colder is hot Man for whose sake these things of Temperaments are spoken In man there is a twofold Temperament since his body is not simply mixed but organick and living there is required in him a double Temperament one of the body as it is absolutely and simply mixt The other as it is living This is lost by death and is often changed by old age but that remaineth sometimes in the dead carcass after death yet at length by putrefaction and corruption of that which is mixed t is dissolved In that also according to Heat Cold Drowth and Moisture there is a great diversity of parts But the matter which is proper to living Creatures in all is Heat and Moisture Again the Temperament of a living man is twofold Temperament Innate Influent the one Innate the other Influent Innate is that which is imbibed in the living parts of man by reason of the Innate heat is inherent in him from his first being Influent is that which floweth from the principal parts and is communicated to the whole body And that it is not the same with Innate is manifest from those that fall into a Swoun when the body becomes extreme cold and yet the Innate Temperament is not changed These three Temperaments though they may be considered severally Yet they concur to constitute one Temperament of a sound man And therefore although without all doubt amongst all other living Creatures man is of the most temperate so that other living Creatures as also medicines compared to him are said to be Hotter Colder Moister or Dryer Yet simply and absolutely he is not temperate The Temperament of a man of what sort it is for common-sense tels us that Heat in man is predominate over the other qualities for the Temperature of a man to perform his actions best is Hot and Moist and our lives consist of Heat and Moisture on the contrary coldness and driness lead us to death and by how much sooner a man is cooled and dryed by so much sooner he grows old and dyes Yet The differences of the Temperaments of man that heat and that moisture have their degrees For if the heat exceed the cold and the moisture the drowth moderately that Temper is best and is accompted Temperate All others differing from this are called either Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist or Cold and Dry although all in general are Hot and Moist These differences of Temperaments are commonly explained by the names of Sanguine Sanguine Cholerick Phlegmatick Melancholy Cholerick Phlegmatick and Melancholy Temperaments These differences and appellations may be admitted of if they are not taken from the diversity of excrementitious humours in various bodies but from the variety of blood which is the nutriment of the body For those whose Blood is temperate Occult qualities or moderately hot and moist are called Sanguines Those who have hotter and dryer blood and their bodies from thence become hotter and dryer are called Cholerick Persons Those who have colder and moister and their bodies from thence grows colder and moister are called Phlegmaticks Those who have cold and dry blood and their bodies from thence become cold and dry are Melancholians But we must not rest at the Primary qualities for there are others more noble and more abstruse the causes of many actions and of Sympathy and Antipathy with other alterations that must be granted although in this humane imbecillity for the most part they are unknown to us The Astrologers The opinions of the Astrologers that they may some way expresse the various Constitutions of Bodies according to the occult diversities of Stars call some Solar bodies born under the influence of the Sun so Jovial under Jupiter others Martial Venereal Mercurial Saturninal as being born under one of those and also admit of mixt constitutions born under several Planets nor indeed absurdly altogether since there is a great agreement and consent betwixt Superior and Inferior bodies But since there are divers parts of a body and each part hath its peculiar Temperature not onely proceeding from the mixture of Elements but some are hotter some have lesse heat in them neverthelesse they agree together to make the Temperament of the whole which is hot and moist and so heat with cold moisture with dry things are equal'd So that from thence there proceedeth a certain Harmony and the Temperament of the whole is moderately hot and moist But to constitute that Temperament of the whole The Temperament of the whole wherein it depends the noble parts of the body perform more then the rest and most especially the Heart the Fountain and Treasury of the native heat and vital spirits From whence all the parts of the body receive the influent spirits and heat Next to it the Liver which furnisheth the whole body with aliment namely bloud afterwards the Stones then the Brain the shop of Animal spirits last the Stomack the place for the first Concoction Concerning the Temperament of several parts The Temperament of the parts of the body The Hot Parts the most Temperate is the skin especially that in the Palm of the hand to which as to the mean the other parts being compared tend to heat cold drowth or moisture The Hot parts are the Heart of all the parts the hottest the Fountain of native heat and Closet of vital spirits Also the Liver flesh of the Muscles Spleen Reins Lungs Veins and Arteries Fat also and fatness The Cold are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Nerves Cold. Membranes Spinal Marrow the Brain The Moist parts are Fat the marrow of the bones the Brain Moist the marrow of the back the Duggs the Stones the Lungs the Spleen Reins flesh of Muscles the Tongue Heart and softer Nerves The Dry are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Membranes Dry. Arteries Veins hard Nerves There is a certain difference of Temperaments in mans body by reason of Sex and Age As for what belongeth to Sex The Temperament of Sex Females are colder then Males as having contracted a colder nature from their principles of generation lest that the blood necessary for future generation by a stronger heat should be consumed The Temperament is also changed according to age to wit The Temperament of ages the age which is principally ordained for certain internal changes by heat and moisture Authors for the most part divide mans life into three ages Child-hood Manly-age and Old-age or Youthful Age of perfection Declination or if you please into the first middle and last age to which differences other ages spoken of by Authors may be referred The first age therefore is our Infancy which remaineth till the seventh year the second our Child-hood which for the most part continueth to the fourteenth year of our age then our youthfull age from the fourteenth to the five and twentieth when our growth for the most part in stature ceaseth And sometime Hippocrates in his first Book
haire Liver-wort Ceterash Ground-pine common Germander Bind-weed Hore-hound Calamints Penny-royall Scurvygrasse Brooklime Water-Cresses Anniseed Fennell seed seed of Ammi of Agnus Castus red Parsnibs Lupines bitter Almonds Capers Kernells of Peaches and Apricocks Cinnamon Cubebs Sorrell Ammoniack the juice of Lymons To these are opposed Iucrassating Incrassating things which make the thinner and more liquid juices thicker such are cold or temperate without sharpnesse of a thick and terrene substance whereby whilst they mingle themselves with thinner humours they make them become of a thicker consistence as Bolearmenack Poppy Sorrell Rice Lentills Quinces wild Pares Amylums t is a food made of Corne without grinding Chalybeate milke the juice of Pomgranets Emplasticks Playster-like things and those which have a clammy and Plaister-like force are such as adhere close to the passages of the body and Plaister up the pores as it were fills them and stops them and they are certaine dry and earthy things yet without mordication and acrimony and if they are bedaubed over the passages of the body they are hardly taken away but some are also mixt with an aqueous and acrious humour yet are tenacious as sweet oyle such are Amylum Pompholix which is the soile that runs off Brasse Cerusse Chalke Bole armenack Irish slat Parget Litharge burnt lead the Rootes of Marsh Mallowes Lillies seed of Fenegreek all mucilages and bran of wheate Kernells of Pine nuts bruised in water Gume Arabeck Sarcocolla Tragacanth fresh Grease and Marrowes fresh butter new cheese whites of an egg wax To these are opposed detergent things Detergent things and such as open obstructions and such as open obstructions whereof these cleanse filth in the superficies of the body or skin but those are of a more subtil substance penetrate into the pores also and open obstructions and moreover have a drying faculty with tenuity of substance whether they be hot or cold for there are both hot and cold abstergent things such as are all salt things bitter things nitrous things as Hore-hound Century the lesse smallage Wormewood Southernwood Hyssop Cresses the bread of Lupines and of a kind of Pulse called Orabus Agrimony Beets Germander Tansey Bitter Almonds Roots of Birthwort Orice Gentian Solomons Seale Barley Bran Iuice of Lymons Nettle-seed Rootes of Tamariske Bark of Capers Spleen-wort Squils Nitre Hony Sugar all Lixuviums or Lee Whey the Galls of living Creatures Verdy-grease CHAP II. Of Medicines easing paine and causing rest Lastly in this forme are Anodunes Narcotticks Anodunes and Hypnoticks those are properly Anodunes which doe not take away the cause of a disease or dull sence of paine but such as mitigate the paine the cause stil remaining and they are temperate and gentle and endued with mild heat and are soft to the touch and bring forth a pleasant and sweet pleasantnesse and those performe that which are endued with a luke-warme and gentle heate and are most like to our bodies in temperature and for the most part are soft and fat and loosen and mollifie the part that it may be the lesse apt to be sensible of paine such are Camomil Melilot Dil Elder Mallowes Marsh-mallowes Seeds of Fenegreek Flax wheat Barley sweet Oyle of middle age Oyle of sweet Almonds and other things prepared with those above fresh Butter Hens grease Goose-grease Whites of Eggs the pulpe of White-bread warme Milke and Hoggs grease Narcoticks or stupefactives and Hypnoticks Stupefactives which also cause sleep but neither take away the cause of paine but stupifie the part and benumes it least it should perceive that which is painefull but this power depends on a hidden quality such like are Lettice Water-lillies Poppey Nightshade Henbane Mandrake and Opium CHAP. VIII Of drawing and Repelling Medicines IN the second forme Things drawing are drawing Medicines which attract the humours and Spirits out of the body into the superficies but that attraction is made by heate concurring with tenuity of substance and some are hot and dry in the second degree which draw moderatly others in the third degree which draw more others in the fourth which draw most of all and with their heate raise a tumour in the skin with rednesse and lastly raise blisters from whence medicines to take away haire Synapismes Rubifying medicines are prepared such are the Rootes of both kinds of birthwort selandine sow-Breed little Dragon Gentian wild Pellitory or sneezing-wort Crowfoot mustard-seed Cresses Garlick Onions Leaven an Indian fruit like a Birds heart and the juice like blood Gum Amoniack Galbanum sagapenum Opoponax dry Pitch Propolisâ— or that in a Hony-combe like wax Goose dung Pidgeons dung Hen dunge and Cantharides Repelling Medicines Repelling are opposed to attracting and prohibit the Flux of humours or represseth and casteth back that humour which hath newly flown in and moves therein and is not as yet settled they performe this either because they are cold or astringent or because they have both a cold and astringent faculty astringents are two-fold some are cold others not and indeed they doe most powerfully bind which are both cold and astringent those things which repell only by frigidity and are aqueous or humid are cold water life for ever Purslan Ducks-meate Endive Lettice Night-shade Coltrops of water Venus Nauell Fleawort the white of an egg cold things astringent are Plantine narrow leaved Solomons seale Mouseare Daizes Horsetaile the leaves of service or sherve Tree Oake Mirtle Medler Tree the Flowers of Rosemary Pomgranates Mirtle-berries Oake Apples swallow Peares Barberries Mirtles the Barks of Pomgranates the Rootes of wild Damsons the Rootes of Barberries the Rootes of Cinqfoile Snake-weed or small Bistort Tormentill the juice of Pomgranates Acacia Hypocistis or sap of the Rootes of Cystus of Mulberries not ripe sorrell Irish slat Bolearmenack sanguis Draconis Tutty hot astringents are spike Aloes Frankencense Mirrh Cypresse Wormewood Cyprus Nuts the Barks of Frankencense sweet Garden Flag Allom CHAP. IX Of Ripening things and such as generate quitture also of such as generate flesh and Brawny flesh of such as dry and cleanse green wounds and cause Cicatrizing and of such as generate seed and milke IN the third forme are ripening and concocting things Ripening and concocting of quitture and moving purulent matter so called because without them the generation of matter cannot be easily performed by nature to wit such which by the similitude they have with our bodyes defend and increase the substance of the native heat for they are temperately hot and together moist and emplastick which shutting the pores or passages keep in and retaine the spirits and heat such are sweet Oyles Oyle mixed with water Butter Hogs grease Calves grease the seed and Bran of Wheate Wheaten Bread the seed of Fenugreek Flax Leaves and Rootes of Marsh Mallowes Mallowes Beares breech the Rootes of white Lillies boyled Onions dry Figs Fat 's liquid Pitch or Tarr liquid storax Turpentine whereof some if they seem either too dry or too moist
by sweats yet the thinner are dispersed and the thicker remains behind Altering preparing medicines Wherefore preparation and alteration of the humours is to be ordered by those medicines which open and if occasion require may cut those humours and may resist ebullition and putrifaction extinguish the heat of the Fever and resist malignity and may by degrees dispose nature to sweats such are Sorrel Scordium Carduus Benedictus Scorzoneca the seed of Citron Roots of Tormentil Cinquefoyl juice of Citron Pomgranates and Syrups of these Spirit of Vitriol when the humours are sufficiently prepared unless Nature expel alone they are to be evacuated by a convenient passage but then also lenitive medicines must be used and purgation scarce to be ordered before the fourteenth day If Nature tend to evacuation by urine Causing Urine it is to be helped by an emulsion of the seeds of Melons Citron or Limmon Carduus benedictus with the water of Sorrel Mayden-hair and such like But during the whole time of the sickness Topical things as well in malignant as in pestilent Fevers medicines are to be applied to the Pulses and heart such as strengthen the heart and resist malignity which are very where extant Symptomes also if any urge and debilitate the strength are to be taken away and mitigated as in their own place shall be shewed Concerning Diet Diet. the meat should be of good juice and of easie digestion and to beware that when the strength languisheth Nature be not over-burthened the meats also should be mixed with such things as resist this Fever we must abstain from wine unless swooning fits happen but 't is more convenient to use small beer a decoction also of Harts-horn may well be given with such a quantity of Spirit of Vitriol as may render it grateful to the taste to which also some Juleps of Roses and Violets may be added It allays thirst likewise opens obstructions drives away putrifaction and resisteth malignancy of Aegyptii as Prosper Alpinus in his fourth book of Medicines Aegypt chap. the fourth Pulp of Tamarinds and Barberries the fruits being dryed with the seeds of Fennel or Limmon they pour them into abundance of fair water and so prepare a Drink which they administer to the sick during the whole time of the disease in malignant and pestilent Fevers and confide much in the use of this Drink since that it is found that Tamarinds and the fruit of Barberries do exceedingly resist putrifaction in Fevers CHAP. XII Of a Malignant Fever with the Measles and Small Pox. ALthough the nature of malignity Small Pox and Measles from whence malignant Fevers are denominated be occult and therefore much cannot be spoken of the differences of these Fevers yet there is not one reason only even of the same but some variety shews it self by the effects and symptomes whence also certain differences of malignant Fevers are are appointed of which we will now speak in particular First there happen Feavers wherein pushes or eminent tubercles break forth and sometimes certain spots shew themselves the Greeks call them Exanthemata and Ecthâ—mata the Latines Papulas and Pustulas and at this day they are called the Measles and Small Pox which names although they are not used in the same manner by all yet the most at this day call variolas parvos varos little spots or Measles and they give this name to those pushes full of humours which for the most parâ— suppurate which the Germans call die Biatterne and Bocten but they call those Mobillos which are spots only in the skin or rather small tubercles in the skin which the Germans call die Masserne Variolae are pustules breaking forth in the skin and parts adjacent Definition with a continued Fever occasioned by the fervency of the blood and sent forth by the expulsive faculty but Morbilli are little red spots or tubercles coming out in the skin with a continued Fever bred by the ebullition of the blood and sent out by the expulsive faculty Of both kinds there are some differences for of Variolae some are greater some less some white others yellow or of some other colour some break out forth with and rise high and are ripened and encompassed with a red circle and come forth without any grievous symptomes and are not dangerous others are yellow come forth slowly and presently pitch again and have a livid circle about them and are dangerous To the Variolas belong those pustules also which break out of the body and are about the bigness of Lupines Differences and shining like Christal out of which a certain waterish substance issueth which some therefore call Chrystals the Germans call them Shaffsblattern oder Bindvocten which are less dangerous and without any manifest Fever for the most part they do appear Moreover to the Variolaes belong those tubercles coming out here and there in places and are free from quitture which the Germans call Steinbocten and are for the most part the least of all the kinds of Variol and freest from danger which befals children often without a Fever and are presently healed so that Infants seldome take their beds for them To the Poxes or Measles certain small red tubercles do belong which invade with heat and a cough and other symptomes of the Pox yet less dangerous then the pox the Geâ—mans call them die Rittein or die Rottein because they are red somtimes they come alone somtimes are mixed with the Pox and somtimes come after the Pox is healed which disease Halyaabas calls Rubcolam lib. 8. Theoric cap. 14. Moreover there are other breakings out which seem to be referr'd to Poxes which the Neapolitans call Rossoniam and Rossaliam as Johannes Philippus Ingrastiat of tumours speaks by others they are called Purples and Eruthemata yet some call the red spots or Patechii purples They are red and as it were fiery spots because scarce worthy to be called tumours coming out over all the body as it were certain small Eryspelaes at the beginning of the sickness or on the fourth or fifth day In the progress of the disease it spreads over all the body as if it were on fire or as if one were sick of an universal Erysipelas which colour as in the beginning so in the declination is turned into spots which again on the seventh or ninth day vanish falling away from the skin like scales of Fishes The subject of spots and pushes is the skin Subject and other parts answering to the skin in proportion for it hath been found in dead bodies that the superficies of the Intrals and on their skin without side the Pox have been setled Concerning the cause of these Cause there is difficult and great controversie amongst Physitians The Arabicks and those which follow them attribute the cause of the small Pox and Measles to the uncleanness of the blood contracted from the menstruous blood in the womb by the Infant which was there nourished with
NINE BOOKS OF PHYSICK AND CHIRVRGERY Written by that Great and Learned Physitian Dr SENNERTUS The first five being his Institutions of the whole Body of Physick The other four of Fevers and Agues With their Differences Signs and Cures LONDON Printed by J. M. for Lodowick Lloyd at the Castle in Corn-hill 1658. THE INSTITUTIONS OR FUNDAMENTALS Of the whole Art both of PHYSICK AND CHIRURGERY Divided into five Books Plainly discovering all that is to be known in both as the Subject and end of Physick the Nature of all Diseases their Causes Signs Differences Events and Cures ALSO The Grounds of Chymistry and the way of making all sorts of Salves and preparing of Medicines according to Art nothing of the like nature in English before Written first in Latine by that Great and Learned Phycitian D. Sennertus Doctor and Professor of Physick Made English by N. D. B. P. late of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge London Printed for Lodowick Lloyd and are to be sold at his Shop next door to the Sign of the Castle in Cornhill 1656. To the Lovers of the Study of Physick especially those who desires to attain to the true knowledge thereof OF all the Arts and Sciences that the Sons of Men so much covet after there is none so pleasant and profitable as Physick Physick doth not onely teach thee to preserve thy selfe from the assaults of those manifold Enemies which Nature is liable unto but it teaches thee to restore Health when lost and to heal thy selfe though wounded by thy greatest adversary besides in the Anatomical part it entertains thy fancy with the wonderfull work of Nature where the unsearchable wisdom of the Creator is as legible as in those things we count more sublime and Celestial which if considered Physicians cannot be so Atheistical as the world reports them to be I undertook not this work out of design to prejudice the Colledge by making that English which they would have remain in Latine nor to advantage my self by any private gain but to benefit those who are unskilled in the Latine but lovers of the Study I say for the benefit of such have I put this into English Although by my Profession I am otherwise obliged it s something unsuitable to my spirit to have that Monopolized into the hands of a few which should be in common to all such is the practise of Physick yet would I not have those to Administer who are ignorant of the Institutions of Physick as too many have done of late to their own and others detriment He that can but well digest this Book his understanding will sufficiently be inriched in the very inside of the whole body of Physick and will need no other foundation to go upon being the best that ever the Doctors met with for their own informations I shall not need to acquaint thee with the Authors Method that thou wilt find by the Contents of Chapters before the Book nor of the Authors worth for that thou wilt sufficiently understand by his works which speaks aloud in their Masters praise whose fame and worth is well known to the Common-wealth of Learning throughout the world If thou meetst with any Errata 's in thy reading thou art desired to correct them the Translators absence sometimes from the Press occasioned them The Contents of the Chapters of the five following Books BOOK I. CHAP. I. OF the nature of Physick pag. 1 Of the division of Physick p 2 Of Health p 3 Of Temperaments p 6 Of innate heat p 10 Of Spirits p 12 Of the natural constitution of or ganick parts and the common unity of parts alike and not alike called simular and dissimular parts p 14 Of the faculties of the soul and of the differences of actions in Mans Body ibid Of the natural faculty and first of nutrition and augmentation p 15 Of Generation p 20 Of the vital faculty p 23 Of the animal faculty and first of the external senses p 25 Of the internal senses p 27 Of the intellective faculty p. 29 Of the desire and moving faculty ibid Book 2. Part. I. Of Diseases OF the nature of a disease p 31 Of the differences of diseases p 32 Of diseases of intemperature p 33 Of diseases of the whole substance or of the hidden qualities p 34 Of organick diseases p 35 Of diseases of confirmation p 36 Of diseases of number p 38 Of diseases of magnitude ibid Of diseases of composition p 39 Of diseases of solution of unity p 40. Of the accidental and common differences of diseases ib Of the times of diseases p 44 Book 2. Part. 2. O Of the causes of â—iseases p 46 Of things which are the causes of a disease and first of non-naturals p 49 Of internal causes of diseases and first of fullnesse of blood p 52 Of flegm p 53 Of choller p 54 Of melanâ—holy p 55 Of the serous humor and of wind p 56 Of humors according to the opinion of later Phisicians and of Chymists p 57 Of the generation of stones and worms p 58 Of the causes of diseases of intemperature without matter ibid Of the causes of distemper with matter p 59 Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance p 60 Of the causes of organick diseases p 61 Of the causes of diseases of solution of unity p. 63 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 1. OF Symptomes Of the difference of Symptomes What a Symptome is p. 65 Of the causes and differences of Symptomes in general p 66 Of the differences in general of actions hindred p 68 Of the Symptomes of the natural faculty Ibid Of the Symptomes of the vital faculty p 71 Of the Symptomes of the external senses p 72 Of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 73 Of the Symptomes of the motive faculty p 75 Of the Symptomes wherein all or most part of the animal actions are hurt p 77 Of the Symptomes of the changeable qualities of the body p 78 Of the Symptomes of excressions and retensions p 79 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 2. Of the causes of Symptomes OF the cause of the Symptomes of the natural faculty p 81 Of the cause of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hinderances of respiration p 95 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses p 97 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 103 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the moving faculty p 108 Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt p 113 Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed p 116 Of the causes of Symptomes in those things which are sent forth and retained p 118 Book 3. Part 1. Sect. 1. Of signes in general of the difference and Heads of Signs OF the Necessity and benefit of the method of signs p 122 OF the differences of Signs p 123 Of the Heads of signs p 125 Sect. 2. OF knowing the temperature of mans body and of his principal parts of the signs of a
of Aphorisms and fourteenth chap. accompts these ages before mentioned ages of growth From thence to the five and thirtieth is our manly of flourishing age from thence to the forty eighth year is our prime or most principal age then begins old age which hath its degrees also for each age hath its Temperament Infants and Boys are hot and moist youthful age is most Temperate and obtains the most convenient temper for humane actions the flourishing manly age or prime Viril age is hot and dry lastly old age by reason of the wasting of the Radical moisture and defect of the promigenial Innate heat is cold and dry and by how much the older by so much the colder and dryer CHAP. V. Of Innate Heat THat those things may the better be understood which we spake concerning Temperaments Innate heat we will say something of primigenial heat for these things are the chief Instruments of the Vegetative soul By the innate heat we do not understand that heat which belongeth to the mixt body as mixed but that heat which is proper to living Creatures the which with the radical moisture is the next and immediate subject and domicil of the Soul diffused through all the parts of the body Nor by heat and moisture do we understand the bare quality but the quality with the Subject to wit a body hot and moist the matter namely or Subject wherein heat is and the quality from whose predominancy the Subject hath its name to wit the most pure subtile and hottest portion of the similar parts and especially of the Spermatick parts This heat is otherwise called both by Physicians and Philosophers by the name of the within seated spirit or the native spirit and it is more conveniently called the within seated spirit then the innate heat For although in all the substance be hot The Innate heat yet heat is not sensibly perceived in all bodies but onely in living Creatures and the more perfect of them which by touching are perceived to be hot This Innate heat consists of three things Whereof the Innate heat consists which make up its â—ssence Radical moisture the within seated spirit and heat hence â—ernelius defines it to be the Primigenial humidity spread â—rough all the body by the innate heat and spirit And these â—ree Heat Spirit and Moisture are linked together by the nearest conjunction in the world for since that heat ought to be as it were Governour and Ruler of our lives it is onely of an aëricus or spiâ—â—ual nature and so by it self moveable and separable or apt to be disperst it could not subsist alone but that life might be prolonged 〈◊〉 ought to subsist in a more stable moist and durable body more â—ermanent namely not a thin and watry body but a fat and oylie body which is inserted within the fibers of the similar parts and is called the radical moisture Concerning the nature and original of the innate spirit and heat Of the original and nature of the Innate heat there is a great controversy amongst Physitians and Philosophers and 't is disputable whether it be Elementary or of another nature And although in such an obscure thing since very learned men disagree it be very hard to determine any thing yet I think theirs to be the more probable opinion who consent with Aristotle in his second Book of Generation of living Creatures and third Chapter That Innate heat is not Elementary nor hath its original from fire or other Elements nor yet is it of a Heavenly nature but proportionable to the stability of Stars For every specifical form requires its peculiar domicil and proper subject and the more noble form requires the more noble habitation and a more Divine power then Elementary requires a more noble manfion then a body that is composed of Elements Moreover more noble actions The subsect of the Innate heat and Sympathy and Antipathy are in it which purely from Elements cannot proceed again this Innate heat and inborn Spirit in many Plants is preserved in winter time and in the midst of frosts safe and secure Moreover this Innate heat and radical moisture is founded in the parts which are fashioned in the first generation of an embryon but the greatest plenty of it is in the heart which from thence is called by Galen the fire-fewel of the Innate heat This inborn heat is the chiefest instrument of the soul The use of the Innate heat by which it perfects undergoes all the actions of life and whatsoever healthy thing in us and profitable in generation in nutriment or in expulsion of a disease is performed by that From this benefit and excellency of Innate heat The Innate soul is not a soul some have taken it and the Soul for the same thing and have called it the Essence of the vital faculty the faculty governing us the substance of the soul and the Author of all our actions but since the Innate heat is neither the soul nor the chief cause of our actions it is onely the chief instrument in performing the actions of the soul in operation which is not corporal This Innate heat doth not remain alwaies the same The changing of the innate heat but is changed in the course of our age For at our first coming into thâ— world it is most and age increasing the radical moisture wasted by degrees and drieth up So that in the end the radical moisture being clearly gone the heat also wanting wherewithall to support it self goes out and a natural death followeth CHAP. VI. Of Spirits BUT although every part of the body have this heat innate in it yet that alone sufficeth not to undergo all actions Influent Spirits but requires heat and spirits flowing from elsewhere by which it may be stirred up and cherished for by it self it hath no power to perform all actions but soon languisheth and so is scattered and vanisheth except it be daily stirred up nourished and strengthned by the spirits of the principal parts especially the heart Although the name of Spirit may admit of various significations yet in this place it is taken for the purest What the influent spirit is finest thinnest hottest most moveable body proceeding from the most purest and subtilest part of the bloud and although the name of Spirit be attributed to the Innate heat yet it especially belongs to those that are most fluent and moveable The Use of Spirits These Spirits are the bond by which the body and soul are united and the chief instrument of performing our actions and being wrought in the principal parts of the body are conveyed through their channels into the whole body and are joined with the Innate heat that they may help the powers and faculties to perform their actions Spirits are not the Vehicle of the faculties But that is false which some teach That the Spirit is the Vehicle of the faculties and that the faculties and
power of performing are carried by these Spirits from the principal parts for the faculties of the soul are unseparable proprieties and the soul is fitted with its faculty in all its parts nor doth it take them from any other parts but there useth them where it hath fit instruments These Spirits are of three sorts Spirits how many forts Natural Vital Animal The Natural are generated in the Liver and are said to flow from thence into all the parts of the body but although the name of Spirit may in some measure be attributed to the most thin and subtile parts of the blood which oftentimes comes forth out of the Veins with the blood yet there is not a little difference betwixt them and the other Spirits properly so called The natural Spirit and so properly doth not deserve the â—â—me of Spirits as the rest do since they are not the proper instruâ—ents of our actions nor the bond of the soul which uniteth it â—â—th the body and is not generated in any peculiar cavity as the â—â—ital Spirits are It s use The use of the Natural Spirits are to strengthen â—â—e Innate Spirit in all its parts that it may supply the Vital Spirits â—â—th matter and may serve for the more convenient distribution of blood through the Veins The Vital Spirit is generated in the heart The Vital Spirits whence generated of the thinnest and purest blood or the natural Spirit commonly so called and aêr by hâ—â—p of respiration drawn by the dilatatian of the Arteries in the left Ventricle of the heart and being there freed from all fuliginous vapours is distributed through the Arteries into all the parts of the body but the Blood out of which this Spirit is generated for the most part is conveyed through the arterious vein from the right Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs and from thence with aër drawn by breathing in is carried through the arterious vein into the left Ventricle of the heart Their Uses Now this Spirit with its innate heat in the heart is not onely the chief instrument of the actions of the heart but is distributed through the Arteries into the whole body and stirreth up cherisheth increaseth and strengthneth the innate heat in all the parts and doth as it were give action and perfection thereunto whence it is called by some the Influent heat besides which it affords matter fit for the generation of the animal spirits Thirdly The Animal Spirâ—t there are Animal spirits really different from the Viâ—â—l for they are generated in a peculiar place namely the Brain and â—om thence through peculiar Channels to wit Nerves are disperâ—d over the whole body nor can the Vital Spirit perform what the Animal can fince it is a living part orespread with a Vital Spirit Neverthelesse being toucht may be deprived of sense and motion â—â—rough the defect of the Vital Spirit They are generated of the â—urest part of that blood Where and whence generated which is contained in the comers or caâ—ities of the brain which comes from the mixt vein and artery â—nd is orespread with the vital and natural Spirit the purest part â—eing poured out through little branches and small furrows in the â—bstance of the brain for in this and not in the Ventricles of the brain the purest and most subtile part of the blood is changed into animal spirits It s Uses The Animal Spirit serves for the use of living â—â—eatures namely to perform internal and external senses as alâ—â— it serves for motion in Animals and its presence occasioneth â—he faculty of the soul actually to perform the operations of the â—nternal and external senses and it perfecteth animal motion and â—an occasion local motion CHAP. VII Of the natural constitution of Organick parts and the common Unity of parts alike and not alike called similar and dissimilar parts THe natural Constitution of the Organick parts The natural constitution of the Organick parts consist â—â— the due composition and a convenient knitting of the 〈◊〉 milar parts into one form fit and profitable for action for making up whereof these things ensuing are necessary First Their Number a certain number of the parts compounding whicâ— in some are lesse others more according as the instrument are more or lesse compounded till at length there is made up a perfect instrument which can perform perfect actions Secondly Magnirude a due magnitude of the parts compounding being neither bigger nor lesser then they ought Thirdly Conformation due framing which comprehends first a convenienâ— figure secondly cavities and pores that in case a part be noâ— solid but porous it may contain the just number and magnitude of those pores thirdly a certain disposition of the secundary qualities namely that some parts may have a sharp superficies some parts light others heavy some soft others hard some coloured others not light colour or dark colour according as the nature and use of the part requireth Site and connexion Fourthly situation and connexion that every part may be in its own place and may agree with others Lastly it is requisite that there be a common unity aâ— well of parts alike as disalike which is a coherence and growing together of divers bodies into one Unity which if it be wanting and taken away the natural action is hindred CHAP. VIII Of the faculties of the Soul and of the differences of actions iâ— mans body AFter that we have shewed wherein health consists The actions and differences of the faculties of the mind and what iâ— requisite for the performing of actions now we are to explainâ— what are the differences of the faculties of the mind and of actions in a body Physitians whom we here follow divide Actions for theiâ— purpose into Natural Vital and Animal according to the three principal members the Liver Heart and Brain by which all Actions in the body are governed For Physitians purposes are not the same with Philosophers to inquire or search the kindâ— or differences of Souls of living creatures which appears by the diâ—â—inct manners of life which is in Plants in brute beastes living â—treatures and man but onely ought to find out in man the difâ—erences of actions whose actions it is their businesse to preserve and if offended to restore and moreover a Physitian doth not so much consider the faculties themselves which hurt not as the Organs and instruments and then distinguish actions according to the differences of them CHAP. IX Of the Natural faculty and first of Nutrition and Augmentation THat we may begin with the natural faculty The principal natural faculties I mean the Natural faculty so called peculiarly by Physitians for as it is taken generally it is opposed to preternatural and so the Vital and Aniâ—mal faculties may be called Natural The Natural faculty by the Philosophers is called a growing or flourishing power All its actions tend to the preservation of its kind
nutrition is a coagulation of aliment but in augmentation there is a motion of Extension of the whole of every part therof it differs also in regard of the end which in Nutrition is only a restoration of that which is taken away but in Augmentation an acquiring or a getting of a greatet magnitude to exercise perfectly all the necessary actions of our life and lastly in time for Nutrition dureth the whole time of our lives Augmentation to a certain time in our life For man as other living creatures doth not alwayes grow but to the certain time of his age which comes not to passe by reason of the soul which alwayes reteins its force and strength but by reason of the body especially of the bones which in processe of tims are so hardned that they are not apt to any farther extension of growth CHAP. X. Of Generation BUT since man although he be nourished cannot live perpetually and in individuals as other living Creatures also cannot indure to perpetuity The generative power the generative power is granted and given by the Creator of all things that mankind might be preserved and the third kind of Natural actions is Generation which by ejaculation of seed begets his like For although this faculty and Action be common to plants yet in man and other more perfect Creatures it requires greater preparation and distinction of sex as male and semale concur in Generation and it is necessary that both of them do some way help and conduce to Generation and the male not in himself but in another The distinction of Sexes The instruments of generation but the foemale in her self doth generate For the male ejaculates his prolifique sperm into the female womb which mingled with hers is cherished by the same it is also nourished and reteined until it hath the shape of a perfect man For which purpose the Creator hath made necessary Instruments for both Sexes for the male Testicles Vessels preparing and conducting sperm and a yard necessaâ—y to ejaculate it into the part most fit to receive it for the Females Stones seminary vessels and the womb There are two principles which concur to the Generation of a Child the seed of the male and female and the menstruous blood The Principles of generation Seed The seed is a body hot and moist full of that divine Spirit of the first Principles or Elements and proportionable to the Quintessence or Element whereof Stars were made fit for the propagation of the Soul and generation of a living Creature like it self and is getherated in the Stones whither the purest part of the blood Spirits and heat is sent through the Veins Arteries and Nerves from the remote parts of the body and is changed into a white frothy or slimy matter The male and female seed both confer seeing the same Instruments are appointed by nature for generating and semitting of sperm and the same cause efficient and the same â—matter in each for the forms of each alike do manifest themselves in the off-spring Blood although the power and force be greater in the male then the female But the menstruous blood is only the material principle wherefore it is ordered by the Creator that at the time when semales are apt and fit for procreation which for the most part is from the fourteenth till the five and fortieth year of their age that blood which the other parts wants not each month is sent to the womb to supply what may be wanting for a little one or if the female be not great may be by it evacuated Menstruous blood This menstruous blood of it self is not offensive nor is it expelled because it is hurtful but because it aboundeth in quantity but when it becomes pernicious 't is by reason of its remaining too long in the body by its comixture with other humours The forming of the young is caused by the Soul The formation of the young which is in the seed and there shews it self in two actions in putting life into the conception and forming of all the parts and the Soul as Scaliger writeth out of Themistius is its own architect which builds a convenient domicill for its own habitation But it receiveth this power from the Creator whose Instruments and hands as it were the Souls are and he hath given this energy to them at the Creation of them then which nothing can be more wonderful to be thought on The Generative faculty hath two others whereby it performs its Office The Alterative and Formative The Alterative The Formative The Alterative is that which changeth the generative matter into the substance of the young and all its parts the formative is that which Forms all the members and gives them their quantity figure number place and the rest The Instrument which the Soul and formative power useth is the formative or plastick heat or that Spirit proportionable to the Element of the Stars for the seeds being received into the womb are mingled together reteined cherished and the power which lyes hidden in the seed is stirred up by the innate heat of the womb and then a Conception is said to be made Conception and then begins a sending forth of the instruments of the body to be made then is it called a Conception which commonly is said to continue til the seventh day But first of all The order of frameing Firs the membrances whereof are framed two Chorion Amnios The Secondine The Spermatick parts are described together Theumbilisall vessels The Veins belonging to the Navel Two Artcries Urachus The time of formation the membranes about the Child are formed by which the seed is shut in and the Spirit and heat thereof is covered and as it were intrenched They are two in number the first is called Chorion and covers the whole Child and is fastened to the vessels belonging to the Navel by their intervening the whole cleaveth to the womb the other coare doth immediately cover the Child and is called Amnios These two coats in the birth seem to be one as it were and come forth after the Child and are therefore called the Afferbirth But the solid and Spermatick parts shall be explained in the first place and afterwards according to their nobleness and as necessity requires the rest shall be perfectly shewn The Infant in the womb doth not take that nourishment which it receiveth by the mouth but from the Mother for the receiving whereof there are appointed by nature four vessels belonging to the Navel namely a Vein which is a branch which comes from the Gate-vein which is as it were the infants nurse two Arteries branches arisen from the Iliak Vein by which the Infant breaths although later Authors who teach us that the vital Spirits by which the Child breaths proceed not from the Mother but from the Child 's own heart do assign another use to the said Iliak branches to wit that
the Vital Spirits should be carried from the heart of the Child to the exterior parts thereof namely the Secondines and the Urine-passage which is carried from the bottom of the bladder unto the Navel The time from the conception to the bringing forth Physitians divide into two parts the first is called the time of formation from the conception till the time when first the Child begins to move the second the time of adorning which is the time from its motion till its coming forth Of adorning Hippocrates in his book of the Nativity of a Child makes the time of Females formation to be two and fourty dayes but males thirty dayes which is to be conceived from their more imperfect formation but afterwards nature more elaborately frames the parts which are not framed in males till three months nor in females till the fourth month When all the members are framed and rendred more firm the Infant begins to spring and kick in males in the third in females in â—e fourth month as t is commonly reported so that the time of â—rmation being doubled is the time of quickning The time of motion the time of moâ—â—on being trebled is the time of bringing forth Yet one quickning 〈◊〉 more obscure another more manifest which about the middle of time of a Womans going with Child as all Women commonly perswade themselves is first perceived The time that Women go with Child although it be uncertain and various yet for the most part The time of birth it is nine months end or the beginning of the tenth month that a natural birth happens for the most part such Children as live come into the World at that time and that time for humane birth is most natural But before half a years time experience tells us that a Child can hardly be brought forth and live and if it so happen that before the scaventh month be ended a Child be borne and live it is a great rarity and very strange But in the seaventh month because the perfection is finished of all the parts the Child may live and especially which as Hippocrates in his book of beginnings says is of two hundred and ten dayes that is about the end of the seaventh month brought forth But Hippocrates says that a Child borne in the eighth month cannot live Yet others say that some that are borne in the eighth month may live After the tenth month the Child being great wants nourishment and roome to be in although we read some are delivered after the tenth month yet that is seldome The time of legitimate birth For a legitimate birth according to the Law of Nature is then when there is not roome enough for the Child to live and move in nor aliment enough to satisfy him for then 't is time to shake off his shackles those tunicles and indeavour to make away for its own birth and the Mother finds paines and the womb strives to put out that bagg and by its expulsive faculty sends forth the young which thing the Voluntary endeavour of the mother much helpeth which is done by her contracting her Spirits and depression of her Midriff and squeesing the muscles of the paunch CHAP. XI Of the Vital Faculty THE Vital faculty which Physitians call the second faculty although some would refer it to the Animal The Vital faculty differs from the other faculries some to the Natural faculty and others think it to be mixed of them both Yet since it differs not only from those actions which are performed by the natural and Animal faculties but also goes forth by its own organs nor doth it move hither and thither by the assistance of the Animal Spirits but by its own proper Spirits which from thence are called Vital Spirits it is deservedly to be esteemed a peculiar faculty diâ—â—inct from the Vegetable and Animal faculties There are three sorts of Vital faculties Its actions are three and so many motions of the heart wherein they relide The first is the generation of the Vital Spirit and heat The second is the Pulse The third is the Irascible faculty The first to wit Generation of Vital Spirits A Pulse It s definition Of Dilating Of Contracting is the generation of the Vital Spirits and influent heat The second without the which the first cannot perform its office is the Pulse namely the motion of the heart and of the Arteries consisting in dilating and contracting that so the Vital Spirits may be generated and distributed and the natural heat may be preserved in its natural harmony By Dilatation the heart is filled and attracts to its self air with blood from the right Ventricle by the Venous Artery which goes from thence to the heart and attracts from the lungs air and blood by help of the Arterial Vein into the left Ventricle of the heart for the generation and refreshing and restauration of the Vital Spirits and heat By the Systole or Contraction of the Heart it distributeth the Vital Spirits and Arterious blood through and by the help of the great Artery into the whole body and sends the fuliginous excrements to the Lungs by the Arterial Vein In like manner the Dilatation of the Artery through its little Orifices terminating in the skin attracts to it self ambient air to form and cool its heat the Orifices that are terminated neer the Heart draw from it the hottest and thinnest blood full of Vital Spirit But as the mouths of the Arteries with the Orifices of the Veins do draw the purest and finest Spirits to fostet and cherish their heat but by Contraction they expâ—l fuliginous excrements which action is called a steaming through or transpiration which is made through the hidden Pores of the skin and by the Latines is called Transpiratio In the third place the Irascible faculty belongeth to the Vital faculty The Irascible faculty from whence Anger Joy Fear Sadness and terrour and other passions of the mind arise And that its residence is in the Heart is most evident because the motion of the Heart and the Pulse of the Arteries are most evidently changed in the passions of the mind Respiration is also added to the Vital faculty as principally necessary to further its action Breathing and hath the same end and purpose as the Pulse hath and is instituted for the benefit of the Heart It is performed principally by the Lungs and the Lungs are as it were the fan or bedows of the Heart and are the primary Instruments of breathing and are indued with a peculiar power of moving themselves even as the Heart is differing only from the Animal faculty Nor are the Lungs moved only by the motion of the breast but by their proper force and power The motion fo the Lungs And although the motion of the Lungs and Breasts are made together yet neither are the cause of the others motion but they therefore move together because they conspire to bring one
refrigeration of the outward parts CHAP. II. Of things which are the Causes of a Disease and first of Non-naturals MOreover the efficient causes of Diseases considered absolutly or as they are such all things are the causes of Diseases which can hurt the natural constitution and turn it into a preternatural and such things are either without the body or within it Things that are without our bodies are either necessary External Causes and to be suffered by all and none can avoid them or not necessary but may be avoided Of the first sort are those things called non-naturals and are in number six Air Meat and Drink Necessary Unnecessary Non-natural things Sleeping and Waking Exercise and Rest Repletion and Inanination and the Passions of the Mind whereof the four latter are rather to be called evident then external Things befalling us not necessary are those that wound us knock us or in such like manner hurt our bodies which befall us by chance which are not included within a certain number But both those as well necessary as unnecessary Four ranks of things non-natural Those which are taken Which are carried may be reduced to four heads those things which are taken in those which are carried those that are put out and retained and lastly those that befal us externally Under the notion of those things which are taken are comprehended Air by breathing Meat and Drink and Medicine inwardly taken By those things that are carried about we comprehend all the motions of the body and mind of what kind soever such as the perturbations of the minde anger griefe joy sleep waking rubbing the body navigation the course of our lives and such like By Excretion and Retention is understood whatever is thrown out of the body such are the Ordure Urine Which are retained and rejected all sorts of Humors Seed Menstruis for these as those that are emitted alter the constitution of the body belong to those which are called Excretions and the same when they are deteined are referred to Retentions Moreover those things that externally happen to us Those which happen outwardly comprehend them that encompasse us as the Air Baths and those things that are applyed to our bodies as Garments and Coverings Oyls Unctions and such like Lastly those things that by force and impulsion befal us as Wounds Contusions and such like but since there is no certain number of them we will onely speak of non-naturals as they are the causes of Diseases First from the air is made a great alteration Air. as being that wherin we continually live and without which we cannot live a moment for it alters us in a twofold manner namely as we draw it in by breathing and as it encompasseth us and by the Pores penetrates us and communicates that distemper which it hath to our bodies The effect of hot Air. for the hot Air heats our bodies dissolvâ— humours melts attenuates increaseth choler and whets inflames the spirits so begets hot Diseases for by calling forth and dissipating the natural heat it weakens the concoction The cold Air Of Cold. Of moist on the contrary cooleth condenseth closeth the Pores thickens the humours The moist moistens the body hapeth up superfluous humours drives out the natural heat generates crude distillations especially joyned with cold But if joyned with heat Of dry it is the greatest cause of putrefaction Dry Air dries our bodies and being joyned with heat burns them First the constitution of the Air depends upon the season of the year The constitution of the Seasons of the year Of Wind and of Situation Pestilent Air. whereof the Spring is temperate the Summer hot and dry Autumn cold and dry Winter cold and moist and hence several Diseases happen at the several seasons of the year of which Hypocrates in the third of his Aphorismes 4 5 6.7 8 9.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 21 22 23. The winds also conduce to the alteration of Air so do Countries and Situations of which Hypocrates 3. Aphorisme 15 17. And in his Book of Air Water and Places and it doth not onely affect our bodies with primary qualities but impresseth in us a malignant and pestilent disposition if it be infected therewith and can communicate to us those effects which it hath and so excite malignant and epidemical Diseases in us of which is spoken in the doctrine of malignant and pestilent Fevers Secondly Meat and Drink It offends in quantity Meat and Drink if either it be taken in too great measure or be unwholsome or if any fault be committed in the taking of it may be the occasion of many diseases Dyet then offendeth in quantity manner of taking it and quality for if too great a quantity of meat stuff the stomach it cannot be well concocted but sendeth aboundance of vapours to the braine which offend it and is the cause of divers fluxes of Rhumes and when the error of the first concoction is not corrected in the second that Crudity is the occasion of many Diseases which arise afterwards in the whole body and as an immoderate quantity of meat and drink is the occasion of many Diseases So the want of them is hurtful for thereby the good humours of the body are wasted and the body dryed 1. Aphor. 14. In an impure body it stirs up ill humours Manner of using whence divers parts are ill affected for it is hurtful to eat meat whilest any is unconcocted in the stomach variety of meats is also hurtful As for the qualities of meats Quality those which have in them certain qualities by which they can alter our bodies are called medicamental and they are changed into humours of a like qualities with them and in a sound body cause a like distemper and in a sick body may introduce an unlike and contrary distemper to wit if they are contrary to the preternatural distemper but if they agree with it they encrease it Meats differ not onely in the first qualities but also in others nay in the whole substance some thick others thin some much others little some cause good Asiment some bad of which Galen in his books of the faculties of the Aliments and in his book of good and evil Juice treateth and we shall speak more in our fourth Book Thirdly sleeping and waking moderately preserve health Sleeping and waking immoderately destroy it 2. Aphor. 3. For too much sleep hindreth the natural evacuations and excrements and dulls the heat of the body and so is the occasion of cold diseases and principally of Distillations On the other side too much waking dissipates the Spirits dryes the body and whilest the humours are kindled and become adust they are of themselves the causes of hot distempers and whilest they dissipate the Spirits the native heat is weakned and the radical moisture is consumed and by accident are the causes of cold diseases Fourthly there is the same reason of exercise
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one â—s called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
and hence venenate humours bred of poyson and poysonous matter do not seem so properly to be referred to Choller Phlegm Melancholly although in colour it seems to have some affinity with some of these yet their nature is far different and therefore are to be described by their Powers Hyppocratically The Melancholly humour explained Lastly of the Melancholly and black humour It is to be noted that by it selfe it is thick earthy feculent or salt and for the most part 't is so much moystened by many serous and watery humours that it becomes like unto Lee which consist of watery adust and salt parts and therefore it is called by some Water CHAP. IX Of the generation of Stones and Worms BEsides Wormes there are other things found and generated in the body Stones which are the causes of diseases as stones and worms that Stones for the most part are generated in all bodies experience and the observations of Physitians do manifest They are generated of feculent matter earthy slimy muddy and of moisture apt to putrifie which when the passages are straiter and narrower in the body sticks and of its own accord tends to coagulation and concretion Wormes also may be generated in most parts of the body Worms out of corrupt and putred matter containing in it Seed or some proportionable principle to Seed namely some vital principle CHAP. X. Of the causes of Diseases of Intemperature without Matter HItherto we have explained the causes of Diseases general The eauses of hot distemoen now we will handle them severally And First for Diseases of Intemperature Galen accounts five sorts of Diseases of distemperature by heat Motion of the body and mind Exercise which causes heat by too much stirring of the humours and spirits Putrefaction which is the cause of heat because in putrefaction the internal heat Putrefaction is called forth by the external and being outward is more sensibly hot Hot things touching our body The proximity of a hot thing and impressing their qualities on our bodies Costivenesse of body and Retention of the hot steeme which should passe through our Pores Lastly mixture with some hot thing or hot things taken into our bodies as Air Meat Drink hot Medicines Galen in his fourth Book of the Causes of Diseases of Distemperature by cold Costiveness reckons these The presence of cold things the quantity and quality of meats and drinks condenseing rarifying Mixtures of a hot thing Causes of a cold distemper idleness and immoderate exercise all which and if there be any other may conveniently be reduced into four ranks For whatsoever brings a cold distemper to the body do it either by altering and by its proper force cooling the body such are cold things whether outwardly applyed to the body or taken inwardly or suffocating the innate heat such are those things that prohibit the ventilation and blowing of the fuliginous vapours or extinguish the heat by their too great aboundance Dissipation or dissipate the same by overmuch exercise of the body or mind a hot constitution of Air and such like or through want of food which poverty may occasion or by letting too much blood Hence it is manifest that the causes of hot Distempers when they are in excesse become the causes of cold Distempers Drawing away food Moist by dissipating extinguishing or suffocating the innate heat The causes of overmoist Distempers may be reduced unto two the proximity to moist things or those things that hinder transpitation and so retain the cold steem of the body Dry distemper is occasioned by the contrary causes to wit Dry by alteration of drying things and want of aliment Compound distempers are from compound causes Of compound distempers and if the causes of simple distempers are joyned together there ariseth a compound distemper yet complication of causes is not always necessary for production of compound distempers since there are many causes which have in them double qualities which therefore if they have equal strength and force cause a compound distemper so that the body be so disposed as it be fit to receive the actions of them both alike CHAP. XI Of the causes of distemper with matter SInce every humour hath its peculiar Temperature The causes of distemper with matter and communicates it and impresseth the part which it adheres to The blood which is hot and moist heats and moistens yellow Choller which is hot and dry heats and dryes Phlegm which is cold and moist causeth a cold and moist distemper Melancholly which is cold and dry causeth a cold and dry distemper The matter which is the cause of distemper in the affected A collection of matter either is collected by degrees or else falls on it on a suddain 'T is collected either through the error of the Aliment or default of the part through the fault of the part it is collected when either the faculty of concoction is weak and doth not rightly elaborate the Aliment and from thence causes excrements which either the expulsive faculty can expel or the weaknesse of expulsion is such that it cannot expel that too great quantity or some disease of conformation and straitnesse of the passages suffers not the Excrements to be cost forth But by default of the Aliment the matter is collected when that is not good but such by reason whereof great store of excrements are generated or slimy and viscious humours are produced that the expulsive faculty cannot expel them A flux is either when humours are drawn to a part A flux made by drawing or sent to a part Attraction is principally through heat and pain not because they draw but because they afford occasion for humours to flow to the part to which you may adde for the supply of vacuity But humours flow to the parts affected Transmismission though they are not drawn for two reasons first because the humours collected in the vessels by their own violence begin to flow into some part according to its situation and its respect to the vessels Secondly because the parts which have strong expulsive power tire or decay in their strength or quality or being burthened with plenty of humours unlade themselves and lend that which is troublesome to another part either the whole body sends forth vencmous humours or else some parts Yet that there be made a flux there is required not onely the part flowing but the part receiving which is either weak or apt and disposed to receive fluxions CHAP. XII Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance DIseases of the whole Body Causes of diseases of the whole substance or of Occult qualities which are in the similar parts besides diseases of intemperature are all produced from causes of the whole substance or acting in a hidden manner such are all venomous malignant things and such as act in a hidden manner Of such causes some are produced in the Body
it is mixed temperatenesse and innate heat but spirits and influent heat which being deficient the faculty cannot rightly perform its actions as most plainly appears in the senses But they then say the faculty is hindered when the next instrument of the faculty is well yet the faculty is hindered in its action by some Organick Disease as when the expulsive faculty in the Blaâ—der will not send forth Urine though it be well by reason of obstructions of the Uriters occasioned by the Stone On the other side if the agent and instrument are in all respects sound and they be well constituted Through some external error yet neverthelesse for some other cause which is without the constitution of the part the faculty is frustrated in acting and is hindred that it cannot perform its action The action is said to be hindered by some external error To external error first belongs the patient or object betwixt which and the agent there ought to be a proportion for if the patient be not fit to receive the operation of the agent a perfect action is not brought forth Hitherto belong all these things by which actions are performed or without which they cannot be performed as time place and order in some and moreover the use and necessity of actions The other two kinds of Symptomes The cause of excretions and retentions and of qualities changed to wit the fault of excretion and retention and the qualities changed by hurting of the natural actions depends on them and the humours proceeding from them for from evil concoction proceeds ill excrements and hence also the qualities of the body are changed for such as the humours are in the body such colours smells tasts and such like qualities the body sends forth CHAP. III. Of the differences in general of actions hindered MOreover of actions hindered The differences of actions Abolished Diminished Depraved there are accounted commonly three differences namely actions abolished diminished and depraved an action is said to be Abolished when it ceaseth to be lessened when nature acts weakly and imperfectly and performes its actions either in longer time then is fit or else never acquires that perfection which it ought or if there be any other manner whereby it may deviate from its perfection but an action is said to be depraved as often as it is performed otherwise then it ought to be and erroneously But not undeservedly ought we to adde to these Increased Action encreased which is performed more strongly and violently then ought to be in its kind such are too much watchings strong breathings and pulsations much hunger and thirst and other such like which exceed mediocrity CHAP. IV. Of the Symptomes of the Natural faculty BUt that we may handle the kinds of Symptomes severally The differences of Symptomes of natural faculty first the Symptomes of the natural faculty respect nutrition augmentation or generation which again have their servants attraction retention concoction and evacuation and indeed every action is abolished or weakned or made worse or encreased Whence arise great variety of the Symptomes of the natural faculty First Nutrition taken away for what belongs to the action abolished which they call the third nutrition is taken away to our senses or rather it is diminished in an A trophy when it will not nourish well Depraved and in leanness either of the whole body or some parts thereof but the nutriment is depraved in a Cachexy or ill habit of the body Itch Scabs Leprosie and such like affects thereof Symptomes of concoction of the Stomach The appetite encreased and depraved Thirst Symptomes of swallowing Symptomes of retention Those Symptomes which happen in the first publike concoction which is in the Stomach are first appetite and truely first when the appetite is dejected when a man desires not meat whereunto belongs also daily abstinence from meat Secondly appetite is lessened Thirdly encreased as in a Boulomia or insatiable desire to meat Fourthly Depraved as in a Malalachia As the desire of Meat so desire of Drink is either encreased diminished depraved or abolished Secondly the Symptomes of swallowing are when it is taken away as when a man can swallow nothing or 't is lessened when one swalloweth with difficulty or depraved when we swallow with panting trembling twitching Thirdly the fault of the retentive faculty is when the Stomach cannot retain meat as it ought or cannot retain it at all or not long enough when occasion requires or offends in all these the Stomach doth not rightly retain meat when it embraceth it with panting or with twitching or with trembling or shaking If meat be not retained or not long enough retarned it turneth into corruption or is distributed with unconcocted meat or ejected by ordure as in a Lyentary If the embracing of the meat be weak swimmings or flatulencies are occasioned Fourthly the errors of concoction in the Stomach The errors of concoction Symptomes of expulsion The Hiccock Loathing or the errors of the Chyle are Crudity slow or dull concoction or corruption of the meat Lastly the Symptomes of expulsion are Hiccock mutation in the uppermost parts of the Stomach whereby it strives to put and cast out that which is offensive and sticks in the orifice thereof Disposition to vomit or loathing or abhorring of meates is a depraved mutation in the Stomach when it is streightned in the lower part of it and dilated in the upper and stirs to cast forth upwards what offends it but cannot cast it forth Vomiting is a depraved motion in the Stomach Vomiting whereby the things which are contained in the Ventricle of the Stomach are cast out at the mouth of it Choller is a depraved motion in the Stomack Choller whereby the peccant matter is evacuated by both Orifices Belching is an excression of Wind from the Stomach out of the Mouth Belching with noise To the expulsion which is made by this concoction those vitious Symptomes belong which happen to the guts Alientary Alientary which is a flux of the panch contrary to nature whereby meat and drink is cast out unchanged A Caeliack affect A Caeliak affect A Diarhaea which also is a Flux of the Belly is when Crude and unconcocted Chyle is ejected A Diarhaea is a plentiful and often emission of excrementiticus humours by the panch A Dysentary is an avoiding of the excrements of the Belly contrary to nature A Dysentary wherein the biting matter is cast forth with blood twitching and pinching of the Guts A Tenesme A Tenesmus which is an immoderate and continual desire yet in vain of going to stool where nothing is ejected from the body but a little slimy matter and blood The contrary fault is the suppression of the panch when it is dull A slow panch and shut An Illiak and putteth forth nothing in a long time To these belong the Illiak which is when the dung which ought
to be ejected by the panch that being closed 't is cast out of the mouth with the meat For the other publike concoction Symptomes of Sanguification which is made in the Liver Sanguification is either abolished when for the most part there is no change of the Chyle and in stead of good blood serous and Petuitous is generated or else it is diminished when halfe raw blood is elaborated or it is depraved when hot and adust blood is generated The Symptomes which belong to the evacuation of the excrements of the second concoction Symptomes about making Water Iscury Dusury A Strangury Incontinency of Urin. Diabetes Bad milk are an Iscury or suppression of Urine or stopping of Water or a Dusury or difficulty in making Water a Strangury or dropping of Urine when it comes away drop by drop and that there is a continual irritation to expel Urine Incontinence of Urine is when it goeth from us against our wills Diabetes or plentiful making Water is when whatsoever is drunk cometh away by Urine not changed at all or altered very little Hitherto belong the Symptomes which belong to the generation of milk when too much or none or not enough is generated or it proves scurvey and is coagulated and curdled Hitherto we refer the Symptomes Gonorhaea Flux of Months which belong to the other concoctions as the running of the Reins suppressions of Courses diminishing dropping flowing in too great plenty the Flux of the Womb. Increasing is hindered when either the whole body Symptomes of encreasing or some part is not encreased enough and ceaseth to encrease before it comes to its just magnitude or it encreaseth too much and grows to too great a bigness Lastly there are some hurts of the generative faculty Symptomes of generation for generation is either taken away when no Children are generated or diminished when few and weak ones are begotten or depraved when Monsters or a Cripple or any way an imperfect thing is begotten and because to the generation of mankind there is required male and female joyned hitherto belongs impotency in men extinction of lust in women barrennesse and other Symptomes of this kind CHAP. V. Of the Symptomes of the vital faculty FOr the Symptomes of the vital faculty there is a palpitation of the heart a Lypothymy Palpitation of heart or an absence of Spirits for a short time or an Aphyxy or no Pulse Palpitation of the heart is when there is a depraved motion of it swifter then it ought to be when the heart leaps and strives to fly from that which troubles it A Lypothymy A Lypothymy or want of vital spirits is when the Pulse beats swift on a sudden and then ceaseth to beat at all or is suddenly taken away with a small slow and weak Pulse to which some add an Eclusie or absense of the vital soule A Syncope again is a motion depraved A swooning Absence of Pulse when the Pulse is much lesser slower and weaker then a Lypothymy An Asphuxy is a total absence as it were of the Pulse and the highest degree of swooning and neerest to death of the other preternatural differences of Pulses we will speak in another place Respiration which is caused by the heart Respiration hurt Taken away Depraved Shortbreathing Shorter Shortest either is wholly taken away Which Symptome the Greeks call Apnoia or is depraved which they call Dyspnoia besides these the respiration is either too great or too small too often or too seldome too swift or too slow equal or unequal And lasty of swift and slow breathings there are some differences according to more and lesse for the first degree is a Dusopme the second is an Asthma the third is an Orthopnie when the sick are forced to fit upright to breath Of the Symptomes of the external senses FOr as much as belongs to the external senses Symptomes of sight first of the sight that either is wholly lost as in blindness the Disease called Amagrosis or it is diminished in the disease which is called Ambluopia and dimnesse of sight or Muopia which is to see as Mice do that is to discern objects which are neer us and seeming lesse to us then they are Depravation of sight Nutolopea is when any one sees well by day but very bad in the evening and not by night or the sight is depraved When these things which are white seem red or yellow those things which are strait crooked those things which are whole seem halfe and perforated those things which are single double when Cobwebs appear before the eyes and Flyes and Gnats when shinings and glistnings appear which the Greeks call Marmarugase The hearing is either taken away Symptomes of hearing which disease is called Deafness when the diseased can neither hear a great nor smal sound or it is diminished when loud sounds are heard but with difficulty small sounds not at all which disease is called hardnesse of hearing the Greek name Barucoia Ducecoia Hypocophosis or it is depraved when there is a hiding in the ears which disease the Greeks call Ecos and Sorigmos i. c. a hiding a whistling a hissing The smel is hurt when it is abolished Symptomes of smelling diminished or depraved when things seem to stink have in them no ill smell Moreover the taste is either plainly taken away or else diminished or depraved Of tasting when a thing seems to taste otherwise then it doth The touch is either wholly lost and can feel nothing or is diminished Of feeling which is called Numness or 't is depraved as in pain or itching hitherto also belongs want of sense in the teeth CHAP. VII Of the Symptomes of the Internal senses THe Symptomes of the Internal senses are watchings and sleepings when either of them are contrary to nature Symptomes of the common sense Too much watching Too much sleep as likewise dreams the error in watchings are when men either sleep not at all for a long time or if they do they sleep too little Sleep is opposite to watching if it be too much which comes to passe when it is natural but not absolutely such but longer either from the repletion of the head by vapours and exhalations as in drunkenness or by the consuming of the heat and spirits through too much labour But preternatural sleep is such as doth proceed from a morbifique cause which is a Cataphora or a Coâ—na that is a diminution of the action of the common sense which as it were a wreathing neither suffers the Animal Spirits to be diffused into the external senses nor being entertained by them doth know and judge aright of other objects A Coma is two-fold Coma two-fold Somnolent Vigilant somnolent and vigilant somnolent is that which is oftentimes called an absolute Coma with which disease those that are affected the eyes being shut do sleep sound and too much but a vigil is when the sick have a
blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient or very little Generation is depraved when the young are very weak or when monsters are generated which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father or theâ— imagination of the Mother Lastly Abortion the causes of abortion are either too great bignesse of fruit or defect of necessary nourishment or humours which are contained in the Membranes which when they are broken are poured into the Womb putrifie and become sharp and stimulate the expultrix or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb. CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hindrance of respiration THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty Causes of the Palpitation of the heart or as hath been said Palpitation of heart swooning and sudden deprivation of the senses the causes of the Palpitation of the heart are first things troublesome to the heart meeting with it which it desires to remove from it namely vapours either in plenty or quality either manifest or occult or both troubling the heart putrid humours sharp hot abundantly rushing into the heart or pressing it also tumours and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof moreover some moderate defect of the vital Spirits through want too great evacuations passions of the mind vehement griefe too much exercise which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation to restore and strengthen Thirdly preternatural heat encreased not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits but also enflames them which that nature may restore temperate and coole it appointeth this motion of the heart The causes of Sypothymy are defect and want of vital Spirits Of Sypothymy which either are not generated whether by defect of matter namely of air and blood or the debility of the generative faculty and from disease of the heart or being generated or taken away and destroyed whilest either they are suffocated or dispersed or corrupted by some occult or malignant qualities These causes if they are very grievous produce swooning The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place Respiration is hurt first when the moving faculty is hurt The cause of Respiration hurt Faculty of Luâ—gs hurt Of the Brest and that either of the Lungs or Brests the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe when its temperament is destroyed and the innate heat is deficient as in such as are dying or it is hindered and hurt by accident when the brest by what means soever becomes straiter and the Lungs have not space wherein to dilate themselves The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self or by accident by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting or because it decayes as in such as are dying or its influx is not made as in an Apoplexy or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the animal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff but 't is hurt by accident when by reason of the pain of the side or parts adjacent or matter and blood contained in the Brest or Wind or Tumours or something in the Panch the Brests and Midriff cannot freely be moved or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly and swell so that by their weight between breathing the Midriff suffers not them to move freely Secondly Of Instruments Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs when there is any Organick Disease or solution of continuity in the Lungs Midriff Muscles of the Brest and Panch the Wind-pipe Thirdly In regard of use when the custome of breathing is changed namely when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart Lastly Of Air. Respiration is hindered by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing if it be not fit for cooling and fanning of the heat The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae The causes of an Astma and shortnesse of breath which are peculiar diseases of shortness of breath is this when a man constantly breaths with great difficulty without a Fever such as do those who after a violent â—ace and exercise stop The immediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs or the use encreased by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs but that straitness is caused by stoppages or pressure of the Lungs or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs and both obstruction and compression are caused fiâ—st by thick and viscid humours but sometimes by thin and serous humours but in great plenty Moreover a Crude Tumour or by some swelling or gravel sticking in the â—ungs which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs or its Veins and Arteries This matter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weaknesse sometimes it flows from elsewhere and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins from the Liver into the Lungs whilest crude humours are generated therein or abound in a venemous kind which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present which neverthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh and because these that are troubled with an Astma have always an ill habit of body and the signs of debility of the Liver A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes but without it which when it happens and consisteth about the smooth Arteries yet it presses the rough Arteries and respiration is thereby hurt and the Heart is drawn into consent and an uneven pulse is produced CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes and the default of the optique and spirits The Tunicle called Cornea which comes in the fiâ—st place since it is transparent and void of colour that it may permit the passing through of visible species if it lose its transparency Faults of the Cornea or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight it loseth its diaphanity if it be thicker and become more dense or be moistned or pustules or little skins cover it It grows thicker and more dense by drying and that either the whole which disease is called Caligo or else some part is become white which is called an Albugo Caligo Albugo which spot if it be perfectly white and darkning so that it permit no passage for visible species and cover the whole Pupil it causeth blindness but if it be not perfectly white nor hinders all the passage
the Optique Spirits where we also conclude the errors of the Optique Neâ—ves if they are deficient in the brain Diseases of the visive spirits and of the Optique Nerve being hurt through cold distemper compression obstruction and then for the most part the other senses both internal and external are affected or at least that part of the braine is affected from whence the Optique Nerves have their oâ—iginal and then the sight onely is taken away or by default of the Nerve Optique it self which is its narrowness or by rupture which proceeds from obstruction of the Optique Nerves compression percussion a stroak by chance contorsion or by any violent motion whatsoever Lastly the cause of Splendor and Glittering of the Eyes is reflection of the Rayes of the internal light Causes of glittering eyes by reason of the Object a more thick body or vapours or thick humours if they are mingled with the Christaline or vitrious humours or cover them The hearing is hindered through default of the Organ of hearing Causes of deafness or of the spirits and first of all if the external eares are wanting sounds and articulate voices seem like the warbling or purling of Waters or singing of Grashoppers Secondly if the auditory passage either wholly or in part br hindered either from an external cause as a little Stone a Kernel Water or an internal cause as a Tubercle an Ulcer and such like and so either deafnesse is occasioned or hearing diminished or depraved Thirdly if the Membrane which they call the Drum is too thick or moistened too much or is loosened whether it be from the first birth or afterwards from internal or external causes the hearing is hurt Also if it be too much dryed by any grievous diseases or old age deafness doth arise But if it be broken either by internal force as by the violent putting in of an ear-picker or by an extream shrill sound or is eroded by an Ulcer deafness is occasioned Fourthly if the other parts of the ear be not rightly constituted and the air implanted be impure or deficient or the Nerve being dilated is cooled or is made thicker or affected with a Tumor or those three little bones either are not well framed by nature or are moved by some violence out of their places or the internal passages are filled with vapors and humors flowing contrary to Nature or the Arteries passing under the ears are filled with too much spirit and heat and too much agitated or lastly the auditory Nerue either is not rightly framed from our first beginning or is obstructed and compressed by a humor according to the diversity of the disease the hearing is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished or depraved Lastly the hearing is hurt through default of the Spirits either through the straitness of the passages of the braine as in an Apoplexy or through its perturbation as in an Epilepsie or through cold distemper by reason whereof difficulty of hearing is occasioned The smelling is hurt through default of the Organs Causes of smelling hurt or Spirits or some external error the faults of the Organs are the narrowness of the Adaequate senses and external Nostrils whether from compression or constipation or obstruction of the Scive-like bone and its Membrane as happens in such as are great or by the distemper of the chief Organ of smelling the mammillary precess but especially moist distemper or obstruction of the same from matter flowing which happens in Catarrhs and according to the variety of these diseases the smelling is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished the smelling is offended by reason of the animal spirits if either they are deficient which are in those which are ready to dye or are hindered from flowing as in an Apoplexy an Epilepsie and such like diseases of the brain Lastly the smelling is depraved through some external errors whilest a vapour or some filthy and stinking matter sticks in the wayes through which the smell passes for here it is infected by the foul smell thereof to that things having no ill smell seem to the sense of smelling to stink The taste also is hurt through default of spirits Cause of taste hurt or by some disease of the Organs or some external error The taste is hurt by reason of spirits when they are deficient which useth to happen to such as are dying or the taste cannot flow to the Organ either through straitness of that part of the brain from whence the Nerves appointed for the taste arise or from obstruction compression or wounds of the said Nerves The taste is hurt through default of the tongue as of an instrument whilest it is troubled with cold and moist distemper or cold and moist matter is poured on it or whilest it is dryed or is troubled with Pustuls or an Ulcer and according to the magnitude of diseases the taste is either wholly abolished or diminished Lastly the taste is depraved by external error or from external causes as from something taken into the mouth whose savour is not easily taken away or from an internal cause as a humour or a vapour wherewith the tongue is imbued being communicated from the stomach the Lungs the Brain and other parts to the tongue Lastly Cause of fieling hurt for what belongs to the causes of hindering the touch insensibility and dulness happens through defect and diminition of the animal spirits of the Oâ—gan touching this come to pass either because the animal spirits are not generated through imbecility of the native heat which happen to them in years or defect of matter by reason of great evacuation or whilest they are resolved or scattered or cooled or stupified by a Narcottique Medicine or when they cannot flow to it through the narrowness of the Nerves obstruction constipulation compression solution of continuity of the same The proximate cause of pain is solution of Unity in a membranous part Cause of pain whether it be occasioned by some primary quality or secondary whereof this stirreth up solution of continuity not so manifest but rather contemplable by reason but that is manifest which therefore is properly called solution of Unity Lastly Itching itching is stirred up from thiâ— salt and sharp Exerements collected in the skin moving man to scratch CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses OVer much watching is occasioned by too much effusion of the animal spirits Causes of too much watching to the Organs of the senses through defect of restraint of the first sense and too much irritation of the common sense the bond of the first sense or sweet exhalations are defective either because they are not generated in the body which comes to pass by long fasting or the use of meats which do not produce such exhalations or because they are consumed scattered and called away from the brain which comes to pass in a hot and dry distemper either of the whole body or of the brain and when hot
humors and vapors are elevated in the brain which often happens in Fevers and Delitiums The same causes also for the most part have a power of stirring up the common sense and besides those principally grief which in what part of the body soever it is when it violently affects the sense of touching it also stirs up the common sense which once moved irritates also the rest of the senses and so it is necessary that over much watchfulness must ensue Cause of too much sleep The causes of too much sleep and first the cauâ—es of non-natural are all those things that hinder the spirits from being sent forth to the external parts Non-natural in due manner and season such are those which dissipate and consuâ—ne the heat of the spirits beyond measure or they are called back too much into the internal parts or hinder the spirits that they cannot go out to the remote parts as too much exercise paines taking too much watching baths and such like which fill the braine with halituous vapours Moreover the causes of a preter-natural and diseased sleep so called are also against nature namely Preternatural those things which detaine the spirits against nature so that they cannot freely passe to the Organs of the senses The cause of a Coma Coma and Cataphora or a dead sleep is a plentiful vapor whether cold and moist or hot and moist either generated in the brain or sent thither out of the whole body or part of it but principally stupifactive rendring the animal spirits heavy and drowsie When there is too greedy desire of sleep Coma vigil the same stupifactive vapor is the cause but because hot and sharp vapours are mingled with it and many various and absurd imaginations are brought to the fancy the sleep is troubled and interrupted The causes of immoderate dreams are impure vapours Of immoderate dreams black and melancholy arising from food and humors causing exhalations of the same nature and stirring up the animal spirits or a distemper of the brain stirring the vapors ascending from the inferiour parts and spirits in the brain A natural extasie hath for the most part the same causes Of an extasic for those which are troubled therewith have in their deep sleep various shapes and images represented to their fantafie about which the imagination being too much busied and fixed the rest of the senses ceasing when they awake they account those dreams by reason of the too much intentiveness of the fantasie for truths and think and say to themselves that those things did really happen The cause of such as walk in their sleep Sleep walkers is a stronger imagination from an internal object represented by a dream the fantasie being violently affected stimulates the desire and thence the motive faculty to perform something the senses for the most part being bound and the rational faculty obscured but the imagination doth depend either on some vehement diurnal disease which hath gone before or on the disposition of the spirits which the vapours thicken which are not onely mingled with the spirits but also have force of binding all the spirits and set before you many cleare dreames The memory Abolishing and diminishing of the mentory fantasie as the imagination is either abolished or diminished principally through the fault of the instrument which is the brain through its too cool a distemper thereof whereunto belongs not onely innate heat but default of spirits the default of innate heat is either native and contracted from our birth or happening afterwards from our birth Heat is deficient to those who have too great heads or a brain weak and cold by nature and mixt with too much moisture or a head too little and therefore little brains or a figure too concise the figure also it self of the head may hinder these actions After a mans birth the native heat is deficient through old age and what other causes soever which may destroy and debilitate the innate heat and may cause foul spirits whether they be internal and diseases and vitious humors or external as cold meat moist thick corrupt and impure air over-much watching stroaks and wounds of the head Besides the defect and cold distemper of the native heat the memory also is weakned yea and taken away sometimes by too much moisture of the brain the same also is hurt sometimes by external error namely through the fault of objects whilest in certain diseases it is confounded and distracted by almost innumerable objects which may likewise happen to such as are well who whilest they are busied in telling any story by reason of some object happening by chance they are so called aside that they cannot make an end of their story But the reasonable faculty is not diminished nor abolished of its self nor by reason of its instrument but because the fantasie is hurt and sometimes the memory and sometimes both The depravation of the imagination and ratiocinatination happens in divers kinds of Deliriums and all have their rise from some default of the animal spirits which being ill disposed represent objects so disposed to the fantasie and whereas for the most part the imagination and ratiocination are both affected in a Delirium and the imagination useth a corporeal Organ with its Spirits but the ratiâ—â—ination useth none but onely beholdeth fantasms In every Delirium the next cause of the hurt of the imagination is the vitiousnesse of the animal spirits but the depravation of the rational faculty is caused by the fantasms The imagination and understanding hurt called Paraphrosune hath its beginning from hot vapours which in burning Fâ—ve s and inflammations of the interiour parts are elevated to the brain and disturb the animal spirits yet moderately which thing also may happen if any one should take in his meat or drink that which may trouble the spirits On this manner commeth sottishness and such as is caused by Wine the weed Darnel Hops and such like A Frensie is caused by a hot Tumor of the Brain and its Membranes from whence the hot vapours being advanced continually trouble and stir the spirits in the brain A Frenzy The cause of offending the imagination in Melancholy Of Melancholy is dark animal spirits but the causes of depraving of the rational faculty are dusky fantasms but the animal spirits are become dark and black two ways first when the spirits themselves are pure in their own nature but some strange foul and blackish matter is mingled with them Secondly when the spirits themselves are darkish in their own nature and geneâ—ate such the former is caused three wayes the first is when the matter dark and impure clouding the spirits is contained in the vessels in the head Secondly when the matter is communicated to the brain from the whole body and principally from the greater veins Thirdly when it is transmitted principally from the Hypocondries which is thence named Hypocondriacal Melancholy the
sends it out moist or by taking of meats that loosen the belly or by defluctions from the Head to the Guts or by the effusion of Choller and other thin humours to the Guts But the ordure is become hard by too much heat which consumes almost all the humidity whether it be that internal heat of the Liver or of other parts neer thereunto or of the whole body either natural or preter-natural moreover from the drinesse of the Guts or of the whole body Thirdly if there be too much Urine or if there be a continued sweat Fourthly by thickning and astringent meats Fifthly by long stay in the Guts by reason whereof the moisture is sucked out Sixthly through want of aliment in the parts Of sharp Faetid and too much attraction of the members The dung is sharp through the mixture of sharp homours use of sower meats 'T is become faetid through the use of stinking meats and ill concoction especially by the mixture of divers sorts of meats as also by the humidity and heat of the body which disposeth it to putrifaction Ordure is cast forth with a noise through the mixture of much wind violently breaking forth It becomes white White when choller is not mingled therewith as in the yellow Jaundice through the use of meats that are whitening being mixt with plenty of flegm also Yellow It becomes yellow through much much mixture of yellow Choller It becomes green through aeruginous choller It grows black by reason of a black humor by the use of Cassia and such like Red. Black Frothy It becomes red by the mixture of blood or adust yellow choller It becomes frothy by reason of slimy flegm and a defluxion of windy matter from the head and mixture of wind The causes of the the changed qualities of Urine shall be explained in the following bâ—ok Hot sweats proceed from hot humors either whilest the humors wax hot Causes of sweat preter 〈◊〉 or especially when the matter is overcome is attenuated and concocted cold are caused through plenty of cold matter which cannot be so easily overcome as heat or by the resolution of spirits and extinction of the native heat or through the malignancy of the matter â—he sweat smels by reason of too great plenty of stinking filth they are yellow in the yellow Jaundice by the mixture of yellow choller Green by mixture of leek-coloured choller red and bloody by the watrishness and thinness of the blood loosenesse of the skin and weaknesse of the retentive faculty yet there are administred Wines which being drunk in some discolour their sweat They are salt for the most part which consist of a salt and serous excrement Bitter by the mixture of Choller sharp by the mixture of sharp humours The menstruous blood offendeth in quality whilest it is white Of vitious Courses yellow black or has any ill colour moreover whilest it smells foul and is too watry which comes to passe whilest the like humors are gathered together in the body or about the womb and goes out through it with the menstruous blood The spittle is too thick if it be contained too long in the Mouth Of the spittle changed and its thinner parts consumed or if thick matter distil from the head or be mingled with it or if it be thickned by heat which happens in Fevers It becomes frothy through the mixture of spirit and much air Spittle borrows its tastes from salt bitter sower humours especially cleaving to the Stomach It receives its colour from humours in the bowels and the vapours going out of them 'T is become white from flegm Yellow from Choller Red from Blood Black from Melancholy or thick dryed Blood Green from aeruginous Choller it acquires a foul smell from inward putrifaction especially from an Ulcer of the Lungs At length the excressions erre in quantity Causes of excrements changed the excrements of the belly are cast forth in greater quantity then is convenient First by reason of moist food especially if after the use thereof store of drink be taken Secondly by reason of meats containing little alimentary juice but much excrementitious Thirdly through the ill distribution of Chyle Fourthly by conflux of Excrements from the other parts to the Guts But fewer then is convenient are ejected for contrary reasons namely if the meat be hard and principally if little drink be taken after it if the meat be of good juice and nourishment and be taken in small quantity if the Chyle be greedily snatched from the Meseraik Veines and if Choller which is as it were the Goad to stimulate and expel dregs come not much into the Guts The quantity of Urine ought to answer likewise to the quantity of drink but that also is sometimes made in greater or lesse quantity the causes whereof shall be shewed in the following Book The causes of plenty of sweat are rarity of body Cause of store of sweat strength of the expulsive faculty aboundancy and tenuity of Excrements and therefore in the Crysis of a disease great sweats arise whilest all the excrementitious matter together and at once is put forth Little sweat is occasioned by contrary causes namely by the smalnesse or thicknesse of Excrements straitnesse of passages weaknesse of expulsion by the vehemency of the matter which destroyes heat Lastly why Courses sometimes flow more plentifully Of Courses sometimes more sparingly then is convenient above in the Third Part Second Section and First Chapter where we have spoken of suppression diminution and flowing of Months The end of all the Second Book Book III. PART I. SECT I. OF SIGNES In General Of the Difference and Heads of Signs CHAP. I. Of the necessity and benefit of the Method of Signs SInce we have hitherto explained what health is Necessity of the Semiotick Method and wherein it consists and what is the difference of things contrary to nature we now rightly come to the Method of healing and preserving health and are to teach by what means health may be preserved and diseases taken away The benefit of it but neverthelesse since arts are conversant about individuals and a Physitian doth not cure in general man but Peter and Paul c. The Method and way is first to be explained whereby the present constitution of every man both sick and well may be known which now lies hid in individuals they may be found out by the signs of a disease and what may be known and hoped for of the event and end of diseases and the Method of signs are to go before Moreover there is that benefit of this Method that whilest the sick see those things that may happen to them being known to the Physitian they may trust the more to him and obey him for the Physitian when he foresees those things which shall happen to the sick may have time to prevent them and avoid the reproaches of the vulgar whilest he foretells those things which
to be so exact and happening by some occasion from the external air or the heat vanishing of its own accord the vitious matter is separated from the other humors But if Vrine be made thick Troubled which grows clear and afterwards become thin that happens because the natural heat begins to perform and concoct the matter and to stir it and mingle it which notwithstanding since it is not exactly mingled the heat afterwards ceasing the Heterogeneal parts are separated of their own accord and the thicker reside in the bottome The same comes to pass if the Vrine be thin but some matter may be mingled therewith in its passage but since it is not exactly mingled with it but only confused afterward of its own accord it settles in the bottom Lastly Troubled which remains so if the Vrine be made thick and remain so it signifies great confusion of humors is made in the Veins by the heat stirring the humors but not rightly concocting them nor is there good concoction made which the excrements elaborate to make after their manner and indeed if such a Vrine appear in the beginning of such a disease wherein no concoction seems hitherto to be made by the natural heat it is a token that 't is caused by the fiery heat contrary to nature agitating and troubling the humors in the veins but if the Vrine in the beginning is not made thick but clear and afterwards becomes turbulent it is a sign that the disease grows worse and that the heat acting upon the matter contrary to nature is encreased yet always this and also other signs must have regard to the rest of the conditions of the Vrine and hence it is to be collected whether such signs be made by the strength of nature working upon the vitious humors or by the encrease of the preter-natural heat and putrifaction or debility of strength CHAP. V. Of the causes of colours in Vrines COncerning the causes of colours in Vrine The causes of a golden colour in Vrine a golden colour which agrees to the Vrines of sound men proceeds according to the vulgar opinion from some portion of yellow choller or rather from a serous and salt excrement yet that also something tinctured with choller which is mixt with the Vrine A white Water is made Of a whit either because nothing is mingled with it which may colour it which is properly called aqueous or because some white body is mixed therewith The first cause of aqueous Vrine is Crudity and weakness of the native heat by reason whereof this excrement is left Of an aqueous as it were imperfect Secondly obstructions of the passages through which the matter useth to flow to the Vrine Thirdly if choller and therewith that salt humor be carried to another place as happens for the most part in acute Fevers and Phrensies with them Fourthly much drink Fifthly heat of the Reins and Liver which plentifully draw drink to them but do not concoct it Sixthly Gravel in the Reins or Bladder too much of that which is salt and thick adheres but the aqueous flows out Vrines of another kind are made by the mixture of some white substance whether it be flegm or quitture or seed Of milky and these Vrines we call milky yet for the most part they are made thick and afterwards become clear and the matter setling in the bottome of what kind it is may be easily discerned A Vrine is somewhat pale Of palish Of pale when pale choller in a sufficient quantity or a little of yellow is mingled with the Urine but if much pale choller or yellow in an indifferent quantity be mingled with the Vrine a pale colour ariseth If yellow be mixed in greater quantity Of yellow the Vrine becomes yellow yet some times other causes besides internal external may give a tincture to the Vrine as Rhubarb Saffron the leaves of Senna and such like A ruddy colour in Vrine is caused by choller and blood Of blood red and indeed if the Vrine be coloured with blood it doth not look clear and is properly called Vrine dyed with blood and has a colour like water wherein the flesh of animals newly slain have been washed and is made either in some open vessel for what cause soever or by the weakness of the Liver and Reins by reason whereof they cannot contain blood and assimulate it to themselves or because nature at set times evacuates the blood abounding in the whole body with Vrine but the blood which is mingled with the Vrine is either thin and the Vrine is made red or reddish or thick which if much be mingled the Vrine is made exceeding red but if little either simply red or of a pale red but that Vrine which is coloured by store of choller the choller colouring it and and making it redder it shineth and is as it were like flame sometimes also it is made red and thick by plentiful mixture of adust choller like wine of a blackish or deep red Wine like Vrine is made by the mixture of ceruleous choller Of Vine colour Of grape colour or representing the colour of Woad as also by the mixture of plenty of red choller Grapy by the mixture of yellow choller exceedingly dryed and as it were changed into a Violet colour and degenerating towards black A green Vrine is caused by plenty of Aeruginous Of green and Leck-like colour Yellow and black Vrine are sometimes caused by the mixture of external things Of yellow and black as for what belongs to the internal causes the Vrine is made black when either the melancholy humour is evacuated with it which happens in those which cumulate melancholy humours in the Spleen or black choller is mixed with the Urine or when the heat and spirits are extinguished in the veins the blood is corrupted and becomes black CHAP. VI. Of the causes of an oyly Vrine and of other differences O Leaginous Urines either have only fat swimming in the superficies Of oyly Vrines or represent Oyl in substance and colour the first difference proceeds from a melting of the fat and is rather to be referred to the differences in the Contents but that Vrine which seems like Oyl in substance and colour and yet is nor truly fat hath its beginning from the mixture of excrementitious humours especially of pale and black Choller as also of Flegm from whence proceeds a crudity with a certain greenness like Oyl Black Vrine always thick but when the difference in substance and colour are joined a black Urine cannot be thin but if the black humor makes it black it is necessary that there is so great plenty thereof mixt with the Vrine that the Vrine must become thick A light red Vrine is thin from the small portion of blood mingled therewith A light red thin but if it be made of a pale red 't is by choller which cannot happen unless there be so great
making water is to be observed those Vrines which are made presently after eating and drinking When Vrine is to be received signifie nothing certainly especially if much drink be taken since the decoction is not performed Vrine is rather to be lookt upon after a perfect concoction and about the morning In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way Secondly it is to be weighed whether any meat drink or medicine be taken which may change the Vrine Thirdly The whole Vrine to be taken It should first settle In what place should be kept Inspection of troubled Vrines the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken not to be mingled with waters made at several times Fourthly judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled and the Contents enjoy their proper place Fifthly you must beware least the Urine by cold air or winds especially in an open vessel being exposed thereunto should be changed or corrupted yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire or rather warm water that they may return to their former state yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike when troubled they differ exceedingly and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 't was clear Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet and not to be stirred only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents Eighthly the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear perspicuous and void of all colour Ninthly the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light yet the colours in a small shade so not too dark may be discerned best but the Contents in a lighter place CHAP. XII What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine What can be known by Urine but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines since the Vrine is an Excrement of the Veins of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature 't is easily mingled with the Vrine moreover the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins may be dscerned by the Vrine Whence if any peculiar part be affected and the Vrine changed also if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder On the contrary also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s and causeth various Symptomes the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine Lastly when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part yet 't is not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines and to observe the signs from thence of life and death And thus what may be known and foretold of every Vrine is manifest from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine Book III. PART I. SECT IV. OF PULSES CHAP. I. What a Pulse is A Pulse which the Greeks call Sphugmos and Sphuxis A Pulse what is a motion of the Heart and Arteries proceeding from the vital faculty consisting of dilatation and contraction and is appointed for the preservation of the Harmony of the native heat Instruments of a Pulse Instruments of the Pulse are the Heart and Arteries and the Heart is the Fountain Chimny and Elaboratory of heat and vital Spirits but the Arteires are the Channels through which this vivifying heat is derived from the heart as from a Fountain and disperst through the whole body which work that they may rightly perform power is given to them by nature whereby they can dilate and contract them selves by perpetual motion Efficient cause by which means Arteries Blood with the vital Spirits is diffused through the whole body the vapors are expelled and cold air is drawn in neither is the motion of the Heart and Arteries made only by the fervent heat of the Blood and Spirits nor is this motion to be accounted accidental Vital faculty and as it were violent but the heart by a peculiar faculty which it hath in its self which they call Vital and Pulsisique is moved neither are the Heart and Arteries dilated because they are filled but they are filled because dilated Neither is this faculty denied to the Arteries although in its own manner it depends on the heart The vse of the Heart and Arteries The use of the motion of the heart and arteries and the end of their motion is the preservation of the native heat the generation of vital spirits and the distribution of them through the whole boby but the native heat is preserved as being hotter whilest 't is cooled and fanned and the matter fit for the generating of spirits is drawn but the fuligenous vapors are expelled The motion of the Heart and Pulse performs these duties by that double motion out of the which as of parts it is composed namely by Sistole and Dyastole or dilatation and contraction But because these two motions are opposite and a thing cannot be moved against its opposite unless first it be quiet It is necessary that these two motions admit of two cessations between the one is that which follows the Systole the other the Dyastole And indeed attraction is made by dilatation for the cooling and fanning of the heat and the generation of spirits But contraction is made for expulsion for the heart when it is dilated attracts blood the matter of vital spirits and arterious blood and air from the Lungs through the arterious veins But the Arteries draw some of the thinner blood from the Veins especially they draw aire through their small orifices opening to the Pores of the Skin by contraction the Heart expels fuliginous vapors and together emits arterious Blood and Spirits into the Arteries but the Arteries expel fuligenous excrements and together communicate some Spirits and arterial blood to all the parts CHAP. 2. Of the simple differences of Pulses THe differences of
water The Fountaine is the best which hath these notes of good water Fountain that which spreds towards the East and runs towards the rising of the Sun and thrickles through sand and gravell that carries no mud with it that is hotter in Winter and colder in Summer River water for the most part is Fountaine water River and ariseth from many Fountains flowing together and therefore is of a mixt nature and receives also a mixt nature from the earth through which it flowes and somtimes also they are mingled with Snow melted in the Mountaines and great Showres of water collected together yet its crudity is corrected by the beames of the Sun whilst it runs through many parts of the Earth before the use of it it should stand and setle in water-tubs that whatsoever it carries with it that is impure may settle in the bottome Rain water which falls in the Summer time with thunder is the thinnest Raine and lightest but since many Vapours are lift up by the heate and mingled with the Showres these waters are not very pure whence they are obnoxious to putrifaction Well waters Well waters since they are not raised above the Earth and are lifted up on high only by the benefit of Art they are thick and heavy whence they continue long in the bowels and offend them Lakes and marish waters are the worst Lake waters they easily become purred they are thick and crude and often times malignant and Pestilent from whence the stomack is offended by them the bowels obstructed and humours corrupted and often times putred and malignant feavers and Pestilentiall do thence arise Waters of Snow and Ice are condemned Of Snow and Ice for they are thick and hurt the stomach and stirr up greivous diseases of the joynts nerves and bowels But the malignancy of waters are corrected by boyling Boyling of waters whereby not only the crudity and frigidity is amended but also the terrene and vitious parts are separated which afterwards when the heate vanisheth settles in the bottome Wine hath a heating Wine and drying power which even the Spirit which is drawn out of it teacheth yet because it easily nourisheth and increaseth moisture and blood fit to nourish the body t is said to be moist namely Wine is a medicinall aliment hot and dry some in the first some in the second and some in the third degree for this reason the use of it is forbidden boyes and by reason of this drying faculty many use to mixe water therewith yet there is not a little difference in heating and drying not only according to age but also according to the nature of the Wine it selfe for some is very little suffering because in mixture it will indure but little water but other Wine is called winy Wine because it may indure more water to be mixt with it But Wines differ according to taste smell colour Differences of Wines Savour and manner of subsistance as for what belongs to the taste sweet Wines properly so called nourish best and are not only most gratefull to the palate but to the bowells but because they are thicker they easily produce obstructions in the Liver and Spleen inflame the Hipocondries and are easily turned into choler they are profitable for the Lungs Chops and Throate nor do they so hurt the head nor offend the nerves Austere or harsh wines have the weaker heat tarry longer in the belly nor doe they easily passe through the veines and penetrate through the passages of the urine whence they are good for a loosenesse of the belly but hurtfull in diseases of the brest and Lungs for they detaine spittle the best wines are the middle sort which are neither very sweet nor sowre A fragrant smell is a token of the best Wine Smell because it can increase Spirits restore decayed strength and recreate and suddenly refresh those that are languishing even by its smell and can exhilerate the mind and strengthen the whole body and all its faculties and principally t is good for old men only that it fills the head and hurts the nerves but Wines that have no smell are base and neither received so greedily by the stomach nor are they so easily concocted nor do they afford matter nor so fit aliment to engender Spirits nor do they add so much strength to the heart nor do they so much refresh the body but those which have a strange smell whencesoever contracted are all nought White or pale Wines heate lesse Colour then full and yellow Wines and are weaker especially if besides their whitenesse they are of a thin substance all black wines are of thicker substance and for the most part sweete and nourish very much yet they beget thick blood and not so laudable they cause obstructions and continue long in the bowels and fill the head with many Vapours between the white and red there are middle colours yellow reddish yellow a pale red and perfect red a pale red are necrest to the white and if the substance be thin are the best such as are Rhenish Wines the most apt to strengthen the heart and to renew strength Greek Wines also strengthen the heart and are beneficiall to to those that are troubled with cholick paines and with the flatus of the stomach red Wines for the most part have not so great a force of heating they generate good blood and do not load the head but if they are of a thicker substance they are not so good for the Liver and Spleen by reason of the obstructions which they occasion between the white and red is a Wine of a mixt colour which also doth not heat so much nor offend the head As for the manner of subsistence The manner of subsistance tenuity is in the first place in that which is watry hence that which is of a pale red and yellow crassitude is in that which is black red sweet and sowre and thin wines easily penetrate and soon refresh the strength they open passages move sweates and urine yet they nourish more sparingly but the thick nourish more and are longer detained in the parts and heat and dry them more and often times bring forth obstructions Wines also differ according to age Differences of Wines according to age new Wine is thick and flatuous begets the cholick impeads excretion of urine yet it loosens the belly and unlesse it doth so t is the more hurtfull new Wine and that which it as sweet as Wine new prest is not easily distributed into the body but old Wine does work too much upon the nerves and offend the head That which is middle aged is more commodious for all uses in which thing neverthelesse there is a great difference according to the nature of the Wine for some will indure age others sooner loose their strength and consume away and loose all their Spirits In places towards the Septrentrionall Strong drinke wherein there is
not so great store of Wine strong Beere or Ale is the familiar drinke and indeed profitable enough as experience shewes But the strong drinke is prepared some of Wheate Its differences some of Barly others of them both in Polonia it is made of Oates and preserved with Hops the manner of preparing is very different every where the waters also differ wherewith they are boyled they are kept also in some places in pitched Vessels in others not pitched Strong drinke made of Wheate nourisheth more then that of Barley and also heats and moistens more Drinkes made with Wheate especially seeing the strong drink made of Wheate hath lesse Hops then that which is made of Barly but it generates more viscous juice it causeth obstructions it provokes urine With Barly but it loosens the belly Barly Beere because of the Barly heateth lesse but because more Hops for the most part are put into it acquires no small force of heating it nourisheth lesse Mixt. and yeelds a thinner juice but is more diuretick that which is mixt of Wheate and Barly is of a middle nature That drink which is made of Corne no way dried but by the heate of the Sun hath more excrementicious humours and often times brings forth obstructions All new drink is more unwholesome especially if it be troubled for it obstructs the passages and breeds the stone but that which is more cleansed is wholesomer but principally strong drinkes have their faculties from various waters of severall natures Hony and water mingled Hydromell for the most part heate and dry more then Wine especially if Aromatick things are added but it easily turnes into choler by reason of the Hony and therefore is not so good a drink for cholerick persons CHAP. V. Of the passions of the mind and of the exercise and rest of the body THE perturbations of the mind Tranquility of mind have great power in the preservation of health for an Euthumie or well setled mind and such as is at quiet doth much conduce to the preservation of health Joy Next to that moderate joy is fitrest to preserve the health of body and a naturall constitution because it recreates the heart spirits and the whole body but if it be overmuch it dissipates Exercise of body and diffuseth the Spirits Motion of the body and exercise first brings a certain solidity and hardnesse to the parts then it increaseth health thirdly it moves and agitates the spirits from whence the heart is made strong and can easily resist externall injuries and is fit to undergoe all actions happy nourishment is made and the excrementicious Vapours are discussed on the contrary those bodies which live idly are soft and tender Kinds of motion and unfit to performe labours under the name of motion are comprehended labours of every kind dancing running playing at ball gesture carrying ryding swimming walking a stirrer up of the people rubbing and such like but divers exercises have different force and some exercise some parts more then others in running and walking the legs are most exercised in handling of weapons and laying them down the armes in singing speaking with a loud voice and cleare reading the face and brest the whole body in playing with a little ball which exercise therefore is most convenient whereof a peculiar book of Galen is extant there is also a certain diversity according to violence and magnitude in motion swift attenuates and thickens slow rarifies and increaseth flesh vehement extenuates the body and makes it leane yet together hard flourishing and firme too much motion exhausteth and dissipates the substance of the spirits and solid parts and cooles the whole body it dissolves the strength of the nerves and ligaments it sometimes looseneth and distendeth the membrances and breaks the lesser veines CHAP. VI. Of Sleeping and waking MOderate watchings stirs up the Spirits and senses Watchings and render them more flowrishing distribute the Spirits and heate into all the parts of the body they helpe distribution of aliment and promote the protrusion of excrements yet if watchings are immoderate first they consume and dissipate the Animall Spirits and dry the whole body especially the braine they increase choler they whet and inflame and lastly the heate being dissipated they stir up cold diseases The strength being decayed is againe kindled a fresh with moderate sleep the spirits Sleep that are dissipated with diurnall labours are restored the heate is called back into the inner parts from whence a concoction of Aliments and crude humours is happily performed in the whole body the whole body and especially the bowells are sweetly moistned the heate increased and the whole body becomes stronger cares are taken away anger is allayed and the mind enjoyes more tranquility immoderate evacuations besides sweate are hindred and sleep is especially beneficiall to old men on the contrary immoderate sleep obscures the spirits and renders them dull and causeth an amazednesse in the understanding and memory it sends out the heate being hindred with crude and superfluous humours accumulated sleep also which seizeth on our bodyes after what manner soever when they are empty drys and extenuates the body CHAP VII Of Bathes EVery Bath of fresh water moistneth A Temperate Bath but in heating and cooling there is not the same faculty every where a temperate Bath of sweet water opens the pores of the skin and softens and rarifies the part and discusseth the excrements into the extreame parts and corrects the drynesse of parts and so takes away lassitude but if it should continue long 't would discusse that which is dissolved and weaken the strength Luke-warme Bathes Luke Warme if they incline to cold something refrigerate the body nor have they power of rarifying the parts and discussing excrements Cold water of it selfe cooles Cold. yet by accident the pores being shut and the heate penned in heateth whence if through dissipation the native heat should be in danger cold rhings being timely applyed have power to recollect and preserve it Bathes oftentimes do hurt and especially to those that are not accustomed to them and to Plethorick persons and such as are filled with crude humours as also to those which are obnoxious to Catarrhes and inflamations or an Erysipelas The Romans often frequented Bathes and they often bathed twice a day the preparation whereof you may see Galen 10. of the method of healing Chap. the tenth they used unctions also before and after bathing whereof Galen the second of simple faculties of healing Chap. the twenty fourth and the seventh CHAP. VIII Of Excretions and Retentions and of Venery THe body may be easily kept in its naturall State Excrements of the paunch if those things which are profitable for its nourishment be retained and those things which are unprofitable and ought to be cast out are omitted but if those things which ought to be retained in the body are cast out and those things which
dayly labours although they are weake and old easier endure exercises then those that are unaccustomed thereunto although they are strong and yong regard also is to be had of the time of the yeare for in summer lesser and shorter exercises in Winter greater and stronger are to be appointed so long also onely the body is to be exercised untill a fresh colour appeare in the body and the body begin in some measure to swell and sweat to flow out exercise and motion is to be used when the concoction is performed in the stomack and liver and as Hippocrates 6. Epid. Sect. 4. Apho. the last labour ought to goe before meate wherefore the most convenient time for exercise is the morning when the Stomack is empty and the excrements of the Paunch and Bladder are first sent out the same time is most fit for study regard is also to bee had of the place where exercises are for exercise under the Sun heates the body very much powers out humors and are very obnoxious to those whose heads are weake or full of humors but all exercises that are in the shade are safer Rest is no lesse necessary then motion for this is the remedy of wearinesse and repaires decayed strength and therefore exercise and rest take their interchangeable turnes Sleeping and waking The time also is to be appointed for sleeping and waking the most fit time for sleep is the night appointed for man by God himselfe but we ought not to sleep presently after meat but an houre or two after supper otherwise the head will be filled with many vapours diurnall sleep likewise fils the head with vapours but if any one hath contracted a sence of wearisomenesse or hath past an unquiet night without sleep t is lawfull to cherish sleep so long in the day time and especially for old men who seldome sleep the whole night but wee are to sleep so long untill the meate be concocted in the Stomack and Liver and the spirits that are taken away are restored which space is not equally in all lesse then six houres scarce sufficeth but beyond 9. houres sleepe is scarce to be extended for the most part the space of seven houres is sufficient But those which are studious principally offend in their sleep if they wake long after supper Sleep for those that are studious and sleep after the rising of the Sun for they do not onely pervert the order of nature but also much hinder the concoction whilst they impeade the instauration of spirits which were wasted with diurnall labours and watchings and call them from the Stomack and fill the head with vapours But we ought to lie downe with our legs and armes a little bent our head something elevated on either side Manner of lying since lying supine hurts much and first to lie on the right side that the concoction of the Stomack may bee helped by the Liver not under the canopy of Heaven nor the Beames of the Moone and the windowes are to bee shut and the nocturnall aire to be kept out the bed-chamber ought to be without any smell the bed should bee soft and fitted to drive away the frigidity of the Aire when you please the Head also is not to be wrapt with too many cloathes Watchings after sleep should bee moderate Watchings for too much consumes the native heate and dissipates Spirits dries the body brings forth crudities dulls the senses and ofâ—â—nds all the actions There is no small profit also of Bathes Bathes for the preservation of health as is said before part the first chap. the seventh yet the right use of them is to be appointed neither are we to go into a Bath before the meate be concocted in the stomach least crud humours should be carried into all the parts of the body In a Bath we must abstaine from all meat and drink and we are to go out before we are weary and to defend the whole body from cold nor must we eate nor drink before the heate of the bath be expired Lotions of the head open the pores of the skin and discusse Vapours Lotions of the head yet they are not to be used when either a Catarrh or paine of the head offendeth but are to be used in the morning or an houre before Supper and after the washing of the head it should be throughly dryed with warme linnen cloathes Lastly the washing of the feet is not profitable to hinder their sweating but to avert humours which would flow from the head thither Lastly we must endeavour that presently after sleep Exâ—rements the dregs of the paunch may be cast out if the paunch answers not to desire t is to be moistned with Raisins of the Sun the broath of a Cock a decoction of the staulkes of Burrage Mallowes Beares breech or six or seven Pruins boyled in the broath where Senna hath been infused to be taken for the first course or a little before meate the excrements of the third concoction are to be expelled by dayly exercise the head is to be combed in the morning the mouth to be washed with water the eares nose and palate to be cleansed the eyes and the whole face are to be washed in cold water and the body especially the Armes and the Legs are to be rubbed And if so any error be committed in the use of these things which may easily happen afterwards it is to be mended the next day by its contrary and an inequality being introduced the contrary cause is taken away CHAP. V. Of the dyet of old men THat part of Physick which rules Diet for old men or governs the age of old men is called Geronomick but because in old age the body every day is more and more dryed and the native heate is consumed we are to endeavour that drynesse may be prevented and the native heate so much as may be preserved Hotter and moister Aire therefore is agreeable to this age Aire and unlesse it be such of it selfe t is to be corrected by art especially in Autumne and Winter which Aire is cheifly offensive to old men The Aliment it selfe also ought to be hot and moist Aliment of good juice and easie of concoction but thick meates hard glutinous and which fill the head grow sowre in the stomach and are easily corrupted are to be avoided and if hurt be contracted by the use of such things t is to be corrected by the use of Diatrion Pipereon Diacalaminth and such like Of the usuall quantity also every day something is to be abated for as Hippocrates writes 1. Apho. 10. there is little heate in old men and therefore they need little nourishment sith thence their heat is extinguished with much and therefore meate is to be given sparingly but often and indeed very conveniently thrice aday viz. break-fast dinner and supper The best drink for old men is Wine Drink from whence Wine is called old mens milk yet
Lee quick-lime Ants or Pismires eggs sandaracha Orpiment and Arsenick Moreover concerning the extinguishing and diminshing Consuming of milke of milke and seed the generation of milke is hindered if the store of blood be abated which medicines do not performe but spare dyet or exercise hinders the comming of it to the brest such are Hemlock Lettice Ducks-meat Water Lillies Gourds Night-shade Purslan Poppy but milke that is generated is consumed by the seed of Agnus Castus Calamints Cummin Rue sage saffron Bean-meale Lupines Basil some whereof are thought to doe it by a hidden propriety Certaine things consume the seed by a hidden propriety Eâ—tinguishing the of seed Rag weed the lesser as the greater increaseth seed seed of Agnus Castus some by a manifest quality cold things as Hemlock Gourds Henbane Lettice Water Lillies Wood-sorrell Ducks meate sorrell and sower things hot Calamints mints Dill Rue Hemp seed hereunto also belongs Saccharum Saturni Camphir which J. C. Scalliger denyes CHAP XI Of Medicines purging through the Paunch IN the first ranck of Medicines Purging namly of those things which consist in the ablation of any thing and are first called Purgers but although all Medicines in generall which free any parts of the body from excrements may be called purging medicines yet use hath brought it to passe that they are only called purging medicines in particular which lead or drive out excrements through the paunch or by Vomit those which move by the belly and are wont to be known by the common name of Evacuators are twofold some of them are such as only purge the belly and the first passages others there are which reach beyond the first Region of the body and emit peccant humours from the more remote parts which are more properly called purging medicines The former sort the Greeks call Lenitives Enteropticks and Hypacticks that is Lenitives because they evacuate ordure out of the guts and whatsoever is detained in the stomach guts and Orifices of the Meseraick veines whether they doe it by mollifying and humecting or by lubrifying and making the passages slippery which they imbue and melt the feces with their abundant humidity and provoake to expulsion or whether they have a power of cleanseing and moderatly stimulating such are Mallowes March mallowes the herbe Mercury Beets Cabbage Blites Orach Sparagus Raysins sweete Pruins Sebestens Cassia Manna Tamarinds Oyle of sweet Almonds new fat Figs sweete Apples fat Broaths especially of a Cock or Capon whey especially of Goats milke fresh new Butter But the purging medicines are most properly so called which send forth some particular humour out of the body Things purging from some particular part but by what power they performe that is much controverted by Physitians but it seemes probable that purging medicines whither taken in at the mouth or by Clister or externally applyed to the Navell or belly or held in the hands or applyed to the Buttocks are resolved and deduced into action by the heate of our bodyes and that the most subtill spirits or vapours of them so resolved are dispersed through vessels into the whole body and by a hidden force and propriety move the humours which have affinity with them and trouble stir up and as it were ferment them and do so bring it to passe that those humors which before were mixed with the blood and caused no disturbance of nature being now stirred up and seperated from them and being by themselves stimulate nature and irritate it to expulsion which being irritated by the helpe of the expulsive faculty expells both the purging medicine and the vitious humor so seperated by the power thereof together from the body But some of them are more mild which mollify the belley More mild yet besides this by a propriety of substance regard a peculiar humour and exercise their strength beyond the first wayes to the Liver and Spleen yet cannot evacuate from the whole and the most remote parts some are stronger which evacuate beyond the liver and spleen also greater vessells but the strongest purges are those which evacuate humours out of the whole body Stronger and from the most remote parts and from the smallest veines there are divers purging medicines yet the difference of them is drawn from the number of humours which they attract by a specifique force Cholagogues or the milder purgers of choler MAnna Manna which in the broath of Beef or of a Hen or in a decoction of Pruins or Tamarinds being dissolved and strained is given from an Ounce to three Ounces Cassia Fistula Cassia is a benigne and safe medicine at all times and all ages unlesse that it be too moist and windy and therefore not so convenient for a moist stomack and guts and those that are flatulent and therefore is corrected with Cinamon Mastick Anni-seed Fennell-seed Carrot-seed halfe a drachm or a whole drachm being added to it it is exhibited conveniently in the forme of a Bolus or Electuary not long before meate it is given from halfe an Ounce to two Ounces Tamarinds are cold and dry in the second degree Tamarinds and for that reason represse the Acrimony and heate of humours the pulpe is given from an Ounce to two Ounces or three Ounces and in decoction to foure Ounces The juice of Roses syrups Juice of Roses and Hony prepared of it gives strength to the Liver and bowels but it opens the Orifices and therefore is not to be given to such as are with child the juice is given to two Ounces the Syrup and Hony to three or five Ounces The juice of Violets Violets and Syrup and Hony prepared thereof mitigates heate the juice is given to two Ounces the syrup and Hony to foure Ounces Flowers of the Peach-Tree cause not only purging Peach Tree flowers but vomiting and purge chollerick and serous humours the Syrup prepare of them is given to two Ounces the conserve to an Ounce a handfull of them infused in Wine doth performe the same Myrobalans of citron colour are cold and dry Citron Mirobolanes and also bind and strengthen the bowells but are not so safe in obstructions thereof Their astriction is corrected opening things being added and sweet smelling seeds or if they are rouled in Oyle of sweet Almonds they are given in powder to two drachms in infusion to five drachms or to an ounce and halfe Rupbarbe besides yellow choler purges phlegme also Rhubarb but not unlesse it stick in the nighest passages t is principally good for the liver it hath divers parts by the more subtile it purgeth and opens by the thicker it binds whence it is profitable in a Lientary and in spitting of blood and in ruptures it is given in the substance in infusion and decoction it ought to be very light and the third part of Cinamon is added or of Camells hay or Indian spike when you are willing only to purge or open t is best given in
be thickned and unfit to draw out But when there is need of cooling first beware that cold astringents are not given but moistning for cold things are very hurtfull to the Breast 5. Apho. 24. not onely applyed outwardly but taken inwardly In the cure of the heart Medicines are alwaies to be mixed which have a corroborating power Heart and therefore moderate astringents and odoriferous and Bezoa ticks as they are called should alwaies be mixed with the Medicines which are given to the heart But alwaies beware of vehement coolers and heaters The stomach is easily hurt as well by too much heate Stomach as by too much cold and in a hot distemper t is to be warily cooled by degrees and by little and little but in a cold you must take heed least the innate heate be too much dissipated by hot things and therefore somewhat astringent and strengthning is all wayes to be added which may hinder the dissipation of the innate heate and Spirits In curing the Liver Liver these medicines are to be chosen that have some binding and strengthning faculty with tenuity of parts such like are those that are astringent and are bitter but you must abstaine from sweet things by which the Liver as also the spleen doe easily swell The Spleeen requires and endures the strongest medicines Spleen and therefore they may safely be applyed outward yet so that the humours contained in it may not increase by sudden cooling or be hardned by drying but they are scarce safely given inwardly least the other bowells be offended by them and therefore what is wanting in vehemency is to be be made good by dayly use of them In a disease of the wombe Wombe you must abstaine from vinegar for pleasant things are more gratefull to the wombe yet such as are great must abstaine from them The Eye since it is very sensibly it doth not endure sharpe medicines The eye or such as may bind and exasperate it But in the cure of distempers not only contraries convenient are exhibited but the use of likes are altogether to be avoided Yet if the distemper be with matter Distemper with matter alteration alone doth not suffice but the cause from whence it is cherished is first to be taken away and therefore Indication in distempers of this nature is evacuation and alteration where notwithstanding by the name of a cause are not only understood causes simply so called but also diseases and affects some of which excite and cherish other diseases for these in like manner are to be taken away in the first place CHAP. II. Of curing diseases of the whole substance IN curing diseases of the whole substance the occult malignant quality is to be driven out by its contrary and a remedie against poyson and the venemous cause to be taken away and rooted out of the body and therefore poyson which is drunke or taken in at the mouth is to be cast out by vomit or presently to be drawne out through the pâ—unch but if it be drawne in with Aire or hath passed beyond the liver t is to be expelled by sweates but those which are communicated by the biting or striking of venemous animals are brought by drawing after what manner soever to the body first of all we must labour to draw back and extract and to hinder it all manner of wayes least it penetrate and creepe within the body but principally every sort of poyson is to be expelled by those remedies which experience teacheth to be most repugnant to them and with those the heart is to be strengthned yet to observe the manifest qualities also in poysons is a great part of the cure CHAP III. Of the cure of diseases of Conformation AS for the Errors of Conformation Cure of figure in diseases What they show if the bones are set awry and ill shaped in those which are growing the cure is possible but in those that are come to ripenesse of yeares and which grow no more they are incurable But t is a generall Indication which supplyes the fault of the figure a changing of the part of the viticus figure to the contrary until it acquires the figure which naturally it ought to have but this is performed two wayes by fashioning and alligation or binding How corrected by fashioning that mending of the figure is to be taken which by drawing and prossing with the hands by little and little and often is perfected by binding that correction is understood which is performed by swathings and Ferrules or Canes namely by which part of the vitious figure by swathings is drawne contrarywife and retained by splintors least it should bend back againe towards its erroneous figure The second sort of diseases of Conformation are in the hollow places which two generall indications doe helpe The cure of diseases in the channell or passages namely to open that which contrary to nature is shut and to shut that which contrary to nature is opened But amongst diseases in defect the most common is obstruction of passages Of obstruction whose common Indication is apertion of obstruction But sith thence the causes of obstruction may be various particular indications are taken from them and those being taken away the obstructions are also opened Therefore that obstruction which is made by thick and viscid humours requires attenuating cleansing and cutting medicines amongst which sometimes the weaker sometimes the stronger are used according to the nature of the humour it self and the condition of the place wherein it resides But if obstruction be made by many humours and they contrary to nature in their whole kind the cure thereof consists altogether in evacuation But if the humour be not contrary to nature in its whole kind but onely offends in quantity the Indication is Apokenosis i. e. That which abounds is to be abated according to its abundancy But although all the obstructing causes should be evacuated yet they differ as well in other things as also especially in this that each of them require their peculiar and convenient places Those which obstruct the Breast and Lungs are to be ejected by cough nor can they easily be evacuated any other way But those which are contained in the Liver or in Veines or in Arteries or in the Reines are cast out by Urine the belly or vomit The other kinds of straightness Coalescense when the causes are taken away they are likewise taken away things growing together or Coalescents since it comes to pass by the growing together of parts and sides of a passage Indicate a Medicine breaking and taking away that Siccatrizing again Constipation Indicates the cause to be taken away Pressing closing Compression which make that straightness Compression since it proceeds from externall causes resting upon the passages the Indication is common namely to take away that cause of pressing together and shutting the passage but the speciall Indications are various according to
help of an Incision Knife and Iron or with a silken string or with a Horse hair or with caustick Medicines and Septicks But the other kind Diseases in connexion when the part is not joyned with those with which it ought Indicates that that which containes should be rendred more firme and solid And therefore those parts ought to be strengthned and contained CHAP. VII Of the cure of Solution of Continuity THe first Vnity dissolved what it shewes What to be done by the Physitian and most usuall Indication of Solution of Unity is uniting or unity dissolved Indicates that the parts that are separated should be united which thing although it be the work of nature yet the Physitian is the Servant of nature in this matter For these are the principall duties of the Physitian here First he is to be carefull that nothing fall into the part affected which may impede conglutination Secondly That the extreams or lips in the dissolved unity are rightly joyned againe and are mutually applyed to each other Thirdly That the extreames so joyned may be kept together Fourthly That the Temperament of the part it self may be preserved and the help of nature is necessarily required in agglutination Fifthy That the Symptomes which may ensue be prevented and corrected But these aimes are not alwaies performed in all parts alike The cure of wounds For in wounds every extraneous thing is to be taken away out of the Wound then the lips of the Wound are to be joyned together and it is to be endeavoured that they may be kept united As before part 1. Sect. 2. cap. 5. is spoken the parts being joyned the rest of the work is to be committed to nature t is the parr of the Physitian onely to endeavour that the blood which comes out offends neither in quantity nor quality and to use Medicines that generate flesh of which Galen 3. of his Method of healing cap. 3. And lastly to citatrize the wound yet if certaine Symptomes which may hinder the cure do follow as Hemerodes paine convulsions they are to be resisted and principally care is to be taken that no inflamation ensue In the cure of Fractures Of Fraciures the Physitian propounds to himself two aimes First that the broken bones may be rightly joyned together againe and that the naturall Position and Figure may be restored to them The other that being joyned they may be kept together and retained and grow in their naturall figure But in what manner that may be performed is spoken before p. 1. S. 2. c. 3. But the generation of hard flesh and skin Generation of hard flesh whereby the bones and skin may be conglutinated and grow together is the work of nature But the Physitian ought to help nature which he doth if he beware least any inflamation or such like accident which may hurt the substance and temperature of the member should follow and the aliment is to be so disposed through drying Medicines that it may the sooner be changed into callous or hard flesh of which t is spoken before CHAP. VIII Of the cure of oppressing and urging Symptomes THe third sort of preternaturall things remaines Symptomes urging how many namely Symptomes Symptomes as they are preternatural Indicate in generall the ablation of themselves But that Indication for the most part is unprofitable For since they depend on diseases and their causes those being taken away these also are taken away But because it cannot alwaies be expected or waited untill the cause or the disease be taken away somethings necessary Indicate vvhich require a peculiar cure different both from the cure of a disease and of the cause and that they require to be done speedily Such Symptomes are those which are said to urge or ensorce All those things provoke which threaten such danger and mischief that the ablation of the disease or of the cause on which it depends cannot be expected but if it should be expected it would threaten the hazard of life or some great hurt But then the ablation of the disease is not to be expected when either it is uncurable and the Symptomes belongs to an action hurt that is neceslary not absolutely for life but for amendment or if it be cureable the cure whereof is so tedious that before it can be perfected danger and hazard of life will be like to happen by reason of the Symptome those Symptomes are commonly accounted but few principally paine watchings and immoderate Evacuations yet there are some others Paine indicates a medicine taking away or mittigating paine Cure of paine but since paine is either a sad sensation or else is not made without a sad perception by sense and two things are necessary to sensation perception of a thing Tangeable or sense in the part which it meetes with and advertency of the mind if one of these be wanting neither sense nor paine is and therefore those things which take away and hinder one of these are contrary to the paine and as for what belongs to the sense in the part we may resist paine two wayes either by opposing a contrary object to the sad sensation or by taking away the sense sithhence therefore a sweet and pleasant sensation is contrary to a sad that the sad sensation may be taken away that is to be offered to it which is endued with a mild and gentle heate and brings forth a pleasant Anodines and sweete sensation when touched which are Anodines or medicines mittigating paine properly so called as a bath of fresh water common Oyle the far of Animalls Muscillages and other things endued with a temperate and pleasing heate of which above P. 1. S. 1. Chap. 7. Moreover Narcotticks mittigate paine Stupefactives or Stupifactives which stupifie the Spirits and together provoke sleepe and so doe it that the Dolorifique subject is not perceived Secondly Intentiveness of mind is hindred if it be averted to other objects Over much watching indicates a medicine causing sleepe Cure of over much watching sleepe may be occasioned foure wayes first if all things may be removed which may excite any sense to operate Secondly if the mind be drawne away from the agitation of the externall senses and the animall spirits are pleasantly invited from motion to rest Thirdly if those things are exhibited which allay hot dry and sharpe vapours and send pleasant fancies into the braine whereby it is moistned and as it were stupifyed Fourthly if those things are exhibited which by a peculiar faculty make the animall Spirits drowzie and unapt or dull which specially are called Hypnoticks and Narcoticks Thirst since it is the desire of cold and moist Cure of Thirst and is made through the defect of cold and moist it Indicates cold and moist as its contrary Too great a flux of the belly as it is such Of the flux of the belly Flux of blood is stopt by astringent things Blood slowing Indicates
of a Synocha with putrifaction OF the Nature of a Fâ—ver Chap. 1. p. 1. Of the causes of Fevers in general ch 2. p. 3. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general ch 3. p. 4. Of the differences of Fevers in general ch 4. p. 5. Of the Cure of Fevers in general ch 5. p. 6. Of the Fever Ephemera ch 6 p. 6. Of an Ephera of more days and of a Synocha without putrifaction ch 7. p. 10. BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers OF putred Fevers in general ch p. 12. Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 2. p. 15 Of the signâ— of putred Fevers in general ch 3. p. 16 Of the Cure of putred Fevers in general ch 4 p. 17. Of breathing of a Vein ch 5. p 18 Of Purging ch 6. p. 19 Of co-coction and separation of Humors ch 7. p 22 Of Sudoâ—ificks and Diureticks ch 8. p. 23 Of Diet in putred Fevers ch 9. p. 24 Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 10. p. 27 Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular ch 11. p. 28 Of a Causus or Burning Fever ch 12. p. 31 Of continued periodick Fevers in general and of a continued Tertian ch 13. p. 33 Of a continued Quotidian ch 14. p. 36 Of the Fever Epiala p. 38 Of the â—yncopal Fever p. 39 Of a continued Quartan ch 15. p 40 Of Symptomatical Fevers ch 16. p. 41 Of Intermitting Fevers in general ch 17. p. 46 Of Intermitting Fevers in particular and first of an Intermitting Tertian ch 18. p. 55 Of a Quotidian Intermittent ch 19 p. 61 Of an intermitting Quartan ch 20. p. 62. Of compound Fevers and Semi-tertians ch 21. p. 67 BOOK III. Of a Hectick Fever OF the nature of a Hectick Fever ch 1. p. 71 Of the signs of a Hectick Fever ch 2. p. 72 Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever ch 3. p. 73 BOOK IV. Of the Plague and of Pestilential and malignant Fevers OF the Nature of the Pestilence ch 1. p. 75 Of the causes of the Pestilence ch 2. p. 77 Of Contagion ch 3. p. 79 Of the signs of the Plague ch 4. p. 81 Of preservation from the Pestilence ch 5. p. 82 Of the Cure of the Pestilence ch 6. p. 85 Of the nature of a pestilent and malignant Fever and the difference of them from the Plague ch 7. p 89 To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones pâ—rtain ch 8. p 90. Causes of a pestilent malignant Fever ch 9. p 91 Signs of malignant and pestilent Fevers ch 10 p. 92 Of the cure of malignant and pestilential Fevers in general ch 11. p 93 Of a malignant Fever with the Measles and Small Pox ch 12. p. 97. Of the Spotted Fever ch 13. p. 105 Of the English Sweat ch 14. p. 108 Of the Vngarick Disease ch 15. p. 110 Of a malignant Fever with the Cramp ch 16. p. 114 Of a malignant Fever with a Catarrh and a Cough and the Squincy ch 17. p. 116 Of the Cure of Symptomatical Fevers ch 18. p 118 Book I. Of Fevers in General and of an Ephemera and of a Synocha with Putrefaction CHAP. I. Of the Nature of a Fever THat which is called by the Latines a Fever The name of a Fever by the Greeks from fire is called the fiery distemper Hippocrates plainly calls it fire if it be very vehement as being by the consent of all men a hot distemper For although some Germans call it Daskalte yet that appellation belongs not to every Fever neither doth it express the nature of a Fever but only signifieth Cold An intermitting Fever may be so called A Fever is a hot distemper of the whole body atising from heat kindled contrary to nature in the heart It s definition and nature and by the mediation of the Blood and Spirits conveyed through the veins and arteries to all the parts and hindring natural actions unless it be prevented For a Fever is generated when as Galen 1. Aphor. 14. hath it The native heat is become fiery Generation of it For seeing that all the parts of the body have a certain temperature and all of them are actually hot every one according to its own degree and thereby are rendered fit to perform natural actions If in the heart from whence the vital heat is diffused over all the parts of the body each part receiving its due temper from thence a certain preter-natural heat be kindled and spread over the whole body so that to the natural temperature of the parts some degrees of preter-natural heat are added and that actual heat shall be increased a certain excess of heat and a hot distemper is kindled in the whole body which is called a Fever Which distemper indeed formaliter as some say is contrary to nature and is called a Fever but materialiter 't is not altogether contrary to nature for unless there had been before some degrees of natural heat extant the supervenient heat could not constitute this degree of heat And indeed a hot distemper only constitutes a Fever Driness is no part of the Essence of a Fever for although all fevourish heat tend to driness yet that driness is not sickness in all Fevers neither is the body by fevourish heat rendred unfit to perform its natural actions it is so by driness in every Fever that the natural actions are hindred but although the fevourish heat always tend to driness yet oftentimes the disposition of the body wherein that heat acteth and moisture therewithal hinders the production of a disease by driness The adequate Subject of a Fever is the whole body The Subject or certainly most of its parts but the principal is the heart as being that wherein that heat is first kindled and from thence communicated to all the other parts of the body unless it be hindred nor can a Fever be generated unless the heart first become hot Indeed the whole body is the Subject of a Fever in regard of the similiar parts and as it is indued with actual heat which is as it were kindled by the innate and influent heat For this heat when it is changed and converted into a fiery heat from a temperate and moderate a Fever is stirred up The immediate cause of a Fever is heat kindled in the heart contrary to nature The proximate cause and diffused over all the body For as the heart whilest it is well and according to nature is the fountain of natural heat and disperseth the same over all the body so if it grow hot contrary to nature it distributes that unnatural heat over all the parts For although a Fever may be kindled by the inflamation of other parts likewise yet that happens not unless that heat be first sent to the heart and afterwards from thence to all the parts of the body whence it comes to pass that in every Fever the Pulse is changed Nevertheless every kind of heat in the heart is not sufficient to
cause a Fever but such a kind of heat it ought to be as can cause such a hot disease as can hinder the performance of natural actions Whence 't is manifest that a Fever is one thing A Fever and feverish heat differ and a feavourish heat another thing A Fever properly is that hot distemper which happens in the living parts of a body and renders them unable to act but the fevourish heat is also in the humors and spirits and stirrs up that hot distemper of the body which constitutes the essence of a Fever CHAP II. Of the causes of Fevers in general ALthough there is but one only cause of a hot distemper of the whole body which constitutes the essence of a Fever namely preter-natural heat kindled in the heart and thence distributed over all the body yet the causes from whence that heat in the heart ariseth are several as Galen of the causes of diseases cap. 2. and in the first book of differences of diseases cap. 3. recites five Motion Putrefaction Contact of some hot thing Cloasure of the pores of the skin or a Retention of a hot stream and lastly Mixture with some hot thing And of these causes some by themselves and some by accident stir up heat First from Motion Motion sithence the Spirits and humours of our bodies are hot from the confluence of them into any part according to the various motion of the body and mind heat is increased which if it be greater and be either kindled in the heart or communicated to the heart a Fever ensueth Secondly Putrefaction excites heat Putrefaction For since all things that do putrifie become hotter and out of putred bodies are exalted many hot vapours thence heat is conveyed to the heart by the veins and arteries and from thence a Fever raised Thirdly contact of a hot thing exciteth a Fever Contact of a hot thing As if the body wax hot by the Sun Fire Bath or Medicine and that heat be sent to the heart a Fever followeth Fourthly if the pores of the skin are closed and a hot stream and hallituous excrements Retention of a hot steam which in concoction are generated in the body and use to be sent out through the pores of the skin be penn'd in heat is thereby kindled and a Fever bred Lastly when hot things are mingled with humours and spirits as meat drink hot Medicines all those communicate that heat which they contained in themselves to the Spirits and humours which if they penetrate the heart and from thence be distributed to the other parts of the body a Fever is thereby kindled And indeed the fourth of these causes or the retention of the hot effluvium is sufficient alone without the rest to cause a Fever But the other causes without this can hardly do it For although from Motion Putrefaction Contact and Mixture with a hot thing hot vapours are stirred up in the body yet if the body freely ventilate and that so much be daily evaporated and emitted of those vapours as are generated a Fever is not easily occasioned but when those vapours are detained a Fever is soon kindled But although these causes if they be powerful Disposition of a body to a Fever may raise a Fever in any body whatsoever yet in bodies inclinable an ordinary power in the causes may suffice to beget a Fever Now they are most inclinable to Fevers which abound with much heat salt and sharp humours For which reason Youths are more apt to Fevers of which you may read Galen 8 Of the Method of healing cap. 8. where the whole order of Inclinations to Fevers are set down 1. Hot and dry 2 hot and moist 3. hot only 4. dry only 5. temperate 6. cold and dry 7. cold only 8. moist only 9. cold and moist Yet to another kind of Fevers other bodies are more inclinable CHAP. III. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general WHereas in a Fever the temper of a body is changed Symptomes of Fevers and rendred hotter hence certain Symptomes of Fevers must necessarily ensue And first of all it is hence manifest that those actions are especially hindred which should be performed by the similar parts as they are such and by the benefit of the temper of each such part no organick part concurring Such action since it is Nutrition and those that are subservient thereunto they are especially hurt in Fevers Yet because the Instruments by which other actions are performed consists of similar parts that imperfection is derived to the hinderance of them as of vital and animal actions Indeed the vital actions are principally hurt in a Fever because the fevourish heat is first kindled in the heart Whence in all Fevers the Pulse becomes more frequent and swifter for since the motion of Pulses in all Fevers may be increased first a thick Pulse as being most facile of all but if that frequency satisfies not the necessity celerity happens which if that be not sufficient then magnitude follows So that the strength be not debilitated The animal actions also are often hurt As for other Symptomes preter-natural heat is observed to offend internally or externally Also the excrements and qualities of a body are variously changed by reason of the hinderances of concoctions CHAP. IV. Of the differences of Fevers in general THe differences of Fevers are taken from their essence Differences or from their accidents Hippocrat 6. Epid. comment text 29. propounds the differences taken from the heat it self of the Fever that some Fevers are biring namely such as strike the hand of them that touch them and by reason of that sharp vapour which is stirr'd up by putted matter it doth as it were prick the hand but a mild one is such as hath troublesome heat but not so violent Moreover the heat oâ— some Fevers at the first touch is not sharp and nipping but if the hand be continued longer afterwards it betrayes itself On the contrary others are quick at first to the touch but if the hand continue longer it is overcome by the hand and a little abated But those are the most proper differences which are taken from inherence in the Subject and the cause of inhering which Fevers are divided into Ephemeraes putred and hectick the truest foundation of which division is that one Fever is in habitude the other in habit for although the fevourish heat in every Fever possess the similar parts of the body yet some are so inherent in the body that they require no cause to cherish them and although they are not fed by the kindling of humours and Spirits nevertheless they will continue which sort are called Hecticks Another hot distemper is so inherent in the similar parts of the body that unless it be cherished by the kindling of humours and Spirits it can no more subsist which Fever is called a Fever in habitude which in respect of the cause is twofold an Ephemera to
which also a Synocha without putrefaction is referred and a putrid There is another thing worth the noting that one Fever is Primary another Symptomatical Primary is that which follows no former disease but depends on its proper cause Secondary or Symptomatical is that which ariseth from the inflamation of any member See Galen 4. Aphor. 7. But of Symptomatical this is to be noted that those which by the ancients were accounted Symptomatical were indeed primary many of them and inflamations of the parts of the Membrane that covers the ribbs of the lungs or chopps rather happened to those parts then the Fever to take it's rise from them Feavers accompanied Which Fevers may be called Comitatae or such as accompany the Fever CHAP. V. Of the cure of Fevers in general NOw to the cure Cure A Fever as it is a Fever being a hot distemper indicates cooling things are to be used Galen 8. Meth. Med. Cap. 1. But because there is no small difference amongst Fevers and that a Fever is often joyned with it's cause regard is to be had of the cause of the same Nay indeed because the cause often offends more then the Fever it self the Fever is so to be cooled as that the cause may not be cherished and those things be detained in the body which ought to be evacuated And oftentimes error is committed in this whilest regard is had only of the heat cold things are administred by which the cause of the Fever being detained the Fever is prolonged Whereas on the other side heating things as likewise either opening or sudocifick things without cooling medicines often with happy success cure the Fever For the cause being taken away the Fever it self ceaseth of it's own accord Whereof more particularly hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the Fever Ephemera THere are two sorts of Fevers whose heat are inherent in our bodies in habitude Feavers in habitude For that the hot distemper of the parts is cherished either by the heat of the Spirits or humors and the humors are inflamed either with or without putrefaction Those Fevers which are sustained by the heat of the Spirits and humours without putrefaction The name Ephemeros are called Ephemerae and Humorales without putrefaction Those which are kindled by putrifying humours are called putred Fevers That Fever which is cherished by the kindling of Spirits is called by the Greeks Puretos Ephemeros by the Lattines Diaria and Ephemera by a name not taken from the nature of the disease but from it's duration In respect of the Essence thereof it may be defined thus Definition It is a Fever arising from and depending on the heating and inflaming of the vital Spirits The proximate cause of this Fever is the heat of the vital Spirits kindled contrary to nature The next cause which being spread over the whole body through the arteries heats the whole against nature That heat is stirr'd up from all those causes before mentioned in the second Chapter only except from putrefaction Remote cause which sometimes immediately sometimes remotely by means of the natural and animal Spirits heat the vital to wit perturbations of the mind sadness fear sollitude anger over much watching too much intentiveness of the mind too much exercise of body grief hunger thirst hot meats and drinks drunkenness crudities in bodies cholerick heat of air fire hot Baths retention of the hot Effluvium inflamations of Kernels and Buboes from the which heat alone without putred vapours is conveyed to the heart according to the vulgar opinion Yet it seemeth not impossible but that those putred vapours by the veins and arteries next to the part affected may be communicated to the heart And so these Fevers should rather be Symptomatical then absolute putred then Ephemeral Those that are hot and dry easily fall into this Fever Disposition of body in whom many hot dry vapours are coliected which are easily inflamed by causes heating them more Amongst the Signs by which this Fever is known and discerned from others in the first place Galen 1 de differ Diagnostick signs Febrium c. 7. saith it beginneth from some procatartick or evident cause which indeed is an inseperable sign but not a proper sign for although a Fever that doth not arise from a manifest cause is not an Ephemera yet every Fever which ariseth from a manifest cause is not therefore an Ephemera 2. Moreover the Urine in substance colour and contents is most like unto the Urine of healthy men or at least recedes not much from them which in an Ephemera which proceeds from crudity it useth to do in which the Urine useth to appear more crude and whiter 3. The Pulse is neerer to a natural one then in any other Fever only that it useth to be extended in magnitude celerity and frequency Yet in regard of the cause which occasioned the Fever some change may be made in the Pulse 4. The heat of this Fever is gentle and weak in respect of other Fevers 5. Nay in the very state and height thereof it is somewhat more gentle and moderate 6. This Fever invades without shakings or tremblings it 's increase and augmentation in heat and pulse is free and equal 7. The declination is performed by moisture or moist evaporation by sweat like theirs who are sound in health which by a little exercise more then ordinary comes forth and a perfect apurexsie follows that moisture so that after the declination no footing is left for the Fever either discernable by Pulse or any other circumstances And in case any footing be left it is a sign that it will turn into another sort of Fever The causes are most perfectly to be known by the relation of the sick which may instruct the Physician whether from passion of the mind exercise of the body or any other evident cause this disease hath been occasioned These causes also affords some signs of themselves which the Physician cannot be ignorant of These Fevers are the shortest of all others Prognosticks and continue not above twenty four hours There is no danger in them unless some error be committed and for the most part they are conquered by nature wherefore Physicians are seldom called to their cures Yet according to the diversity of their causes some are cured more easily others with more difficulty For those causes which are hardly taken away and the humours are apâ— to corrupt a Fever introduced from such easily degenerates into a putred which happeneth when it is extended above four and twenty hours or no sweat appears and pain in the head be present and persevere And it degenerates either into a Synocha without putrefaction if the body be youthful and plethorick or into a putred if the body be cacochymick or into a Hectick if the body be hot dry and lean And the proper signs of those Fevers shew into what sort of them the transmutation will be made Moreover sithence this Fever
is a hot distemper of the whole depending on the heat of the Spirits inflamed Indicationâ— And seeing the heat of the Spirits and the distemper thence introduced indicate cooling yet if the cause exciting the same be still present that also ought to be taken away These Fevers are cured by good dyet The Cure so that there is seldome any need of strong medicines the food therefore ought to be cooling and moistning the meat of good juyce and easie of concoction principally cream of Baâ—ey the rest may be mixed with lettice sorrel juice of Citron or Lemmon Vinegar The drink should be barley-water small beer or small white-wine Yet if pain in the head be present or that the Fever be occasioned by anger or from a bubo then wine is to be refrained The Ancients most frequently used Baths of warm water but at present neither the same industry is used in preparation of them neither are men in our age so accustomed and disposed to bathe In the first place diligent care is to be had of that Fever Ephemeral which ariset hfrom the clovure of the skin Cure of an Ephemer a from closure of the skin or it's thickness or crudity of the stomack since they easily turn into putred Fevers And an Ephemera which is caused by stoppage of the pores of the skin since it comes to pass rather from plenty of blood then ill habit of body in that a vein is forthwith to be opened that the blood may be diminished and cooled but the thickness of the skin if occasioned by cold or astringent things is cured by those things that rarifie and open the same by a bath of fair water luke-warm soft rubbings temperate and luke-warm oils wherewith the body should be annointed But if the thickness of the skin be occasioned by drying things use moistening dyet and the body should be annointed with temperate and moistening oils Lastly if the Ephemera proceed from crudity From crudity of the stomack since that is twofold the one called Acid which proceeds from diminution of heat the other Nitrous which is caused by preter-natural heat If from Acid crudity which seldom happens the Ephemera proceed and that crudity be less so that meat may be reduced into a better state rest and sleep are to be occasioned and before sleep meat of easie concoction in a small quantity is to be taken and the stomack to be comforted with hot oyls But if the crudity be great then the meat is to be ejected by vomit or if the sick be not apt to vomit with a lenitive he should provoke a stool before it be distributed into the veins he must then abstain from meat and the stomack both with internal and external medicines is to be comforted But if the crudity be unsavoury or nitrous 't is to be conected with cold things wherewith if the concoction be not helped the corrupt meat is either to be emitted by vomit or to be purged by gentle medicines opening the first passages only such as are good against cholar and as corroborate the stomack CHAP. VII Of an Ephemera of more dayes and of a Synocha without putrefaction THere remains another kind of Fever An Ephemera of many days called Ephemera to which that appellation doth not belong because it is extended more dayes Yet it can be referr'd to no other sort of Fever then this more conveniently therefore although Ephemera should signifie the essence of the Fever Ephemera is so called though with the addition of more dayes Such Fevers are those which no wayes differ from Ephemeral Fevers newly described unless in durability the cause of which is obstruction of cutanious vessels which when they do continue stopped Synocha without putrefaction an inflamation of the Spirits so long endureth until that cause cease Moreover to these belong a Synocha without putrefaction commonly called a Fever inflative which is generated from the fervency of Spirits and thinner blood without putrefaction The cause of this Fever is the prohibition of the hot Effluvium Cause arising from obstructions or striction of the pores of the skin in a plethorick body This continues several dayes namely to the third or fourth day neither can the plenty of vapours kindled and exhaleing which proceed from the blood be discussed in one day nor can the obstruction or astriction of the pores of the skin be opened in one day The Signs of a Synocha without putrefaction are the same with those of other Ephemeraes Diagnostick signs only more evident For the heat is somewhat greater then in the others the skin is not dry but moist as it were the Urine somewhat thicker and redder the Pulse vehement swift frequent full great and equal the face and whole body red and fresh and as it were blown up the veins swell and strut with blood the head is heavy and respiration more difficult This Fever as the other Ephemerals is void of danger Prognosticks and is dissolved by sweat or Hemeroids of the nose within the fourth day or if it be protracted longer within the seventh day so it be rightly handled For unless it be rightly order'd 't will degenerate into a Synocha with putrefaction or into a Phrensie Squincy Plurisie or some other perillous inflamation But when this Fever ariseth by the inflaming of the thinner blood and Spirits in a plethorick body occasioned by the prohibition of transpiration Cure the blood offending in quantity is to be abated the heat to be cooled and the closed pores to be opened Therefore presently a Clyster being first given or a lenitive medicine a vein is to be opened that the blood may be abated fanned and cooled and better governed by nature And in that more plentifully then in any other Fever you may bleed yet so as that the strength may bear it As for things altering Galen to cool the blood drinks cold water and commands the sick to drink as much of it as they please which may be permitted in those which are accustomed to small drinks and in whom no danger is to be feared by drinking the same whether by reason of thick juices which the drinking of cold water may hinder the dividing of or by reason of some weakenness in the bowels by which they may be offended at the drinking of water which unless seeing in our bodies we seldom need we may rather use other coolers such as are Oxymel with water water of Chicory Endive decoct of barley juice of Lemmon or Citron Oxysauharum Spirit of Vitriol and Salt and the like cooling and opening things And that the appertion may the more happily be performed you must abstain from syrrups and conserves with much sugar in them unless they are much watered If obstruction of the pores of the skin be present 't is to be opened as I said before Their diet ought to be thin and little Dyet such as hath force to cool and moisten principally
a Ptisan the meat should be savoured with juyce of Lemmon Pomegranates Goose-berries Their drink should be barley-water or small beer Fernelius 5. cap. of Fevers Synoch Bilios Fernal makes mention of another sort of Synocha which is made by the kindling of the Spirits and cholerick humours without putrefaction and which ariseth from the same causes as an Ephemera if it happen in a cholerick body which opinion indeed may take place if it be meant of the thinner and subtiler part of the hotter blood which somtimes useth to be called choler but not if it be spoken of excrementitious cholar The end of the first Book BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers CHAP. I. Of Putred Fevers in General WHereas there is a two-fold sort of Fevers whose heat is inherent in the parts according to habitude whereof the one hath it's rise and is continued by the kindling of the Spirits and thinnest parts of the blood without putred humours the other hath it's original from vapours and putred humours of the former kind 't is already spoken The next business is that we handle the putred Fevers That there are putred Fevers many things shew Putred Fevers For neither is it dissonant from the nature of humours but that they may putrifie since that may happen to every mixt body and we see humours putrifie otherwise in mans body as it happens in inflamations wherein quitture is generated as Galen in the 1 of the differences of Fevers cap. 6. he compares the putridness whereby the humours putrifie in the brain with that by which Sanies is generated in the humours And that they do actually putrify sufficient reasons are given which hereafter we shall propound and the matter it self shews that humours do putrifie in the veins For both blood which cometh forth from breathed veins and those things which are evacuated by stooâ— Urine sweat sufficiently by their smell and otherwise argue putridity of humours And the way of cure proves the same for 't is not performed by things that alter but evacuate humours which is partly instituted by nature partly by the Physician For if humoral Fevers could be made without putrefaction they might also be cured by altering things only And indeed such Fevers are not only malignant as some think but the same signs appear and the same way of cure is exhibited to intermittent and continued What Putrefaction is which are void of all malignity and pestilency Aristotlc 4. Met. c. 1. defineth putrefaction to be the corruption of the proper and natural heat in every moist body by reason of external ambient heat but by Galen 11 Meth. med c. 8. without doubt not so much regarding the common and adequate subject of putrefaction as to mans body subject to medicinal consideration It is says he a change of the whole substance of the body putrifying to corruption by reason of extraneous heat the ultimate end of putrefaction is the dissolution of the parts whereof the mixt body consists and the corruption of the whole mixture That we may here pass by the tedious disputations which are extant amongst Philosophers and Physicians concerning putrefaction this is to be taken notice of How manifold it is that putrefaction in respect of the mixt body putrifying the one is according to the whole and perfect according to the whoâ— whereby mixt bodies are plainly dissolved into Elements out of which they are bred The other is in some part and imperfect whereby these which are full of moisture in some part putrify For seeing the moisture wherewith it aboundeth cannot wholly be drawn out only some parts thereof especially the thinner are And such putrefaction namely according to parts agrees to humors also namely when some particles of theirs are really corrupted and they loose their form Yet the whole humour must not necessarily loose it's form thence it continues it's name and those corrupted parts being evacuated it returns to its former nature unless the corruption have so far gone that mutation is made into another kind Which putrefaction is putrefaction indeed and not alteration only For although the whole be not corrupted yet some parts thereof are really corrupted Putrefaction in a body is caused by extraneous heat The cause of putrefaction and when the humours are no longer governed by the natural heat but are destitute thereof they are corrupted Therefore all things whatsoever which may be an occasion to hinder the innate heat so that it cannot in its due manner govern the humours may be said to be the cause of putrefaction of the humours Putrefaction of humours though oftentimes it be caused by obstruction and bowels and prohibiting of free transpiration since that as Galen 11. Meth. med c. â— writeth things hot and moist in a hot and moist place not being fanned and cooled by wine easily putrifie Yet putrefaction may be occasioned without this by the meeting with putred things and other causes which debilitate the native heat and bring in an extraneous heat First certain humours by reason of some internal defect Default of humours of heir own accord tend to putrefaction or at least are casily overcome come by small causes of putrefaction and having gotten the least occasion fall into putrefaction Such vice humours contract first from bad meats of the which they are generated whether they are such by nature or any other wayes corrupted Moreover by meats which are easily corrupted such are fruits rareripe Thirdly from the ill dressing of meats or ill concoction or when they are taken in excess or at unseasonable hours or after a preposterous manner Fourthly by the default of the parts appointed for concoction by reason whereof even the best aliment may be corrupted Lastly by reason of other causes which either impede concoction or retain execrements as also the preposterous use of the six Non-naturals Therefore by how much the more of such humours are cumulated in the body by so much the more easily they putrify For nature doth not defend excrementitious humours so carefully as those which are fit to nourish the body whence they are easily corrupted and putrify Blood also out of the veins being out of it's natural place and of a hot and moist nature easily is corrupted But although such humours turn to putrefaction of their own accord and being in a hot and moist place yet it happens sooner if any other cause be added Nay good humours also in a sound body if they are the cause in pâ—sse of putrefaction may become putted Amongst all these causes the first and chiefest is the hinderance of transpiration and ventilation Transpiration hindred whether it happen by straitnes of the pores of the skin or by obstruction of vessels passages in the more inward parts of the body For hot and moist things in a hot place unless they are ventilated easily putrify Narrowness of pores is occasioned either by constriction from cold or astringent things or driness as staying
sometimes peccant matter in the first passages collected in the first concoction which useth to go to some of the humours which at certain Periods are moved and hath not as yet received its limits for motion it useth then to corrupt the humours and communicate putrefaction to the vena cava which Fevers for the most part are malignant A putred Synocha hath its original for the most part from transpiration hindred and want of ventilation of the blood The cause and hot fuliginous retentions by reason of obstruction of veins as well in the skin as also in the internal parts And the blood appointed to nourish the body putrifies in these Synochaes and putrefying continually sends hot vapours to the heart For when preter-natural heat is so kindled in the veins that nature can no longer rule it it becomes putred and is corrupted Nor is there any need that the putred blood should be turned into another humour presently For blood of its own nature is apt to putrefaction and in inflamations we see it changed to quitture not into choller though nothing hinder it in the veins but that it might And especially the Ichor or thin waterish part of the blood is apt to turn to putrefaction and by reason of the Ichor the blood in the first place is corrupted which happens when the vapours which ought to transpire are retained in the veins Yet the whole blood doth not putrifie but some parts thereof which so long as they are not seperated from the good blood crudity is said to be present which afterwards by concoction are seperated from the good blood which being done Nature appoints evacuation by which the blood returns to its former purity again A Synocha is three-fold Acmastick i. e. when it remains alwayes in the same state namely Differences when so much of the humour daily putrifies as is discussed this is called also Homotonos Epacmastick or Anabaticos is when the heat continually increaseth and more of the matter is kindled then can be discussed Paraemastick is when there is more discussed then corrupted and thence the heat alwayes decresseth Furthermore it blood which putrifies be temperate absolute 't is called a sanguinious Synoch a in particular But if it be hotter which useth to be called cholerick the disease is then called Synocha bilosa The Fever is known first by this Diagnostick signs that it continues from the beginning to the end without any exasperation and mutation Moreover because the Pulse is great vehement swift frequent unequal and inordinate And in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood the signs of Plethory are present The blood to him that toucheth seems much and full of vapours and is not so troublesome and sharp as in other Fevers and other signes are present which are observed in a Synocha that is not putred A putred Synocha is distinguished from a non-putred by certain signs The heat in a putred is sharper then in a non-putred In a putred the urine is red thick and troubled without any sediment and crude or a little concocted in the beginning the Pulse affords signes of putrefaction and all the Symptomes are greater then in a Fever that is not putred A Synochabilosa happens to those that are troubled with cholerick blood and the heat is sharper then in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood thirst is more troublesome the urine thinner and sharper and other signes which are usual in cholerick Fevers are discerned This Fever is the most simple amongst the putred Prognosticks and easiest to be cured And being pure seldom passeth seven dayes but the spurious is extended to the fourteenth day and is terminated sooner or later as the signes of concoction appear sooner or later A white urine in a Synocha is evil The least dangerous of all is that which is called Synochos Paracmasticos next to that Acmasticos But that is most dangerous which continually increaseth and is called Epacmasticos which easily degenerates into a disease called Causus And by how much the fewer the evil Symptomes are by so much the better hopes the more they are the more danger is shewn The whole cure consists in taking away the cause Indicatious and altering the fevourish heat Blood therefore as abounding in plenty is to be lessened the pores of the skin to be opened the causes of obstructions being taken away The fevourish heat is to be tempered and allayed if there be strength as for the most part there is thin diet is to be used Therefore a vein is forthwith to be opened in the right arm a Clyster or lenitive medicine being given first if occasion require and to take away as much blood as the strength will permit Breathing of a vein and you may more boldly take away blood in this then in any other sort of Fever Blood being evacuated Medicines that the concoction may be made more facile we are to use those things which allay the heat free from obstructions and resist putrefaction namely the juice of Sorrel Lemmons Citrons and Syrrups and Conserves prepared of them Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple Oxysauharum simple Spirit of Vitriol and the four cold seeds with cooling waters are to be administred Principally we ought to endeavour that the pores of the skin may be freed from obstruction which for the most part is the cause of this disease which thing Oxymel and wine mingled with honey and the honey dissolved will conveniently perform since they are easily carried to the outmost parts of the body and attenuate dull thick humours and simple Oxymel resists putrefaction Concoction being perfected the Ancients used to drink cold water and gave so much of it to drink as might not only extinguish the fevourish hear but that the matter concocted might be evacuated by stool vomit or sweats But in our countries sick people are not so accustomed to drink cold water and many inconveniences are to be feared by the use thereof So likewise swimming in cold water which was usual with the Ancients doth not agree with our bodies The concoction being perfected nature useth for the most part critically to evacuate the corrupted matter which if it be not done it ought to be performed by the Physician with purging medicines Dyet in this Fever ought to be thin Diet. because both that blood aboundeth and the disease is short It should be cooling and moistening and also to have power of attenuating thick humours and deterging viscid ones CHAP. XII Of a Causus or Burning Fever WHereas amongst continued Fevers there is often mention made of a Causus we are also here to say something of it But a Causus is not any difference of a Fever but rather a measure expressing the quality of fevourish heat The word Causus is sometimes taken generally and not so properly sometimes specialiter and more properly Generally for any sort of Fever whose heat is vehement in particular for a Fever which hath two Pathognomonicks great heat
depends on phlegm that is to be heat attenuated cut and afterwards being concocted and prepared evacuated and regard is to be had of the strength principally of the stomack and Liver Therefore in the beginning the stomack and first ways are to be opened and evacuated by Clisters and lenitive medicines Lenitives or else the matter inherent in the stomack is to be ejected by vomit Opening a vein But although the cause of this Fever be cold yet because it is mixed with blood and putrifieth some blood may be taken away by opening of a vein in case that the urine be thick and red and that the strength will bear it and the age that nature may be eased of some part of her burthen Afterwards preparation concoction of the matter is to be endeavored with attenuating things which do not heat much Preparing and altering therefore in the beginning use Syrrup of Sorrel simple with honey of roses Oxymel simple Syrrup of Hysop Bittony with the water or decoction of Maiden-hair Sparagus Grass Fennel Hysop and medicines prepared of those plants also Spirit of Vitriol and Salt When any signs of concoction have appeared you may exhibite some gentle Purger of phlegm Purging of Agarick the leaves of Senna and such like Hence you must come to stronger preparing and purging things and so the matter which cannot be evacuated at once is to be prepared concocted and evacuated at several times And because a pure continued Quotidian seldom happens but that either choller or melancholy is intermixed we are to look to these humours also and to adde Cichory Burrage Provoke urine and Sweat Fumitory Rubarb and the leaves of Senna After the greatest part of the matter is evacuated the remainder is to be emitted by urine and sweat using such medicines as occasion the same But since that by reason of the duration of the disease the stomack and liver are especially offended Strengthening Medicines things that corroborate these parts are to be administred troches of Woâ—mwood of Rubarb of Roses with the powders of aromatici rosati and diaxyaloes The Diet ought to be attenuating Dyet cutting and clensing the meats therefore ought to be of good juice easie of concoction and affording little excrement Fish are not proper in this Fever the flesh should be seasoned with Parsley Fennel Time Hysop Savory Rosemary Cinamon In the beginning nourish somewhat more plentifully that the sick may endure to the height of the disease but when 't is neer the state abate aliment by degrees Yet if crudities be in the stomack and first passages by sparing dyet the three first days they may be abated and consumed afterwards such a dyet as we have mentioned may be observed In the beginning the sick should abstain from wine and in its stead use water and honey yet if by custom it be required give it small and mixed with water Small beer is also convenient when concoction appears wine is more safely administred whereby the concoction is assisted the stomack strengthened and the humours driven out by urine Of the Fever Epiala THe Fever called the Epiala is referred to continued putred Fevers The Fever Epiala which it self is indeed continued and quotidian yet differs from the other Quotidians in this that the sick at the same time endure heat and cold and the heat and cold together are dispersed through the smallest particles of the whole body as Galen teacheth de inaeq intemperie cap. 8. and 2. de diff Febr. c. 6. Galen in the place newly quoted draws this Fever from acid and vitrious phlegm puttrefying Cause yet in his book of an unequal distemper cap. 8. he addeth bitter choller whence he infers that since heat and cold are perceived together in one place it argues mixture of phlegm and choller in another place he determines it to arise from vitreous phlegm part whereof putrifying exciteth heat the other not putrifying causeth trembling and cold Yet Platerus refers them to intermitting Fevers and says that Epialaes are generated when intermitting Fevers happen together in one and the same day and the cold of the one beginneth before the heat of the other be ended or moreover when intermitting Fevers concur with continued and the heat of the continued always remains but the intermittent Fever coming a trembling and cold fit is occasioned The cure of this Fever differs not much from the cure of other Fevers arising from phlegm The Cure only that it requires stronger attenuating and cutting medicines because there is greater frigidity and crudity in this then in the rest also though the humour it self seem to require stronger Purgers yet the weak cannot bear them and therefore evacuation by degrees is to be appointed Of the Syncopal Fever MOreover to these Fevers belongs a Syncopal Fever commonly called a humorous Fever Syncopal Fever in which there is more of pituitous and crude humours then in other Fevers that are phlegmatick and moreover a debility of the orifice of the stomack is adjoyned whence the sick easily fall into a Syncope especially when the Fever begins This Fever is hard to be cured since the sick by reason of their extreme weakness and danger of continual soundings cannot endure necessary evacuations The Prognostick and especially if the pulse be weak small and unequal the Fever is exceeding dangerous But evacuations are most properly occasioned by frictions as Galen teacheth in his twelfth of the method of curing cap. 3. Cure Clysters and Lenitives also with medicines opening the first passages only and causing no commotion of the other humours The first passages being opened and cleansed we come to preparing and evacuating humours as in other Fevers petuitous and medicines to prevent the sounding fits are also to be administred The meats should be not much thin as to substance easie of concoction Diet. and generating as little phlegm as may be and they are to be taken often The drink should be wine which hath power to nourish heat and attenuate and doth not increase phlegm Hydromel is also good wherein Hysop hath been boiled CHAP. XV. Of a continued Quartane LAstly a continued Quartane is a Fever A continued quartan whose heat is indeed continued yet the fourth day 't is exasperated it proceeds from melancholy mixed with blood putrifying in the vena cava The cause is a melancholy humour putrefying in the vena cava The cause hence all things that can generate melancholy and crowd it into the vena cava and putresie are the causes of this Fever It is known by its continued heat the Diagnosticks raging the fourth day without trembling fear or shaking fits going before or sweats following afterwards the pulse in the beginning is small and slow afterwards great full and swifter then in an intermitting Fever wherein 't is most intended in the height This is the rarest of all Fevers â—â—ognosticks but dangerous and far more desperate then
away what feeds it and resisting the malignant quality yet the symptomes are not to be neglected And first concerning the Fever Purging and its cause in those that have contracted this disease from ill diet or in the camps this thing happens that the vitious humours are not only contained in the vena cava as in other Synochas and burning Fevers but there is great store of humours lies hidden in the stomack and about the first passages which is known by the antecedent diet pain in the stomack anxiety heat about the midrif and vomiting for then that matter is forthwith to be evacuated as being such as doth severally exist separated from the other humours it will not come to any concoction but corrupts both meat and medicines being taken and Sudorifiques and other medicines which are taken are carried into the more destructive parts of the body and it increaseth the Fever But this may be done by purging Purging amongst the medicines Agarick is principally commended then also Vomits by which oftentimes great store of Flegmatick and Cholerick humours of all kinds are evacuated which lay hidden about the stomack But for those which took the disease only by infection and in whom peccant humours are not collected in the stomack by reason of ill Diet there is no need of Vomits or Purgation but 't is sufficient only to evacuate the first passages by lenitives When the first passages shall be freed from peccant humours Bleeding forthwith the first or second day a vein must be opened if it be necessary and the strength of the sick will bear it but in case some days are slipt over and the strength be weakned and the party be troubled with vomiting or have a looseness the breathing of a vein is to be omitted The vein should be opened in the arm or if the party be weak in the ancle which likewise conveniently refels the matter from the head and in this disease is very profitable Nature being thus eased of its burthen Sudorifiques forthwith Sudorifiques and such medicines as resist malignity are to be given yet they are so to be temper'd as that they may not increase the heat of the humours nor augment the Fever Here Harts-horn prepared bezoar stone Antimonium Diaphoreticum Bezâ—ardicum minerale Terra Sigillata Pulvis Caesaris rubeus Montaynanae Species liberantis and other such like before mentioned about malignant and pestilent Fevers in general is manifest If we may use Mithridate Treacle and such like that are hot by reason of the vehemency of the malignity lest the heat should be increased they are to be allayed with cold waters and vinegar to which there may conveniently be added spirit of Vitriol and Tartar but 't is not sufficient once only to use such medicines to provoke sweat or twice but again and daylie to corroborate the spirits resist malignity and putrifaction yet in a lesser quantity then usual and moreover species Elect. de Gemmis temperate Cordials Diamargarit Frigid Confectio de Hyacintho Sper. Viniol and Tartar Bezoar water and other things before mentioned in the cure of the Plague and other malignant Fevers Externally likewise to the heart is to be applied External things and to the Pulses Medicines as also the spirits are to be preserved with odoraments and the malignity to be resisted which were also mentioned before in the cure of the Plague and other malignant Fevers Lastly Diet. the Diet should be the same as in malignant Fevers is expressed and indeed the aliment to resist putrifaction should be dry to abate the Fever cold and mixed with Cordials or have cordial qualities Wine in this Fever is hurtful and for the most part those that refrain it not die CHAP. XVI Of a Malignant Fever with the Cramp THere are likewise other malignant Fevers A malignant Fever with the Cramp which had accompanied with them certain other diseases namely the Cramp Catarhs a Cough and the Squincy for in the year 1596 and 1597. in the Bishoprick of Collen Westphalia the County Waldestein Wittenstein and Hassia there reigned a disease joyned with a Fever which they then called die Kriebeltcranctheir Kriempstsucht oder Bichende Senche It seized upon men with a twitching and kind of benummedness in the hands and feet somtimes on one side somtimes on the other and somtimes on both Hence a Convulsion invaded men on a sudden when they were about their daylie employments and first the fingers and toes were troubled which Convulsion afterwards came to the arms knees shoulders hips and indeed the whole body until the sick would lie down and roul up their bodies round like a Ball or else stretch out themselves straight at length Terrible pains accompanied this evil and great clamours and schrietchings did the sick make some vomited when it first took them This disease somtimes continued some days or weeks in the limbs before it seized on the head although fitting medicines were administred which if they were neglected the head was then presently troubled and some had Epilepsies after which fits some lay as it were dead six or eight hours others were troubled with drowsiness others with giddiness which continued till the fourth day and beyond with some which either blindness or deafness ensued or the Palsie When the fit left them men were exceeding hungry contrary to nature afterwards for the most part a looseness followed and in the most the hands and feet swell'd or broke out with swellings full of waterish humours but sweat never ensued This disease was infectious and the infection would continue in the body being taken once six seven or twelve moneths This disease had its original from pestilential thin humours first invading the brain and all the nerves The cause but those malignant humours proceeded from bad diet when there was scarcity of provision This disease was grievous dangerous and hard to be cured for such as were stricken with an Epilepsie were scarce totally cured at all but at intervals would have some fits and such as were troubled with deliriums became stupid Others every yeer in the month of December and January would be troubled with it The Cure consisted in evacuating of the peccant humors and corroborating of the Nerves First Cure therefore the vitious humors are to be purged out of the first passages with Hermodactils Turbith Spurge prepared Diagrydium Electuary called Diaphenicum of the juyce of Roses there being added Caster Costus seed of Rue and Commin Afterwards Medicins against the Convulsion were given of Piony Birdly me of the Oak Caster Sage Mans skull adding thereto medicines resisting malignity with the root of Swallow-wort Divels bit Treacle Mithridate and so purging and altering medicines are to be taken by turns and continued The external parts were anointed and fomented with those medicines which were proper for other Convulsions CHAP. XVII Of a malignant Fever with a Catarrh and a Cough and the Squincy SOmtimes an Epidemical Catarrh and