to obedience And although it may be said that many such like horses haue beene approued iades I answere the cause thereof doth not arise from the horse but accidentally from the abuse of the Art through ignorance of the Man 1. Pr. 13.q. they hauing higher spirits then his apprehension could reach to command And for the other sort of Horses whose shape is in another kinde being aduersa for if it were contraria then it should be a 1 These Horses are of a more improper temper Monster cleane degenerating from nature if they be flat Ribd weake Fillited being very Spatious betwixt the short Ribs and the Huckle bone pinne Rumpt thin in the Gasking place narrow Brested shallow Chested short Necked thicke Crested cubbe Headded it being stuntly set on bangle Eard narrow Iawed pincke Eyed thin Faced little Nostrelles and a narrow Mouth or if his body and all his other parts be thicke and strongly set together then the man may Imagine that he is of a sad and dogged disposition Now although it is holden of most that these Horses thus shaped will neuer be brought to any good seruiceable vse for as it is said distortum vultum sequitur distortio morum Whereby many of curious spirits that take great delight both in these excellent subiects and also in this famous Art are mightily discouraged through the generall iudgement of the one and the abuse of the other that if they get not such a shaped horse all their labour and charge will be k Theo. 2. r s 28.f. lost Wherefore for the better incouragement if they seriously obserue in euery triall how many of such excellent proportionated Horses haue come to the worse they may easily alternate their minde and thinke that what defects may interpose nature in her worke by any accident except it be depriuation Art may helpe to make restitution which is the cause that the more vnlikely Horse doth oftentimes worse the more likely But it may be obiected that herein I make a contradiction in the Obiection proiect of this Chapter for how can a man know the goodnesse of the Horse by his shape seeing those which are esteemed of the best oftentimes proue the more Iades To the which I answere it is true if nature were as perfect now as at the first Answer then those Horses would be brought to perfecter obedience of themselues without any art but els if man had knowledge how to reduce them according to Art but since then all they as well as others are become disobedient and rebellious so that they Theo â— c l 1. Pr. 4. â— will neuer come to the height of their glory without true knowledge in the Art for want of which they suffer greatiniury and disgrace for I confesse that if Art were ioyned to nature they would far exceed the other for I hold it better that â— A horse must haue some thing ase as wel as in se a Horse hath something ase as well as in se for they would not onely please the eye for beauty more then the other but also giue better content to the minde when their goodnesse should be put to the touch-stone Now the cause that those horses which are defectiue are brought to better perfection then the other is this that they are more consonant to the nature of man then the other for man which should repaire this decay is likewise obscured in m Theo. 8.c. knowledge so that when any contrariety doth happen contrary to his expectation he following his will falleth into extreame passions whereby those horses which seeme to be more doggedly disposed by their shape are sometimes made more durable and pleasing then the other by violent correction but yet n Whatsoeuer is by chance is no Art and so one is no proofe herein they are not reformed by Art but by chance for if it happen that one proue to be good they fayle of their expectation in a dosen wherfore the approbation of some few of these may not applaud their knowledge in the Art that they haue more knowledge then they which fayleth in those sort which Aristotle are said to be of the best shape for it doth rather intimate their greater ignorance for as it is holden euery thing is destroyed by 1. Pra. 7. h his contrary and maintained by his like euen so although the better sort of Horses are disgraced by the contrariety of the Man yet his knowledge in this Art may parallel or exceed the other though hee by chance may bring that Horse being of such a disposition as is fitting for his cholerick nature to a better effect because violence not Art doth gaine the one it being agreeing to mans nature and patience with Art doth worke the other it being more repugnant thereto For as one of them o Art tendeâ— â— to the meane doth exeed in one extreame so doth the other sort in the other and it is the end of Art to bring both these excesses to a meane But if they obiect seeing those horses which are of grosser composition be more coherent to mans nature why are they Obiection not preferred before the other the answer is twofold the first is Man hauing an intellectiue knowledge by the instinct of nature Answer although much obscured knoweth that all things were made perfect at the first and so thâ—se horses which are Gen. 1. 31. p 1. Pra. 3.e. 1. Pr. 5.f. p All men are giuen to please the eye 2 of the beautifullest shape reason doth tell them that they are the nearest to the Creation and so chuseth them as they being most likely to proue the best and delightfullest to the eye most men desiring to please that sense in all things and so doe preferre them before the other they being more delightfull to the eye and more probable to yeeld content although very few know how to bring them to their perfection The second reason is that the nature of men is to desire to seeme wise and therefore will seeme to finde fault where they cannot amend and to shew their iudgement in chusing and not their knowledge in vsing to blind their owne ignorance q Ignorant men condemne nature for to excuse theÌ„selues for though they obserue a difference yet they know not the reason thereof And so generally condemne nature for making more horses without vse then with vse and likewise disgraceth the Art for want of know edge in her vse and so hold that those horses which are of this distorted composition are not confined within the compasse of Arts limitation because the concauity thereof doth ouerthrow the conuexity of their superficiall braine But to resolue the cause of this difference of their compositions is as I haue said from the temperature of the seed of which these sorts were generated for the food vpon which the indiuidium did feed being grosse made the seed so subtill that it could not
the Spanish Iennet the Irish hobby and Arabian Couser is held both by Maister Blundeuill and Maister Markham to be the cheife for pacing And the next vnto them is the d A Bastard Stallion is very good bastard Stallion begotten by one of them on our English Mares which doth exceed either of them in toughnesse by reason of the apt composition of the purity of their substance in respect of their hot clime and the humidity of our more temperate zone Which my assertion the Lord of Northumberland for a pure Turke can approue the one and that Noble and famous Knight Sir Anthony Mildmay both for pure and Bastard Barbaries can witnesse the other for strength courage beauty and touchnesse out of which race I had rather haue a Horse for the effecting of any part of Horsemanship either vpon pawne of my life or reputation then of any other in this Kingdome hauing had such full experience of them Now when you haue gotten a Stallion of some of these races and would haue Mares also to cohere with them for to bring the perfectest Colts let them be of our â—nglish breed because they will adde a more firme knitting of all the parts of the colts but yet there ought to be a care that their shape should be as neare to the true shape as is possible because it is both the most beautifull and also the nearest by all probability to the primary e Theo. 33. p. creation to the restitution whereof all Arts were inuented Which should be of stature some-what large but not very high a small Head full Eye wide Nostrell a prick Eare though somewhat Long a firme and thinne Crest with a long and straight Necke being well compast in the cragge at the setting on of f Theo. 37.d. the Head a broad Brest deepe Chested a round Backe being Barrell-Ribde and the short ribs shut vp somewhat close to the Hucklebone the Buttocke somewhat long so it be proportionable a flat Legge and straight Foote and a hollow Hoofe to which proportion both for Sallions and Mares when you haue obtained you may resolue your selfe that you haue the perfection of nature and then if in proofe you faile of your expectation there is no fault in nature but in the abuse CHAP. 4. Of the courage of the Stallions and Mares BVt as for the courage of the Stallion if I shall any deale dissent in my iudgement from the opinion of others doe not vtterly condemne mee but weigh the differences and then I hope my opinion will be held the more tollerable with some for where as it is holden that those horses which wil be conteyned either within payle rayle or quickset especially if he haue any prospect are not sit for Stallions because they are not held to be of any great courage or gentle and good disposition but are reputed to bee of a fearefull and heauy weake nature which position I cannot hold good although set downe by one whom I much reuâ—rence First in regard of the great danger 1 â— What danger such Horses are in they are in for sticking or laming through their vnrulinesse And secondly it is not altogether a necessity of nature for it doth not frame euery indiuiduum either in the extreame of freenesse 2 An instance or dulnesse but some are composed in the meane difference or temperance as for example in colours it is not vpon necessity that there must be either white or blacke sith there may be either blew or greene or such like And lastly it is not consonant to reason for it doth teach that 3 b The meane is the best Theo. 28. g. c The best bred horses are soonest spoyled for want of knowledge Theo. 37. l the meane in all things is the best therefore those Stallions which are of such a feirce spirit and hot disposition are worse to breed vpon then a more temperate nature because those Colts that are so bred are more of them spoyled for want of knowledge in the Art then those which are held more dull they requiring greater iudgement to bring them to a gentle coÌ„mand of riding which thing grosse ignorance doth make too apparent for where one of those Horses is brought to his perfection there is twenty that are either spoyled or at the least a great deale of their beauty and valour darkned And againe if they be of such a dogged and cruell disposition that they will bite or strike â— A Stallion of a dogged disposition is not the best to breed on being of such a high spirit they are not to be so much commended for Stallions although in courage they be exalted in the Suparlatiue degree because of the great danger that may happen to a man by a horse of such an euill disposition in regard a mans life is to be held farre more pretious then the delight of many horses And therefore I commend the Barbary and the Turke aboue all other because they are for the most part of a milde and gentle disposition and of a meane temperature being refined by a porportionate heate of the Sunne to their f A Horse is naturally hot nature which maketh them of a good courage and apt to be brought to any reasonable obedience if the man hath knowledge in this Art to ioyne it to nature But if it be so that you cannot get a Stallion of such a temperate disposition as you desire as for the most part it happeneth for want of true obseruation in former races then for the better knowledge how you may bring your race of Colts to a meane courage which is the best you must obserue that if your g How to haue your Colts of a meane temperature Stallion be of a high spirit fierce then to chuse your Mares so neare as you can of the shape aforesaid but yet of a more milde and soft disposition but if hee bee more sober and not so full of spirit as you desire then haue a greater care that your Mares may be of a more free and quicke disposition g A simile Theo. 33.h. for as poyson of it selfe if it be not delayd will cause a confusion of the substance but if infused with other simples of contrary quality it is made restoratiue Euen so if both the indiuiduums be hot and fiery the Species must needes according to reason be more fierce for if two fires be added together they will h The Signes Planets haue operation in all sublunary bodies 1. Pr. 5. â— cause the greater heat But if the one be of one excesse and the other of another then it is likely the Species will participate the nearer to the meane whereby you shall receiue your hopefull expectation if it be not intercepted by the seuerall Aspects of the Signes and Planets which haue a continuall operation in all sublunary bodies at the time of their begetting by the 1. Cor. 3. 9. prouidence of God is the secondary
when hee is past any other vse by reason of weakenesse and decrepit old age then hee is good enough to breed vpon as though weake and Note feeble age which hath not lust and strength to preserue it selfe had sufficient nature to beget another more strong and lusty But for the reforming of which traditionall error to the good of the future age of my Country whose happinesse I and euery one is bound to preserue I haue endeauoured my selfe so much as in me lieth to purge the truth from the dregges of this imperfection Wherefore they are desirous to ioyne the Art of breeding with Nature in such sort as they would receiue the Period of their wishes in the superlatiue degree I hold Mr. Morgan his opinion that whosoeuer will lay a sure foundation to build high vpon this subiect he must look back to the first Creation if hee desire a restitution to that perfection For when God had created all things and gaue them that blessing to increase and c God gaue the power of begetting to all Creatures in their best perfection multiply it was in their greatest and highest degree of their perfection and strength and not in their imperfection for els Nature might seeme to be vnperfect in not producing such naturall effects as might preserue that necessary good for the ends they were ordayned But because heat and moysture are the onely instrumentall meanes whereby all the faculties of any genus are maintained in their greatest strength there must bee an equall commixture in the same Therefore neither a Colt that is not come to his perfection of strength nor an old horse that is declining and past the same are fittest to breed vpon nor likewise Mares when they are in either of the said excesses For a Colt that is d A young Colt is not fit to beget and why but in his increasing and growing facultie being but the vegetatiue part his seed is not apt for generation hee being not come to his materiall perfection and strength for by reason of the excessiue moysture that is in him for want of yeares his seed cannot be of a perfect temperature for generation because all perfect seede for procreation must bee hot and dry and plenty thereof full concocted to temper the coldnesse and moysture of the seed of the Mare And likewise if the Mare be young also her seede will be the more cold and moyst especially it not being full concocted by the strength of Nature by reason her seed in the hyest perfection is cold and moyst and so it must necessarily follow that those Colts so begotten must for the most part proue Fillies or if they be Colt Foales yet they will be much fleshy ioynted great limmed thicke Boned Heauy and Dull according to the naturall operation of cold and moysture whose propertie is to conioyne and knit into a Massie lumpe without proportion And againe if a Colt should be begotten of an old Horse e An old Horse is not good to breed on and why and an old Mare in regard they want the power and efficacy of their naturall heate vigor and spirit hee will be ouer cold and dry through the predominancy of coldnesse and drynesse that doth raigne in them and then that Colt that is so begotten will be as the common prouerbe is soone ripe soone rotten of little Strength short liued of small spirit and courage and of a badde shape for that it wanteth that heate and perfect moysture I meane an oylye substance which are the cheife preseruers of life and good spirit And so the like by proportion may be applied to an old Horse and a young Mare and also to a young Horse and an old Mare by reason that the like causes doe alwaies produce the like effects Wherefore the Middle age of them both I meane from sixe f Horses and Mares of the middle age are best to breed vpon yeares till twelue or if it be foureteene it is not much amisse in such Horses as are of a more hot spirity disposition is the best to breed vpon they being of equall temperatures For the Horse being of middle age and in his best lust hath his seede hot and dry and the Mare being in like manner hath her seede cold and moyst hauing plenty on both parts and that in the greatest perfection of heate and naturall strength of body doe make a temperature of such a high degree of perfection that the Colt will be full of vitall spirit of high courage and pride thinne and dry bones great sinnewes and arteries and of such a most beautifull and perfect shape through the naturall quality of heate which doth refine the whole body from drosse in such manner as if Art and Nature did striue for supremacy in their workes But to make this more plaine by a simily As the light of a g A simile of a Lampe 1. Pra. 8.b. candle is maintayned by heate and moysture if there be a true proportion betwixt the substance of the weike and the quantity of tallow or oylie substance the splendor or light is the more perfect and durable but if either of them be more predominate or tending to either excesse of too much or too little that is if the weike bee so bigge as there is not moysture enough to qualifie the heate thereof the light will be very violent for the time but it will be soone spent or likewise if the oyle or Moysture be more then the strength of the fire can dry through the smalnesse of the weike then is the light so very small and imbecile that it giueth a very weake light and is alwaies in going out Euen so a Colt if the seede whereof hee is framed be of a perfect temperature both in heate and moysture his actions will h Application to the seede be of great splendor delight and very permanent but if either of the two qualities be predominate then will he either be too prodigall and free and so soone decay himselfe or else so slow and weake that it will much darken his glory But yet that the cause of these two qualities doth proceed 1. Pr. 8. c d. â— The Sunne is the cause of all vitall heat and the Moone the cause of the moysture from the elements I dare not say for the cause of the heate doth proceed from the Sunne it causing a heate in all Sublunary bodies which is the vitall part and the moystnesse from the Moone by reason of her humidity and so it is the vigetatiue part for although we liue in the ayre yet we are composed of the elements for as a child is nourished in the wombe but yet not made of the wombe so are we nourished by the ayre but not made of it CHAP. 7. How the Stallion and Mare should be kept with foode for the increase of good seede THe next thing that is to be obserued for helping to reduce breeding to his highest perfection
of an 15.d. arch or circle below as your head doth aboue your seate being the center For the lash carriage of your body will cause the like in the Colts Now the vse hereof is that the falling of your body backe will raise the Colts fore-parts and your feet mouing forward will cause his hinder parts to follow so close that hee will the sooner be brought to stop vpon his buttocks Note further that if the Colt be of any quicke and free spirit Note that when you offer to stoppe him at the first you vse no violent or suddaine motions with your body for that will so disturbe Theo. 12. â— him that it will make him halfe franticke and fretting as I haue 26.e. said in the 20 Chapter of this first part but when you stop him vse such gentle and easie motions as will be scarce discernable e A small motion for a free will serue for the first to the eye for that wil be a sufficient proportion of help for him in that the cause of a dead mouth proceedeth from the doggednesse and vnapt carriage of the Colt which such Colts for the most part are free from Note againe that if your Colt be of such a stubborne and Note vnwilling disposition that he will not goe forward as you would haue him to carrie a straight and vpright bodie that then at Theo. 25. a. the verie instant when you giue him the switch you accompapany it with the euen stroke of the calues of your legges which will be a meane to cause him to gather vp his hinder parts more roundly and also it will be a preparatiue to bring him to the Theo. 26.e. vse of the spurre the which when you are driuen to vse let it 31. a. be ioyned with other corrections in such sort as I haue said asore Note yet that if you see your Colt to be of such an vntoward Note stubbornenesse that for all this hee will not obye to your hand then you shall haue him into the field and there labour f 1. Pr. 28.d. him for two or three houres together till by this your labour and toyle you cause him to obey which so soone as hee doth alight from his backe and cherish him for this will make him yeeld if he be neuer so stubborne for the cause of all resistance is the vnwillingnes of his desire and it is fortified by the keeping of his winde which this labour will force to let passe and assoone as it raketh freely the body will yeeld instantly But heerein you must bee very cautious to giue him ease at his first yeelding least in seeking obedience you find rebellion Note and so dant the Courage and spirit of your Colt and thereby stirre vp perturbations in that he obeyeth and cannot find ease And this is a weed that doth flourish mightily in this Vineyard which hath smothered a great part of the planting for that men measure time more by their will then reason and seeke for more at one time then the Colt hath ability to performe or capacity to apprehend at sixe But of this I haue spoken more largely in the eight ninth and tenth Chapters of the Theoricke Part. But to couclude note that if in his stopping hee stand so stifly with his feet vpon the ground that he is not apt for a new motion see then you iert your feet so daintily forward in your stirrops and yeeld your body foreward in the small of your back or wast vsing the clacking of you tongue or such like sounds of encouragement which will stirre him vp and cause him to stand so aptly that he will be ready to moue whensoeuer you would haue him CHAP. 24. How to bring his head to its true place AS there is an orderly proceeding in all Arts and Sciences so likewise in this for when your Colt is brought to goe orderly forward and to stoppe iustly then you must also goe about to place his head which if you should desire before it 1. Pra. 25. a. be brought to its full height and hee haue the true feeling of the trench hee would loose his grace in the carriage and it would dead his mouth by much tempering with it whereby he will fall into many absurdities And therefore the want of due consideration of this predicament quando as a shower of raine hath sprung vp so many weeds in this Vineyard that they ouer-grow and choake the Theo. 17. a. true stemmes But to leaue these and come to the subiect how to worke the Colts head to its true place In which you ought a This Tractate is a true ground of all the parts of Horsemanship to consider whether hee is trained for seruice or for pacing trotting hunting or coursing for although this Booke doth treat most of pacing yet all this which I haue as yet spoken of is a true generall ground for all the parts of Horsemanshippe Theo. 37. â— And likewise you must consider whether he be of a large vpright Ibid. â— neck wide iawed and so of a free spirit or that he be of â— thicke fore hand short neck't and so heauy and sad and after as you see his shape and finde his disposition so you shall worke Theo. 3. i for the command of his head But because this doth belong to 32. 33. 34. the Theorie of a mans knowledge and that I haue spoken 35. 37. thereof more largely in the Theoricke Part I will not make any repetition heere againe but referre you to those places where you may know how to finde a horses disposition by those foure Characters there set forth and how to vse him accordingly Wherefore if you intend to traine your Horse to the buffe Saddle for seruice you shall take a Martingale to place his â— How to mouth a Horse for the Buffe saddle head which hee shall we are till hee come to bee bitted because those Horses must haue a precise stayednesse in the carriage of their heads Which Martingale let it bee made of a long peice of leather such a one as I wisht your Crooper to 1. Pr. 16.x. bee of and to one end thereof you shall sow a buckle then put it first vnder his Girths and so let it bee brought betwixt his fore legges and put it vnder his chappes betwixt them and the leather of the Head-straine then buckle the ends together but yet so slack that it pull not downe his head till hee be acquainted therewith c The chiefe grace of a horse is his raine Now because there is nothing that graceth a horse so much in all his actions as a comely and stayed reyne it behoueth you Theo. 4.q. 14.b. to be very carefull to place his head in the best and easiest manner that may be that hee may take delight therein otherwise hee will hold it no longer then extremity doth compell him Theo. 37.e. Wherefore if
and end both in one proportion waxeth cunning so you may quicken your owne motions which will stirre vp his for if you should moue quicker then hee hath skill to handle his feete it will bring a disorder in his going by chafeing and trifling and so shall not take any delight therein not finding ease or if they be too idle or too slow then they will bring him also to such a slow and idle carriage that it will be a great labour to remoue his body from the same especially if you labour him too long at a time Wherefore in Theo. 17.g. this you must obserue to haue him often forth and exercise him a little at once till he can tell how to take vp his feete nimbly for his exercise must be short because hee should doe that hee doth with alacrity and spirit And thus you shall vse him for the space of three weekes or a moneth in which time you shall bring him to such nimblenesse that hee will Trot as short and cleanely as your heart would wish But for obseruations herein there need not any except it be in your selfe for if your Colt commit any error the cause proceedeth 1. Pra. 25.k. from you either in that you cannot serue him in your seat Theo. 36.d. or that you faile in the true command of his mouth or else in 29.b. your corrections in proportionating them in either excesse or 31.c. else in giuing them before or after time or in letting him rest 17. â— too long or follow him too fast or lastly in leauing too soone or taking too much on him at one time all which you must be able to distinguish if you thinke to worke euery Horse to his height and therfore if you transgresse in any of these you passe the limits of this Art and so if you make any Horse it is by chance and not vpon any true ground And yet note for your further helpe if you haue erred that after your-Colt know the meaning of your helpes and corrections A generall rule when you beginne to giue him any new lesson you doe not desist till you perceiue some inclination to yeeld thereto which so soone as hee doth although it be neuer so vnhandsomely make much of him and set him yp for that time which will much enlighten his senses Note Note that if hee goe any thing frettingly so that hee will not keepe true time with his feet or shake behind through the loose cariage of his body that then you haue brought him to the same predicament of a free Horse by vsing your selfe too rigorously towards him and therefore you must let him haue time to stay his body againe by your patience and let him rest the more vpon the head-straine for b that will make him bould to set his feet forward orderly and 1. Pr. 32.c. carry his body steddily Note And note that if in this lesson he proue sadde and idle that in the instant time of the helpe of your bodie you giue him a good lash or two vpon the narre shoulder suddenlie which will reuiue the slow mouing of his body but if this will not preuaile then a How to make him bâ—ing his hinder parts round giue him the euen stroke of both your spurres holding your hand more firme vpon the trench and that will cause him to bring his feete together roundly whereby he shall be the more apt to stirre quicklier and more nimbly but you must haue a care not to vse your spurre but when any other correction will not preuayle least it force him too much vpon the hand by terrifying b How to reforme the heigh lifting of his fore feete him too much and so runne away or else cause him to strike or goe backe or show any such iadish tricks Note that if hee lift his forefeete too high then you must reforme that by making his hinder parts to follow more quicke and roundly whereby hee shall not haue time to lift his fore-legges so hie aâ—d likewise let him rest well vpon the head-straine for that is the best way that euer I tryed to cause any Horse to keepe his fore legges downe Note that if in his going he lift low either with his fore or hinder parts or with both that then you must thrust him the more c How to reforme his low going vpon the trench and vse very quicke motions with yuor body and correct him according to the measure of his disposition lest he fall to rebell and that will make him lift his legges more gracefully if you temper your hand that hee may finde ease when he lifteth to goe forward But because this is a very difficult point to obserue for him that is but a Scholler himselfe in regard it dependeth vpon the d The sense of hand and seat is the marrow of this Art exquisitest touch both of hand and seate which is the marrow and pith of this subiect or Art Wherefore because it is so intricate that very many spending their time to gray hayres cannot finde this proportion and yet reputed good horsemen it shall not bee amisse till you haue greater iudgement to take the benefit of some new plowed earth which shall bee neere â— Of deepe earths to some hard way or greene meare to â—ase you in your working vp of his legges Vpon the which earth you shall first for Theo. 28. â— twise or thrice walke him vp and downe with a gentle hand foot-pace that hee may know how to vse his legge vpon that earth without offence then before you alight haue him vpon the said firme ground or meare and there put him to his trotte then after hee hath trotted a little forward straighten your hand a little more and by the mouing of your body forward in your seat and ierting your feet forth in your stirrops suddenly cause him to stand more roundly to the hand which will make him lift vp his fore-feet then alight from his back and walke him a space in your hand to giue him breath then get vpon his backe againe and vse him as before and thus what by the clogging of his legs by the deep earth and the vncertaine The benefit thereof footing thereof hee will bee so nimble footed when he commeth to the firme earth that he will lift his feet voluntarily of himselfe if you but helpe him neuer so little vpon the hand But if hee bee so sad that when you change from the deepe to the firme grownd hee will not goe vpon the hand willingly giue him a good stroake or two with both your spurres as soone as you change vpon the firme earth and force him to stir vpon the hand a little as he standeth and so alight without trotting any further till you feele him desire of himselfe to go forward When you haue exercised him thus vpon his foot-pace that hee can tell how to demeane his feet from stumbling
then you shall still keepe a firme hand vpon the head-straine and trot him with a good spirit therevpon and euer in twenty or thirty yards straiten the reynes of your trench to shorten his liberty which what with his fast going and the deepenes of the plowed ground will make him lift all his feet very orderly after you haue trotted him after this manner a little while for it must not bee long for wearying him through the toyle thereof haue him vpon the hard ground as before ere you light vpon which worke him with your hand and seat till you feele him lift his feet very loftily and orderly which hee will soone doe for the changing of him from deepe and vneuen earth to firme and smooth will bring him to bee very lofty and quicke in his going if you bee not too greedy to cause him to doe too much at a time and if you obserue to end vpon the firme grownd before you alight except he begin to be too busie with f 1. Pr. 32. a. his feet and then you shall vse him continually vpon the plowed ground till they be brought to a true time And thus vse him for ten dayes or a fortnight before you depart from that earth for the place being a fortifier and the earth a correcter if you depart and leaue these instructers before hee bee so perfect that you can command him your selfe e When to depart from deep earths whensoeuer hee shall offend and you be not neere such a place to haue reliefe then you must bee forced to tamper with him Theo. 19. a. you selfe and then if you bee not perfect in your iudgement to know where and how to helpe you shall ouerthrow whatsoeuer before you set vp which neglect doth much disgrace the man and confound the Horses sense Note further that in all this lesson you obserue to keepe his Note head steady and to keep his body in a straight line for if there be a disorder in either of them it will much darken his grace and glory and therefore if hee carry his head on either side correct him on the contrary shoulder as thus If hee carry it towards the left hand correct him on the right shoulder either with stirrop or switch and that will make him looke to that side Theo. 23.b. on which hee is troubled if you giue your hand liberty for his mouth to glide vpon the trench But if that will not serue turne your heele to his shoulder and tickle him therevpon with your spurre and that will cause him to yeeld in his shoulder and turne his head presently which so soone as hee doth let him stand and cherish him but in any case doe not strike him hard therewith least the pricking swell and so impostumate in the flesh for that the shoulder is full of carnosity and the blood fester and so fistulate therein CHAP. 29. How to make your Colt trot side-wayes VVHen you haue brought your Colt to trotte truely and comely and to carry his head and body firme and stayed then if you please for his further grace and to shew your iudgement in the Art you may make him trot side-wayes which you shall doe by keeping your hands firme vpon the reynes of your trench and laying the contrary reyne close to his necke and your legge close to the contrary side to that hand you would haue him to goe on holding your rodde also on the contrary shoulder And so by vsing the same motion with 1. Pra. 18.e. your body as you doe when you would haue him to beat his trot standing in his very motion you shall make him goe side-wayes by the aforesaid helps For instance when as you haue trotted him forwad a little and then stayed him you shall straighten your hand to keepe him from pressing forward and moue your selfe vp and downe in your seat to keep his bodie still in action In which motion if a How to make your horse trot side-wayes you would haue him goe on your right hand you shall lay the left reyns close to his neck thrust your left knee close to that poynt fitting most vpon your left buttocke and putting your legge backe lay it close towards his flancke and by laying your sticke close to his left shoulder you shall cause him to goe toward your right hand which so soone as he doth let him stand and cherish him then make him goe towards your left hand vsing the like on the contrary side as the laying your right reyne to his necke your right knee close to that poynt of the saddle sitting most vpon your right buttocke with the same legge close to his flancke and your sticke vpon his right shoulder cause him to goe on your left hand and thus by keeping your body mouing vse him till hee bee so perfect that hee will goe on either side so soone as hee shall but feele the motion of the reyne to either side of his necke or your knee to the saddle without any other apparant motion For whereas I haue set forth to vse such manifest motions at the first that any body may perceiue them it is because your Colt may the easilier distinguish of them whereby he may the more easily conceiue of your minde which after hee doth you shall obserue this as a generall rule as well in all other lessons A generall rule as in this that as he hath knowledge of your will and increaseth in cunning you shall mitigate your motions by little Theo. 22.c. and little till they be so couert that a perspicuous eye cannot 15.e. g perceiue them When you haue brought him to such perfection that he will trot as it were standing then you shall make him also trot side-wayes after you haue trotted him some distance forward by giuing him the contrary motion aforesaid without intermission on that hand you would haue him to goe on for so hee will keepe the same time and grace in going that hee kept in trotting forward Note that if in this lesson hee doth at any time presse hard Note vpon the hand and so desire to goe forward that then you giue him a sodaine iert or two with the trench in his mouth Theo. 27.c. and thrust your legges forward withall to keep his hinder parts 15.d. in and it will be a present remedy for that But whereas many teach that when a horse either vpon his teaching to stoppe aduance turne or goe side-wayes if he presse forward vpon the hand that they should cause him to retire backe as farre as hee An old custome but a grosse error pressed forward thereby to make him vnderstand his owne fault the better I wish a neglect thereof and my reason is that it will make his body so apt to goe backe that it will bee farre 2 vnfit to moue forward as hee should those two motions being contrary And further it being vsed as a correction he
and to vse him to the cry of the dogges to increase his delight which you shall doe after this manner After you haue serued your Horse for night you shall come to If he be not layd him early in the next morning as about fiue of the clocke and first sift him the quantity of halfe a pecke of oates for they will be well digested by such time as he be drest and in the time of ranging to finde sport which he shall eate whilst your are making cleane your stable then you shall bridle him and tye him to the bare racke and dresse him and after he is drest saddle him then throw his housing cloth ouer him and so let him 2. Pr. 5. stand till the Hounds be ready to goe forth At which time you shall take his backe rake him gently into the field vntill such time as some game presents it selfe vnto you But because it is the first day of his hunting so that he cannot tell how to behaue himselfe vpon vneauen grounds you Hast maketh wast shall not put him at any time to aboue halfe his speed that hee may haue the better time to learne how to carry a stayd body and handle his legges both vpon deepe and light earths Neither shall you toyle him too long for wearying him till hee Long royle is to be eschewed at the first till the body be firme be acquainted with that exercise for daunting of his spirit and causing him to be lash bodied but to thwart and crosse from place to place to make in with the dogges to vse him to their cry because a Horse doth take great delight and pleasure therein and it will also stirre vp his desire to follow them the more willingly Thus you shall spend the time in Hunting for two or three How to vse your Horse after Hunting howers or as in your discretion you feele your Horse or the sport afford then you shall haue him home and set him into the stable hauing care that there be good store of fresh litter vnder him to stand vpon and tye him in his bridle vp to the racke hauing a little fresh haye in it for him to chaw vpon in his snafle to coole his mouth and to sharpen his appetire then rubbe him exceedingly with dry straw both head necke vnder the forebowels belly flanke and his legges withall the other parts of his body then take off his Saddle and rub his backe very well and so cloath him vp with all speed for taking cold and 2. Pra. 9. wadde him round with loose wispes of straw and if he be very hot throw another cloth ouer him loose to keepe him that hee 1. Pr. 6. coole not too fast and so let him stand an houre or till you feele him somewhat cold often stirring him to and fro in his stall gently with a sticke for that will keep his legges and his ioynts more nimble Then draw his bridle and giue him such a quantity Note of prouender as you shall thinke good but not so much as to take away his stomacke which will be some-what weake through the heate of his body and want of water and putting haye in his racke and taking away the loose cloth for keeping him hot too long let him rest for two or three houres or there 1. Pr. 6. abouts during which time you shall make a mash ready of halfe a pecke of mault and put no more water to it then it will sweeten and you thinke your Horse will drinke and let it stand couered till the water hath gotten the strength of the malt Of making a Mash which you shall perceiue by your tast for it will be very sweet and also by your feeling for it will be clammy like hony and rope like bird-lime which you shall giue him to drink when it is so cold that you can hardly see it smoke least the smoake should strike vp into his nose and so cause him to take a dislike and let Though the smell be strange to him at the first yet the tast will prouoke him him haue no other water that night and therefore if he will not drinke it at the first let it stand by him all night and set it so that he spill it not neither with his feet nor head Now this mash is very profitable for it is comfortable for his stomacke and it will keepe his body in a temperate heat after his labour and also it will clense and bring away such grease The benefit of a Mash and grosse humors as are disolued by that daies exercise After that you shall giue him as much prouender as you thinke he will eate and rubbe him all ouer to clense the sweat away that is dryed and barked outwardly and rub his legges very well 1. Pra. 14. then put fresh haye in his racke and shake good store of litter vnder him that he may rest the better and shut your stable close and let him rest that night The next morning come to him about sixe of the clocke for that is early enough because the mornings rest is as delightfull and comfortable aswell for a Horse as a man for then the braine is more thin and pure the meat being concocted whereby the sleepe is more sweet but open the dore very softly for The cause of quiet sleepe Met ap disquieting him if hee bee layd which if hee bee let him lye till hee rise of himselfe Somnus est sentientis facultatis requies Then goe to him and the first thing you doe looke to his dung what colour it is of for if it bee greasie and foule then it is a signe that the former dayes exercise did him good in dissoluing Obseruations from the dung some of that foule glut that was in him but if you perceiue no alteration of colour nor that it is greasie then it is a signe that that day made no dissolution and therfore you may take the more of him the next Then looke in his manger and see whether hee hath eaten Obserue how he feedeth vp all his prouender which if hee haue not sweepe it cleane away and bridle him vp but if hee haue giue him a little seruing more to eate whilst you make cleane his stable After bridle 2. Pr. 10. Chap. him and tye him to the Racke and dresse him and haue him forth to the water as aforesaid for this should bee a day of rest And thus you shall vse him to the field thrise a weeke till you haue brought his body to such cleannesse that you may iudge both of his speed and toughnesse Now for obseruations you shall note that you vse him in Generall obseruations the dayes of his rest which must be euery other day at the least in all poynts as you did during the time of his inseaming But whereas it hath beene vsuall to giue a Scouring the day of his Of Scowrings rest
quantity of Rye bread to coole his body and to keep it in temper And for his daies rest vse him in all things as is said afore onely Pra. ibid. 10. 11. if he be somewhat longer abroad euening and morning to ayre it will sharpen his appetite by reason his vitall heate will be the more retayned in his body to cause concoction but let 1. Pra. 6. him not goe forth too early nor stay forth too late but so as he may haue benefit of the Sunne morning and euening to refresh Of the last fortnight and comfort him And for the last fortnight let him be vsed for his daies both of labour and rest as in the former sauing that his exercise must be more moderate and therefore to increase both his spirit and winde let him haue of the best bread and feed him there with exceedingly euen as much as hee will eate for if hee be in any good case afore this will make his winde more pure and quicken his courage and for change of meate giue him of the best white or cut oates for they haue the most substance to giue strength for the skegge oate is so light The difference in oates that they yeeld no such strength and are so full of hulles and chaffe that they oppidate or hinder his winde And let them be dryed in the Sunne and beat in a cleane bagge and then winnoâ—ed and picked from all dust and filth and for variety if you wash them sometimes in strong Ale they will be very comfortable Ale is comfortable for though it is holden that it causeth pursiuenesse yet such a quantity doth no hurt but good for it will reuiue his spirits and cause him to sleepe the better Thus you shall feed him to as great lust as you can letting him haue haye in his racke till a day before his Match and then giue him no more that he may haue time to digest it that so it may be auoyded with the excrements except it be a little in your hand to scowre his teeth after you haue fed him with bread with which you shall feed him very well the day before he runne and giue him a reasonable supper that he goe not too empty into the field for such a daies worke will aske substance to maintaine strength Likewise giue him a quantity of bread in a little ale before he goe into the field for that will make him chearefull and so let him be led into the field referring the successe to Gods good blessing CHAP. 16. Obseruations in running VVHen as you are come into the place where you are to 1 His hoofes would be pickt beginne your Traine-sents you shall first picke his feete that there be no grauell nor stones to annoy him betwixt his hoofes and the shoes and scrape all the dirt or clay round 2 His legges chafed about the vpper part of his hoofes off and wipe them cleane then chafe his legges very well and for his saddle and bridle they would be made fit before hee come to the field being a 3 The saddle furniture answerable light saddle well sinewed stand sure on his back without hurting with a couple of wollen girths because they will not be so subiect to chafe as if they were of girth-webbe and they will giue more liberty to his body for his wind to passe more easily the stirrops and lethers strong and sure but yet so light as is possible being let forth to the iust length of your seat that you may behaue your selfe more artificially for the ease both of your selfe and your Horse For if they be too short you can neuer Theo. 13. hold a firme seat your kees being kept from their true place so that if you leape you wil either be in hazard of dismounting or else sit so loose that the vncertainty of your body will be more Theo. 14. trouble and hinderance to him then his leape if you serued him accordingly And surther you cannot haue liberty to spurre when and as occasion shall be offered And againe if they be too long you cannot haue any stay of them to helpe your horse when he beginneth Theo. 24. to be weake and likewise it will be hard for you to Theo. 15. 17. keepe your stirrops which to loose is disgracefull Likewise that the reines and head-stall of the bridle be made sure to the snaffle that there be no miscariage through neglect and that the snaffle hang in the true place of his mouth then he 1. Pra. 15. being vncloathed mount vpon him and seat your selfe truely in your seat and take your reines to such a proportionate length as you may command your Horse without mouing your seat holding your switch downe by your right fide with the poynt backe-ward like a sword and with your elbowes close to your 1. Pr. 17. sides yeeld your body somewhat forward houlding your feet straight in your stirrops and so beginne your businesse chearefully Note that when you switch or spurre your Horse you haue a Theo. 6. care to keepe your seate firme for a little disorder in your selfe will cause a greater in the Horse especially when his strength is weakened and therefore when you switch doe not fetch your hand so farre as to remoue your elbow much from your side but lifting your hand vp towards your eare bring it suddenly How to switch downe and strike him with a short iert for that will be shâ—rper then if it were further fetched and strike him in the flancke for there the skinne is tenderst and thinnest Neither when you spurre doe not fetch your legges farre to strike him on the side How to spurre like a mallet for then the calues of your legges will so beat him on the sides that they will force his winde as if they would driue it out of his body And beside you shall in so doing loose your seate But when you spurre you shall fetch your legge no Theo. 6. further then your ordinary seating and bring your spurres quick to his sides with the strength of your legges from the knees downeward for I am sure it will be so sharpe as to draw blood and then also you will spurre so couertly as your aduersary will hardly perceiue and spurre him not vnder the fore ribs neare his heart till you be driuen to the last refuge Note that if there be any forceable wind that ye be mindfull to ride for the best aduantage of your Horse that is if the winde be on your face when your aduersary leadeth then to Aduantage taken by the winde blowing ride so close to him that his Horses bodie may breake the force of it from yours and yeeld your selfe so low that his body also may shelter your body which will greatly helpe the strength of your horse And likewise if it bee on your backe ride so behind him that your Horse may haue the force of
by reason of its lenity Metaph. de Male cannot exhaust the humidity from the inner part till the vtmost be first concocted and therby wil not be expelled so soone not being fully digested and then if he haue any heates by exercise as oftentimes it commeth to passe before it be excrementall it will oppresse his stomacke and through violent concoction breed raw crudities and so instead of purifying the blood corrupt and inflame it and thereby distemper his body A surfeit by bread is dangerous and bring a surfeit and then as in a man so in a Horse a surfeit taken by bread is most dangerous and further it will cloy his stomacke and take away his appetite And it will be so much the worse to digest because the quality of wheate and oatemeale is siccans or drying so that it will be of such durity hardnesse being dry for want of humidity to mollifie it that it will not so easily be expoliated And therefore no maruayle though running horses are so much subiect to such aridity and drinesse in their bodies when they are fed with such hot and drying food and also restrained from water when nature desireth 1. Pra. 6. 2. Pra. 22. for to quench thirst prouoked by heate Wherefore as I say let your bread be but onely beanes and wheate not being ground nor drest too fine nor course but Note so as it shal neither haue so much bran as to putrifie the blood not so little as to make it too solide but that it may haue such asperity and subtiley as the heate may distill into all the parts to giue it quicker digestion But because heat is the Vigetatiue organ for nutrition therefore Wheate doth help to quicken the vitall powers 2. Pra. 12. it must haue a predomination ouer the moisture or else they will not fructifie nor grow to pure perfection as may be seene by the difference betwixt winter and Summer therefore in regard wheate is hot and so a helpe to quicken and stirre vp the vitall spirits and courage being the purest and cleanest food let the greater part be wheate and for that bran which is in the bread so it be not much will doe more good in scowring the maw and furthering digestion then harme by corrupting the bloud and stirring vp inflamation CHAP. 24. How to vse a Horse after hee is matched in his breathing courses I Hauing heretofore spoken of the time and manner how to traine a running Horse in his breathing courses to bring him to his state of body and trueth of winde therefore I will but breâ—fly touch some things that may giue further light for the perfecting of the same Wherefore let the times and manner of his breathings be still vsed as you did in trayning before he was matched yet not vpon the same grounds but let him be had to some place where 2. Pra. 18. he may stand neare to the latter end of that race he is to runne his mateh vpon that so you may exercise him sometimes thereon both to bring him acquainted there-with and also that hee may know his standing to stirre vp his desire in running towards Too much frequency of any thing will cause rebellion his Stable And yet I would not haue him breathed continually vpon the course for that will cause a bedlam kinde of running but sometimes vpon some spatious and pleasing grounds not onely to keepe him in subiection to your motions but also to giue him as long and sore a course as you shall thinke needfull to keepe him in perfect strength and purity of winde Note for if hee be put to no further labour then the length of the race during that month that small exercise will increase pursiuenesse except hee bee scanted of his meate which by 2. Pra. 21. any meanes I would not wish And when you breathe him if it bee possible haue some horses vpon the course to set vpon him to quicken and reuiue his courage but let him not haue a sound bloudy course indeede not of a fortnight or 2. Pra. 15. tenne dayes at the lest before the match day and giue him his last heat before the match in his cloathes and runne it meerely The last course in his cloathes and why ouer for that clogging and vnweildy running in his clothes will bee so troublesome to him that when hee shall come to be stript naked to run for the match hee wil feele himselfe so light and nimble that hee will seeme to flye and so much the more being held to that which hee was able to performe in his burthensome cloathes And likewise let your horse be led sometimes ouer the race How to lead him to the race when you breath him to make him the better acquainted therewith against the match day And lead him very easily and gently letting him stand dung either by whistling or letting him smell vpon other dung for if it bee mares dung it will make him pisse if he be stoned and if horse-dung it it will cause him dung But if he hath not staled of all the way as he is ledde when you come to the place of start vnloose his How to vse him at the starting place wispes and straw them vpon the ground vnder his belly and pisse your selfe thereon which will prouoke him to pisse the sooner which when hee hath done vntie his cloathes afore 2. Pr. 16. and thrust them behind the saddle and mount your selfe therein seating your selfe as I haue showne before then let one strip the cloaths from his buttocks and carry them to the race head that they may bee ready to cast ouer him when hee hath done his course and your selfe start him forward gently till you feele his winde rakte and after runne couragiously And when you are come to the end of his course hanke him vp gently bring him backe againe to the staffe and after you How to vse him after his course haue let him pause there a little to let him know the end of his labour gallop him back againe to meet his cloaths if they bee not come and throw them presently vpon him and gird them fast with the sur-single and so tide him home after you 2. Pr. 11. haue somewhat cooled him to the stable where hee shall bee presently set vp letting him bee rubd chafed and vsed in all things as is said onely let him haue no hay in his racke nor giue him any thing to eate till he be cold that his bridle be drawn you haue giuen him a quantity of Rye bread to coole his body which shall be giuen him in stead of wheat eares because they will dry his body too much it being afore heated with the 2. Pr. 11. 12. 23. violence of his labour and you may if you please or need require giue him a mash euery weeke once till the last fortnight after his breathing course and after feed him as
he haue a large vpright necke when you would worke his head downe you shall not hold your hand ouer the midst of his crest as you did during the time of working it vp d How to hold your hand to bring down an vpright neck but you shall hold them lower betwixt his mane and the saddle pommell for so you shall haue the more power to keepe his head round and you shall carry your hands somwhat more firme then you did before letting him goe very gently forward at the first raking but a foot pace that hee may haue the more time to worke vpon the trench which will bee a meanes to cause him bend in the cragge to chaw vpon the same which when hee doth you shall let him stand and cherish him Note then let one being a foot straiten the Martingale a little to restraine the liberty of his head but not so much as it may any way seeme to force it downe for that will make him striue the more to haue his head at liberty but onely to stay his head for going too high with his nose whensoeuer he shal chance to throw it vp and thus you shall bring in his musle by degrees till you haue brought it to its due place But if hee be any thing stubborne or so short neckt that hee Theo. 37. â— e How to place the head of a Horse that hath a short neck will not bring in his head by this gentle meanes then you must not seeke to make him yeeld by force of hand or strength of Martingale for so you shall make your selfe a great deale more labour but you shall put him into a good trot and so keepe his Theo. 36.d. body in quicke motion which will cause him to bring in his 36.c. head very soone for that will make him vse his hinder parts 16. â— more nimbly which before hee kept to giue his body the more strength to resist the hand and thus you shall vse him cherishing him when he yeeldeth and correcting him after that manner when hee offendeth till you haue brought his head as you would wish and there keepe it firme by bringing the Martingale to that iust length as it shall neither pull his head downe lower through its straightnesse nor giue his head liberty to goe higher by too much slacknesse and so you shall keepe his head continually in the right place very easily if you keep your hand firme vpon the Head-straine and preserue his mouth in quicknesse by sweet and gentle motions of your hand Note that the true vse of the Martingale is not to bring Note in the Colts head by the violence of it but it must bee wrought downe by giuing him an vpright carriage of his body and true relish of the mouth by the hand and then it is onely to keepe it firme there without alteration And therefore they are much deceiued who when they haue a Horse that is subiect to throw vp his head or hold it out thinke to reforme them by the Martingale onely for if his mouth bee not refined it hath small effect of it selfe no longer then it is in vse for when it is taken away and his head set at liberty hee will bee as euill if not worse then he was afore Note also that when you begin to bring in his head that you Note pull it not lower then it was but keepe his necke at the full height for otherwise you will lose a great beauty of his reyne hiding the grace of his crest and cause him to hold his head low like a fearefull beare-whelpe and therefore haue a care that when he doth bring in his musle that his head doth rest f The motions of a man prouoketh the Horse vpon his throple and therfore if he fall too low with his necke that then presently you remoue your hands vpwards towards his mid crest againe and quicken him with your tongue and the mouing your selfe in your seat yeelding your body forward and that will cause him to looke vp with his head which so soone as he doth cherish him and carry your hands downe againe for if you should hold your hands continually aloft hee could neuer carry a round reyne or if you should hold them continually low you should pull downe his head and therefore as I say you must remoue them vpward or downeward as you g see your Colts disorder till it bee firmely stayed and then you Theo. 11. a. must also keep a stayed hand for any disorder in you will cause a greater in him But if you purpose to make your Colt either trotter pacer hunter or courser then you shall place his head with the head-straine â— How to place the head â—f a troâ—ter or hunter and trench onely but before you begin to doe it you must as I say iudge of what disposition your Colt is by his shape and mettle for if hee haue a long and vpright necke and his head well set on hauing a wide iaw to receiue his Theo. 37.e. throppell then those horses for the most part are free and nimble bodied and in these you may saue a great labour in the Theo. 34.f. working vp their heads for they are subiect to rise too fast of themselues and then if you should worke them vp too they would bee weake neck'd cocke-throppeld withye-cragged from which would insue many other inconueniences but because I haue spoken in the foure Chapters hereof before coted I omit them heere referring you thither And therefore as soone as your Colt will take his way orderly you shall vse all your best indeauours to keepe his head â— How to place the head of an vpright neckt horse by the hand only downe by holding your hand firme vpon the head straine and let your hands worke vpon the trench to sweeten his mouth by mouing your fingers vp and downe as if you were playing of an Instreument and so you may place his head without much adoe But this you must obserue that as his head is thus easily placed if he be vsed as he should be so he is soone distempered being of such a free spirit if he be vsed contrary and therefore you must bee very cautious to bee patient for if you disturbe him once so that hee get a tricke to rise with his head it will aske more Art to bring it downe then to worke the other vp And therefore you must carry a very milde and gentle hand vpon the trench and pretty firme hand vpon the head-straine But if your Colt bee of a thicke and strong forehand short k How for a short neck'd horse neckt and narrow iawed then hee is of a more heauy and sad spirit and will not so easily be caused to come in with his musle in regard hee will desire to hold out his head like a Swine and 1. Pra. 21. â— therefore to bring him to an vniforme reyne will
require great Theo. 19. â— labour deepe iudgement and long time but yet if hee haue his mouth quickened and his body truely placed the head is halfe commanded Therefore you shall begin to bring in his head at the first Chap. d as I set forth afore vpon his foote pace and so vse him in all things as there except the Martingale in stead whereof you Theo. 15.d. must vse the headstraine in keeping your hands well stayed vpon l The head-straine is the grownd of thiâ— workâ— it for that will make him follow steadily with his whole bedy and then his head vpon necessitie must also be stayed for there is no Horse which carrieth a firme body can haue a loose head nor any that carrieth a staid head can haue a lash body but they must both be stayed or both lash But if hee be so stiffe necked that hee will not bring in his head by these gentle corrections then Trot him euen forward two or three miles and euer in sixe eight or ten score offer the the like but if hee will not yeeld that day haue him forth the second third or fourth daie increasing his labour as you feele him rebellious till you feele him bring in his nose which so m soone as you feele alight from his backe and make much of 1. Pr. 14. x. him and after you haue walked him a little get vpon his backe againe exercising him in the like homeward and by thus vsing 15.e. him a weeke or eight daies you shall cause him to carry his head with such ease that hee will take great delight therein if you carrie an equall hand vpon the bridle and headstraine as necessity and time requireth Note that in the bringing in of his head if when you hold Note it downe more hard then ordinary hee striue to haue it vp and so gape with his mouth or thrust out his tongue or vse any n such vnseemely gestures that then you examine your selfe how Theo. 7 f you haue proceeded for your owne error is the cause thereof 16. a. in that you haue not giuen him the true carriage of his bodie and therefore you must keepe your hand still at the fame stay o and put him to a more quicke motion of his bodie till he by the Theo. 16.c. yeelding in of his head bring his vpper chap downe to his lower 1. Pra. 23. d. and so shut his mouth which so soone as he doth presentlie ease your hand to let him feele ease in his obeying Chap. m Note that if he will not keepe his head steddie but throw it vp as he goeth which is a grosse error although many take p If the time be spent in one motion it is lost in the other great delight therein that then you vse no other correction then this last for it will cause him to minde his way and haue no time to vse idle motions with his body whereby hee shall not haue time to cast vp his head for there is neuer a time that he casteth vp his head but there is a losse of time in the mouing of his legges Note also that if in vsing this correction so often he come to presse too sore vpon the hand thinking to goe onward vpon euery discontent and so come to be in the same predicament of a free Horse and vse any disorder in being too busie in his going that then you put him into a ring turne and stirre vp your q The ring is a good correction to cause obedience selfe to make him turne first on one hand and then on the other by forcing him with a good strength holding the reines of your bridle and head-straine during that time very hard and laying the reines that are on the contrarie hand to that Theo. 15. i. you turne on very close to his necke to keepe it straight from bending whereby he shall be driuen to moue his fore parts altogether and forward him in his turning by following him with your body laying also the contrarie legge to that hand on which you turne close to his side and keepe thus in action till you feele him to obey your hand to goe quietly then let him goe forward againe at his owne ease And these two kindes of Theo. 12. â— corrections will bee sufficient to reforme any fault in a young 14.b. Colt if you haue agility of body and true knowledge of hand and foote how to vse them aright for this order will reforme him if he be too eager in going and the other will quicken him if he be sadde and dull But for the true application of them in Theo. 17. â— time and order according to the disposition of the Horse must bee referred to your iudgement to proportionate them as you finde your Colt tractable or rebellious otherwise you shall bee driuen to vse greater violence and then you degresse from this Art CHAP. 25. How to teach your Colt to turne THe next lesson that you shall learne your Colt is to teach him turne on both hands willingly without any violence a which will neuer be effected except hee haue a true carriage of 1. Pr. 24. a. his Body his Head truely placed and his mouth well relished For this lesson will trie how you haue proceeded in the former a Circular motion it differing from the horses appetite if you desire to haue him doe it in euery respect as hee should in that it is a motion differing from his desire and therefore if he bee not at true command hee will neuer make a strait turne gracefully And therefore those who accoumpt themselues Horse-men are herein to be reproued which will goe about to make their Colt take his way place his head stoppe turne retire and all in one weeke Whereby through their insatiable ignorance they get the reward of Esops dogge for they Theo. 16.e. bring him to that passe by disorder that all their desire is returned without any profit in that they can neuer bring him to doe any one of them according to the ground of Art Wherefore to leaue these when you haue brought your Colt to such command as is said which a painefull obseruatiâ—e Horse-man may doe in a moneth although he be very vntoward you shall obserue first that in this as also in any other lessons you keepe his body head and mouth in the best order for they are the ground of all other lessons and therefore Note if you omit any of these you shall feele the trouble afterward Theo. 35.g. for thereby he will haue the more libertie to rebell which being 36. d. obserued you shall Trot him to some grauell or plowed earth that you may the better see his steps and hee be in the lesse danger of slipping and there put him forward gently in his foote pace and draw forth a large ring in bredth some ten b How