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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
state_n	council_n	majesty_n	privy_a	1,209	5	9.6979	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A06789	The maintenance of free trade according to the three essentiall parts of traffique; namely, commodities, moneys and exchange of moneys, by bills of exchanges for other countries, or, An answer to a treatise of free trade, or the meanes to make trade flourish, lately published. ... By Gerard Malynes merchant.	Malynes, Gerard, fl. 1586-1641.	1622 (1622)	STC 17226; ESTC S120064	50,433	116

THE MAINTENANCE OF FREE TRADE ACCORDING TO THE THREE ESSENTIALL Parts of Traffique Namely COMMODITIES MONEYS and Exchange of Moneys by Bills of Exchanges for other Countries OR An answer to a Treatise of Free Trade or the meanes to make Trade flourish lately Published Contraria iuxta se Posita magis Elucescunt By GERARD MALYNES Merchant LONDON Printed by I. L. for William Sheffard and are to bee sold at his shop at the entring in of Popes head Allie out of Lumbard street 1622. TO THE MOST HIGH and mighty Monarch IAMES by the grace of God King of great Britaine France and Ireland Defender of the Faith c. TRaffique Most Dread and gracious Soueraigne by Nature Admirable and by Art Amiable being the Sole peacible Instrument to inrich Kingdomes and Common-weales may properly be called The Praeheminent studie of Princes the rather because the Sacred wisdome hath approued this Axiom That a King is miserable how rich soeuer he be if he Raignes ouer a poore people and that that Kingdome is not able to subsist how Rich and Potent soeuer the people be if the King bee not able to maintaine his Estate Both which being Relatiues are depending vpon Traffique and Trade which is performed vnder Three Simples or Essentiall parts namely Commodities Moneys and Exchange for Moneys by Bills Whereupon hauing lately perused a Treatise intituled Free Trade or The meanes to make Trade flourish wherein the Author either ignorantly or wilfully hath omitted to handle The Praedominant Part of Trade namely the Mystery of Exchange which is the Publike measure betweene vs and other Nations according to which all our Commodities are bought and sold in forraine parts his only Scope being to haue the Moneys of the Kingdome inhaunced in price and the forraine Coynes made Currant within the Realme at high Rates whereby great inconueniences will follow I could not but bee moued both by my faithfull alleageance due vnto your Maiestie and the obseruant duty owing by mee to the Publike good To make an answere to the materiall points of the saide Treatise by comparing things by contraries for the better illustration the rather for that it was published in Articulo temporis when your Maiesties vigilant Princely Care had beene pleased to referre the Consideration of this important businesse of State to the learned Lord Vizcount Maundeuile Lord President of your Maiesties most Honourable Priuy Councell and other persons of knowledge and experience amongst whom although vnworthy my selfe was called and our opinions were certified vnto your Highnesse For the Consideration of this weighty matter of great Consequence is absolutely to be submitted vnto your High Wisedome and Transcendent iudgement by meanes whereof according to the saying of Epictetus the Philosopher Hoc est Maximè iudicis Aptare Vniuersalia singularibus All Causes both Ecclesiasticall and Ciuill are obserued discerned and applyed to their proper and determinate ends Your Maiestie therefore may bee pleased to vouchsafe with a gracious aspect the reading of this small Treatise which like vnto the little fish mentioned by Plutarch swimming before the great Whale giuing notice of dangerous shallow places shall be amply explained in a Volume almost imprinted intituled Lex Mercatoria or the Auncient Lawe Merchant which in all humility is to bee presented vnto your most Sacred Maiesty wherein the dangerous Rockes to be auoyded in the Course of Traffique and the meanes therunto conducing are manifested for the preseruation and augmentation of the wealth of your Highnesse Realmes and Dominions to bee effected by the Rule of iustice grounded vpon Aequality and Aequity according to Ius gentium which is chiefly maintained by the Lawe Merchant The knowledge whereof is of such moment that all other Temporall Lawes without it are not compleate but imperfect Worthy of commendation are those offices who can by Prouidēce preserue the Treasure of Kings and Common-weales worthier are those that both by honest and lawfull meanes can preserue and augment them but worthiest of all immortall praise are these who can and doe by easie iust and Politike meanes inrich Kingdomes and Common-weales and thereby fill the Princes Coffers with standing Treasure to serue all occasions in the two seasons which Princes are to care for obserued by the Emperour Iustinian namely the Time of Warre when Armes are necessary and the time of Peace more fitting wholesome Lawes In the Theoricke Part of which Study I haue these forty yeares spent much time and charges at the pleasure of great personages and albeit nothing did encounter mee but ingratitude yet my constancy to spend the Remainder of my dayes therein in hope of Practise is as immoueable as the continuance of my daily prayers to the Great Iehouah to multiply your Maiesties dayes as the dayes of heauen London the 25. of October 1622. Your Maiesties most Loyall Subiect Gerard Malynes THE Maintenance of Free Trade According to the Three Essentiall parts of Traffique namely Commodities Monyes and Exchange of Monyes by billes of Exchanges for other Countries NATVRALL Mother wit did teach man before Arts or Sciences were inuented that of all things and in all humane actions the Beginning Progresse Continuance and Termination or End is to bee obserued whereupon Politicians or Statesmen haue noted that the often comparing of a thing vnto his Principle or Originall produceth the longer continuance shewing by digresion how the same is decayed and may bee reduced to the first integrity and goodnesse For there was neuer any thing by the wit of man so well deuised or so sure established which in continuance of time hath not bin corrupted The consideration whereof is most requisite in the reformation of the course of Traffique as a matter eminent for the good and welfare of Commonweales and especially for England Quia vita ciuilis in societate posita est Societ as autem in imperio commercio According to this rule let vs obserue that all the Traffique and Trade betweene vs and forraine nations is performed vnder three Simples which are the essentiall Parts thereof namely Commodities Monyes and Exchange of money by Bills for forraine Parts which may be aptly compared to the Body Soule and Spirit of Traffique The First as the Body vpheld the world by Commutation and Bartring of commodities vntill money was deuised to bee coyned The Second as the Soule in the Body did infuse life to Traffique by the meanes of Equality and Equity preuenting aduantage between Buyers and Sellers The Third as the Spirit and faculty of the soule beeing seated euery where corroborateth the Vitall spirit of Traffique directing and controlling by iust proportions the prices and values of commodities and monyes Now euen as monyes were inuented to bee coyned of the purest mettals of siluer and gold to bee the Square and Rule to set a price vnto all commodities and other things whatsoeuer within the Realme and therefore called Publica Mensura euen so is exchange of monyes by Bills The Publike

prooue vnprofitable They maintaine a certaine peace and assurance in the course of their gouernment which consisteth thereby This Trade of the Hollanders for the East-Indies began vpon the Embargoes made in Spain of their goods and interruption of their Trade wherein they did associate themselues with the Germanes to disperse and vent their said India commodities better and speedier To this Argument appertaineth the consideration of the Trades out of Christendome maintained for the most part with ready moneys As for Turkie and Persia wherein the abundance of Siluer and Gold come into Europe since the West Indies were discouered is to be noted which hath made euery thing dearer according to the increase of money which like vnto an Ocean diuiding the Course into seueral branches in diuers Countries hath caused a great alteration But England doth not participate by the Course of Traffique a proportionable Competent share of the said aboundance of moneys as other nations doe albeit not many yeares since we had more moneys then in times past before the saide discouery of the West Indies But we must now measure things according to the said abundance which is much diminished by the continuall exportation of moneys for the East Indies from all places of Traffique The fifth Cause of the Want of Money in England hee saith are the Warres of Christendome causing exportation of moneys and the Pirates hindering importation of money The latter is meerely a Preuention or Robbing of our monyes which are supposed might be brought in But if Pirates did not take some of our monyes it followeth not that the same should come vnto vs in specie For experience by the example of the Spanish Merchants diuerting ●…e Realls of 8. from vs for Gaine to be made 〈◊〉 forraine parts prooueth vnto vs the con●…ary Gayne beeing alwaies the Scope of Mer●…ants and to prooue that this Gayne is made ●…ally onely by the abuse of exchange which ●…herwise would be but Imaginary wee haue ●…ready declared Now touching the exportation of monyes ●…y the Warres of Christians where he declareth 〈◊〉 vrgent instance That the Riecks Doller is ●…ised two markes Lubish making the said Dol●… to twenty markes Lubish in many pla●…s of Germany whereby abundance of money 〈◊〉 drawen vnto the Mintes of those Countries ●…om all the Mines and Parts of Christendome ●…erein he is much mistaken for when moneys ●…e inhaunced they neuer are carried to the Mintes for to be conuerted into other Coyne ●…ut they remaine currant betweene man and ●…an running like a Poste-horse euery man ●…aring to receiue a losse by the fal Neither ma●…eth this any rule for merchants in places of ●…rade otherwise then that they may take ●…nowledge of the publike valuation thereof to ●…ell their Commodities accordingly by rating ●…he price of exchange vpon their former obser●…ation which being neglected or done in part ●…auseth the vnderualuation of our moneys in ●…xchange And this is the immediate Cause by ●…im first alleaged and treated of wherein the Commodities are no more Actiue then Tenderdon Steeple in Kent was the Cause of the decay of Douer hauen To make this to appeare let vs note that this Rieckx Doller being the maine and most usuall Coyne in Germany Eastland the Vnited 〈◊〉 Reconciled Countries vnder both Gouernme●… and many other places was valued at 2. ma●… Lubish euery marke being 16. shillings Lub●… or 16. Stiuers for in the yeare 1575. the 〈◊〉 Doller was still coyned in the Empire for 〈◊〉 Stiuers And was so currant by Valuation in 〈◊〉 Low Countries wherby the said shilling L●… and the Stiuer Flemish were al one but the 〈◊〉 in the Low Countries hath bin the cause of 〈◊〉 inhauncing of this Doller which was brou●… to 35. Stiuers and in the yeare 1586 to 〈◊〉 Stiuers by intermissiue Times and Valuati●… howbeit at Stoade Hamborough and other places in Germany the said Doller did remaine st●… at 32. Stiuers or two markes And as the sai●… Doller did inhaunce in price so did they coy●… new Stiuers accordingly sometimes lighte●… weight and at other times imbased by Allay 〈◊〉 Copper And yet in accompt the Stiuer did a●… doth remaine the ground of all their mony●… But the said Doller holdeth his Standard agreeable to the first Doller which is called the Burgondian Doller with the crosse of Saint Andr●… coyned in the yeare 1575. which is in finene●… tenne ounces and twelue penny weight of fi●… siluer and foure and one halfe of these Dollers were there made equiualent to our 20. shillings Starlin as a Publike measure in exchange be●…weene vs and the Low Countries Germany and all other places where this Doller was cur●…ant which made the Par or price of exchange ●…o be 24. of their shillings for 20. shillings of ●…ours according to which computation exchanges were made alwaies aboue that price both here and beyond the seas and the Stiuer of the Lowe Countries was not in value answerable thereunto for being but two ounces 17. pence with fine their 32. Stiuers for the said Doller which is foure pieces and one halfe 144. Stiuers did not containe so much fine siluer in them as the said Doller proportionably But there wanted aboue 3. shillings Flemish in the pound of 20. shillings Starlin These Dollers haue since beene imitated and made by the States of the vnited Low Prouinces in their seuerall Mintes as also by the Archduke Albertus in the reconciled Provinces And the price of them at Hamborough Stoade and other places was inhaunced but one Stiuer that is to say at thirty three Stiuers where the said Dollers went in the Low Countries by valuation for 45. Stiuers in the yeare 1586 at which time the Par of exchange was found to bee twenty foure shillings nine pence for those parts and for the Low Countries at thirty three shillings 4. pence which was so agreed vpon to our disadvantage for according to the saide 4●… Dollers at forty fiue Stiu●…rs it maketh thirty three shilling nine pence but our twenty shillings valued at tenne Stiuers for the shilling was the caus●… that it was put to thirty three shillings four●… pence My selfe being there a Commissione●… appointed by the Councell Table with Sir Richard Martin Knight and Monsieur Ortell Mo●…sieur Coase and Monsieur Valcke Commissioners for the States of the vnited Prouinces This Doller is since that time inhaunced t●… fifty two Stiuers in the Lowe Prouinces whic●… maketh the price of exchange aboue thirty eight shillings or rather thirty nine shillings and shall we suffer this and not alter our price of exchange accordingly but be contented to take thirty foure shillings or thirty fiue shillings and after that rate vndersell all the Commoditis of the kingdome and suffer also because of this gaine our monyes to be exported the Realls of 8. to bee debarred from vs to bee brought in and carried to other Countries for bringing a losse to the importer which by inhauncing of the