deprived of that virtue and some thought that their plain Superficies had no part in the Effect seeing when the Diamond has depth tho smooth'd and polish'd upon the Wheel it draws vigorously whereas the flat Table-Stones that are shallow such as are set in Lockets at the end of Neck-laces commonly called Spere tho very large when strongly Rubb'd will yet not draw or if they do 't is so faintly that you must make them touch some hairs of the bit of Paper or Straw to make them raise it up yet 't is not to be doubted but some may be found that have a little force yet of these we at least were so unsuccessful as to find but few We indeed had one which by many trials for several days we were never able to make attract but a Year after desirous to see the same tryed again we took the same Ring in which the Stone was set and having but slightly rubb'd it as we used to do upon the Cloath as soon as ever it was held to the bit of Paper it drew it vigorously this same Effect was often observed with wonder by all those that the year before had often attempted in vain to make it draw and on the contrary as we said at first the fausets i. e. those that are ground of their own Octoedral Figure seldom or never failed In fine since Amber and all Electrick Bodies have been observed to be obstructed by a very thin Vail placed between them and the thing to be attracted therefore taking a sheet of Paper we made several little Lattices in it and the first of them was covered with a close Network of hair another with the Lint of a fine Rag a third with a Leaf of Gold the success was That the Electick Power of the Amber did not penetrate them EXPERIMENTS ABOUT Altering the COLOVRS of several FLVIDS THere is nothing more frequent amongst the Niceties of the Chymists than their Fantastic humour of changing Colours we indeed do not professedly meddle therewith and if any such Tryals were made we were moved thereto from the occasion we had of making use of some Liquors fit to examine the Qualities of Natural Springs Concerning which we will relate the little that came to our Knowledge again reminding the Reader That by the perfixt Name of Essays we would intimate That we do not presume we have examined these Matters with all the Experiments which may be thought on but onely barely given some hints of those things we were most inclined to take pains about The First Experiment Of altering Water WAter Distill'd in a Leaden Still thickens and muddies the Water of all Rivers Baths Fountains or Wells wherewith it is at any time mix'd and losing their Transparency they both look white like Whey onely Water Distilled in Glass Vessels and of Spring Water that of the Conduit of Pisa remains Limpid and Transparent But all those Waters so muddyed become clear and pure again by a few drops of strong Vinegar shook together with them The same Waters are changed by a dropping in of Oyl of Tartar and Oyl of Anniseeds which give the Appearance of a little white Cloud higher or lower therein which by shaking diffuses it self through all the Liquor and inturbidats it This also is brought to its former clearness by a small Quantity of Spirit of Sulphur which at first raises a few little bubbles Note That all Waters indifferently do not become turbid by the above-named Oyls and those Waters that are not altered by waters stillâ—d in Lead are likewise left Transparent by Oyl of Tartar and Aniseeds Moreover inflammable Waters Waters still'd in Glasses and that of the Conduit of Pisa are not at all changed from their Natural clearness and we find that in Waters generally held the lightest purest and noblest the little cloud is thinner and higher which is raised therein and onely in heavy Waters and those that are impregnated with Minerals or dreggy it thickens it like Milk whence some have pretended to prove Waters with some of the above-named Liquors for thereby is discovered the more hidden Quality of them and so their Goodness or Badness found If at any time the Thickness and Turbidness of the Water is very great and not to be Clarifyed by the ordinary proportion of Liquors it may be increased by some drops still agitating the Water till you see it become clear The Second Experiment Of Altering Wine OYL of Tartar not onely in Water but also in Wine produces the same Effect for through its Natural cleansing Quality as is known it makes a separation in all Liquors of what ever is mix'd with them from the purer parts by a sediment that it lets fall whence that which shews like a white Cloud higher or lower in the Water according to its different Qualities and Weight in all sorts of White Wines that we Experimented appears like a thin Cloud of a Red Colour which by shaking the Wine quits its first place and disperses it self uniformly throughout the whole Body it makes no other change in Red Wines than a little Tinging deeper especially toward the bottom On the contrary Spirit of Sulphur shews no alteration in the natural Transparency of the Wine and likewise restores it to those deprived thereof by the Oyl of Tartar The Third Experiment Of the Tincture of Roses A Tincture of Red Roses extracted with Spirit of Vitriol being mix'd with Oyl of Tartar shews a fair Green with a few drops of Spirit of Sulphur it ferments all into a Vermillion froth and at last returns to its first Rose Colour without losing its smell at all nor will it be again altered by dropping Oyl of Tartar into it We found the best way of getting the Tincture of Roses for this Experiment as follows Taking a good handful of dryed red Rose-buds we cut them and putting them in a Glass with one Ounce of strong Spirit of Vitriol stirred them together for a quarter of an hour in which time the Roses were well Macerated and the Tincture Extracted to this must be added at Three or Four times about half a pound of Spring Water still shaking the Glass till the very deep Colour of the Spirit being Diluted the Water is all tinged therewith then we let it stand an hour and so obtain a lively and beautiful Tincture of Roses To half an Ounce of this put Ten or Twelve drops of Oyl of Tartar and afterward as much Spirit of Sulphur which suffice to produce the Related Effects The Fourth Experiment Of the Tincture of Saffron WAter tinged with Saffron helped a little with the Tincture of Roses but not so as to lose its golden Colour changes green with Oyl of Tartar and again yellow with Spirit of Sulphur The Fifth Experiment Of Greens WAter Coloured with Iris Green mix'd with Spirit of Sulphur makes a Purplish Colour and with Oyl of Tartar takes its own again This Green is a Tincture taken from the
Heat or from the Cold when open and free or when shaded and opprest with Clouds when it either rarifies or condenses it self and so gravitates more or less upon the Stagnant Mercury by which with different Pressures it forces it higher or lower into the immersed Cane It is therefore requisite as well for that Experiment which we shall amply Treat of in the first place as for others which in the sequel of this Discourse we shall handle to be provided with such Instruments that we may be able to assure our selves what is the true Measure not onely of the greatest changes of the Air but if it be possible the niceties of the smallest variation We will therefore in the first place describe those which have been serviceable to us though they may have been already dispersed hence to several parts of Europe so that they will want the pleasing dress of Novelty to recommend them nevertheless they will not be unacceptable to those that desire a more nice and particular Information if not of their use which is easily comprehended yet of the way and Artifice of making them The First Instrument To measure the degrees of Heat and Cold in the Air. LEt the First Instrument be that represented by Fig. 1. which may serve as likewise several others to shew the changes of the Air in reference to Heat and Cold and is commonly call'd a Thermometer 't is made of Cristalglass after this manner The Artificer by blowing with his own Mouth instead of Bellows through a Glass-Pipe upon the flame of a Lamp forces it in one continued Stream or several at pleasure from one place to another where it is requisite and by this means shapes most curious and admirable Works of Glass Such an Artificer we call a Lamp blower Let him then make the Ball of this Instrument of such a Capacity and joyn thereto a Cane of such a bore that by filling it to a certain mark in the Neck with Spirit of Wine the simple cold of Snow or Ice Externally Applyed may not be able to condense it below the 20 deg of the Cane nor on the contrary the greatest vigour of the Sun's Rays at Midsummer to Rarifie it above 80 deg which Instrument may be thus fill'd viz. by heating the Ball very hot and suddenly plunging the open end of the Cane in the Spirit of Wine which will gradually mount up being suck'd in as the Vessel Cools But because 't is hard if not altogether impossible to evacuate the Ball of all the Air by Rarefaction and the Ball will want so much of being fill'd as there was Air left in it we may thus quite fill it with a Glass Funnel having a very slender shank which may easily be made when the Glass is red hot and ready to run for then it may be drawn into exceeding small hollow Threads as is well known to those that work in Glass Put the small shank of this Funnel into the Cane to be fill'd and by forcing the Spirit of Wine through the Funnel with ones Breath or sucking it back again when there is too much you may fill the Instrument up to what mark in the Neck you please The next thing is to divide the Neck of the Instrument or Tube into Degrees exactly therefore first divide the whole Tube into Ten equal Parts with Compasses marking each of them with a knob of white Enamel and you may mark the intermediate Divisions with green Glass or black Enamel these lesser Divisions are best made by the Eye which Practice will render easie This done and with the proof of Sun and Ice the proportion of the Spirit of Wine found the Mouth of the Tube must be closed with Hermes Seal at the flame of a Lamp and the Thermometer is finish'd We rather make use of Spirits than simple Spring Water for these Instruments because first 't is colder i. e. sooner sensible of the least change of Heat and Cold and by reason of its extream lightness it more readily contracts it self quickly falling or rising Secondly Simple Water how pure and clear soever yet in a little time le ts fall some Sediment or Dregs which sticking to the sides of the Vessel at last clouds its Transparency whereas the highest rectified Spirit of Wine or the like burning Spirits always keep Pellucid nor ever abate of their first Beauty And since it is so clear and Cristaline that at first view 't is hard to discern the bounds between it and the void space of the Neck of the Vessel we sometimes used to tinge it with the Infusion of Kermes or Sanguis Draconis But when we observed that how light and Refined soever the Tincture was yet in time something still adhered to the sides of the Glass and augmented rather then lessened the Difficulty we at last wholly omitted the use of coloured Liquors the other being discernable with a little straining the Eyes We might here add many other Works and Curiosities touching Lamp working but as 't is very difficult to Design and draw things of this Nature upon Paper so 't is altogether impossible to make them intelligible in Writing wherefore our Operator ought to be pretty well instructed before and his Art will improve with frequent Practice The Second Instrument For the same use THis is but a Copie of the former in little there being no other difference between them but in the length of the Stages the liquor has to run that being double the length of this that being divided into 100 deg this but 50. that at the greatest Cold of our Winter subsiding to 17 or 16 deg this usually to 12 or 11 and at a great extremity of Cold one year to 8 deg and this to 6 deg And on the contrary the first being exposed to the greatest Rage and Heat of the Midday Sun in our Climate does not rise above 80 deg When the Second at the same time exceeds little or not at all 40 deg The Rule of making these so as they shall keep such a correspondence is onely obtained by Practice teaching how to proportionate the Ball to the Cane and so to adjust the Quantity of Liquor as they shall not vary in their Motions The Third Thermometer THe Third is also a Copie of the First but much larger whence it is more sensible and swifter near four times its length is 300 deg made like the other Two but as was said before we can lay down no certain Rule to make it Practice and often Trials being the onely way to effect it by increasing and diminishing the size of the Ball or the bore of the Cane or the quality of the Liquor till at length it hits right And a famous Man in this Art who served the most Serene Grand Duke us'd to say He could make Two or Three or as many as you desired of 50 deg which being encompassed with the same Ambient should all agree but that the case was otherwise
in those of 100. deg especially of 300 deg the smallest Inequality and Error committed in making one with a large Ball and small Neck being very easie to be discovered so that they will shew great Disagreement and inequality when compared together The Fourth Thermometer THis Fourth Instrument has a Spiral Canale yet differs not much from the former indeed it comes not near the same Scale of Proportion it being impossible to draw so very long a Neck equal and of the same size and bore throughout the whole length because there is a necessity to pass and repass it often over the flame to bend it whence it cannot be avoided when the Metal is softned by the flame but the Cane will be straitned and contracted in some places and in others relaxed and swelled Blow then a Globe of a great Capacity with a very long slender Neck and Coyl it round as in the Fig. each turn being close to the other and rising but with a small Angle that the whole Height may be as little as possible and so less subject to be broken to pieces then let it have at the top another less Ball hollow and sealed at the Flame to be a receptacle for the Air in the Cane to retreat to from the pressure of the Water in raising it self lest for want of room and being every way closed it resists the ascent of the Water and so crack the Vessel after this manner may be had a very ticklish Thermometer and as I may say of so exquisite a sense that the least flame of a Candle in an instant shall be able to make the contained Spirit of Wine move swiftly which Effect will be so much more conspicuous as the Ball is larger which may be made very Capacious at pleasure without being tied to any Rule This Instrument being made rather for fancy and curiosity to see the Liquor run the Decimals of Degrees by the onely impulse of a warm breath c. than for any accurate Deduction or Infallible Proportion of Heat and Cold to be learnt thereby The Fifth Thermometer THis is more slow and lazy than any of the former which immediately answer to the least change of the Air but this is not so nice to move upon a small alteration yet since 't is made use of in divers Parts of Italy and other places we will not omit to say something briefly of its make To make it you must fill a glass Vessel with Rectifyed Spirits of Wine and immersing a Thermometer of 100 deg therein place it in Snow or Ice to cool it you must also put into the same Liquor many little glass bubbles blown and Hermetically Sealed at a Lamp these by reason of the Air contained in them will keep themselves floating upon the Surface of the Water and if by chance any one being a little heavier in Specie than Water shall sink to the bottom take it out and upon a plate of Lead with fine Emeril grind off so much of the end as will make it light enough to swim Then the Vessel being taken out of the Ice carry it into a Room where the Air is well heated by a Fire that the Liquor which before was very cold may receive equally on all sides the temperament of Heat So by little and little as the Liquor grows warmer and by Rarefaction lighter the Balls which at a more intense degree of Cold kept just upon the Surface shall begin to dive toward the bottom and at the same time the Spirit of Wine in the Thermometer shall creep up That Bubble or Ball thereof which sinks when the Thermometer is at 20 deg shall be reckon'd the first that is the heaviest because it descended when the Water was yet very cold and little or not at all altered That which sinks when the Thermometer is at 30. deg may be accounted the Second at 40° the Third at 50° the Fourth at 60° the Fifth at 70° the Sixth and Last or Lightest whence it appears that the Bubbles make a Scale of equal Differences that is from 10° to 10 deg as likewise whence this Instrument is more gross then the rest in that it shews by the rising and falling of the Bubbles the alteration of the Air but to every 10 th Degree of that Thermometer which is divided into 100° and to about every 4 th or 5 th of that of 50 deg and to every 40° of that of 300° Let these Bubbles so tryed and chosen And it would do well if they were of coloured Glass to be the more discernable in the midst of the Liquor be inclosed in a large Cane of Glass fill'd with Spirit of Wine but not quite to the top leaving some space for the Liquor to rarefie when the heat of the Season shall require it and then seal it Hermetically If the heat of the Room is not sufficient to make the Thermometer rise to 60 it may be helped by putting the Vessel in a Bath of warm water increasing the heat by gradual pouring in boiling Water if needful and so the Spirit of Wine contained therein will not be more heated in one part than another but take its temperature as gently and equally as possible The Description of an Instrument to discover the difference of Moisture in the Air. HAving already treated of those Instruments which serve to shew the Alterations happening to the Air from Heat and Cold we come next to Describe another useful to discover the Changes which the Air is subject to purely from Humidity and though there may be many and different Instruments of this Nature which have been Invented by several Ingenious Persons yet we will describe this one Of which since it had its being first in this Court we will say something out of gratitude concerning its Invention and Use though perchance it is wrote of by others It is part of a Cone of Cork hollow within and pitched and covered on the outside over with Tin at the smaller end it is inserted into a Vessel of Glass with a Conical Point shaped as in the Figure and closed Hermetically The Vessel being so made and placed upon its Pedestal is to be filled with Snow or small beaten Ice the water whereof as it melts shall have its issue by the Pipe made in the upper part of the Glass The Vse of it is this The subtil Moisture carryed about by the Air adheres by little and little to the sides of the Vessel covering it at first but with a dew or mist till by the coming of more moisture it gathers into great drops and at last stealing down the sides of the Conical Glass drops into a tall Cup in the shape of a Mum-glass divided into equal deg and made on purpose to receive it 'T is evident as the Air is more or less full of moist Vapours the force of the Cold condenses a greater or less quantity of Water measured by the graduated glass Cilinder Wherefore desiring to compare
thicker and broader at one end and more acute at the other like little Daggers from the sides of these shoot out other small Threads close together like feathers or Palm branches these are as it were the first warping and with a confused and disorderly filling up they proceed shooting and increasing till the Woofe closes all with a total freezing of the Water the Superficies whereof may be perceived to be all raz'd and full of strait Lines like Cristal scratcht with a fine Graver At first the Superficies of all these Ices appears plain but when the freezing is throughly finish'd and all the Water Congealed it at last becomes raised in hillocks but without any regular Figure This Effect made some call to mind what was Registred in our first Experiment of Artificial Freezing where the innermost Cover of the Silver Vessel was found crack'd and all Coated over with a thin Ice made of the water that got out of the Vessel at the crack in the instant of freezing thereupon they said that the first Crust of Ice which spreads it self over the Superficies of the Water and shuts it closer than any Cover can by sticking fast to the sides of the Vessel does not leave space enough for the Water under it to rarifie in as it freezes but it is forced to seek room where it can and finding the Cake of Ice weaker than the sides of the Vessel it makes its way there and heaps it self up more in one place than another according to the inclination of the plains in which it breaks when the first Cake splits which afterwards likewise freezing forms that little swelling mentioned this happens sometimes to break the Vessels which as they think is most probably caused by the slowness of the Waters freezing at the bottom whereby the Cake of Ice at the top becomes so hard that it is easier to break the sides of the Vessels than the Icey Cover but no certain Rule can be given concerning these matters since there may be many cases wherein either the Vessel is onely burst or the Cover onely or first one then the other or both at the same time according as the External accidents of the Air vary as to cold calmness or winds and from the inequality of the Vessels Resistance or from the Nature of the Liquors themselves Before we put an End to this Discourse it will not be amiss to Relate a trifling Accident observed this year which though of small Moment may nevertheless be some help to the former Opinion A cup of Water being exposed to the Air in the Evening we found in the Morning all the Water frozen and in the highest part of its Superficies it had a Point of Ice a Finger high like a small sharp splinter of Rock Cristal This in all likelihood was no other than the Water issuing out at a crack in the first incrustation being forced by the freezing underneath which violently rising in a small stream and predispos'd to Freeze by the Cold of the external Air was congealed to an hard Ice in that very instant not having time to fall The Second Experiment Of the Freezing of Water in Vacuo WE have likewise tryed to Freeze Water in a Vacuum made with Mercury and that we might compare it with that made in the Air we put Water in a Vessel like that included in the Vacuum Therefore exposing them all Night we found in the Morning both frozen yet with this Difference that the Ice made in Vacuo seemed more equal and hard and less transparent and porous than the other and upon Examination was heavier in specie The way we took to discover this was by turning a piece of each Ice like a Cilinder and of the same bulk as near as we could and putting them in Spirit of Wine upon which gently pouring some Red Wine we saw the Ice made in the Air rise up before that made in Vacuo and when upon the top of the Water it swam about lighter and quicker because the Fluid covered less of it than of the other The Third Experiment Of the Freezing of Still'd Water HAving set common Still'd Water in several Vials to freeze we found the Ice more limpid and transparent than usually the water is onely in the midst there was as much as a small Nut of a more opaque Ice and whiter than the rest and round about it divers spiculae of the same kind of Ice in fine to give a true Picture of it in each Vial 't was like the Burre or Husk of a Chestnut frozen in a piece of Rock-Cristal as we see Flys Worms or Butter-flys entombed in Amber or like little bits of Straw Herbs c. in Cristal it self The Fourth Experiment Of the Freezing of Sea Water TO see the Freezing of Sea water we exposed one Evening to the Air when a Thermometer of 50 deg stood at 9 ° two Glasses full of it to freeze in an hour we found the shallowest began to freeze but in a manner somewhat different from common Water for it shewed like a great many small scales of Talke broken to pieces and put in Water These took away the Trasparency of the Water and gave it the consistence of Sherbet which is drank frozen in the Summer when the Externally applyed Snow growing more Languid it begins to dissolve In a while looking upon it again we observed it a little firmer as the Multiplying of the Scales lessened the Fluidity of the water in the morning it was yet harder tho it came nothing near the hardness of common Ice for upon any little agitation it turned to water the Figure of the Scales was narrow and longish and between them it was for the most part Fluid moreover the Mass stuck no where to the sides of the Vessel but turned freely about in it The Superficies was altogether plain without any prominences or Risings And the Difference consisted wholly in a more loose and thin Order and Texture then that of ordinary Ice The Fifth Experiment Of the Efficacy of Sal-Armoniac Nitre c. in Freezing IT is well known that Ice is most efficaciously cold when sprinkled over with Salt As to this we have observed That Sal-Armoniac invigorates it more than any other for we have experimented it upon the same water of the same Temperament and in like Vessels of the same figure capacity and thinness equally encompassed with the like quantity of beaten ice and the one being sprinkled with Sal-Armoniac the other with the same proportion of Nitre they were not frozen in the same space of time for a Thermometer of 100 deg being when it stood at 20 deg Immersed in Water set to freeze with Nitre subsided but to 7 ½ deg when at the same time a like Thermometer put in Water encompassed with the mixture of Sal-Armoniac fell down to 5 deg and the Water began to be skinned over We have already said upon another accompt That not onely Salt but strong-Waters
wonderfully intend the freezing and if besides the strong-Water you add salt it will prove most powerful nay sugar produces such an Effect but not much in comparison of common Salt Nitre and Sal-armoniac which we found much more successful in the operation of freezing than all the Rest The Sixth Experiment Touching what Metal preserves Ice best PUtting Ice in Vessels of several different Metals to observe which kept it the longest unthaw'd yet of this we could obtain nothing certain tho we may say at large from a very great number of Experiments which we made that it was preserved best of all in Lead very well in Tin but a short time in Copper and Iron less in Gold and yet a lesser time in Silver nevertheless at sometimes this order was changed it melting sooner in Tin and Lead than in Silver and Gold wherefore as we hinted this Experiment is not to be much confided in but proposed here rather to excite others to attempt it by some more secure way than to shew any certainty we obtained in our Observations The Seventh Experiment Of Freezing a Piece of Ice to a Table GAssendus Writes and it is very true That if a Plate of Ice be laid upon a flat Table and well sprinkled above with Salt it will freeze fast down to the Table we were desirous to make the same Experiment with Nitre but it succeeded not so as to shew us the least beginning of Adhaesion we have often observed in those stuck down with common Salt that we much more easily separated them from the Table by lifting them up Perpendicularly or at one end first as a Board nailed down is raised up with a Lever than they could be forced along parallel to the Plain moreover the Water on the under-side of the Ice was Salt and that side also thereof was Opake and covered with a white hoariness made of innumerable small particles of Salt and brought to the Light it appeared rough as if it had been prettily razed with the point of a Diamond like the Glass of those Vessels which from the Artificial similitude they have to Ice we call Ice-glasses The Eighth Experiment Of freezing the Dew upon the outsides of Vessels THat Dew which covers the outsides of Glasses containing any cold Liquor or Ice is sometimes observed to congeal there and the same happens when the Ice or Snow in the Vessel begins to alter with the strong Water or Salt there is also an Exhalation or cloudy moist Vapour rises up as it seems from the bottom of the Vessels whence proceeds a very cold air which besides that it sensibly affects the hand is likewise more discernable by the agitation which it causes in the flame of a Candle brought near it This Experiment we repeated by putting Ice sprinkled with strong water and Salt in several Vessels of different Figures and Metals to observe if either the one or the other afford any variety in the smoaking and as to the materials we could not perceive any diversity whether the Cups were of Glass Earth Wood Metal or precious Stones But as to the Figure it seemed to us that whereas in Beer-glasses and all other tall narrow Vessels the smoak began above on the contrary in wide bouls it smoaked from the bottom freely upwards for a short space In a Golden Boul we observed an effect which ought to be Vniversal in all Vessels tho it is less observable in some by reason of their shape it was this when the smoak ceased that crust of Ice began to let fall after the manner of dew a fine Ice like poudered Glass and continued till the ice in the Boul being dissolved that thin outward covering likewise melted The Exhalation said to proceed from the ice seems very different from that of any combustible Matter and much resembles the Morning mists that rise from the Earth The Ninth Experiment Of Reflected Cold. WE were willing to try if a Concave Glass set before a mass of 500 l. of Ice made any sensible repercussion of Cold upon a very nice Thermometer of 400 deg placed in its Focus The truth is it immediatly began to subside but by reason of the nearness of the Ice 't was doubtful whether the direct or reflected rays of Cold were more Efficacious upon this account we thought of covering the glass and whatever may be the cause the Spirit of Wine did indeed presently begin to rise for all this we dare not be positive but there might be some other cause thereof besides the want of the reflection from the Glass since we were deficient in making all the Trials necessary to clear the Experiment EXPERIMENTS Touching an Effect of HEAT and COLD Lately observed as to the Alteration of the inward Capacity of Glass and Metalline Vessels WE said in the Experiments of Artificial Freezing that the first Motion observed to be made by the Liquors exposed in Vessels to freeze was a small rising up there called Rise upon Immersion because it happens upon the Vessels first touching the freezing mixture and you must know the contrary to this is observable when it is immersed in hot Water for the Levels of the contained Fluids sensibly subside and then as it were take time to Rise again which they do with a quick Spring up to the degree they stood at when first immersed in the hot Water and thence successively rise as the heat received continues to rarifie lighten and raise them On the other side tho they are raised upon the first immersion into cold Water or ice yet they not onely subside again to the former height but continue to do so for many Degrees till at last sometimes after a little Rest sometimes without any they all remount Oyl and Spirit of Wine excepted until the whole freezing is finish'd This Effect was by some attributed to a cause much favoured by several following Experiments their apprehension was That the appearance of this sudden motion in water and other fluids was not really from any intrinsic alteration of rarity or density at that moment wrought in their natural temperament by the power of any Tab. 15. p. 105. contrary quality of the outwardly applyed ambient which some by a noted Word call Antiperistasis but rather to speak first of the subsiding upon the immersion of Vessels in hot Water their thoughts are that it comes from the fixing of several volatile Corpuscles of the fire evaporated from the hot Water into the external pores of the Glass which as so many wedges forcing and separating the parts thereof must necessarily distend and enlarge the internal Capacity thereof till they find a way through the hidden Passages of the Glass to the Liquor therein contained That on the other side Cold binding up and contracting those pores of the Glass makes the Vessel become too scanty for the bulk of Water in it before that bulk of Water yet unaffected by the Cold contracts likewise In fine that the
of their Transparency yet at least we gained this much that Water cannot be compressed with a very great force and so far we have proceeded That a power able to reduce Air into a space 30 times less than what it first filled that power not onely thirty times but a hundred nay perchance a Thousand times encreased was too weak to compress a quantity of Water a Hairs breadth or the least visible Space from its Natural Extent the Methods we took were those that follow TAb 17. p. 115. The First Experiment LEt there be at the Ends of Two Glass Canes AB AC two balls of Glass also the one larger than the other fill both with fair water to D and E and joyn them together with a Lamp remembring to leave a passage open in sealing them at A and to draw the beak AF very long and open then apply to each Ball a Glass full of beaten Ice burying them therein that by condensing the water there may enter as much air as possible into the Canes and the better to force it down you may rub a piece of Ice backward and forward upon the out-side of the Syphon DAE which by its Coldness contracting the air in the Canes there will enter in more to fill it at the Beak F then Seal it at a Flame and the contained Air will remain prest and thronged together after this as it is Sealed take the Ball B out of the Ice and at first immerse it in tepid Water next in warm and at last in boiling keeping the Ball C all the while covered with Ice to reduce the Water therein to the utmost condensation which suppose to be at E moreover indeavour to compress the Cilinder of Air GE to its greatest density by the force of the Water rising to G being Rarified by the received heat from the Water supposed to boile round about the Ball B now if the Water could suffer any Compression it ought to subside from the pressing Air below the Mark E but with us it still happened otherwise for when the Water at E was once reduc'd to its utmost Condensation by the Cold c. the force of the Air GE pressing thereon was unable to gain a Tittle and did sooner burst out the bottom of the Ball C than force the Level E a jot and when to add a greater strength to the Instrument we made the two Balls of Copper the Water in the Ball C has sustained the Force between the Air pressing at E and Solidity of the Metal with insuperable Resistance rather bursting the Syphon which must be of Glass to discover the Internal Motion of the Water joyned fast to the Copper with Mastick or the usual hard Cement The Second Experiment LEt there be prepared a Vessel of Glass AB contained about 6 l. of Water the Mouth large enough to receive a Glass Cane bound close about with Lead to keep it from bursting fill this Vessel with Water up to CD immersed the Cane EF open at each end therein and Soder it close at A with the usual Cement remembring to lift up the lower End a little from the bottom of the Vessel FB that the Liquor poured thereinto may have free passage into the Vessel then begin to pour Quick silver down the Cane into the Vessel raising up the water 'till the Vessel is quite full the air having its exit at the Beak H and to be certain all the air is gone let some Water out at the Beak H and immediately Seal it with a Flame noting at the same time the Degree the Mercury stands at in the Vessel IK afterwards pouring in more Mercury fill the Cane to the Top then if the Water by this force is compressed the height IK will gradually encrease as the Water yields we by a charge of 80 l. of Mercury in a Cane above 91 Inches long for so much our Instrument held without cracking could not perceive the Level IK raised an Hairs breadth the Water obstinately resisting the force of so great a momentum The Third Experiment WE ordered a thin large Vessel of Silver to be cast and filled it with Water cooled very well with Ice and screwed the Cover on with a very close Screw then we began to hammer the Vessel gently every where and the battered Silver which being so little Ductile did not at all thin and distend it self as refin'd Gold Lead and other soft Metals do lessened and comprest the inward Capacity of the Vessel by Degrees yet the Water for all this suffered not the least Compression for at every stroak we perceived it to sweat through the Vessel at all the little Pores of the Metal as Quick-silver when pressed with a piece of Leather spirts through in little drops This is what we thought worth relating of these three Experiments but are not yet able to say whether if the same Experiments be repeated in Vessels of greater strength and if the Rarefaction of the Water be Augmented in the first Experiment and so the Pressure of the Air or if the height of the Mercurial Cilinder be increased in the second or if in the last the Vessel be successively made of thicker Silver I say we are not positive whether the water may not at last happen to be comprest this is certain That Water in comparison of air resists the Compression we may almost say infinitely more which confirms what we said at the beginning of these Experiments That if Experience does not reach the very bottom of the enquired Truth yet it goes hard if it strikes not out some Light EXPERIMENTS To prove there is no Positive Levity ANcient and Famous is that Question Whether those Bodies that we usually call Light are so really in their own Nature and mount upwards from any proper tendency or whether their Motion be no other than a chase or flight they are forced to by more heavy Bodies which having the greater force and desire to descend and place themselves undermost press and as it were compel the other to rise This Opinion which chiefly seems to have been entertained in these latter Ages was yet not unknown to the Ancients Nay it was Asserted from rational grounds by many Philosophers in those times among the rest clearly by Plato in Timaeo and he advanced so far upon the probability of that thought that he not onely holds That the heavier Bodies force up the less heavy as Fire does Air but also the more heavy as Water in respect of Air when ever it is made lighter by the interspersion of Fiery Particles and this he seems designedly to insinuate in the above-cited Dialogue of Timaeus when he says That the fire rising from the hot Entrails of the Earth and not entring into a Vacuity thrusts forward the Air that is contiguous to it which not onely gives way thereto but even divests it of those moist Particles wherewith it ascends and then helps it forward and raises it up unto
difference was 26944 gr which was the absolute weight of a bulk of Water equal to that of the whole Ball and Lead Then pressing the Ball together as much as its thickness would bear without letting the Air out and weighing it in the Air with all the Lead 't was found 31209 and this we concluded was the absolute Weight in uncompress'd Air as that was which was in the Ball before it was battered together In this State all being put into the water again and weighed 't was found gr 12518 which substracted from gr 31209 the weight of the Ball prest together in the Air there remained gr 18691 the weight of a bulk of water equal to the bulk of the same Lead and battered Ball. This Weight then of gr 18691 being substracted from the other of gr 26944 left 8253 gr which was the Weight of a bulk of water equal to such another bulk of Air as weighs 7 gr which bulk was equal to the diminution of the bulk of ball by the battering whence we concluded That the Weight of that sort of Air which we weighed is to the weight of so much water as 7 to 8253 that is as 1 to 1179. This Experiment being by us repeated at divers times the Proportion was not always found the same Indeed the variations have not been great consisting in one two or three Hundreds of grains more or less Which is all we can pretend in making the Comparison between one body that as we may say never alters in its weight and another never twice the same EXPERIMENTS Touching some EFFECTS of Heat and Cold. The First Experiment Of a Steel Wire seeming to grow lighter by being heated PUtting in the Essay-Scales two Steel Wires of equal Weight the one heated the other cold it seemed that this was heavier than the other but holding a lighted Coal or red-hot Iron near it it soon came to an aequilibrium with the hot one The same would have happened if they had been of Gold or Silver or any other Metal likewise if a lighted Coal be held over one of the Basons of a pair of Scales when empty it raises it and if held under it it causes it to descend For all this some of us could not apprehend how the bare heating could any ways alter the usual weight of the Metal nay 't was thought by some that the Pressure of the Air might have its part as well as any other cause in producing this Phenomenon The Second Experiment Of the vast force of Heat in raising up an included Liquor HAving filled with Sp. vin half of the Vessel AB whose slender part was 35 8 10 Inches long with two Sealed Balls of equal capacity we set the Ball A in a Glass of Oil over the Fire and the Sp. vin began to give notice of its Rarifaction by Rising but afterwards when the Oyl boil'd very fast it retired all into the upper Ball leaving that below quite empty with the lower half of the Cane It is also necessary to promote this Effect besides a strong Fire to blow the Coals continually about the Glass this must be done through the hole of a Plank serving to defend the Operator behind which also the Observer must stand to look thorow a Glass in the same Plank for when the Sp. vin is all forced into the upper Ball 't will be thrown off and not onely that but the lower will be burst with such force as one time amongst the rest making use of a brass vessel instead of the Glass for the Oyl it broke the bottom thereof and tore off a Band of Iron of the thickness of a Crown and crack'd a Stone in the Pavement But we made choice of Oyl and of Glass Vessels because their Transparency makes the Procedure of this admirable Effect more visible Else Wax Pitch or Lard or it may be any unctuous Matter may produce the same Effect The Third Experiment About Antiperistasis TO do something upon the score of Antiperistasis we filled with Ice finely powdered a Leaden Vessel and putting thereinto a Thermometer of 50 deg we let it stand still and it composed it self to about 13 ½ deg Then we plunged the Vessel into a Cauldron of boyling Water regarding nicely the Thermometer if in that instant that the Ice became encompass'd with its contrary it then gave any shew of greater Cold by subsiding But that as often as we repeated the Experiment was never seen to alter a hair nor was it ever observed to rise when the Vessel being full of hot water we plunged it in water mix'd with Ice nay then it was readily seen to subside for as much as the Fluid water more easily gave a passage to the Quality of the Ambient than in the first Experiment the Ice could do Nor let it be thought that all the Care possible was not taken to prevent the Air Encompassing the Thermometer from receiving any alteration upon immersing the Leaden Vessel in Different Ambients the said Vessel being let into a Plank which was very broad round it and so cut off all Communication between the bason under it whereinto the bottom was immersed and the air above but for all this we observed no difference from what is related The Fourth Experiment Whether Cold be caused by an intrusion of Frigorific Atoms TO gain some light Whether the chilling of Bodies were caused by the insinuation of any kind of peculiar Atoms of Cold as the opinion is They are heated by those of Fire we caused to be made two Glass Vials like each other with very slender Necks being sealed Hermetically we put one of them in Ice and the other in hot Water letting them remain some time and then breaking the neck of each off under Water we observed in the Hot one a Surcharge or Repletion from something got into it observable by the Bubbleing of the Water from a strong breath issuing from the Vial as soon as ever it was broke open Some might think the same should have happened in opening the Cold one if the Chilling of the Air therein had proceeded after the same manner as the heating of that in the other i. e. by the Intrusion or soaking of the Atoms of Cold exhaled from the Ice through the invisible Pores of the Glass but the quite contrary happened for instead of breathing forth any surcharge of Matter it shewed an emptyness or loss of something if there was not a condensation of what was there since it suck'd in so much Water in place of it The Fifth Experiment Of heating and cooling of Water by Salts c. And of hot and cold Ebullitions c. VItriol the Spirit being drawn off remains like a Tartar or Grumous Body of a lively Fire colour which with a long and continued Fire distills a blackish Oyl almost like Inke highly corrosive This being mixt with Water in a certain proportion produces an immediate Heat which increases without raising any Bubbles or
perceivable smoak till the Glass wherein this mixture is contained can carce be endured in the hand the like happens by mixing it with all other Liquids except Oyl and Strong Waters of which the First is not in the least altered from its Natural State and the Second if a tall scarce sensibly On the contrary 't is a known Experiment That Nitre dissolved in Water chills it and Sal Armoniac congeals to that Degree that if in the Water wherewith 't is mingled in a due proportion you set a thin Glass of other Water cooled before well with Ice the Cold produced by the said Salt as it dissolves will freeze it Having mingled together one Third part of Sal Armoniac and two Thirds of the forementioned Oyl of Vitriol there followed an unusual Effect for still as the Salt dissolved therein it smoaked and boyled up furiously and so much the more if we stirred it together with a little Stick for then it rose up much easierly in froth so as it then filled a space 25 times bigger than the Bulk of the Two separate Bodies of Oyl and Salt but for all this fury of smoak and boyling we not onely could observe no sensible beginnings of heat but a strange degree of Cold produced therein chilling the Glass that contained it and the Spirit of Wine of a Thermometer immersed thereinto swiftly subsided till the Salt being dissipated and evaporated the Boyling ceased and the Oyl returned to its former Natural state Such a Production of Cold we have known when ever we have repeated the Experiment indeed that as well as the Ebullition and smoaking is more or less as the Salt is stronger or the Liquor more refined We have also observed That a few drops of strong Water or Sp. of Vitriol put into the Oyl in its greatest fury of Ebullition stops it and makes the Mixture immediately hot adding Oyl of Tartar the Heat is augmented the Smoke and Ebullition returning but by dropping in of Sp. of Sulphur it quickly cools again It is worth a little Reflection That as Oyl of Vitriol mixt with all Liquors heats them Oyl and Strong Water excepted so contrarily Sal Armoniac stirr'd together with all Liquors cools and refrigerates them more or less Oyl and Strong-water likewise excepted upon which two only 't is ineffectual and again that upon mixing together the same Oyl of Vitriol and Sal Armoniac there should follow so wonderful a Cold Ebullition as is related SOME EXPERIMENTS TO KNOW If GLASS and CRYSTAL be Penetrable BY ODOVRS and HVMIDITY The First Experiment Touching Odours OYL of Wax Quintessence of Sulphur and Extract of Horses Vrine which are reckon'd the most acute and strong smells that are do not sensibly transpire through a Sealed Glass Vial as could by many persons that tryed it be perceived tho 't was heated The Halitus also of that thin Spirit that flies away upon cutting an Orange or Lemon Peel or which in a small Thread spins out of the same Peel when it is squeezed did not penetrate to give any smell to a little Water contained in a Cristal Glass Sealed Hermetically In like manner Sealing up a Partridge in a small Glass Vessel and setting it in a corner of the Room and bringing a Setting Dog in we led him round near the place where it was set but he shewed no sign of perceiving the Partridge The Second Experiment Of Humidity A Glass Ball being filled with Salt well ground to Powder and dryed was sealed up at the Flame of a Lamp and put for ten days at the bottom of a Cistern of Water and after that as long in a Conservatory of Snow but it did not increase at all in Weight and when broken the Salt was taken out so dry that it fell to powder Yet we have sometimes chanced to find in the Ball of Salt some little part thereof dampish but we can not argue a Penetration from thence for if it were really so it ought not to be more in one place than another whereas that little moisture being always found in one place 't is very probable it was onely a little of the Humidity which the force of the Cold drove out of the Air remaining in the Ball and sticking as a Cover to the inside thereof SOME EXPERIMENTS Concerning LIGHT and its EFFECTS The First Experiment Of the Instantaneous Motion of Light GAlileo in the First Dialogue of his Treatise of Two New Sciences suggests an easie way to discover Whether Light moves in time or with an Instantaneaus Velocity the Trial consists in the Confederacy of Two Companies of Men to expose Two Lights to each others view so that the discovery of the one may answer immediately to that of the other that when the one uncover their Light and expose it they may at the same time perceive the Light of their Confederates This being often practised at a small distance Galileo desired to have the same tryed by observers at a greater Distance to see if the mutual Correspondence of Exposing and Covering their Lights kept the same Measure as when nearer that is without any observable Delay We tryed it at a Miles distance which in the going forward and Return of the Light must be reckon'd Two and could not observe any If in a greater Distance it be possible to perceive any sensible Delay we have not yet had an opportunity to try The Second Experiment Of Fiâ—ing Bodies with a Burning-glass THE Light Refracted by a Crystal Lens or reflected by a Burning Concave will not fire Spirit of Wine tho made opaque by a Tincture Amongst other combustible matters Gunpowder fires upon the uniting the Rays of a Lens or Concave But the Perfumed Pastils white Balsame Storax and Incerse melt but will never take fire Likewise Paper and fine white Holland when exposed flat to the Reverberatory of a large Concave at length Fire wherefore 't is a mistake that the Light will not inflame any white Bodies as is generally thought indeed they take Fire with more Difficulty than Coloured Bodies and it may be with a small Concave or Lens they will not Fire The Third Experiment Of Bodies affording Light BEsides Fire-stones there are other Bodies that seem to be greater Conservatories of Light for by striking them together or by breaking them in the Dark they Sparkle Such are White-Sugar Loaf-Sugar and Sal-Gemme in the Stone all which being broken in a Mortar give forth so great a Light as distinctly to discern the sides of the Mortar and the shape of the Pestle thereby but we have not succeeded to see the same appearance in pounding Common Stone-salt Alumn or Nitre nor in Coral the Yellow or Black Amber Grâ—â—ats or Marchasites But Rock-Chrystal and Agate and Oriental Jasper either struck together or broken give a clear Light EXPERIMENTS ABOUT The Digestion of some Animals WOnderful is the Force wherewith the Digestion of the Hen and Duck-kind is performed for they
Pressure of the Air p. 14 Shewing the Alteration of the Natural Compression of the Air p. 35. An Instrument convenient to make the Vacuum p. 49 Made use of in Artificial Freezings p. 77 * Iris-green what p. 136 L. Light Bodies most impregnated therewith p. 158 Whether its Motion instantaneous p. 157 Transcurs the space of 2 Miles in an undiscernable time p. 157 The supposed positive Lightness of Bodies does not raise them up p. 118 Experiments thereon 119 Liquors making other Fluids turbid and clear again p. 133 M. Magnet not hindred by the interposition of any Fluid or Solid Body p. 124 Its North Pole weaker when placed Southwards than Northwards p. 127 Mercury fittest to make the Vacuum p. 14 At what height sustained in Vacuo p. 15 Altered by External accidents ib. Raised higher in an ambient of water than air ib. A Vial filled with Mercury not running out p. 27 How high raised in a Tube by the simple pressure of Water p. 30 Rises or falls as the place of observation is higher or lower p. 35 Dissolves Snow put into it p. 58 Is attracted by Amber p. 130 Metal of the Vessel causes no alteration in the Liquors freezing p. 96 Which sort preserves Ice best p. 101 Dilated by the Heat of Fire p. 110 Moisture of the Air shewn by Instruments p. 8 Motion observed in the heights of Liquors when first the containing Vessels are set in several ambients p. 105 Muscadine its Effect in freezing p. 92 N. Nitre chills water when mix'd therewith p. 100 153 O. Oyl of Vitriol mix'd with Water produces a great heat p. 153 And with all Fluids the like except Oyl and Spirit of Wine ib. That and Sal Armoniac together make a cold Ebullition ib. c. P. Paper white fired with a Burning-glass p. 158 Pearl with what Effect dissolved in Vacuo p. 59 Pendulum's the best Time-meeters p. 10 Their description and use p. 11 Their Vibrations quicker or slower according to their length p. 12 First applyed to Clocks by Galileo ib. Plato's thoughts of the raising up of Fire and Water by the Air p. 118 Poles of the Magnet when most efficacious p. 127 Prejudices against material Instruments p. 114 Pressures of the Air acts upon all fluids p. 13 Its difference shewn by Instruments p. 35 Experiments in favour of that Pressure p. 17 Objections against it p. 19 The Reply of some persons thereto p. 20 Procedure observed by some Liquors in freezing 77* Proportion of Air Natural to that Rarifyed not still the same p. 24 Whence it may proceed ib. R. Raising of fluids higher in small Canes not onely to be attributed to a weaker pressure of the Air in them p. 56 The Reflection of the object by the Lens the same in Vacuo as in the open air p. 42 Reports of a Demicannon c. pass equal spaces in equal times p. 138 Rings turned out of Wood by imbibing moisture dilated p. 108 Cilindrical Rings of Brass dilated by heating in the fire p. 107 The same vigorously frozen contracted p. 108 Rods of Steel seem lighter hot than Cold p. 149 S. Sal Armoniac most efficacious in producing Cold p. 100 Mixt with water arrives to a degree of freezing p. 153 Scale for the Velocity of Sounds p. 142 Scope of the Academy in their Experiments with Mercury p. 33 Smoak descends in Vacuo in a Parabola p. 48 Snow melted by Mercury p. 58 Dissolves as slowly in Vacuo as the open air ib. Snow-water longer in freezing than other Liquors p. 90 Yet the same after boiling ib. Sounds pass equal spaces in equal times p. 138 How propagated according to the Stoicks p. 139 Vnalterable in their Velocity p. 140 Sound of a Bell and Organ the same in Vacuo as in the Air p. 50 Spirit of Wine makes no sediment p. 3 Sprinkled upon Ice increases the Cold p. 100 Not to be enflamed with a Burning-glass p. 158 That and Spirit of Vitriol ferment with water with Ebullition and Heat p. 154 Spirit of Sulphur stops fermentation and chills p. 154 A cold steam from Vessels filled with Ice p. 102 Sugar promotes freezing p. 100 Superficies of Ice how raised in the midst p. 97 T. Tables of freezing p. 83 Thermometer what p. 2 How sealed p. 3 Vsed in Experiments of freezing and why p. 82 Their exactness unalterable by the small alteration of the capacity of their head or ball p. 107 Tincture of Roses how made p. 136 Tinctures altered to several Colours by an infusion of divers Spirits ib. V. Vacuum what intended thereby p. 16 Made better with Mercury than by Succion p. 51 Velocity communicated by the Powder to the Bullet when fired downwards preternatural thereto according to Galileo's sentiment p. 144 Confirmed by Experiment 145 Vessels with small Necks how filled p. 3 One made use of in many of the Experiments of Vacuity p. 49 Of several Materials burst by frost p. 72 Of Earth contribute most to the freezing of the contained Liquor p. 96 Of Metal and Glass alter their capacity by the external application of heat and cold p. 104 The Temperament of the contained Liquor yet unaltered p. 105 Vibrations of the same Pendulum not always equal p. 11 Vincenzio Galilei first adapted the Pendulum to Clock-work p. 13 Vinegar stil'd dissolves Pearl and Coral p. 59 Virtue Electric in what substances most conspicuous p. 128 Hindered by the least obstacle interposed p. 132 Virtue or Force already imprest upon Bodies not alterable by a new direction of Motion p. 145 W. Water in Vacuo rises not above 33 Foot 5 Inches p. 15 How tryed with other Liquors p. 31 With what care it ought to be set to freeze in Vessels p. 79 After Remounting upon freezing continues to Rarify p. 81 In specific gravity to Ice as 9 to 8 or as 28 ½ to 25 p. 79 In freezing forces through the Screws of Vessels p. 74 Frozen in Vacuo p. 98 Difficult if at all to be comprest p. 114 Attempted by Rarifaction of Air p. 115 Dead Weight p. 116 Percussion p. 117 Still'd in Lead thickens fair water p. 133 A way to open and close again quickly and easily any Glass Vessel p. 26 Weight able to enlarge the capacity of Vessels p. 113 Specific Weight of Air in respect of Water how found p. 147 Winds contrary or favouring neither Retard nor accelerate the Motion of Sounds p. 140 The contrary onely weakning the vivacity thereof ib. Provando e Riprovand◠Tab. 1. Fig. 1. Smalto Bianco Smalto Nero. Tab. 1. Fig. 2. Tab. 1. Fig. 3. Tab. 1. Fig. 4. Tab. 1. Fig. 5. Libecciata Aquilonari Libecci Poneuti 17 Bra. ◠3 Tab. 2. Fig. 2. 2. Brac. 2 Brac. Brac. ¼ 1 Brac. ¼ Tab. 2. Fig. 3. Tab. 3. Fig. 1. Tab. 3. Fig. 2. 1 Brac. ¼ Tab. 3. Fig. 3. 2 Brac. Tab. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Tab. 4. Fig. 1. Brac. ¼ Tab. 4. Fig. 2. 2 Brac. Tab. 4. Fig. 3. Br. ¼ Tab. 4. Fig. 4. 1 Brac. ¼ Tab. 4. Fig. 5. 1 Brac. ¼ Tab. 5. Fig. 2. Brac. ¼ 1 Brac. ¼ Tab. 5. Fig. 3. 1 Braccio Br 142. Br. 50. Tab. 6. Fig. 1. Smalto Tab. 6. Fig. 2. ½ Brac. Tab. 6. Fig. 3. ⅓ di Brac. ⅔ di Br. Tab. 7. Fig. 1. Tab. 7. Fig. 2. Tab. 7. Fig. 3. Tab. 8. Fig. 1. Astr Opt. Tab. 8. Fig. 2. Tab. 8. Fig. 3. Tab. 9. Fig. 1. Tab. 9. Fig. 2. Tab. 9. Fig. 3. 2 Brac. Tab. 9. Fig. 4. Pastiglia Nera ⅓ di Brac. 2 Brac. Lucertole Mignatte Fig. 6. Tab. 9. Fig. 4. Tab. 10. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Tab. 10. Fig. 9. Tab. 9. Fig. 4. Tab. 11. Fig. 1. Tab. 10. Fig. 1. Tab. 11. Fig. 1. Tab. 10. Fig. 1. Tab. 11. Fig. 1. Tab. 11. Fig. 3. Tab. 11. Fig. 4. 2 Brac. ½ di Br. 1 Brac. ¼ Mignatta Lumaca Grilli Farfalla Moscone Lucertola Uccelletto Calderugio Allodola Passera 1 Brac. ¼ Granchio Tenero Ranocchio Granchio duro Ranocchio Pescett◠Barbio Anguilla Barbio 1 Brac. ½ Tab. 11. Fig. 6. Tab. 11. Fig. 7. Lasca Tab. 11. Fig. 8. Lasca ◠Br. 2 4 Job 38. ver 22. Tab. 12. Fig. 1. Tab. 12. Fig. 2. 1 Piastra Tab. 12. Fig. 5. 6. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Ottone 2 Piastre Tab. 13. Fig. 1. Tab. 13. Fig. 2. Ottone Ottone Tab. 13 Fig. 4. ⅛ di Brac. 1 Brac. ½ Tab. 41. Fig. 1. Tab. 14. Fig. 2. 2 Brac. Stato Naturale Salto dell Immersione Abbassamento Quiete Sollevamento Salto dell Agghiacciamento Tab. 14. Fig. 3. Acqua di fiori di Mortella Acqua Rosa Acqua di fiori di Aranci Aqua di Frauole Acqua di Cannella Acqua di Neve Strutta Acqua della Ficoncella Vini Rosso di Chianti Muscadello Bianco Aceto Bianco Agro di Limoni Spirito di Vitriolo Olio Piombo Stagno Rame Ferro oro Argento Acquarzente Bicchieri Tazze Sparse Tab. 15. Fig. 1. Smalto Armilla di Branzo Tab. 15. Fig. 2 3. Tab. 15. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Tab. 15. Fig. 6. 1 Brac. Ciambella Stagno Tab. 16. Fig. 1. Minugia Tab. 16. Fig. 2. Tab. 16. Fig. 3. Minugie Rame Ricotto Ottone Tab. 16. Fig. 4. Tab. 16. Fig. 5. Tab. 16. Fig. 6. Tab. 17. Fig. 1. Rame Tab. 17. Fig. 2. Brac. 4. Tab. 17. Fig. 3. Tab. 18. Fig. 1. Tab. 18. Fig. 2. Tab. 18. Fig. 3. Tab. 18. Fig. 4. Tab. 19. Fig. 1. Tab. 19. Fig. 2. Ambra Gialla Cera Lacca Diamante Zaffiro Bianco Smeraldo Topazio Bianco Ambra Bianca e nera Lapis Lazzali Turchine Diaspre Agate Coralli Perle Metalli Lapilli de Sali Saggina Bassilico Gruppiti Tavole Olio di Tartaro e d' Anici Sp. di Zolfo Tinctur◠di Rose rosse Safferano Verde Giglio Vinato Lacca Muffa Moschetto Artiglieria Spingarda Smeriglio Mezzo-Cannone Spingarda Mastio Dialog 2d de Sistemi Colubrina Falconetto 50 Brac Their mile is about 5925 f. Colubrinetta Fasciate Ignude Archibuso Dialogo 40 del Trattato delle 2 nuove Scienze Pettabotta 3 Danari 4 Br. Balestrone Br. 78. Br. 6. Br. 100. Br. 17. ½ Tab. 19. Fig. 3. 1 ½ Br. Vetriole Sal Nitre Sal Armoniaco Cold Ebullition Acquarzente Sp. di Vetriolo Olio di Tartaro Sp. di Zolfo Olio dicera Quintes di Zolfo Estratt dorina di Cavallo Sp. di Cedrato Starna Pag. 43. Edit Lugd. 1638. Acquarzente Pastiglia Balsamo Bianco c.