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A18174 A short catechisme, or playne instruction, conteynynge the su[m]me of Christian learninge sett fourth by the kings maiesties authoritie, for all scholemaisters to teache. To thys catechisme are adioyned the Articles agreed vpon by the bishoppes [and] other learned and godly men, in the last conuocatio[n] at London, in the yeare of our Lorde, M.D.LII. for to roote out the discord of of [sic] opinions, and stablish the agreme[n]t of trew religion: Likewyse published by the Kinges maiesties authoritie. 1553.; Catechismus brevis Christianae disciplinae summam continens, omnibus ludimagistris authoritate Regia commendatus. English. Ponet, John, 1516?-1556, attributed name. aut 1553 (1553) STC 4812; ESTC S119226 42,500 192

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that shall receyue it euen as he hathe honoured doth honour hys father For he that honoureth him honoreth also the father of whiche he him self is a substantiall witnesse Maist. The end of the world ho●… scripture calleth the ful fyllynge parformaunce of the kyngdome and mistery of Christ and the renewing of all thynges For saythe ●…he Apostle Peter in his se●…ōd Epistle the third chapter We loke for a new heauen and a new earth according to the promise of God whearin dwelleth ryghteousnesse And it semeth reason that corruption vnstedfaste chaunge and synne wherunto the whole world is subiect shoulde at length haue an end Now bi what way and what fasshiō circumstaunces these thinges shal come to passe ▪ I would fayne heare the tell Scholer I will tell you as well as I can accordyng to the wytnesse of the same Apostle The heauens shall passe awaye like a storme ▪ ●… elementes shal melt awaye the earthe all the workes therein ▪ shall bee consumed wyth fyre as thoughe he shuld say as gould is wont to be fined so shal the whole world be purified with fire and be broughte to hys full perfection The lesser world whiche is man folowynge the same shall lykewyse bee delyuered from corruption and chaunge And so for mā this greater worlde which for hys sake was first created shall at lēgth be renewed be clad wyth another hew much more pleasaunt and beutifull Master What then remayneth Scholer The laste and generall dome For Christe shall come at whoes voice al the deade shall ryse againe ▪ perfecte and sound both in bodi and soule The whole world shall beholde hym sittynge in the Royall throne of hys Maiestie and after the examination of euerye mannes conscience the laste sentence shalbe pronoūced Then the chyldren of God shall bee in perfecte possessyon of that kingdome of fredome from death and of euerlastig life whyche was prepared for theim before the foundacyons of the world were layd And they shal reygne wyth Christe for euer But the vngodlye that beleued not shall be throwen frō thense into euerlastynge fyre appoynted for the deuyll and hys angelles Master Thou haste saide ynoughe of the agayn rising of the deade Nowe remayneth that thou speke of the holye churche whearof I would very fayne hear thy opinion Scholer I wil rehearse that in fewe words shortly whiche the holye scryptures set out at large and plentifulli ▪ Afroe that the Lorde God had made the heauen and erth he determined to haue for himself a most beautiful kyngdome and holy comō wealth The Apostles and the auncient fathers that wrote in Greeke called it Ecclesia in englyshe a congregation or assemble into the whych he hath admytted an infinite nōber of mē that should all be subiect to one king as their souereign and only one head hym we call Christe whythe is as mutch to say as anoynted ▪ For the hye byshoppes and kinges among the Iewes who in fygure betokened Christ whom the Lord annoynted with his holy spirite wear wont by Gods appointment at theyr consecration to haue materyall oile poured on them To the furnishyng of this common weale belonge all they as many as do truly feare honour cal vpon God whol ly applyeng theyr mynde to holy and godly lyuing and all those that puttynge all theyr hope trust in hym do assuredlye looke for the blisse of euerlastig lyfe But as many as ar in this faith stedfast ▪ weare forechosen predestinate apoynted out to euerlastig lyfe before the world was made Wytnesse hereof they haue wythin in theyr hartes the spirite of Christ the author earnest vnfailable pledge of theyr fayth Whych faith only is able to perceyue the misteries of God only bryngeth peace vnto the hart onli taketh hold on the righteousnes that is in Christ Iesus Master Doth then the spirite alone and fayth sleepe we neuer so soundlye or stād we neuer so recklesse slothfull so woorke all thynges for vs as without any help of our owne to carye vs idle vp to heauen Scholer I vse maister as you haue taughte mee to make a dyfference betwene the cause and the effectes ▪ The first principall moste perfect cause of oure iustifyenge and saluation is the goodnesse and loue of God wherby he chose vs for his before he made the worlde After that god graūteth vs to be called by the preachīg of y e Gospel of Iesus Christ when the spirit of the Lord is poured in to vs by whose guyding and gouernaunce we be led to settle our truste in God and hope forthe per formaunce of all hys promises With thys choyse is ioyned as companion th●… mortifyeng of the old man that is of our affectiō lust Frō the same spirit also tometh our sanctification the loue of God of our neighbour iustice and vpryghtnesse of life finally to say all in summe whatsoeuer is in vs ▪ or maye be done of vs pure honest true and good that altogether spryngeth out of thys most pleasaunt●… roote from this most plentyfull fountayne the goodnesse loue ●…hoyse and vnchaūgeable purpose of god He is the cause the rest are the fr●…tes and effectes ●…et ar also the goodnesse choise spirit of God and Christe himselfe causes conioyned and coupled ethe wyth other which mai be reckened amonge the principall causes of our saluation As ofte thearfore as we vse to saye that wee are made ryghteous and saued bi only faith it is meante theareby that fayth or rather truste alone doth lay hand vpon vnderstād and perceyue our righteousmakyng to be geuē 〈◊〉 of God freely that is to say ▪ by no desertes of oure own ▪ but by the free gra●…e of the almighti father ▪ Moreouer sayth doth engender in vs the loue of our neyghbour ▪ and sutch workes as god is pleased wyth all For if it 〈◊〉 a liuely true faith quik●… ned by the holy ghost she is the mother of all good sayinge and doynge By thy●… short tale is it euidēt whēce and by what meanes we attayne to be made righteous For not by the worthynesse of our deseruinges were we eyther heartofore chosen or long ago saued but by the only mercy of god and pure grace of Christ oure Lorde whearby we weare in hym made to those good workes that God hath apointed for vs to walke in And althoughe good woorkes can not deserue to make vs righ teous before god yet do thei so cleaue vnto faythe that neither can fayth be founde without thē nor good workes be any whear wythout faythe Master I lyke verye well thys shorte declaration of fayth and workes for Paul playnly teacheth the same But canst thou yet further depaint me out that cōgregacion whych thou callest a kingdome or comō weale of Christianes and so set it out before mine eyes that it may seuerally and playnly be knowen asonder frō eche other fellowshyppe of men
euen to our enemies y ● wrong vs. Let vs therefore know our selues plucke out the faultes that are in vs in their place plāt vertues like vnto the husbandemen that fyrst vse to shrubbe and roote out y ● thornes brābles and wedes oute of their ley land and vnloked to then eche wher therin scatter and throw in to the wō●…e of the earth good frutfull sedes to bryng forth good fruite in their dew season Likewyse let vs do For first let vs laboure to rote out froward corrupt lustes afterward plant holy and fit condiciōs for Christian harts Which if they be watered and fatted with the dew of goddes worde and nourished wyth warmth of the holye ghost they shall brynge forth dout lesse the most plentifull fruit of immortalitye and blessed lyfe whych God hathe by Christ prepared ▪ for his chosen before the foundacyons of the world were layde To whome ▪ bee all honoure and glorye Amē ¶ The ende of the Catechisme ¶ Articles agreed vpō in the Conuocacion and published by the Kinges Maiestie ¶ Of faith in the holy Trinitie THeare is but one lyuing and true God and he is euerlasting with out bodie partes or passions of infinite power wisdome and goodnesse the maker and preseruer of all thinges both visible inuisible And in vnitie of thys Godheade ther be thre persones of one substaunce power and eternitie the father the sōne the holy Ghost ¶ That the worde or Sōne of God was made very mā THe Sōne which is the word of the father tooke mans nature in the wombe of the blessed virgine Mary of her Substāce so that two hole and perfecte natures that is to say the godhode and manhoode were ioygned together into one persone neuer to be diuided wherof is one Christe very God very man who truly suffred was crucified dead and buried to reconcile hys father to vs and to be a Sacrifice for all sinne of man both originall and actuall ¶ Of the goinge downe of Christ into Hell AS Christ died and was buried for vs so also it is to be beleued that he went downe into Hell For the bodie laie in the Sepulchre vntill the resurruction but his Ghost departing from him was with the Ghostes that were in prison or in Hell and dyd preache to the same as the place of S. Peter doth testifie ¶ The Resurrection of Christ. CHrist dyd truelie ryse agayne from death and tooke again his bodie with ●…teshe bones and all thynges apperteyning to the perfection of m●…ns nature where with he ascended into heauen and there sitteth vntil he retourn to iudge mē at the last day ¶ The doctrine of holy scrip ture is sufficient to Saluaciō HOlie Scripture conteineth all thinges necessarye to saluatiō So that what soeuer is neither read therein nor maye be proued thereby although it be sometyme receyued of the faithfull as Godlie and profitable for an ordre and comelinesse Yet no manne ought to be const●…eigned to beleue it as an artycle of faith or repute it requisite to the necessitie of Saluacion ¶ The old Testament is not to be refused THe olde Testament is not to be put away as though it we●… contrarye to the newe but to be kept still For both in the old newe Testamentes euerlasting lyfe is offered to mankynde by Christ who is the onelie mediatour betwene God and man beyng both God manne Wherefore they are not to be heard whiche feigne that the olde fathers did looke onlye for 〈◊〉 promises ¶ The three Credes THe thre Credes Nicene crede Anathasius Crede and that which is commonly called the Apostles Crede ought throughly to be receiued for they mai be proued by most certaine warrauntes of holy Scripture Of original or birthe sinne ORiginall sinne standeth not in the folowing of Adam as the Pelagianes doe vainely talke which also the Anabaptists do now a daies renue but it is the fault and corrupciō of the nature of euerye man that naturallye is engendred of the of springe of Adam whereby manne is very far gone from his former righteousnesse whiche he had at hys creation and is of his own nature geuen to euyll so that the f●…eshe desyreth alwaies contrary to the sp●… rit and therfore in euery person born into this world it deserueth Goddes wrathe and damnacion And this infection of nature doeth remayne yea in them that are baptyzed whereby the luste of the flesh called in greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which some do expoune the wisdome some sensualitie some the affection some the desire of the flesh is not subiect to the lawe of God And although there is no cō demnation for theim that beleue and are baptised yet the Apostle doeth confesse that concupiscēce and lust hath of it self the nature of sinne ¶ Of Free wyll VUe haue no power to doo good works pleasāt and acceptable to God without the Grace of God by Christ preuenting vs that we may haue a good wil and working in vs when we haue that wille ▪ Of Grace THe Grace of Christ or the holie Ghost by him geuen dothe take awaie the stonie harte geueth an harte of fleshe And although those that haue no wil to good thinges he maketh them to wil and those that woulde euyll thinges hee maketh them not to wille the same Yet neuertheles he ēforceth not the wil. And therfore no man when he sinneth can excuse himself as not worthye to be blamed or condemned by alleging that he sinned vnwillingly or by compulsion ¶ Of the Iustification of manne IUstification by onelye faythe in Iesus Christe in that sense as it is declared in the homelye of Iustification is a moste certeine and holesome doctrine for Christian menne ¶ Workes before Iustification VUorks done before the grace of Christ and the inspiration of his spirite are not plesaūt to God forasmuch as they spring not of Faithe in Iesu Christ neither do they make menne mete to receiue Grace or as the Scholeaucthours saie deserue Grace of congruitie but because they are not done as God hath willed and commaūded them to be done we doubte not but they haue the nature of sinne ¶ Woorkes of Supererogation VOluntary woorkes besides ouer and aboue Gods commaundements whych they call workes of Supererogation cānot be taught w tout arrogancy and iniquity For by them men dooe declare that they dooe not onelye rendre to God asmuch as they are bounde to dooe but that they do more for his sake then of boūden duetie is required wheras Christe saieth plainelie when you haue done all that are commaunded you saye we be vnprofitable seruauntes ¶ No mā is without sinne but Christe alone CHrist in the trueth of our nature was made like vnto vs in all thinges sinne onely except from which he was clearely void bothe in his fleshe and in his spirit He came to be the lambe with oute spotte who by Sacrifice of himself made once for euer shold take
as we forgiue c. fo 61. ●… Couetise Couetise of an others ●…ol ●… b. Crede The Creede fol. 4. a. ●…ol 13. b. Wvhy the Crede is called a symbole fol. 4. b. D Death Christes death f●… 20. b Dome The day of dome 36. b. Epiousion Epiousion fol. 60. a. E Eue. The names of Adam and Eue. fol. 16. a. Example Christ an exāple of life ●…nto vs. fol. 33. b. F Faith Iustificaciō bi faith 40 ●… Trem faith and works vnseparat●… fol. 41. a. Faythe the mouthe of the soule fo 5●… b. Faith in praier fo 64. b. Father Wvhy we call God father fol. 15. a. Wvhat we gather of oure father fol 54. b Feede ●…ow we fede vpō Christes body blud fol. 51. a. Forgiuenesse Forgiuenesse of trespasses passes fol. 60. b. Charitable forgiueness●… one to an other ceasseth brawles fol. 61. b. G God Wvhat God is fol. 3. b. One God fol. 5. a. Cakynge the name of God fol. 5. a. God is ech wher fo 56. a God alwaye present to helpe vs. fol. 56. ●… Knowledge desyre fear and loue of God fo 65. b Gadlessnesse Gadlessnesse fol. 66. a. Godly The blisse of the G●…ly fol. 68. b. Good Good not euell to be r●… dred for euell fol. 62. ●… Gospell The lawe and the Gospel fol. 4. ●… H Hallowe ●…ow Gods name is to be hallowed fol. 57. ●… Heauen Wvhat is ment by which ●…t in heauen fol. 55. a. Holly Ghost The holy Ghost 4●… ●… Why the holy Ghost is called holy fol. 4. b. 〈◊〉 resteth the holy Ghostes sanctificaciō fol. 44. a ▪ Honoure Honour of Christ. 34. b Hipocrisy Superstition and hipocrisie fol. ●…6 a I Ignorance Ignorance broughte in by corruption of nature fol. 10. a Image Images fol. 5. a. The image that mā was made after fol 16 a Gods image def●…ed in man fol 10 b Iu●…ificationr Causes of our iustification 39. a I●…stification by fayth fol. ●…0 a K Keye Keyes to by●…de loose fol. 43. a. Kyngdome ▪ Christes kyngdome not yet perfect fol ●…7 b Christes kingdō fo 58 a Why this is added fo thine is the kingdō f 63 b L Lawe The Law and the Gospell fol 4 a Lawes of the fyrst table fol 4 b Lawes of the seconde table fol. 5 b The summe of the lawe by Christ. fol ▪ 9 b Why the law was writen in tables fol 10 b None ●…ade ryghteous by the lawe fol 11 ▪ b Why the law was geuen to one people ▪ fo 12 b The morall lawe commune to all fol 1●… b 〈◊〉 ▪ Honest frame of lyfe fol. 65 a M Man The making of mā f 15. ●… The image that mā w●…s made after fol 16 a Mans fall fol 17. a Measure Measure an other by thy selfe fol 67 a Mouthe ▪ Fayth the mouth of the soule fol. 1 b Murther ▪ Murther fol 6 b N Nature The lawe of nature ▪ fol 10 a 67 a O Originall syn Originall syn fol 18 b P Parentes Honour of parēts fo 6 b Passyon Christes passio●… fo 20 b Prayer Prayer fol 52 b The Lords praier f 53 a ●…●…herher we may vse anye other prayer but the pate●… noste●… 53 b Nothyng in the Lordes prayer ha●…d to vnderstād fol 54 b Faith in praier fol 64 b What to be asked in praer fol 64 b Preacher Office of Preachers fol 52 a Presence ▪ Christes bodylye presence fol 27 b Present ▪ How Christe is absent and present in the world fol 25 a God alwaye present to help vs fol 56 b Professyon All Christian ▪ shoulde knowe theyr profession fol 1 a Q Question ▪ Teaching by questions fol. 1 a. R Redemp●…ion The meanes of redēption fol. 9 a Religion ▪ Children to be taughte trew religion fol 2 a. Christian religion fo 2 ●… Partes of Christian religion fo 3 a Resurrectyo●… ▪ Christes resurrectiō 20 ●… The resurrectiō of Christ necessarye fol ▪ 22 b The resurrection fo 36 ●… Rewarde The reward of the godly and vngodly fol 9 a Righteous None made ryghteous by the law fol 11 b S Sabbat The sabbat fol. 5. a. 46. ●… ▪ Sacrament ▪ ●…vhat Sacramētes are fol. 48. a. Sanctificatyon ●…vherin re●…eth the holly Ghostes sanctificacion fol. 44. a. Scripture The scriptures preserued from the begynnyng fol. 4. a. Sede The sede of the 〈◊〉 fol. ●…0 a. Serpente The Serpentes heade ▪ fol 19 b Seruice Partes of Gods t●…ewe inward seruice fol. 46 a Outward seruice of god fol 47. b Sin●…e Sins forgiuen by Christes death onlye fol 12 a Sonne Christe compared to the sonne fol 28 a Spirite The spirit sent downe fol 22 a Superstition Superstition and hipocrisye fol 66 a. S●…pper The vse of the Lordes Supper fol 49 b The meanynge of the Lordes Supper fo 50 Symbole ▪ ●…hy the Crede is cal●…ed a Symbole fol 4 b T Table Lawes of the fyrste ta●…le fol. 4 b Lawes of the second●…●…able fol v b ●…vhy the law was writen in tables fol 10 b T●…utation ●…entation fol ●…2 b Theft Theft fol 7 b V Vice Vices to be rooted dut●… that vertues may be planted in theyr place fo 69 ●… Vniuersall Why the chirch is called vniuersall fol 45. a. W Weakenesse Our weaknesse fol 62 ●… Wyll Gods wyll to be done fol 58 b. Wyne The wyne fol 51 a Wytnesse False witnesse fol 8 ●… Worke ▪ Trew faith and worke ●… v●…separate 41 a Worlde ▪ The makyng and preseruation of the worlde fol 14 b The ende of the world fol 35 ¶ The ende of the Table THE CATHECHISME IT is the deutie of them al whō Christe hath redeemed by hys death that they not onelye be seruauntes to obey but also Children to in herite so to know which is the true trade of lyfe that God lyketh that thei maye be able to aunswere to euery demaunde of Religion and to rendre accompte of theyr fayth and profession And this is the playnest waye of teachinge whyche not onelye in Philosophye Socrates but also in oure Religiō Apolina●…ius hath vsed that bothe by certaine questyons as it were by poynctinge the ignoraunte might be instructed and the skilful put iu remembraūce that thei forgette not what thei haue learned Wether fore hauinge regarde to the profyte which we ought to seke in teaching of youth also to shortnes that in our●… hole Scholyng ther should be nothyng either ouer flowyng or wantyng haue cōueied the whole sōme into a dialogue that the matter it selfe might be the plainer to perceiue we the lesse stra●… in other matters besyde the 〈◊〉 ▪ Thus thē beginneth y ● Master to appose his scoler Master Sith I know dear 〈◊〉 that it is a great part of my deutie not onely to se that thou bee instructed in ●…d letters but also earne●…y and diligētly to examin what sort of Religion thou 〈◊〉 in this thy tender 〈◊〉 I thought it b●…st to 〈◊〉 thee by certaine questi●… to the intent I may perfectly knowe whether thou hast wel or
il trauailed therin Now therfore te●… me my sonne what Religion that is which thou professest Scholer That good Master I professe which is the 〈◊〉 ligion of the Lorde 〈◊〉 which in the. xi of the Actes is called the christiā 〈◊〉 Master Do●…st tho●… then 〈◊〉 fesse thy self to be a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Christian godlinesse ▪ 〈◊〉 religion and a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 our Lorde Christ ▪ Scholer That forsothe 〈◊〉 I coufesse and play●… 〈◊〉 boldly pro●… yea 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 accom●…t ●…the who●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 al my 〈◊〉 as in the th●… whiche is bothe of 〈◊〉 ●…uour then that the ●…nesse of my wytte maye ●…tayne 〈◊〉 it ▪ and also more approching to God des maiestie than that I by anye 〈◊〉 of v●…eraunce may easely expresse it Master ▪ Tell me then deere s●…n as exactly as thou cāst in what poyntes thou thinkest that the sīnne of Christian Religion standeth Scholer In two poin●…tes that is to say trew fayth in God and assured persuasiō mncè●…ed of all those thynges which are conteined in the holy Scriptures and in charitie whiche belongeth both to God to our neigh boure Master That fayth which is 〈◊〉 bi hearing and readyng of the worde 〈◊〉 dooeth it teache the concernyng God Scholer This doeth it principally teache that there is one certayne nature one substāce one ghost and heauēly mynde or rather an euerlastyng spirit without beginnyng or endyng whiche we call God whom al the peoples of the worlde ought to worshyp with souerayn honour and the hyest kynde of reuerence Moreouer oute of the holy wordes of GOD which bi the prophetes and the beloued of almyghtye God are in the holye ●…okes published to the eternal glory of his name I learne the lawe and the thretnynges therof then the promyses the gospel of god These thin ges fyrst wrytten by Moses and other men of God haue bene preserued hole vncorrupted euen to our age and sythens that the cheife articles of our fayth haue bene gathered into a short abrydgement whych is comonly called the Creede or Symbole of the Apostles Maister Why is this abridgmente of the faythe termed with y ● name of a symbole ▪ Scho. A symbole is as much to say as a sygnt mark pr●…uye token or watch worde whereby the souldioures of one campe are known from their enemies For this reason the abridgement of the fayth whereby the Christians are knowne from them that be no Christians is rightly named a Symbole Maister Fyrst tell me sōwhat what thou thynkest of the lawe and then afterward of the Crede or Symbole Scholer I shall doe good Maister with a good wyll as you commaund me The Lorde God hathe charged vs by Moses that we haue none other God at all but hym that is to say that we take him alone for oure one only God oure maker and sauiour That we reuerence not nor worshippe any portraiture or ani image what soeuer whether it be painted carued grauen or by anye meane fashyoned howe soeuer it be That wee take not the name of oure Lorde God in vaine that is either in a matter of no wayght or of no truthe ▪ Last of al thys ought we to hold stedfastly and wyth deuout conscyēce that we kepe holyly and religiously the Sabbat day which was appointed 〈◊〉 from the other for rest and seruice of God Master Uerye well Nowe haste thou rehearsed vnto me the lawes of the fyrst table wherein is in a summe conteyned the knowledge true seruyee of God Go forward and tell me which be the dutyes of charitye and oure loue towarde men Scholer Dooe you aske me maister what I thinke o●… the other parte of the lawe whiche is commonly called the second table Master Thou sayest new my sonne that is it in deede that I wold faine hear of Scholer I wyll in few w●…des dispatche it as my simple wit wyll serue me Moses hathe knitte it vppe in a sh●…rte summe that is that with al louing affection we honoure and reuerence oure father mother That we●… k●…ll no man That we commit no aduoutrie That we steale nothynge That we ●…are false wytnes agaynst 〈◊〉 Last of all that we co●… nothynge that is oure ●…yghboures Master Howe is that commaundemente of the honoringe father and mother 〈◊〉 be vnderstanded Scholer Honoure of father and mother cōteineth loue feare and reuerence yea 〈◊〉 it further standeth in obeyinge succouring defe●…ding and nourishing thē if neede require It byndeth vs also moste h●…ly and with 〈◊〉 natural affection to 〈◊〉 the magistrate to reuerence the Mi●…ysters of the churche oure ●…cholemasters with al oure elders and betters Master What is 〈◊〉 in that commaundement●… doe not kyll Scho. That we hate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 reuile no man 〈◊〉 i●… 〈◊〉 vs that we 〈◊〉 t●…en our f●…es do good to them that hate vs and 〈◊〉 we praye for al prospe●… and good happe to our verye mortal ennemies Master The 〈◊〉 not commiting aduoutry what thinkest tho●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Forsothe this com●… conteyneth manye thinges For it forbid●… not only to talke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mans wy●…e or any other womā vnthastly bu●… also to touche her yea or to cast an eye at her wāton●…e o●… wyth lustfull looke to beholde her or by anye 〈◊〉 ▪ nest meane to w●…oe her ▪ 〈◊〉 ther our selues or any other in our behalfe finally hear in is debarred al kind of 〈◊〉 thy strayeng lust ▪ Mast. What thynkest thou of the commaūdement ▪ not to steale Scholer I shal shew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 breifly as I haue done the rest ▪ yf it please you to 〈◊〉 me ▪ It commaūdeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 beguyle no 〈◊〉 ▪ to 〈◊〉 no vnlawfull wares 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…e no mā hys wealth to thynke nothing profytable that either is not iust ▪ or 〈◊〉 ●…reth from ryghte and honesty Breifely rather wyllynglye leese that is thyne owne than thou wrongfullye take that is anothers and turne it to thyne owne commoditie Master Howe maye that commaundement be kepte of bearynge no false wytnesse Scholer Yf we neyther oure selues speake anye false or vayne lye nor alowe it in other eyther by speeche or silence or by our present companye But wee oughte alwayes to maintayne truth as place and tyme serueth Master Now remaineth the last cōmaundement of 〈◊〉 coueting any thyng that is our neighbours what meaneth that Scholer Thys lawe dothe generally forbyd al sortes 〈◊〉 euell lustes and commaundeth vs to bridle restraine al greedye vnsatiable desire of our wyl whyche holdeth not it selfe wythin the bondes of right and reason and it wylleth that eche man be cōtent wyth his estate But who so euer coueteth more then ryght ▪ with the losse 〈◊〉 hys neighbour and wrong to an other he breaketh vtterly looseth the bonde of charitie and felowshippe amonge men Yea and vpon hym vnles he amende the Lorde God the most sterne reuenger of the breakynge hys law shall
although it do not bodylye touche the eye nor be presently wyth 〈◊〉 together hear in earthe yet is it present to the sight notwithstanding so large a distaunce of space betwen So Christes body which at his glorious going vp was cōueyed from vs which hath left the worlde and is gone vnto hys father is a greate way absent frō our mouth euen then when we receyue wyth our mouth the holye sacrament of his body and bloude Yet is oure fayth in heauen and beholdeth that sonne of righteousnesse and is presently together wyth him in heauen in sutch sort as the syghte is in heauen with the body of the sonne or in earthe the sonne wyth the syght And as the sonne is present to all thinges by hys light so is Christe also in hys godhead Yet neither can from the body the light of the sonne be sondred nor from hys immortall bodye the godhead of Christe We muste thearfore so say that Christes bodye is in some one place of heauē and hys godhead euerywhear that we neyther of hys godhead make a body nor of hys bodye a God Master I see my son th●…n art not ignorant after what sorte Christ is rightly sayd to be from vs in bodye and with vs in spirit But thy●… one thyng would I knowe of thee why Christ our lord is thus conueied awaye frō the syghte of oure eyes and what profit we take by his goyng vp to heauen Scholer The chefe cause the●… of was to plucke out of vs that false opinion whyche sometyme deceaued the Apostles theymselues that Christ should in earth visibly reigne as other kinges and rufflyng princes of the world This errour he minded to haue vtterly suppressed in vs and that we shuld thyncke hys kyngdome to consyst in hyer thynges Which thinge he thearfore thoughte fytter because it was more for our comoditie and profitte that some such kyngdome should be set v●… as the foundacions thearof should rest vpon our fayth Whearfore it was necessary that he shoulde be conueyed away from vs past perceyuing of all bodily sense that by thys meane oure faythe might be styrred vp and exercised to consyder hys gouernement and prouidence whom no syght of bodylye eyes can behold And forasmutch as he is not kyng of some one country alone but of heauē and earth of quick and dead it was moste conuenient that hys kingdome should be otherwyse gouerned then our senses may a●…teine vnto For ells he shold haue bene constrained some tyme to be caried vp to heauen sometyme to be dryuen downe to the earthe to remoue sometyme in to one countrey sometyme into another and lyke an earthly prynce to be caryed hether thether by dyuerse chaūge of chaunsable affayres For he could not be presētli with all at once vnlesse hys body weare so turned in to Godheade that he myght be in all or in many places together as Eutyches and certeyne lyke heretykes helde opinion Yf it so wear that he myghte be eche whear present with al at one verye instaunt time then wear he not man but a ghoste ▪ neyther shoulde he haue ▪ had a trewe bodye but a fantasticall whearof shoulde haue spronge foorth with a thowsād errors all whych he hath dispatched by carienge hys bodie vp whole to heauen In the meane season he ▪ remaynynge inuisible gouerneth his kingdōe and commen weale that is his church ▪ with soueraign wysdome and power It is for men to rule theyr commune weales by a certayne ciuile policie of men but for Christ and God by a heauē lye godlyke ▪ order But all that I haue hetherto sayde conteyneth but a small parcell of the profytte that we take by the caryenge vp of Christes body into heauen For ther ar many mo thinges that heare might be rehearsed whearof large store of fruite is to be gathered But specially this may not be left vnspoken that the be nefits are sutch so greate ▪ which come vnto vs by the deathe risynge agayne and goinge vp of Christ as no tonge eyther of men or angeles is able to expres And that you maye knowe my mynde hearein I wyll rehearse certayne of the chefe whearunto as it wear two principall poyntes the rest may be applyed I say therfore that both by these and other doings of Christ two cōmodities do growe vnto vs the one that al the thinges that euer he hath don ▪ for our profyt and behofe he hath done thē so that they be as well oure owne yf we will cleaue thearunto wyth stedfast and lyuely faith as if we had done them oure selues He was nailed to the crosse we wear also nayled with him and in him oure synnes punished ▪ He dyed was buryed we lykewyse with our sinnes are dead buried that in sutche sorte that all remēbraunce of our synnes is vtterly taken out of mynde He is risen again and we are also risen again wyth hym that is are so made partakers of hys rysyng againe and lyfe that from hensforth death hath no more rule ouer vs. For y ● same spirit is in vs that raised vp Iesus frō the deade Finallye as he is gone vp into heauenly glorye so are we lifted vp with hym Albeit that these thynges do not nowe appeare yet then shall they all be broughte to light whē Christ the light●… of the world shal shew him self in his glorye in whome all oure blisse is layde vp in store Moreouer by hys goyng vp are graūted vs the giftes of the holy ghost as Paule doth sufficiently witnesse Ephe. iiii The other commoditie which we take by the doinges of Christ is that Christe is set for an example vnto vs to frame our lyues thereaster Yf Christe hath bene deade if he hath bene buryed for sin he was so but ones If he be risen agayne if he be gone vppe to heauen he is but ones risen but ones gone vp Frō hensforth he dieth no more but lf neth with God reygneth in euerlastyng continuaūce of glory So if we be deade if we be buried to sin Howe shall we heare after lyue in the same If we be rysen again with Christ if by sted fast hope we lyue nowe in heauen with him heauenlye and godlye thinges not earthly and frail we ought to set oure care vpon And euen as hearetofore we haue borne the image of y ● earthli man so from henseforward lette vs beare the image of the heauenly As the Lord Christ neuer ceased to do vs good by bestowing vpō vs his holye spirite by garnyshinge his churche wyth so many notable giftes and by perpetual praying to his father for vs Lyke reason oughte to moue vs to ayd●… oure neyghboure wyth all our endeuoure to maintain as much as in vs lyeth the bond of charity And to honoure Christ our Lord and sauioure not wyth wythed tradicions and cold deuises of men but wyth heauenly honour spiritual in dede most fyt for vs that giue it hym
They are certayne customeable reuerēt doings and Ceremonyes ordeyned by Christe that by them he might put vs in remēbrāce of his benefits we myght declare oure profession that we be of the nomber of thē which are partakers of the same benefites and whyche fasten all theyr affiaunce in hym that we are not ashamed of the name of Christ or to bee termed Christes Scholers Master Tell me my sonne how these two sacramentes be ministred baptisme and that whyche Paule calleth the supper of the Lord. Scholer Hym that beleueth in Christ professeth the Articles of the Christian religion myndeth to be baptised I speake nowe of thē that be growē to ripe yeres of discretion sith for the yōg babes theyr parentes or the churches professiō sufficeth the minister dyppeth in or washeth with pure cleane water onlye in the name of the father and of the sonne and of the holy ghost thē commendeth him by praier to God in to whose churche he is now openly as it wear enrowled that it mai please God to graunte hym hys grace whearhy ▪ he may answer in belefe and life agreablye to his profession Master What is the vse of the Lordes supper Scholer Euē the very same that was ordayned by the Lord himself Iesus Christ ▪ Which as S. Paul sayeth y ● same nyghte that he was betrayed tooke breade and when he had geuen thankes brake it sayde Thys is my body which is brokē for you Do thys in the remembraūnce of me In like maner whē supper was ended he gaue thē the cuppe sayenge Thys cuppe is the newe testamēt in my bloud ▪ Do thys as ofte as ye shall drinck thearof in the remēbraunce of me Thys was the maner and order of the Lordes supper whyche we ought to holde kepe that the remēbraunce of so great a benefite the passyon and deathe of Christ be alwaye kepte in mynde that after that the worlde is ended he may come and make vs to fit wyth hym at hys owne borde Master What doth baptisme represēt set befor oureyes Scholer That we are by the spirite of Christ new borne and cleansed from syn that we be members and partes of his churche receiued into the communion of sainctes For water signifieth the spi rite Baptisiue is also a fygure of our burial in Christ and that we shall be raysed vp agayne wyth hym in a newe lyfe as I haue before declared in Christes resurrection Master What declareth betokeneth the supper vnto vs whych we solemnly vse in the remembraunce of the Lorde ▪ Scho. The Supper as I haue shewed a lytle before is a certayne thankfull remembraunce of the deathe of Christe for asmuch as the bread representeth his bodi betrayed to be crucifyed for vs The wyne standeth in steade place of his bloude plentuouslye shed for vs. And euen as by breade and wyne oure natural bodies are susteined and nourished so by the body that is y ● flesh bloude of Christ the soule is fedde through fayth and quickened to the heauenlye and godly lyfe Master Howe come these thynges to passe Scholer Theese thynges come to passe by a certayne secreate meane and liuelye working of the spirit when we beleue that Christ hath ones for all gyuen vppe his bodye aud bloude for vs to make a sacrifice and moost pleasaūt offring to his heauenly father and also when we cōfesse and acknowledge him oure onlye sauyour hie Bishoppe mediatoure and redemer to whome is dewe all honour and glory Master All this thou doest well vnderstande For me thinketh thy meanynge is that faith is the mouthe of the soule whearby we receiue thys verye heauenlye meate full both of saluatiō and immortalitye dealt among vs by the meanes of the holy ghost Now sythe we haue entreated of the sacramentes passe forward to the other partes of Gods seruyce Scholer I will do your cōmaūdemēt Thear remaine two thinges belongyng to the perfection of Gods seruice First our Lord Iesus Christes wil was that ther shoulde be teachers and Euangelistes that is to saye preachers of the gospell to this entent that hys voyce myght continually be hard soūd in his church He that coueteth as all oughte to couet to beare the name of a Christiane maye haue no doubte that he ought wyth moste earnest affection and feruēt desyre endeuour himselfe to heare and soke into his mynde the worde of the Lord not lyke the words of anye man but lyke as it is in dede the word of almigh tie god Secōdarily bicause all that is good and that ought of a Christian to be desyred cometh vnto vs frō God and is by him graunted thearefore of hym we ought to require al things and by thankesgeuinge acknowledge them all receyued of him Which thing he so well liketh that he estemeth it in stede of a passing pleasauut sacrifice as it is most euidēt by the witnesse of the prophets Apostles Master Hast thou any certayne and appoynted maner of prayeng Scho. Yea forsoth euen the very same that oure Lorde taught his disciples and in them all other Christians Who beynge on a tyme required to teache them some sort of praier taughte them this Whē ye pray quod he say Our father whych art in heauen hallowed be thy name Thi kingdom come Thy will be done in earthe as it is in heauen Gyue vs thys day our dayly breade and forgyue vs our trespasses as we forgyue thē that trespasse agaynste vs. And lead vs not into temptaciō But delyuer vs from euell For thyne is the kyngdom power glory for euer Amē Maist. How thinkest thou●… is it lawfull for vs to vse any other wordes of prayer Scho. Althoughe in thys short abridgement are suffiently conteyned all thinges that euery Christian ought to praye for yet hathe not Christe in thys prayer tyed vs vp so shorte as that it we are not lawfull for vs to vse other woordes and maner of prayer But he hathe set out in this prayer certain principall poyntes whearvnto all our prayers should he referred But let eche mā aske of God as hys present nede requireth Whatsoeuer ye aske the Father in my name saith Christ he shall gyue it you Master For as much as there is in all this praier nothing doubtfull or beside the purpose I woulde heare thy mynde of it Scholer I do well perceyue what y ● wordes do signifie Master Thinkest thou then that there is in it nothynge ●…arcke nothynge hidde nothyng hard to vnderstād Scholer Nothing at al. For neither was it Christes plesure that there shuld be any thynge in it dareke or farre from our capacity specyally sithe it belongeth egally to all and is as necessarye for the lewd as the learned Mast. Therefore declare vn to me in fewe woordes eche parte by it selfe Scholer When I say oure father which art in heauē thys do I thincke with my selfe
that it canne not be but that he must heare me and be pleased wyth my praiers For I am hys Sonne although vnprofitable disobedient and he on the other side is my moste bountyfull father moste readye to take pity and pardon me Maist. Why doste thousaye he is in heauen is he in sō●… o●…e certayne and lymited place in heauen ▪ what me●… ▪ neth that which he sayth of hym selfe I fyll bothe heauen and earthe agayn the heauen is my seate and the earthe my footestoole Scholer Hereof haue I spoken some what before wher vnto I wyl ioyne this that foloweth Fyrst of all as oft as we do say which arte in heauen it is as much to sai as heauēly and diuine For we ought to thyncke much hier of our heauenly father thā of our earthly He is also sayde to be in heauen for this cause that in that hye and heauēly place the n●… ble and wonderful workes of God do the more clearly and gloriously shewe them selues and he is now declared to be in euerlasting and full felicity whereas we abide yet banyshed in earthe full wretchedlye Moreouer as the heauen by vnmeasurable widnesse of compasse conteyneth all places the earthe and the sea and no place is thear that maye be hidde from the large reatch of heauen sith it is at euery instāt of time to euery thing present So hearby may we vnderstād that god is likewyse present to eche thynge in eche place He seeth heareth and gouerneth al thinges he beyng hym self a spirite and moste farre from al earthlye and mortall state Wytnesse whereof Hieremy the Prophete Am not I saythe the Lorde a God neare vnto you and am not I a God farre of shall anye man be able to shroude hym selfe in suche a corner that I can not espye hym This is a pithye sentence to driue feare into vs that we offend not that Lorde of so large a dominion wherby also we are perswaded assuredly to beleue that God wyll heare whensoeuer we shall stande in nede For he is at al times and in all places presente This foundacion then laid and so sweete and plesaunte entraunce prepared ther foloweth the fyrst parte of the Lordes prayer wherein we requyre that not onlye wee but also all other who soeuer maye in holynes honor reuerence and worshyp hys name Master Howe is that to bee done Scholer I shall shewe you then we do that when leauing all those that haue the name of gods be thei in hea uen or in earthe or worshipped in temples in dyuerse shapes and images wee acknowledge him alone oure father Prai to the true god and Iesus Christ hys onlye sonne whome he hath sent and by pure vnfained praier call vpon him alone wyth vprightnes of life and innocencye Master Thou hast sayd berye well proceede Scholer In the second parte we require that hys kyngedome come For we see not yet all thynges in subiection to Christe we see not the stone he wed offrō the moūtayne wythoute woorke of mā which all to brosed and brought to nought y ● image whiche Daniell desc●…iueth that the onlye rocke Christe may obtayn and possesse the dominiō of the hole world graūted him of his father Antichrist is not yet slayne For thys cause do we longe for and praye that it may at length come to passe and be fulfylled that Christe may reign with his sainctes accordinge to Gods promises that hee maye lyue and bee Lorde in the worlde accordynge to the decrees of the holye Gospell not after the traditions and lawes of mē nor pleasure of worldlye tyrauntes Master God graunte hys kyngdome may come and that spedilye Scholer Moreouer sithe it is the chyldrens duty to frame theyr lyfe too theyr fathers wyll and not the fathers to bowe to the childrens pleasure forasmuch as our wyl is ●…ommonly by tickling of affeccions and stirringe of lustes drawen to dooe those thynges that God is displesed with it is reasō that we hange whollye vppon the b●…k of our heauēly father wholy submit oure selues to his heauenli gouermnēt Wherefore for thys cause we mortall mē do pray that we maye in like case be obedient to his commaūdemēt as are the sonne and Mone and other sterres in heauen whiche bothe by ordinarye courses and by lightninge the earthe with vncessaun●…e beames execute the Lordes wyll continuallye Or that we as the āgels and other spirites ▪ diuine in al pointes obey him which bestowe al theyr trauayle diligently to accomplish hys godly commaundementes Next after that he teacheth vs to aske of our heauenly father our breade wherby he meaneth not meate onlye but also all thynges elles needefull for maynetenaunce and preseruinge of life that we maye learn that God alone is authoure of al thynges which maketh the fruytes of the earthe bothe to growe and encrease to plentye Wherefore it is meete that we c●…ll vpon hym alone in prayer which as Dauid sayth ●… loue feedeth a●…d maynteyneth all thinges Master Some suppose this place to meane that bread that Christe maketh men●…on of in the .vi. of Ihon. That is of the true knoweledge and taste of Christe that was borne and dyed for vs wherwyth the faithfull soule is fedde The reasō wherupon they gather this is the greke woorde epiousion whereby they vnderstande supernaturall ghostly heauenly and diuine This mea nynge I refuse not for both these expositions may fitlye agree with this place but whi calleth he it daily bred whiche is also signified by thys worde epiousion Scholer We aske daily bread that myghte be alwayes presente and accompanye vs contynuallye to slake and satisfye oure thyrstye desyre and vnsaciat stomacke least otherwise we shuld be as Christ sayeth carefull for to morowe because the morowe shall care for it selfe For it shall come not wythout his own discōmoditie care Wherfore it is not reason that one day shoulde encrease the euell of another It shall be sufficient for vs dayly to aske that our most bountifull father is readye dayly to gyue Now foloweth the fifthe requeste wherein we beseeche the father to forgeue vs oure trespasses and de●…auts that we haue committed This request doutles is veri necessarye sithe there is no man liuinge free from sinne Here therfore must we cast away all trust of our selues Heare must we plucke downe our courage Here must we prai oure moste mercifull father for the loue of Iesu Christe hys moste deare and obedyent sonne to pardō forgeue and vtterly blot oute of hys boke our innumerable offēces Heare oughte we in the meane seasō to be myndfull of the couenauute we make wyth God That it maye please God so to forgeue vs our trespaces as we our selues forgiue theim that trespasse agaynste vs. Therfore it is necessarye that we forgyue and pardone all men all theyr offenses of what sort or condition so euer thei be If we forgiue men there faultes our
away the sinnes of y ● world and sinne as Sainte Ihon sayeth was not in him But the rest yea although we be baptised and borne agayne in Christe yet wee offende in manye thynges and if we saye we haue no synne we deceiue our selues and the truthe is not in vs. ¶ Of sinne against the holy Ghoste EUerye deadly sinne willingly committed after Baptisme is not Sinne against the holye ghost and vnpardonable Wherefore the place for penitents is not to bee denied to suche as fall into sinne after Baptysme After wee haue receiued the holy ghoste we may depart from grace geuē and fall into synne and by the grace of God we may rise agayne and amende oure lyues And therfore they are to be condemned whych say they can nomore Synne as longe as they lyue heare or denie the place for penitents to such as truelye repente and amend their liues ¶ Blasphemy againste the holye Ghoste BLasphemye against the holye Ghost is when a man of malyce stubbournes of minde ▪ doeth rayle vppon the trueth of Goddes word manifestly perceiued and being enemye therunto persecuteth y ● same And because suche be guiltye of goddes cursse they entangle thē selues wyth a most greuous hainous crime wherupon this kinde of sin is called and affirmed of the Lord vnpardonable ¶ Of predestination and Election PRedestination to lyfe is the euerlastynge purpose of God wherby before the foundations of the worlde were layed he hathe constantlye decreed by hys owne iudgemente secreate to vs to delyuer frome cursse and damnation those whom he hath chosen oute of mankinde and to bryng them to euerlasting saluation by Christ as vessels made to honoure Whereupon suche as haue so excellēt a benefit of God geuen vnto them be called according to goddes purpose by his spi rite workyng in due season they throughe grace obey the calling thei be iustified freli thei be made sonnes by adoption thei be made like the image of Gods onlye begotten sonne Iesu Christe they walke religiously in good works and at length by Goddes mercy they attain to euerlasting felicity As the Godlye consideratyon of Predestination and our election in Christ is full of swete pleasaunt and vnspeakeable confort to godly parsons and such as fele in them selues the woorkynge of the spirite of Christe mortifying the workes of the flesh and theyr earthlye members and drawyng vp theyr mynde to high and heauenlye thinges aswel because it doeth greatly establyshe and confyrme theyr faythe of eternall saluation to bee enioyed throughe Christ as because it doth feruētly kindle their loue towards god So for curyous and carnall persones lacking the spirit of Christ to haue continuallye before theyr eyes the sentence of Goddes predestination is a most daūgerous downe fall whereby the Deuyll may thrust them either into despe racion or into a rechlesnesse of most vncleane liuing no lesse perilous then desperacyon Furthermore although the decrees of predestynation are vnknowen vnto vs yet we must receyue Goddes promyses in suche wyse as they be generallye settefourthe to vs in holye scrypture and in our doynges that wyll of God is to be folowed whiche we haue expressely declared vnto vs in the worde of God ¶ We must trust to obteine eternall Saluation onely by the name of Christ. THey also are to be had accur sed and abhorred that presume to say that euery man shalbe saued by the Lawe or sect whiche he professeth so that he be diligēt to frame hislife according to that lawe and the lighte of nature For holye Scripture dothe set out vnto vs only the name of Iesu Christe wherby men muste be saued ¶ All menne are bounde to kepe the Morall cōmaundemētes of the Law THe law which was geuē of god by Moses althoughe it binde not christian men as concerning the ceremonies and Rites of the same Neyther is it required that the ciuile Precepts and ordres of it shoulde of necessity be receiued in anye common we ale yet no manne be he neuer so perfecte a christian is exempte and loose from the Obedience of those commaundementes which are called Moral Wherfore they are not to be harke ned vnto who affirm that holy Scripture is geuen onlye to the weake and doo●… boaste them selfes continually of the spirit of whom they say they haue learned such thyngs as they teache although the same be most euidentlye repugnante to the holye Scripture ¶ Of the Churche THe visible Church of Christe is a congregatyon of faythefull menne in the whych the Pure word of god is preached and the sacramentes be duelye minystred accordinge to Christes ordynaunce in all those thynges that of necessitye are requisite to the same As the church of Ierusalem of Alexandria and of Antioch hathe erred So also the Churche of rome hath erred not only in their liuing but also in maters of their faythe ¶ Of the aucthoritie of the Churche IT is not lawful for the church to ordeine anye thynge that is contrarie to Goddes word writtē Neither may it so expoune one place of scripture that it be repugnante to an other Wherefore although the churche be a wytnesse and a keper of holy wrytte yet as it ought not to decree any thinge againste the same so besides the same ought it not to enforce any thinge to be beleued for necessity of Saluation ¶ Of the authority of generall Counsailes GEnerall counsailes maye not bee gathered together withoute the commaundemente and wyll of Prynces and whan they be gathered for as muche as they bee an assemblie of menne whereof all be not gouerned with the spirite ▪ and word of God they may erre ▪ and sometyme haue erred not only in worldly matters ▪ but also in thynges pertaynynge vnto God Wherefore thyngs ordeyned by them as necessarye to Saluation haue neither strēgth nor auctoritye onlesse it maye be declared that they be taken oute of holye scrypture ¶ Of Purgatorye THe Doctryne of Schole aucthoures concerning purgatorye Pardones Worshipping and adorocion aswel of Images as of reliques and also inuocation of Sainctes is a fond thyng vainly feigned and grounded vpon no warraunte of scripture but rather repugnante to the woorde of God ¶ No manne may minister in the Congregation except he be called IT is not lawfull for anye man to take vppon him the offyce of Publique preachinge or mynystringe the Sacramentes ▪ in the congregation before he be lawefullye called and sente to execute the same And those we oughte to iudge lawfully called and sente whiche be chosen called to thys worcke by menne who haue publique auctoritie geuen vnto them in the congregation to call and sende ministers into the Lordes vineyarde ¶ Men muste speake in the Congregation in such toung as the people vnderstandeth IT is moste semely and most agreable to the woorde of God that in the congregatyon nothynge be openlye readde or spoken in a tounge vnknowen to y ● people The whiche thynge saynt Paule did forbid except sōe were present that shuld declare y