Selected quad for the lemma: state_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
state_n	age_n	certain_a	great_a	169	4	2.0786	3	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A49578	The compleat gard'ner, or, Directions for cultivating and right ordering of fruit-gardens and kitchen-gardens with divers reflections on several parts of husbandry, in six books : to which is added, his treatise of orange-trees, with the raising of melons, omitted in the French editions / by the famous Monsr De La Quintinye ... ; made English by John Evelyn ... ; illustrated with copper plates.; Instruction pour les jardins fruitiers et potagers. English	La Quintinie, Jean de, 1626-1688.; Evelyn, John, 1620-1706.	1693 (1693)	Wing L431; ESTC R212118	799,915	521

shew some signs of Life tho' ●it cannot thence be certainly concluded that they are really Alive For these small Sprouts are no sure Proof that the Trees are Recovered especially at the Lower End where the great Difficulty lies in producing a good Set of New Roots There lies the great Press of the Work of Nature in Recovering the Tree whereto are required much greater Efforts of the moving Sap than in those Parts of the Tree that are Exposed to the Air. Let us now see what passes in the other Element as soon as the Warmth of the Spring has Allay'd its Natural Cold and the Heated Air has Imparted its Warmth to the Old Roots We are therefore to Imagine that as the Sap being moved in the Bole and Branches requires more space than it took up before so being in the very same manner moved in the Roots neither can it be wholly Confined in them and that as the Sap appeared first in the Smaller and then in the Greater Branches So it observes the very same Method in the Roots also The swelling Sap breaks the Bark that contains it and gets out at every Passage it can possibly make and then this which as well as that above was Liquid in the Tree being got out grows Hard and assumes the Nature and Form of Roots in the Earth just as that in the Branches becomes Leaves Fruit New Branches c. CHAP. II. Reflections upon the Origine and the Action of the Roots THus then this First and Principal Part of Vegeration begins Namely the Producing of Roots Concerning which we are to know that in their first Formation they appear White much like Bubbles of some Clammy Fluid and that they continue of the same Colour for some days while they are shooting out and after that this Whiteness which we may call their Native and Infant Colour turns into a more Lively one something Red which represents their Riper state And while this lasts all those Greater Operations of the Roots are performed And at last after a certain number of Years succeeds a Dusky and Blackish hue which plainly shews them to be in their Declining Age Insomuch that those Roots being no longer able to perform any of their Offices they become not only Useless but also so Prejudicial to the Tree that we may fitly Resemble them to Rotten Teeth in Animals For as those if they be not pull'd out serve only to Torment and Disorder the Body so unless these Decrepit Roots be taken away the Lower Part of the Tree will I anguish and Decay And I have therefore shewn that the taking away of these Old Roots is the best means of Restoring a Languishing Tree to its former vigour Now of these Roots that first spring out some are Weak namely such as are Small and those that are Thicker are also Stronger And at the ends of the Former of these grow very small Ones which we commonly call Fibers These last seldom grow to any Considerable Bigness each Root acting in Proportion to those several Degrees of strength or weakness they naturally have at their first Formation And of these it may be truly said that they serve but to very little Purpose and that they are of no long Continuance notwithstanding all the Care and Pains that many Gard'ners take with them But for my part tho' I may have some regard to them so long as they are in the Earth yet when they are out and the Trees are to be Planted anew I cut them all quite away And this way of Dealing with them I endeavour to Justifie in another Place where I treat more particularly of this matter As to those Roots that sprung out Large and Strong and Good and took their beginning from a vigorous Principle which they could not do if they grew out of others that were themselves Small these are the chief Sinews and Strength of the Tree These as they encrease in Length and Thickness do also continually prepare and supply more of such new Matter as is proper to be sent up into the Body of the Tree both to Produce new Growths and also to Strengthen and Enlarge such as are already Produced at the upper end of it And to such Roots especially it is that those Trees that Thrive well are beholding for their Beauty Bulk and Fruitfulness And here we are to Observe that there are some Trees and Plants wherein that Sap which turns to Branches because it goes out at the Upper Part of the Tree which is Exposed to the Air would have become Roots if that part of the Tree where it made it's Passage on t had been cover'd with Earth c'est ce qui s'appelle Marcoter ou Provigner And contrariwise that Sap which in the parts under ground turns to Roots would have been Branches if it had come out above the Surface of the Earth And I heartily wish it were as easie to make Roots the same way in other Trees as it is in setting the Branches of Vines Fig-Trees Quince-Trees Goosberry-Trees Myrtle and some others for that the Advantages that would thence accrue would be vast and in a manner infinite will easily appear by a General Consideration without descending to Particulars And here it may not be Improper to add That though the Orifices which the Rarify'd Sap makes be ordinarily either Horizontal or on the Lower side of the Root yet sometimes they happen to be on the Upper side and instead of Roots send forth Shoots which grow up into New Trees This Observation is as certain as the former and yet I am so far from Demonstrating to others how the different Situation of those Orifices alone should be the Cause of such different Effects that I Ingenuously confess I could never find out a Reason sufficient to satisfie my self therein But to return to the Production of the Roots it is easie to imagine how they Encrease in Length and Thickness by comparing them to a Stream of Water which grows longer and broader and stronger according as the Spring from whence it arises supplies it with a greater quantity of Water For just after the same manner the Sap ascending continually from the Roots to the upper parts of the Tree is made use of in all those New Productions we there behold But I could never yet think of any Material Agent that might in the least Represent the manner how the Roots those especially of Trees Newly Planted do at the same time Grow themselves and Convey Sap to their Trees And if I were not afraid of Disparaging the Glorious Nature of the Angels I should borrow a Parallel from them to make my Conceptions in this Matter the better understood For indeed those Spiritual Beings Act with all possible Perfection from the very first Moment their Creation has given them an Existence And in like manner these New Roots no sooner appear out of the Old ones but they immediately enter upon Action in searching out their own Nourishment and by

of Norway Or if on the contrary he should lay down this as the only Reason why Firrs that stand exposed to the South are the Best namely Because nothing else but the excessive Heat of the Sun can compress the Parts of that matter wherewith they are Nourished and consequently harden and strengthen the Fibers of such Trees more than of those that are not so directly exposed to its Influence How will this way of Arguing hold concerning such Firrs as are almost continually in a Frozen Condition Pray Is not Cold as apt to close and harden and strengthen any thing as Heat And is it not as usual for Rains to come from the South as from the North And consequently are not such things as as lie to the South as liable to be kept moist as those that lie towards the North From all which it appears how unsafe it is in Treating of Vegetation to go upon General Considerations And that it is much better to examine Particulars And that not barely with a Design to Feed and Gratifie a vain and useless Curiosity but especially to discover something that may be of real Use and Benefit to the Artist in the way of his Profession We shall therefore take little or no notice of such Notions as being but barely probable are not sufficient to advance any general Maxime upon and keep our selves from paying too great a defference to the Authority and being Prepossessed with all the Opinions of Persons who not contenting themselves to know and to be justly esteemed for their Skill in some Things take upon them to lay down Rules in others they do not so well understand Every Body knows that Trees that grow in an open Plain and in a dry Earth yield more Top-Wood then such as grow in a Forest and in a moist Ground But I believe it matters not much whether such Trees as grow in a Plain be more exposed to the South or to the North Such Positions being in some Countries not at all taken notice of And this is evident particularly in the Vines of Versenay which are much better when they are exposed to the North then to the South notwithstanding that General Maxim of the Ancients to the contrary Now he that taking these Words in their strict Literal Sense for an Universal Maxim should go about to Maintain and Propagate it by Reasons and Arguments would find many Dissenters from this Opinion of his and the Ancients How Necessary soever the Heat and Influences of the Sun may be in themselves and how advantageously soever any Plant may be exposed to it yet if it have not the Benefit of a good Earth as well as the Prospect of the Mid-day or Afternoon Sun we very seldom see that its Productions are any way Extraordinary Hence comes that vast Difference we see in Vines that have all exactly the same Position towards the Sun And hence also it comes that we have so much Marsh Ground that is wholly Useless so many Plains that are Rich and Fruitful even without Tillage and so many Mountains that produce nothing at all If the Pipes of an Organ or any other Instrument be not good and well made to what purpose is it to put them into the most Skillful Musicians Hand Are not all Mens Souls of the same Immaterial Substance and equally Perfect in themselves To what therefore shall we ascribe that Wonderful Difference we find between the Abilities of Wise Ministers of State or Great Philosophers and the others who are so Dull and Rude that they are capable neither of Ingenious Arts nor Common Civility but to the Difference of their Temper and of the Organs of their Body 'T is most certain therefore that the Good or Bad Disposition of the Earth is chiefly to be look'd upon as the Principal Cause of whatsoever Difference we find in its Productions And in order to the several uses they are to be put to all that is necessary to be here further observed is That such Trees as grow in large and thick Forests are much taller and their Timber streighter than those that grow in thin Woods or Thickets The Reason whereof may be this That every Tree having a kind of Natural Desire to Enjoy the Benefit of the Sun and as it were Fearing to be stifled by the closeness and over-topping of those next it endeavours to raise its Head so high as to reach the free and open Air And all of them having if I may so call it this Natural Instinct each endeavours to overtop the rest and so all of them grow to a much greater height than those that stand alone And if such a Forest happen to be very thick the Trees growing up too hastily to an excessive height have not a proportionable Bulk whereas such as grow up more at liberty having no such Necessity of growing high on a sudden make the best advantage of their Nourishment grow up leisurely and with a thickness answerable to their height And this may be sufficient to satisfie our Curiosity as well as to Direct the Artist what sort of Trees may be fit and which not for his several purposes in Building CHAP. XXII Reflections upon the Influences of the Moon in its Wain and Full c. I Shall now in the last place consider those Superstitious Observations our Modern Gard'ners make upon the Influences of the Moon in its Wain and Full. I know they will take it ill that I should look upon that as a piece of Superstition nay as downright Folly which they pretend to have been the constant Observation and Practice of all Times and in all Parts of the World They will tell you that according to the Opinion of the Ancients every Friday the Moon is in a kind of Wain and that above all the rest Good Friday is to be made choice of for Sowing all manner of Seeds insomuch that Sowing upon that day such whose Fruit you would have to be early Ripe they will perswade you that they will be Ripe exactly at the time you expect such for Instance as Melons Cucumbers Pease c. As also that those you would not have to come so soon to their Maturity will as exactly Answer your Expectation namely all sorts of Pot-Herbs Coleworts Lettuces Ofeilles c. And all this doubtless out of a profound Respect they bear to the day whereon they were set And that such as are set in any other time of the Moon do quite fail the Gard'ners Expectations This they will not be convinced to be a gross Delusion as are also several others which they have received by a kind of Tradition from the Ancients namely such as these That neither Plants nor Graffs nor Lopped Trees will be quick in Bearing unless they be set or cut in the Wain of the Moon And that so many days as any of these is done after the Full so many years the sooner will the Trees come to their Perfection in Bearing And they

whatsoever were desireable for the Furniture of such a Ground with the most excellent and Warantable Fruit I say Warantable because it is peculiarly due to their honnest Industry and so rarely to be met with elsewhere and other Accessories to Gardens of all Denominations as in that Vast and ample Collection which I have lately seen and well consider'd at Brompton Park near Kensington The very sight of which alone gives an Idea of something that is greater than I can well express without an endumeration of Particulars and of the exceeding Industry Method and Address of those who have undertaken and Cultivated it for publick Use I mean Mr. George London chief Gardner to their Majesties and his Associate Mr. Henry Wise For I have long observ'd from the daily practice and effects of the laudable Industry of these two Partners that they have not made Gain the only mark of their Pains But with Extraordinary and rare Industry endeavour'd to improve themselves in the Mysteries of their Profession from the great Advantages and now long Experience they have had in being Employ'd in most of the celebrated Gardens and Plantations which this Nation abounds in besides what they have learn'd Abroad and where Horticulture is in highest Reputation I find they not only understand the Nature and Genius of the several Soils but their usual Infirmities proper Remedies Composts and Applications to Reinvigorate exhausted Mould sweeten the foul and tainted and reduce the Sower Harsh Stuborn and Dry or over moist and diluted Earth to its genuine Temper and Constitution and what Aspects and Situations are proper for the several sorts of Mural Standard Dwarf and other Fruite-trees They have made Observations and given me a Specimen of that long but hitherto wanting particular of Discriminating the several kinds of Fruits by their Characteristical Notes from a long and Critical observation of the Leafe Tast Colour and other distinguishing Qualities So as one shall not be impos'd upon with Fruits of Several Names when as in truth there is but one due to them For instance in Peares alone a Gentleman in the Country sends to the Nuseries for the Liver Blanch Piguigny de chouille Rattau blane c. the English St. Gilbert Cranbourn Pears and several other names when all this while they are no other than the well known Cadillac The same also hap'ning in Peaches Apples Plums Cherris and other Fruit for want of an accurate examination by comparing of their Taste and those other Indications I have mentioned For which Gentlemen complain and not without cause that the Nursery-Men abuse them when 't is their Ignorance or the Exotic Name of which they are so fond I find they have likewise apply'd themselves to attain a sufficient Mastery in Lines and Figures for general design and expeditious Methods for casting and leveling of Grounds and to bring them into the most apt Form they are capable off which requires a particular Address and to determine the best Proportions of Walks and Avenues Starrs Centers c. suitable to the lengths and how and with what materials whether Gravel Carpet c. to be layed They have a numerous Collection of the best Designs and I perceive are able of themselves to Draw and contrive other applicable to the places when busie Works and Parterrs of Imbroidery for the Coronary and Flower Gardens are proper or desired And where Fountaines Statues Vasas Dials and other decorations of Magnificence are to be plac'd with most advantage To this add a plentiful and choice Collection of Orange-trees Lemon Mertil Baies Jassmines and all other Rarities and Exotics requiring the Conservatory after they have embellish't their proper stations abroad during the Summer and for continuing a no less ornament in the Green-House during Winter They have a very brave and noble Assembly of the Flowery and other Trees Perennial and variegated Ever-Greens and shrubs hardy and fittest for our Climate and understand what best to plant the humble Boscage Wilderness or taller Groves with where and how to dispose and govern them according as Ground and situation of the place requires both for shelter and ornament For which purpose and for Walks and Avenues they have store of Elms Limes Platans Constantinople-Chesnuts Black-Cherry-trees c. Nor are they I perceive less knowing in that most useful though less pompous part of Horticulture the Potagere Meloniere Culinarie Gardent Where they should most properly be plac'd for the use of the Family how to be planted furnish'd and Cultivated so as to afford great pleasure to the Eye as well as profit to the Master And they have also Seeds Bulbs Roots Slips for the Flowery Garden and shew how they ought to be order'd and maintain'd Lastly I might super-add the great number of Grounds and Gardens of Noble-men and Persons of Quality which they have made and planted ab Origine and are still under their Care and inspection though at Considerable Distances and how exceedingly they prosper to justifie what I have freely said in their behalf And as for the Nursery part in Voucher and to make good what I have said on that particular one needs no more than take a Walk to Brompton Park upon a fair Morning to behold and admire what a Magazine these Industrious Men have provided fit for age and Choice in their several Classes and all within one Inclosure Such an Assembly I believe as is no where else to be met with in this Kingdom nor in any other that I know of I cannot therefore forbear to Publish after all the Encomiums of this great Work of Mouns● de la Quintinye which I confess are very just what we can and are able to perform in this part of Agriculture and have some Amaenities and advantages peculiar to our own which neither France nor any other Couutry can attain to and is much due to the Industry of Mr. London and Mr. Wise and to such as shall Imitate their Laudable Undertankings Be this then for their Encouragement and to gratifie such as may need or require their Assistance J. EVELYN CAbala sive Scrinia Sacra Mysteries of State and Government in Letters of Illustrious Persons and Great Ministers of State as well Foreign as Domestick in the Reigns of King Henry the Eighth Queen Elizabeth King James and King Charles Wherein such Secrets of Empire and Publick Affairs as were then in Agitation are clearly Represented and many remarkable Passages faithfully Collected To which is added in this Third Edition A Second Part consisting of a Choice Collection of Original Letters and Negotiations never before published With two Exact Tables to each Part the one of the Letters and the other of the most Remarkable Occurrences Essays of Michael Seigneur de Montaigne In Three Books With Marginal Notes and Quotations of the cited Authors And an Account of the Authour's LIFE To which is added a short Character of the Authour and Translator by way of Letters Writen by a Person of Honour New rendred

its Duty alternatively not failing besides this to allow it the common Culture it requires I have had the Honour of making one of the best Kitchen-Gardens that could be for a great Minister I had the Liberty of chusing my Ground and found it according to my wish and as I wish it to all Gentlemen that are Curious in Gard'ning This Garden is so perfect that no Inconsiderable Things are seen in it nor any Thing that belyes its Excellence No Place can afford more vigorous Trees or more excellent Fruits nor in greater Quantity nor siner and better Legumes There is but one thing wanting in it which is that it is not altogether so forward as Gardens that lie in a Sandy Ground but that Defect which Art cannot correct is sufficiently recompens'd by all the other Advantages I have mention'd CHAP. IV. Of the other Terms that are us'd in speaking of Earth AFTER having explain'd the good Qualifications that are to be wish'd for in the Mould of Gardens I might now apply my self to the Explaining of the other Conditions that are necessary for the perfecting of the said Gardens viz The Situation Exposition Figure and Conveniency of Watering c. But whereas in our Gardens we often speak of worn out or Exhausted Earth of Fallow Earth of new broken up Earth of Transported Earth c. I think that before I proceed any farther it will be proper for me to declare my Opinion thereof SECTION VIII Of Exhausted Earth First It is an old saying that Earth wears out or exhausts in process of time whatever quantity of Salt it may have to preserve its Fertility that is though never so good in its Nature with this difference only that whereas some are extraordinary Good and others very Indifferent some are much sooner and much easier worn out than others We may in some measure compare them to the Treasures of every State of which some are certainly very considerable and others not whereby some are more able to sustain long Wars and bear greater Expences than others but yet the Treasures of the Richest cannot hold out for ever they not being Infinite They may be Exhausted or Wasted either by being ill Manag'd or ill Employ'd or by being Dispers'd or Squander'd away though perhaps with a Prospect of other Advantages for the Benefit of the State Foreign Amendments are sometimes necessary to that State for Example great Trading a Considerable Alliance c. and chiefly no long Wars or great Dissipations It requires at least some Rest and Occonomy or good Husbandry In the same manner whatever Fruitfulness Earth is endu'd with it will waste at length by the Abundance of its Productions I mean such as have been forc'd upon it but not those that are natural and voluntary wherewith it seems only to sport for Instance the Ground of a good Meadow is so far from wasting by the Nourishment it affords the Grass it yearly produces that it improves in its Disposition of producing it as if it delighted in following its natural Tendency but when we go about to alter its Function and force it to produce Saint Foin Wheat or any other Corn that is a Stranger to it it will be soon perceiv'd first that it begins to slacken in its Production and finally Exhausts or Spends it self insomuch that it will want some help to be put again in Vigour otherwise it will remain for a time almost useless It may be also that the Grounds where Wheat and other Corn grow of themselves for it is very probable that those first Grains grew naturally and without any Industry in some Soils It may be I say that those Corn Grounds might be worn out sooner in producing of Hey than in the Continuance of their Natural Productions So that it is Evident by the Experience of all Husbandmen that Earth frequently wears out or exhausts I add that according to the greater or lesser quantity of Salt every particular Plant requires all Plants not consuming an equal quantity of it that Earth which is abundantly provided therewith shoots without wearing out so soon several different kind of Plants and sometimes all of them together and at the same time witness the good Grounds of Meadows every part of which abounds with an Infinity of different Plants all equally Vigorous Sometimes and that only when the Ground is indifferently good that Earth only produces many successively the one after the other as we see by small Corn as Barly Oates c. which are sown in those very Grounds that have just before produced Wheat and Rye which though not capable of producing some of the like so soon after it have yet the Force of producing smaller The same things may be said of Grounds that have serv'd long for Vinyards Woods or Forests or Orchards c. where when we destroy those kind of Plants we must not expect that it will succeed immediately if Employ'd in the same manner it was before it being too much wasted or worn out for that purpose but yet it may be good enough to serve a while for the Production of smaller Plants and less Voracious for Example Pot-herbs Pease Beans c. and yet at last it will yeild to the common Fate of all manner of Earth which is to wear out quite It is in this that the Gard'ner must shew his skill for he must have a perpetual Application to observe in what manner all the Plants of his Garden do grow not to Employ his time in planting his Ground with Things that can no longer thrive there and yet he must leave no part of his Garden unmanur'd it will be sufficient to shift his Legumes and Seed His Earth can never be so worn out or Exhausted as to oblige him to leave it altogether unimploy'd he may make it produce all manner of Things one after another provided he never lets it want some Helps it requires However supposing he were oblig'd to plant or put Things of the same kind in the Room of the old Ones for Instance new Trees in the Room of others that are Dead then in such a Case there is some work to be done and some Oeconomy to be practis'd which I will speak of hereafter besides the manner of Employing Earth well is fully examin'd in the Treatise of the Kitchen-Gardens SECTION IX Of Fallow Earth These Terms of Fallows or Earth that lies at Rest and Unimploy'd intimate that the Grounds sometimes want Rest thereby to be recover'd or reinforc'd whether the Influences of the Stars and more particularly the Rains cause that useful Reparation as certainly they contribute much to it or rather whether those Earths have in themselves a fund of Natural Fruitfulness with a Faculty not indeed to render that Fruitfulness undrainable but to re-establish it and produce it again when after having been impair'd by continual Productions we let it lie Fallow for some time as if we did abandon it to its own Discretion and judg'd it