b. 64 65. Spaniards a great Errour they committed in assisting the King to take Rochelle a. 217 228 Spaniards A Pretence of Religion that they cunningly made use of a. 148 Spinola Ambrose his Advice upon the Siege of Rochelle a. 228. Condemns the Conduct of the Spaniards ib. Besieges Casal a. 343. Falls out with the Emperor's Generals and with the Duke of Savoy a. 347. Falls sick ib. and dies a. 348 Spinola D. Philip takes Pontesture a. 343 States of the Kingdom assembled under Lewis XIII a. 7 The States abolish'd in France a. 202 States-General of the United Provinces assist the King against the Rochellers a. 143. Their Treaty with the King in 1627 a. 217. Another Treaty with the King in 1633 b. 61. Weary of the War with Spain b. 145. Nevertheless make a League with France b. 146. Make some Offers to the Cardinal which he does not accept b. 168. Make a new Treaty with France b. 172 Strigio Count firmly espouses the Interest of the Duke of Nevers a. 225 227 Spire attack'd and taken by the French b. 135 Sweden their League with France renew'd b. 61 Swisses their ill Politicks a. 121 Sully Duke of banish'd the Court a. 5 Susa the Pass of that City forc'd a. 309 Surrenders to the French ibid. T. Targon Pompey Engenier endeavours in vain to shut up the Harbour of Rochelle a. 227 Tarragon block'd up by the French b. 302 c. Tellieres Count of Ambassador in England a. 80. Call'd home ib. 90. Themines Marquis of made a Mareschal of France a. 13. Has the Government of Bretaigne ib. 194. Thoiras John de S. Bonet of makes a Descent upon the Isle of Rhée a. 145. Fortifies himself there ibid. 210. Goes to Casal a. 311. Takes some Places by force a. 327. Press'd hard in Casal a. 342 346. Made a Mareschal of France a. 354 Thoiras Mareschal of Commands the Army of the Duke of Savoy in Quality of his Lieutenant b. 161. Is kill'd b. 163 Thomas of Savoy Prince enters into the